Groundwater is considered an important source of water aid for human consumption. However, this water can be contaminated by impurities, such contamination spots that might reach the water tables. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of shallow groundwater in Flores neighborhood, located in the municipality of Benevides, within Belém metropolitan region, State of Pará, Brazil. Recommendations described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater were followed at the time to determine physical-chemical parameters such as potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), apparent color, turbidity, total hardness (TH), ions and trace elements. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that most predictive water-quality parameters set for human consumption are associated with natural events involving weathering and leaching processes. Nevertheless, parameters of nitrate, phosphate, EC, TDS and pH are also influenced by anthropic conditions in the surroundings, mainly phosphate and nitrate ions. Therefore, it can be concluded that shallow groundwaters in Flores neighborhood are unsuitable for human consumption, making it necessary for municipal public authorities to take action to solve the problem of water shortage in the borough, thus preventing the population from use those shallow groundwaters, as their consumption can bring health problems. However impurities tables Benevides region Pará Brazil physicalchemical physical chemical pH, , (pH) EC (EC) TDS, (TDS) color turbidity TH, TH (TH) elements waterquality processes Nevertheless surroundings Therefore borough problems (pH (EC (TDS (TH

Abstract Renting property is a widespread practice in much of Argentina. This paper analyses the mechanisms of renting and initiatives to regulate the rental market in Rosario, the third city with the highest number of tenants in the country (2003-2023). Data from official and unofficial documents and press releases show that national legislation favors the deregulation of the housing market. The scarcity of housing policies for tenants contrasts with the availability of unrented housing due to conflicts and lack of state control over prices, regulation and mediation of contracts. The development of a public policy for this market should include a proposal for taxation of unoccupied housing, social renting and incentives for building new housing to meet rental demand.

Resumen El alquiler de vivienda es una práctica en crecimiento en gran parte de Argentina. Este trabajo analiza el proceso de inquilinización y las iniciativas de regulación del mercado de alquileres en Rosario, tercera ciudad con mayor número de inquilinos del país entre 2003-2023. Los datos que arrojan los documentos oficiales, no oficiales y notas de prensa, muestran que la legislación nacional favorece la desregulación del mercado habitacional. La escasez de políticas habitacionales para inquilinos contrasta con la disponibilidad de viviendas que no se alquilan debido a conflictos y falta de control estatal respecto de precios, regulación y mediación contratos. La elaboración de una política pública para este mercado debería incluir una propuesta de impuestos a la vivienda desocupada, alquiler social e incentivos para la construcción de nuevas viviendas para atender la demanda de alquiler.

Abstract This study seeks to point out the different configurations of Health Care Networks in primary care (AB) and Hospital Care (AH), dimensioned based on coverage, quality, and resolvability characteristics in health macro-regions. Cross-sectional study used the cluster analysis and segmented 103 macro-regions into different profiles of coverage, quality and resolubility: group 1 (high coverage/AB and medium/AH; low quality AB-AH with high resolubility); group 2 (high coverage/AB and low/AH; low quality AB-AH with medium resolubility) and group 3 (high coverage/AB and medium/AH; high quality AB-AH with high resolubility). Coverage in AB was classified as high for 100% of the Brazilian population and in AH low to 9.70% and medium to 90.29%. Quality/AB-AH is low for 58.54% and high for 41.15%. Resolubility is high for 90.29% and medium for 9.70%. In Brazil, there is expansion of coverage with low quality/AB; shortage of hospital beds and low quality/HA with high resolution. However, in the Southeast and South, high AB-AH quality prevails. The structuring of health networks is still characterized by low resolution, demanding incentives for the governance of inter-federal arrangements. (AB AH, , (AH) macroregions. macroregions macro regions. regions Crosssectional Cross sectional 10 resolubility coverageAB medium/AH mediumAH ABAH low/AH lowAH resolubility. . 100 970 9 70 9.70 9029 90 29 Quality/ABAH QualityABAH Quality/AB Quality 5854 58 54 58.54 4115 41 15 41.15% 90.29 Brazil quality/AB qualityAB qualityHA HA resolution However South prevails interfederal inter federal arrangements (AH 97 7 9.7 902 QualityAB 585 5 58.5 411 4 41.15 90.2 9. 58. 41.1 90. 41.

Resumo O estudo procura apontar diferentes configurações de Redes de Atenção à Saúde na atenção básica e hospitalar, a partir de características de cobertura, qualidade e resolubilidade nas macrorregiões de saúde. Estudo transversal, utilizou a técnica de análise de cluster e segmentou 103 macrorregiões em distintos perfis de cobertura, qualidade e resolubilidade: grupo 1 (alta cobertura/AB e média/AH; baixa qualidade AB-AH com alta resolubilidade); grupo 2 (alta cobertura/AB e baixa/AH; baixa qualidade AB-AH com média resolubilidade); e o grupo 3 (alta cobertura/AB e média/AH; alta qualidade AB-AH com alta resolubilidade). A cobertura na AB foi classificada como alta para 100% da população brasileira, e na AH, baixa para 9,70% e média para 90,29%. Qualidade/AB-AH é baixa para 58,54% e alta para 41,15%. A resolubilidade é alta para 90,29% e média para 9,70%. No Brasil, verifica-se expansão da cobertura com baixa qualidade/AB, insuficiência de leitos hospitalares e baixa qualidade/AH com alta resolubilidade. Todavia, prevalece alta qualidade AB-AH no Sudeste e no Sul. A estruturação das redes de saúde ainda se configura de baixa resolutividade, demandando estímulos à governança de arranjos interfederativos. hospitalar transversal 10 coberturaAB média/AH médiaAH AH ABAH resolubilidade) baixa/AH baixaAH . 100 brasileira 970 9 70 9,70 9029 90 29 Qualidade/ABAH QualidadeABAH Qualidade/AB Qualidade 5854 58 54 58,54 4115 41 15 41,15% 90,29 Brasil verificase verifica qualidadeAB qualidade/AB qualidadeAH Todavia Sul resolutividade interfederativos 97 7 9,7 902 QualidadeAB 585 5 58,5 411 4 41,15 90,2 9, 58, 41,1 90, 41,

Abstract: Fear is one of the most reviewed emotions in gender studies due to its impact on the experiences of various sociodemographic groups in the contemporary city. Simultaneously, it has been evident how care activities have been reduced in urban design criteria, negatively impacting the quality of life of caregivers. Despite this diagnosis, to date a lack of tools has been identified that allow analyzing the experiences of fear and care in the city. This shortage limits implementing strategies that favor improving public spaces in favor of social integration and care. The article's objective proposes to discuss the design and applicability of an intersectional tool that allows identifying spaces of fear and care in the city, delving into the relationship between citizen experiences and urban design with a gender perspective. Methodologically, for its development, a bibliographic analysis is presented to identify theories and methodologies that support the structuring of the tool, as well as urban design elements with a gender focus to be evaluated by the population. As a result, a tool is presented in a digital platform format structured on the principles of participatory mapping and voluntary geographic information and supported by theories of subjective well-being and citizen science. Finally, the tool for data collection is presented on a free-access citizen participation web platform and app, and alternatives are reflected to incorporate the needs of various sociodemographic groups in urban planning.

Resumen: El miedo es una de las emociones más revisadas en los estudios de género por su impacto sobre las experiencias de diversos grupos sociodemográficos en la ciudad contemporánea. Simultáneamente se ha evidenciado cómo las actividades de cuidado han sido mermadas en los criterios de diseño urbano, impactando negativamente sobre la calidad de vida de las personas cuidadoras. A pesar de este diagnóstico, a la fecha se identifica una carencia de herramientas que permitan analizar las experiencias del miedo y el cuidado en la ciudad. Esta escasez limita la implementación de estrategias que favorezcan la mejora de los espacios públicos en favor de la integración social y los cuidados. El objetivo del artículo propone discutir el diseño y aplicabilidad de una herramienta interseccional que permita identificar los espacios del miedo y el cuidado en la ciudad,profundizando en la relación entre experiencias ciudadanas y diseño urbano con enfoque de género. Metodológicamente, para su desarrollo se presenta un análisis bibliográfico para identificar teorías y metodologías que sustenten la estructuración de la herramienta, así como elementos de diseño urbano con enfoque de género a ser evaluados por la población. Como resultado se muestra una herramienta en formato de plataforma digital estructurada sobre los principios del mapeo participativo e información geográfica voluntaria, sustentada por teorías de bienestar subjetivo y ciencia ciudadana. Finalmente, se presenta la herramienta para el levantamiento de datos en una plataforma web y app de participación ciudadana de libre acceso, y se reflexiona sobre alternativas para incorporar necesidades diversos grupos sociodemográficos en la planificación urbana.

Resumen Lasreacciones de hidrólisispueden ser conducidas utilizando triglicéridoscon diferentes tamaños de cadena carbónica, siendoel ácido acético y etanoico losproductos más comunes, ademásdel glicerol que seríaelproductocomúnencualquierreacción de hidrólisisenlaproducción de biodiesel. Enel caso del aceite de Macaúba, se sospecha que cuando se somete a una reacción de hidrólisis, por ser una mezcla, lostriglicéridos, oleico, palmítico y esteárico probablementeseránlosreactivos de mayorimportancia y consumo enlasreacciones.Deacuerdoconla literatura, se nota una escasez de información acerca de loscompuestos involucrados enlahidrólisis de lasreacciones de aceites vegetales, por lo que ladisponibilidad de datosexperimentales de las moléculas implicadas enlasreaciones de producción de los ácidos grasos y glicerol es escasaenla literatura. Enmuchosestudios se utilizan métodos de contribución de grupos o correlaciones empíricas para predecirlaspropiedades de las moléculas. Así, en este trabajo, se realizóunanálisistermodinámico inicial de lasreacciones que ocurrenenlahidrólisisdel aceite de Macaúba, en especial de la tripalmitina y de la trioleína, enun rango de temperatura de 300 a 700 K. Los parámetrostermodinámicosempleadosen este trabajo, para algunoscompuestos, fueronestimados por métodos disponiblesenla literatura. El cálculo de laenergía de Gibbs de lasreacciones se realizóempleando resultados de entalpía de reacciones encontradas entrabajos anteriores. Finalmente, de posesióndel conjunto de estosparámetros, para lasposiblesreacciones de hidrólisis a ser estudiadas, fueposible estimar laenergía de Gibbsreaccionaria de lasmismas, lo que permitió agregar más informaciónen esta área de estudio.

Abstract Hydrolysis reactions can be carried out using triglycerides with different carbon chain sizes, with acetic acid and ethanoic acid being the most common products, in addition to glycerol which would be the common product in any hydrolysis reaction in the production of biodiesel. In the case of Macaúba oil, it is suspected that when undergoing a hydrolysis reaction, as a mixture, the triglycerides, oleic, palmitic and stearic are likely to be the most important reagents and consumption in the reactions. According to the literature, there is a shortage of information concerning the compounds involved in the hydrolysis of the reactions of vegetable oils, so the availability of experimental data on the molecules involved in the production of the fatty acids and glycerol reactions is scarce in literature. In many studies, methods of group contributions or empirical correlations are used to predict the properties of molecules. Thus, in this work, an initial thermodynamic analysis of the reactions occurring in the hydrolysis of Macaúba oil, especially of tripalmitin and triolein, was performed in a temperature range from 300 to 700 K. The thermodynamic parameters employed in this work, for some compounds, were estimated by methods available in the literature. The calculation of the Gibbs energy of the reactions was done by employing the results of the enthalpy of reactions found in previous works. Finally, from the possession of the set of these parameters, for the possible hydrolysis reactions to be studied, it was possible to estimate the reactionary Gibbs energy of the same, which allowed adding more information in this field of study.

BACKGROUND. There is a shortage of qualified healthcare workers in South Africa (SA), as well as a maldistribution between urban and rural areas. Research has shown that health professionals of rural origin are more likely to live and work in rural areas than their urban colleagues. It has been recommended that student selection policies of higher education institutions should prioritise applicants from rural and remote areas to address the urban-rural maldistribution of graduates and to redress historical equity issues. However, university students in SA have high attrition and low graduation rates. The Umthombo Youth Development Foundation (UYDF) recruits and supports rural-origin health science students, who completed Grade 12 at a rural school, to address staff shortages in rural areas. OBJECTIVES. To report on the throughput rates (percentage of cohort who graduate) and time to completion (number of years taken to graduate) of eight cohorts of UYDF-supported rural-origin health science students. METHODS. A total of 388 student records from the 2008 - 2015 cohorts, covering 17 different health science disciplines, were analysed, and throughput rates and time to completion for the different cohorts and health science disciplines were calculated. Throughput rates and time to completion were also calculated for 3-year, 4-year and 6-year qualifications. RESULTS. Throughput for the 2008 - 2015 cohorts ranged between 82% (2010 cohort) and 100% (2009 cohort). For 3-year qualifications, five cohorts had 100% throughput and one cohort 50% throughput. For 4-year qualifications, throughput ranged from 75% (2010 cohort) to 100% (2009 cohort). For medical students (6-year qualification), throughput ranged from a low of 81% (2014 cohort) to 100% in two cohorts (2008 and 2009). More female students (n=29) were excluded than male students (n=14). With regard to time to completion, over the eight cohorts 68% of students completed in the minimum time, 23% needed 1 additional year, 6% an additional 2 years, 2% an additional 3 years, and 1% an additional 4 years. For 4-year qualifications, 58% of students completed in the minimum time, 28% needed 1 additional year, 9% needed 2 additional years, 4% needed 3 additional years, and 1% needed an additional 4 years. Of medical students, 76% completed in the minimum time, 19% needed 1 additional year, and 98% had completed after 2 additional years. DISCUSSION. The UYDF students studying for 3-year and 4-year qualifications exceeded the national throughput rates in seven of eight cohorts. UYDF medical students exceeded the national statistics in four cohorts, had similar throughputs in two cohorts, and had lower throughputs than the national statistics in two cohorts. Overall, 91% of UYDF students across the eight cohorts completed in the minimum time plus 1 additional year, exceeding the national statistics. CONCLUSION. The relatively high throughput rates compared with the national statistics highlight the academic ability of rural-origin health science students and provide hope that national shortages of healthcare workers may be addressed if there is an investment in such students.

Resumen El propósito de este artículo es brindar recomendaciones metodológicas para la reconstrucción de la memoria colectiva en organizaciones sociales, esto permite comprender la historia y la identidad de estas organizaciones, preservando su legado y fortaleciendo su representatividad. La investigación en la que se basa este artículo se llevó a cabo en colaboración con sindicatos campesinos en Costa Rica, utilizando un enfoque mixto. Entre las recomendaciones clave están cultivar confianza y empatía con las personas participantes, mantener registros reflexivos para enriquecer la comprensión del fenómeno social y facilitar la replicación de la metodología. Además, es crucial mantener un equilibrio entre flexibilidad y rigurosidad para garantizar la adaptabilidad a diferentes contextos y permitir la extrapolación de la metodología a grupos similares, facilitando así la generación de información comparable.

Abstract This article provides methodological recommendations for reconstructing collective memory in social organizations. Reconstructing collective memory is crucial for comprehending the history and identity of social organizations, preserving their legacy, and enhancing their representativeness. The study is based on collaborative research with peasant unions in Costa Rica, employing a mixed-method approach of surveys, in-depth interviews, and documentary analysis. The shortage of studies and methodological frameworks in this area underscores the need for clear and practical recommendations. Some recommendations include building trust and empathy with participants keeping reflective records to enhance understanding of the social phenomenon and facilitating the replication of the methodology. Furthermore, it is crucial to maintain a balance between flexibility and rigor to ensure adaptability to different contexts and enable the extrapolation of the methodology to similar groups.

Resumo O estudo procura apontar diferentes configurações de Redes de Atenção à Saúde na atenção básica e hospitalar, a partir de características de cobertura, qualidade e resolubilidade nas macrorregiões de saúde. Estudo transversal, utilizou a técnica de análise de cluster e segmentou 103 macrorregiões em distintos perfis de cobertura, qualidade e resolubilidade: grupo 1 (alta cobertura/AB e média/AH; baixa qualidade AB-AH com alta resolubilidade); grupo 2 (alta cobertura/AB e baixa/AH; baixa qualidade AB-AH com média resolubilidade); e o grupo 3 (alta cobertura/AB e média/AH; alta qualidade AB-AH com alta resolubilidade). A cobertura na AB foi classificada como alta para 100% da população brasileira, e na AH, baixa para 9,70% e média para 90,29%. Qualidade/AB-AH é baixa para 58,54% e alta para 41,15%. A resolubilidade é alta para 90,29% e média para 9,70%. No Brasil, verifica-se expansão da cobertura com baixa qualidade/AB, insuficiência de leitos hospitalares e baixa qualidade/AH com alta resolubilidade. Todavia, prevalece alta qualidade AB-AH no Sudeste e no Sul. A estruturação das redes de saúde ainda se configura de baixa resolutividade, demandando estímulos à governança de arranjos interfederativos.

Abstract This study seeks to point out the different configurations of Health Care Networks in primary care (AB) and Hospital Care (AH), dimensioned based on coverage, quality, and resolvability characteristics in health macro-regions. Cross-sectional study used the cluster analysis and segmented 103 macro-regions into different profiles of coverage, quality and resolubility: group 1 (high coverage/AB and medium/AH; low quality AB-AH with high resolubility); group 2 (high coverage/AB and low/AH; low quality AB-AH with medium resolubility) and group 3 (high coverage/AB and medium/AH; high quality AB-AH with high resolubility). Coverage in AB was classified as high for 100% of the Brazilian population and in AH low to 9.70% and medium to 90.29%. Quality/AB-AH is low for 58.54% and high for 41.15%. Resolubility is high for 90.29% and medium for 9.70%. In Brazil, there is expansion of coverage with low quality/AB; shortage of hospital beds and low quality/HA with high resolution. However, in the Southeast and South, high AB-AH quality prevails. The structuring of health networks is still characterized by low resolution, demanding incentives for the governance of inter-federal arrangements.

Academics from South African Universities have recently been bound to possess digital skills for curriculum delivery due to the lessons learned from the COVID-19 era. Universities have implemented various interventions to enhance digital skills in academics, which include but are not limited to training workshops, organised webinars, and seminars. Irrespective of these interventions, some academics still lack the digital skills to deliver effective digital curricula. The primary aim of the research is to develop other methods to address the shortage of digital skills among scholars. This research is based on a three-year qualitative interpretive study carried out at a university in South Africa, exploring a scenario where academics share their experiences on utilising digital platforms for teaching and learning following the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was generated purposefully and conveniently by sampling thirty-two academics from the school of education. The methods used for data generation included e-reflective activities, Zoom group discussions, and semi-structured interviews conducted one-on-one via WhatsApp. After thematic analysis, findings show that academics' digital background becomes the barrier to having the necessary digital skills for digital curriculum delivery. Hence, most of them were driven by informal skills for social needs and personal digital skills for individual needs at the expense of formal digital skills for discipline needs. With universities in developing countries still becoming victims of student protests, natural disasters, and other challenges, alternatives are being sought to accommodate the transition from face-to-face to online or hybrid curriculum delivery modes.

Insects are one of the most species-rich groups on Earth. They comprise much of animal diversity and play vital roles in ecosystems, including pollination, pest control, and decomposition. However, only a fraction of this diversity has been formally described. South Africa is recognised as one of the most biologically diverse countries globally, with an estimated 44 000 insect species. Many crops rely on insect pollinators, including canola, apples, oranges, and sunflowers. A shortage of wild pollinators currently threatens crop yields, yet our knowledge of insect diversity within South Africa is sparse. There are few taxonomic specialists relative to South Africa's biodiversity, and the methods used for insect identification can be time-consuming and expensive. DNA barcoding provides an important research tool to accelerate insect biodiversity research. In this review, we queried the public DNA barcoding BOLD (Barcode of Life Data System) database for records of "Insecta" within South Africa, and 416 211 published records assigned to 28 239 unique BINs (Barcode Index Numbers) were returned. We identified five taxonomic orders with more BINs than known species in southern Africa (Hymenoptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera, Plecoptera, and Strepsiptera). Most of the barcoded records were derived from Malaise trap sampling in Gauteng, Mpumalanga and Limpopo, while the rest of South Africa remains poorly sampled. We suggest that there is a need for a comprehensive national sampling effort alongside increased investment in taxonomic expertise to generate critical baseline data on insect biodiversity before species are lost to extinction. SIGNIFICANCE: Insects provide critical ecosystem services, but our knowledge of insect biodiversity is limited. DNA barcoding can help fill biodiversity knowledge gaps; however, within South Africa, sampling has been uneven. Well-sampled provinces include Gauteng, Mpumalanga and Limpopo, while the Eastern Cape, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Northern Cape, North-West and Western Cape remain under-sampled. We argue for a broad national Malaise trapping effort to generate crucial baseline data on insect biodiversity. Without urgent investment in taxonomic expertise and biomonitoring, we risk losing much of our biodiversity before it is even described.

Abstract With the upsurge of community uptake in popula tion-based early screening for autism, the main obstacle to increasing access to early treatment and intervention services is the extremely limited access to high quality diagnosis, specifically the shortage of expert clinicians. Diagnostic evaluation models deployed by academic cen ters of excellence, which typically require the investment of 6-10 hours by specialized multidisciplinary teams, is not a viable solution to the vast needs of communities, resulting in parents’ “diagnostic odysseys” and delays, often of several years, for treatment, interventions and supports. Biomarker-based objective procedures for early diagnosis and assessment of autism are now available, clinically validated, and cleared for broad implementa tion by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They are intended to increase access while maintaining high quality. Such solutions, however, will require change in entrenched models of diagnostic care, and aggressive prioritization of the needs of the community at large. If these innovations are successful, the number of children diagnosed in the first three years of life will double or triple. This will, in turn, require much greater inves tments in resources for treatment, including massive workforce training of providers capable of delivering community-viable caregiver-mediated interventions, and of early educators capable of serving autistic children in therapeutic inclusive preschool settings.

Resumen Con el aumento de la aceptación comunitaria de la detección temprana del autismo basada en la pobla ción, el principal obstáculo para aumentar el acceso al tratamiento temprano y a los servicios de intervención es el acceso extremadamente limitado a un diagnóstico de alta calidad, específicamente la escasez de médicos expertos. Los modelos de evaluación diagnóstica imple mentados por centros académicos de excelencia, que normalmente requieren la inversión de 6 a 10 horas por parte de equipos multidisciplinarios especializados, no son una solución viable para las vastas necesidades de las comunidades, lo que resulta en “odiseas diagnósti cas” y retrasos, a menudo de gran importancia, para los padres varios años, para tratamiento, intervenciones y apoyos. Los procedimientos objetivos basados en bio marcadores para el diagnóstico temprano y la evaluación del autismo ya están disponibles, clínicamente validados y aprobados para su amplia implementación por la Ad ministración de Alimentos y Medicamentos de EE. UU. (FDA). Su objetivo es aumentar el acceso manteniendo una alta calidad. Sin embargo, tales soluciones requeri rán cambios en los modelos arraigados de atención de diagnóstico y una priorización agresiva de las necesida des de la comunidad en general. Si estas innovaciones tienen éxito, el número de niños diagnosticados en los primeros tres años de vida se duplicará o triplicará. 51 Esto, a su vez, requerirá inversiones mucho mayores en recursos para el tratamiento, incluida la capacitación masiva de la fuerza laboral de proveedores capaces de brindar intervenciones comunitarias viables mediadas por cuidadores, y de educadores tempranos capaces de atender a niños autistas en entornos preescolares terapéuticos inclusivos.

Abstract The discourse on Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) teacher education in Germany is dominated by the high demand for TVET teachers. A shortage of TVET teachers is arguably a part of the “tradition” of the TVET system. For many years, universities developing new programs for initial TVET teacher education to tackle this problem. However, this has led to a non-transparent structure of degree programmes on offer. This article presents, as a result of a qualitative research approach, a typology of initial TVET teacher education programmes in order to provide more transparency in the TVET teacher education system. Basis for the presented typology are the information provided by all universities in Germany (N=52) who offer vocational teacher education programmes. These information were then run through a criteria matrix, resulting in a typology of seven different study models. In conclusion, we can see that traditional models, while being offered the most in German universities, are challenged by a lot of different study models who are generally not considered traditional.

Resumen El discurso sobre la formación del profesorado en Educación y Formación Técnica y Profesional (EFTP) en Alemania está dominado por la gran demanda de docentes en diversas carreras de EFTP. Podría decirse que la escasez de docentes en EFTP es parte de la "tradición" del sistema de EFTP. Durante muchos años, las universidades han desarrollado nuevos programas de formación inicial de profesores de EFTP para hacer frente a este problema. Sin embargo, esto ha dado lugar a una estructura poco transparente en los programas de titulación ofrecidos. Con el fin de lograr transparencia en la formación de docentes, este artículo presenta, como resultado de un enfoque de investigación cualitativa, una tipología de los programas de formación inicial de profesores de EFTP. La base de la tipología presentada es la información proporcionada por todas las universidades de Alemania (N=52) que ofrecen programas de formación profesional para profesores. A continuación, esta información se construyó a través de una matriz con criterios específicos, dando como resultado una tipología de siete modelos de estudio diferentes. En conclusión, podemos ver que, aunque los modelos tradicionales son los más ofrecidos en las universidades alemanas, se enfrentan a una gran cantidad de modelos de estudio diferentes que, en general, no se consideran tradicionales.

Abstract: The current study attempts to address the relationship between material waste and change orders in residential building projects implemented in the West Bank in Palestine. The main objectives include: (1) identify the main factors affecting change orders in residential projects, (2) identify the main factors affecting martial waste eon construction sites, (3) address the relationship between change orders and construction material waste, (4) develop prediction model that shows the impact of change orders on material waste. To achieve this, two methods are used: (1) questionnaire survey is conducted to identify the main factors affecting change orders and the major factors of material waste on construction sites. Fourteen (14) factors believed to affect change orders and 15 factors that might affect material waste are investigated in this study. (2) Case study is conducted to address the impact of change orders on material waste. Data collected from 40 residential building projects implemented in the West Bank in Palestine. Regression analysis is used to establish the predictive model that relates the change orders and material waste. Results indicate that the top five factors affecting change orders include: change of project scope by owner, shortage in equipment and materials, change in materials, design mistakes, and change of plans by owner. It also shows that the top five factors affecting material waste are: rework, lack of labors skills, design errors, purchasing materials not complying with specifications, and frequent design changes. The results revealed a strong relationship between number of change orders and construction material waste on site.

Resumen: El presente estudio intenta abordar la relación entre el desperdicio de materiales y las órdenes de cambio en proyectos de construcción residencial implementados en Cisjordania, Palestina. Los principales objetivos incluyen: (1) identificar los principales factores que afectan las órdenes de cambio en proyectos residenciales, (2) identificar los principales factores que afectan el desperdicio de material en los sitios de construcción, (3) abordar la relación entre las órdenes de cambio y el desperdicio de material de construcción, (4) Desarrollar un modelo de predicción que muestre el impacto de las órdenes de cambio en el desperdicio de material. Para lograr esto, se utilizan dos métodos: (1) se realiza una encuesta por cuestionario para identificar los principales factores que afectan las órdenes de cambio y los principales factores de desperdicio de material en los sitios de construcción. En este estudio se investigan catorce (14) factores que se cree que afectan las órdenes de cambio y 15 factores que podrían afectar el desperdicio de material. (2) Se realiza un estudio de caso para abordar el impacto de las órdenes de cambio en el desperdicio de material. Datos recopilados de 40 proyectos de construcción residencial implementados en Cisjordania, Palestina. El análisis de regresión se utiliza para establecer el modelo predictivo que relaciona las órdenes de cambio y el desperdicio de material. Los resultados indican que los cinco factores principales que afectan las órdenes de cambio incluyen: cambio del alcance del proyecto por parte del propietario, escasez de equipos y materiales, cambio de materiales, errores de diseño y cambio de planes por parte del propietario. También muestra que los cinco factores principales que afectan el desperdicio de material son: retrabajo, falta de habilidades laborales, errores de diseño, compra de materiales que no cumplen con las especificaciones y cambios frecuentes de diseño. Los resultados revelaron una fuerte relación entre el número de órdenes de cambio y el desperdicio de material de construcción en el sitio.

Abstract Introduction Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells have tremendous potentials for cancer treatment; however, various challenges impede their universal use. These restrictions include the poor function of T cells in tumor microenvironments, the shortage of tumor-specific antigens and, finally, the high cost and time-consuming process, as well as the poor scalability of the method. Creative gene-editing tools have addressed each of these limitations and introduced next generation products for cell therapy. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated endonuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system has triggered a revolution in biology fields, as it has a great capacity for genetic manipulation. Method In this review, we considered the latest development of CRISPR/Cas9 methods for the chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T)-based immunotherapy. Results The ability of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate the universal CAR T cells and also potent T cells that are persistent against exhaustion and inhibition was explored. Conclusion: We explained CRISPR delivery methods, as well as addressing safety concerns related to the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and their potential solutions. treatment however microenvironments tumorspecific specific finally timeconsuming time consuming process method geneediting gene editing therapy repeatsassociated repeats associated CRISPRCas9 CRISPRCas Cas9 Cas (CRISPR/Cas9 fields manipulation review CRISPR/Cas Tbased based immunotherapy explored Conclusion solutions (CRISPR/Cas

BACKGROUND: Low- and middle-income countries have a critical shortage of specialist anaesthetists. Most patients arriving for surgery are of low perioperative risk. Without immediate access to preoperative specialist care, an appropriate interim strategy may be to ensure that only high-risk patients are seen preoperatively by a specialist. Matching human resources to the burden of disease with a nurse-administered pre-operative screening tool to identify high-risk patients who might benefit from specialist review prior to the day of surgery may be an effective strategy OBJECTIVE: To develop a nurse-administered preoperative anaesthesia screening tool to identify patients who would most likely benefit from a specialist review before the day of surgery, and those patients who could safely be seen by the anaesthetist on the day of surgery. This would ensure adequate time for optimisation of high-risk patients preoperatively and limit avoidable day-of-surgery cancellations METHODS: A systematic review was conducted to identify preoperative screening questions for use in a three-round Delphi consensus process. A panel of 16 experienced full-time clinical anaesthetists representing all university-affiliated anaesthesia departments in South Africa participated to define a nurses' screening tool for preoperative assessment RESULTS: Ninety-eight studies were identified, which generated 79 questions. An additional 14 items identified by the facilitators were added to create a list of 93 questions for the first round. The final screening tool consisted of 81 questions, of which 37 were deemed critical to identify patients who should be seen by a specialist prior to the day of surgery CONCLUSION: A structured nurse-administered preoperative screening tool is proposed to identify high-risk patients who are likely to benefit from a timely preoperative specialist anaesthetist review to avoid cancellation on the day of surgery