Resumen La frutilla chilena (Fragaria chiloensis) es una especie nativa de Chile. Es un fruto apreciado por los consumidores por sus propiedades organolépticas, pero es altamente perecedero. Dado que es un fruto no climatérico, debe ser cosechado en el momento óptimo de maduración para asegurar su calidad durante la comercialización. La calidad de estos frutos se mide por apariencia, sabor, aroma, valor nutricional y firmeza, la cual experimenta cambios durante el proceso de maduración. La especie presenta una alta tasa de pérdida de firmeza o ablandamiento, que se asocia a la elevada actividad de enzimas de las fracciones hemicelulosa y pectina de la pared celular, como la poligalacturonasa, a-arabinofuranosidasa, p-galactosidasa, endo-glucanasa, p-xilosidasa, xiloglucano endotransglicosilasa/hidrolasa y ramnogalacturonano liasa en diversas etapas de maduración. La firmeza es un atributo clave para la comercialización y la mantención de la calidad organoléptica, por lo que su control es necesario durante el almacenamiento. Para ello, se han investigado los efectos de tratamientos pre o postcosecha, como atmósferas modificadas, y aplicaciones exógenas de calcio, auxina, metil jasmonato, quitosano y sulfuro de hidrógeno, que contribuyen a mantener este atributo al reducir la solubilización de las pectinas, así como otros aspectos de la calidad organoléptica y nutricional durante el almacenamiento. Esta revisión bibliográfica presenta hallazgos sobre la biología de maduración de Fragaria chiloensis, las investigaciones más recientes sobre el fenómeno de ablandamiento y sus bases bioquímicas y moleculares, así como intervenciones orientadas a mantener la calidad y extender la vida postcosecha de este fruto.

Abstract The Chilean strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis) is a native species to Chile. Consumers value this fruit for its organoleptic properties, but it is highly perishable. Since it is a non-climacteric fruit, harvesting at the optimum ripening stage is essential to ensure its quality during commercialization. In this fruit, quality is determined by appearance, flavor, aroma, nutritional value, and firmness, which changes during ripening. The species presents a high rate of firmness loss or softening, associated with the elevated enzymatic activity of cell wall-modifying enzymes of the pectin and hemicellulose fractions, such as polygalacturonase, a-arabinofuranosidase, p-galactosidase, endo- glucanase, p-xylosidase, xyloglucan endotransglycosilase/hydrolase and rhamnogalacturonan lyase at different ripening stages. Firmness is a key trait for commercialization and organoleptic quality; hence, its management during storage is necessary. Different studies have investigated the effects of pre or postharvest treatments, such as modified atmosphere packaging and exogenous applications of calcium, auxin, methyl jasmonate, chitosan, and hydrogen sulfide, which maintain fruit firmness by reducing pectin solubilization and improve other attributes responsible for organoleptic and nutritional quality during storage. This literature review focuses on the ripening biology of Fragaria chiloensis and recent findings regarding softening and its biochemical and molecular basis, as well as interventions oriented to maintain the quality and extend the shelf-life of this fruit.

Abstract Papaya is a climacteric fruit, rapidly ripening after harvesting due to ethylene production and increased respiratory rate. This swift ripening results in softening of fruit tissues, shortening the fruit shelf life. Pre-cooling serves as an alternative to minimize fruit ripening and post-harvest losses by reducing metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pre-cooling on the quality and conservation of Formosa 'Tainung I' papaya. Papayas at maturation stage II were obtained from a commercial orchard with conventional production. The experimental design was a completely randomized 4×6 split-plot scheme, with pre-cooling treatments (Control, without pre-cooling treatment; pre-cooling at 15 °C in a cold chamber; pre-cooling at 7 °C in a cold chamber; and forced-air cooling at 7 °C) in the plot, and days of storage (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days) in the subplot. Pre-cooling effectively delayed the ripening and senescence of Formosa papaya, reducing the loss of green color and firmness. Regardless of the treatment used, chilling injury and incidence of fungi from the genus Fusarium and Alternaria limited the shelf life of Formosa 'Tainung I' papaya up to 21 days of storage. Additionally, the appearance of hardened regions in the pulp compromised the sensory quality of the fruits, necessitating further investigation into the causes of this disorder. rate tissues Precooling Pre postharvest post harvest metabolism precooling pre Tainung I 46 4 6 4× splitplot split plot scheme Control, Control (Control 1 C chamber forcedair forced air 0, 0 (0 14 28 3 subplot firmness used 2 Additionally fruits disorder (

Resumo O mamão é uma fruta climatérica, amadurecendo rapidamente após a colheita devido à produção de etileno e aumento da taxa respiratória. Esse amadurecimento rápido resulta no amolecimento dos tecidos da fruta, reduzindo a vida útil. O pré-resfriamento serve como uma alternativa para minimizar o amadurecimento da fruta e as perdas pós-colheita, reduzindo o metabolismo. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do pré-resfriamento na qualidade e conservação do mamão 'Tainung I' Formosa. Mamões no estágio de maturação II foram obtidos de um pomar comercial com produção convencional. O design experimental foi um esquema de parcelas divididas completamente aleatório 4×6, com tratamentos de pré-resfriamento (Controle, sem tratamento de pré-resfriamento; pré-resfriamento a 15 °C em uma câmara fria; pré-resfriamento a 7 °C em uma câmara fria; e resfriamento por ar forçado a 7 °C) na parcela, e dias de armazenamento (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias) na subparcela. O pré-resfriamento retardou efetivamente o amadurecimento e a senescência do mamão Formosa, reduzindo a perda de cor verde e firmeza. Independentemente do tratamento utilizado, lesões por frio e incidência de fungos do gênero Fusarium e Alternaria limitaram a vida útil do mamão 'Tainung I' Formosa até 21 dias de armazenamento. Além disso, o surgimento de regiões endurecidas na polpa comprometeu a qualidade sensorial das frutas, exigindo investigação adicional sobre as causas desse distúrbio. climatérica respiratória préresfriamento pré póscolheita, póscolheita pós colheita, pós-colheita metabolismo Tainung I convencional 46 4 6 4×6 Controle, Controle (Controle 1 C fria parcela 0, 0 (0 14 2 3 subparcela firmeza utilizado disso frutas distúrbio 4× (

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the summer pruning time in ‘Fuji’ apple trees on the quality of fruit at harvest and after storage in controlled atmosphere with extremely low O2 (CA-ELO) (0.5 kPa O2). The treatments evaluated were summer pruning in December, January, and February, in addition to a control treatment (without summer pruning). The experiment was carried out in the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons. The fruit were evaluated at harvest and after eight months of CA-ELO (0.5 kPa O2 + <0.5 kPa CO2/1.5 ± 0.2°C/92 ± 2% RH) storage, at chamber opening, and after 7 days of shelf-life at 23 ± 3°C and 60 ± 5% RH. The quality of the fruit was evaluated through of soluble solids, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, fruit color, and physiological disorder incidence (sunburn and flesh browning), in addition to enzymatic activity and concentration of functional compounds. There was no significant effect of the summer pruning time on fruit flesh firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and rot incidence after storage under CA-ELO plus 7 days of shelf life. Summer pruning in February resulted in fruit with higher peel red color development, which in general contains a higher concentration of functional compounds at harvest (total phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity), and lower flesh browning incidence in ‘Fuji’ apples stored under CA-ELO. The nitrogen (N) concentration and nitrogen/calcium ratio (N/Ca) in the second growing season were lower in fruit from plants pruned in February, compared to no summer pruning or earlier pruning. The superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme activity were lower in fruit from treatments with summer pruning in January and February, whereas the polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity was lower when summer pruning was conducted in February. ABSTRACT ‘Fuji Fuji O CAELO CA ELO (CA-ELO 0.5 05 0 5 (0. O2. . O2) December without pruning) 20182019 2018 2019 2018/201 20192020 2020 2019/202 seasons <0. CO215 CO CO2 1 CO2/1. 02C92 C 2 92 0.2°C/9 RH opening shelflife life 3C 3 6 solids firmness acidity sunburn browning, , browning) development activity, activity) CAELO. ELO. N (N nitrogencalcium calcium N/Ca NCa Ca (N/Ca 0. (0 2018201 201 2018/20 2019202 202 2019/20 <0 CO21 CO2/1 02C9 9 0.2°C/ ( 201820 20 2018/2 201920 2019/2 < CO2/ 02C 0.2°C 20182 2018/ 20192 2019/

ABSTRACT Banana is a climacteric fruit with short post-harvest shelf-life, undergoing significant changes during ripening. Refrigerated storage is considered the most efficient method to preserve the quality of fruit by slowing down their metabolism. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate physical and chemical characteristics of 'BRS-Princesa' bananas stored under refrigeration, focusing on determining their post-harvest shelf-life. The fruit were stored in a cold chamber at temperature of 14±1 °C and relative air humidity of 75±1% for 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. They were removed from the cold chamber after each period and kept at 25±1 °C in a climate-controlled environment (CCE) until they presented a fully yellow peel (ripening stage 6). The fruit were evaluated immediately after removal from the cold chamber and when they reached the ripening stage 6. Refrigeration affected all physical and chemical characteristics of the fruit evaluated after removal from the cold chamber. However, when the fruit were fully ripe, pulp yield, soluble solids content, and total soluble sugars presented no significant difference, indicating a similar ripening to the control group. Fruit stored for 21 and 28 days showed chilling injury. 'BRS-Princesa' bananas can be stored at 14 °C for up to 14 days, without losses in fruit appearance and quality, thus extending the time for fruit consumption by 8 days when compared to fruit stored in the CCE (25±1 °C). postharvest post harvest shelflife, shelflife shelf life, life shelf-life metabolism Thus BRSPrincesa BRS Princesa 'BRS-Princesa refrigeration shelflife. life. 141 1 14± C 751 75 75±1 0 7 2 251 25 25± climatecontrolled climate controlled (CCE 6 . 6) However ripe yield content difference group injury (25± °C. °C) 75± (25 (2 (

RESUMO A banana é um fruto climatérico de vida pós-colheita curta e que sofre mudanças acentuadas durante seu amadurecimento. O armazenamento refrigerado é considerado a forma mais eficaz de preservar a qualidade dos frutos, diminuindo seu metabolismo. Assim, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físicoquímicas de bananas 'BRS-Princesa' armazenadas sob refrigeração, visando determinar o período de vida útil pós-colheita. Os frutos foram armazenados em câmara fria, em temperatura de 14±1 ºC e 75±1% UR por períodos de 0, 7,14, 21 ou 28 dias. Após cada período, os frutos foram retirados da câmara fria e mantidos em temperatura ambiente (25±1 ºC) até apresentarem coloração da casca completamente amarela (estádio 6 de maturação). As avaliações foram realizadas logo após a retirada dos frutos da refrigeração e quando os frutos atingiram o estádio 6. A refrigeração afetou todas as variáveis de qualidade físico-química dos frutos avaliados após a retirada da câmara fria. Porém, quando os frutos atingiram o completo amadurecimento, as variáveis rendimento da polpa, sólidos solúveis e açúcares solúveis totais não apresentaram diferença significativa, indicando um amadurecimento semelhante ao controle. Frutos armazenados por 21 e 28 dias apresentaram índices de injúrias por frio. As bananas 'BRS-Princesa' podem ser armazenadas a 14 °C por um período de até 14 dias, sem prejuízo à boa aparência e qualidade dos frutos, com incremento de 8 dias na possibilidade de consumo dos frutos, quando comparados ao controle. póscolheita pós colheita metabolismo Assim BRSPrincesa BRS Princesa 'BRS-Princesa póscolheita. colheita. 141 1 14± 751 75 75±1 0 714 7 7,14 2 25±1 251 25 (25± maturação. maturação . maturação) físicoquímica físico química Porém polpa significativa controle frio C 75± 71 7,1 25± (25 7, (2 (

Abstract Polysaccharide coating is a biodegradable alternative to conventional packings used for delaying senescence in vegetables. This work investigated the properties of cassava and chitosan biopolymeric film and its use as edible coatings to preserve the shelf-life (7 °C and 70% relative humidity (RH)) of green asparagus, with previous cold storage (1 °C and 90% RH) for 7 days. Based on a previous assessment of the films obtained from a) cassava (2.5%), b) chitosan (0.5%), and c) a blend of cassava-chitosan (Cassava+) (2.5 + 0.5%), it could be verified that cassava-chitosan blend films showed improved barrier property (water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 38.06 g/(m2.h)) and mechanical properties, with tensile strength of 0.021 MPa, elongation at break of 1.93% and Young’s module of 0.011 MPa. Cassava+ based coating resulted in a lower weight loss and colour L* parameter and minimized textural changes in basal-section of commercial green asparagus spears during a shelf-life of seven days (7 °C and 70% RH), with previous cold storage. All coated spears maintained overall higher carbohydrate levels than the control, except to sucrose which gradually decreased in basal sections and increased in the apical sections of asparagus spears, irrespective of treatment. Edible coating did not affect asparagine concentrations which steadily increased throughout the shelf-life of the spears. The blend (Cassava+) kept for a longer the green asparagus quality. However, spears under a shelf-life of seven days (7 °C and 70% RH), with previous cold storage under 1 °C and 90% RH conditions, developed tip-rot physiological disorder. vegetables shelflife shelf life ( C 70 (RH) 90 2.5%, 25 2.5% , 2 5 (2.5%) b 0.5%, 05 0.5% 0 (0.5%) c cassavachitosan Cassava (Cassava+ 2.5 (2. 0.5%) water WVTR (WVTR 3806 38 06 38.0 g/m2.h gm2h gmh g/ m2.h g m2 h m g/(m2.h) 0021 021 0.02 MPa 193 93 1.93 Youngs Young s 0011 011 0.01 L basalsection section RH, control treatment quality However conditions tiprot tip rot disorder (RH 9 (2.5% 0.5 (0.5% (Cassava 2. (2 380 3 38. gm m2h mh g/(m2.h 002 02 0.0 19 1.9 001 01 0. (0.5 00 1. (0. (0

Resumo Polímeros naturais, como o polissacarídeo, são uma alternativa biodegradável para a fabricação de novas embalagens, a fim de substituir as embalagens convencionais utilizadas para retardar a senescência em vegetais. Este trabalho investigou as propriedades de filmes biopoliméricos de amido de mandioca e quitosana, e seu uso como revestimentos comestíveis para preservar a vida útil (7 °C e 70% umidade relativa- UR) de aspargos verdes, com ou sem armazenamento prévio refrigerado (1 °C e 90% UR) por sete dias. Com base na avaliação prévia dos filmes obtidos a partir de a) fécula de mandioca (2,5%), b) quitosana (0,5%) e c) uma mistura de fécula de mandioca e quitosana (Cassava+) (2,5 + 0,5%), verificou-se que os filmes da mistura fécula e quitosana apresentaram propriedade de barreira melhorada (taxa de permeabilidade ao vapor d’água de 38,06 g/(m2.h)) e propriedades mecânicas, com resistência à tração de 0,021 MPa, alongamento à ruptura de 1,93% e módulo de Young de 0,011 MPa. O revestimento à base de fécula de mandioca e quitosana resultou em menor perda de massa e valor L*, e minimizou as mudanças de textura na seção basal de hastes de aspargo verde comercial durante a vida útil de sete dias (7 °C e 70% UR), com armazenamento prévio refrigerado. Todas as hastes revestidas mantiveram níveis globais de carboidratos mais elevados do que o controle, exceto para a sacarose, que diminuiu gradualmente nas seções basais e aumentou nas seções apicais das lanças de aspargo, independentemente do tratamento. O revestimento comestível não teve efeito nas concentrações de asparagina, que aumentaram ao longo do período de vida útil. Todas as hastes com vida útil de sete dias (7 °C e 70% UR), com armazenamento prévio refrigerado (1 °C e 90% UR), desenvolveram o distúrbio fisiológico podridão das pontas. naturais polissacarídeo vegetais 7 ( C 70 relativa UR verdes 1 90 2,5%, 25 2,5% , 2 5 (2,5%) b 0,5% 05 0 (0,5% c Cassava+ Cassava (Cassava+ 2,5 (2, 0,5%, 0,5%) verificouse verificou se taxa dágua d água 3806 38 06 38,0 g/m2.h gm2h gmh g/ m2.h g m2 h m g/(m2.h) mecânicas 0021 021 0,02 MPa 193 93 1,93 0011 011 0,01 L L* UR, controle sacarose tratamento asparagina pontas 9 (2,5% 0,5 (0,5 (Cassava 2, (2 380 3 38, gm m2h mh g/(m2.h 002 02 0,0 19 1,9 001 01 0, (0, 00 1, (0

Abstract Meatball is a processed food product that can be produced from the basic ingredients of beef, chicken, or fish. High nutrient contents cause the meatball to be easily contaminated by bacteria, consequently decreasing their quality or shelf life. For this, it requires a preservative material to prevent the quality degradation of meatballs. Bay leaf extract (BLE) is one of the natural preservatives that can be used for coating material to inhibit bacterial growth on meatballs as it contains bioactive compounds. This work aims to evaluate the feasibility of BLE as a natural preservative for meatballs. Here, the TPC-based bacterial growth and shelf life are two important parameters to identify BLE's feasibility. This work was designed by using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 1 factor of BLE composition using various formulations of 0% (F0), 1%(F1), 1.5%(F2), and 2%(F3), respectively. The bacterial growth in the meatballs was evaluated based on the total plate count (TPC) values at different temperatures of 27 °C, 10 °C, and 5 °C for 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of storage time. Meanwhile, the shelf life was estimated by using accelerated shelf-life testing (ASLT) based on the TPC values. The collected data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Duncan’s test with SPSS 25.0. The BLE with a concentration of 2% showed good feasibility in preventing bacterial growth and improving the shelf life of meatballs, twice longer than that of without BLE. beef chicken fish bacteria this (BLE compounds Here TPCbased BLEs s CRD (CRD 0 F0, F0 F , (F0) 1%F1, 1F1 1% F1 1%(F1) 1.5%F2, 15F2 1.5% F2 1.5%(F2) 2%F3, 2F3 F3 2 2%(F3) respectively (TPC C 7 14 21 time Meanwhile shelflife ASLT (ASLT software oneway way ANOVA, ANOVA (ANOVA) Duncans Duncan 250 25 25.0 (F0 1%F1 1F 1%(F1 1.5%F2 15F 15 1.5 1.5%(F2 2%F3 2F 2%(F3 (ANOVA 25. (F 1%F 1%(F 1.5%F 1. 1.5%(F 2%F 2%(F

Forty young bulls were finished in feedlot with diets that contained different dosages of a combination of several natural additives (NA), i.e., clove essential oil, cashew and castor oil, and rumen-protected eugenol, vanillin, and thymol. The animals were randomized in five diets containing four different inclusion levels of NA and a control diet (n = 8 animals per treatment): basal diet without NA (CON); NA15 = 1500 mg/day; NA30 = 3000 mg/day; NA45 = 4500 mg/day, and NA60 = basal diet with 6000 mg/day of the natural additives blend. Colour, antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays), lipid oxidation, and visual acceptability were evaluated through display (until 14 d in vacuum or film packages). Both factors (diet and display) affected all parameters evaluated. The highest dosage, NA60, was able to improve the antioxidant potential, decreasing beef oxidation to produce a higher visual acceptability. The results of this research provide evidence that NA included in the diet of beef cattle can improve overall meat quality and extend shelf-life, thus, providing higher visual acceptability through the colour perception of consumers.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of storage conditions on the development of superficial and senescent scald and its relationship with volatiles and antioxidant compounds in ‘Alexander Lucas’ pears (Pyrus communis) harvested at two maturity stages in three orchards. A two-factorial design combined two maturity stages with five storage conditions: standard oxygen plus cold storage (control; 20.9 kPa O2, 0.03 kPa CO2), controlled atmosphere (low O2) ( 2.0 kPa O2, 0.7 kPa CO2), each without and with 1-MCP (300 nl·L-1), and ultra-low O2 atmosphere (0.7 kPa O2, < 0.7 kPa CO2). The fruit were grown in three regions in Germany and stored for seven months (0 °C; 94% relative humidity) plus seven days simulated shelf-life. Scald development was positively correlated to the 6-MHO and α-farnesene (after three months of storage) and negatively correlated to an ascorbate level. The application of 1-MCP led to a reduction in the production of volatile compounds and antioxidants, except by ascorbate, which appeared to be associated with delayed ripening and the less severe development of scald. Ultra-low O2 reduced the scald, but the effects depended on the production region. Alexander Lucas Pyrus communis orchards twofactorial factorial control (control 209 20 9 20. O 003 0 03 0.0 CO2, CO2 CO , CO2) low 2 2. 07 7 0. 1MCP MCP 1 300 (30 nl·L1, nlL1 nlL nl·L nl L nl·L-1) ultralow ultra (0. CO2. . °C C 94 humidity shelflife. shelflife shelf life. life shelf-life 6MHO MHO 6 αfarnesene α farnesene after level antioxidants Ultralow Ultra region 00 30 (3 L1 nl·L1 nl·L-1 3 nl·L-

ABSTRACT: Seafood is one of the most important sources of nutrients. However, they have a short shelf-life and the traditional preservation methods may generate losses in their natural flavour and nutrients. Thisstudy evaluated and optimize the High Pressure Processing (HPP) regarding pressure level (200-400 MPa) and holding time (0-5 min) applied to lion’s paw scallop (Nodipecten nodosus) to reduce microbial contamination while maintaining desirable characteristics. Response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and Desirability function were employed to simultaneously optimize these quality attributes. HPP enhanced microbial quality at 200 MPa/5 min, despite promoting inadequate physical-chemical modifications in the adductor muscle of the scallop. In such processing condition, in spite of a slight increase in muscle humidity which could be of benefit, pH increase was also verified, as well as a decrease in water holding capacity (WHC). At more severe level (400 MPa/5 min), a decrease in the shear force related to instrumental texture and in Whiteness (W) and Luminosity (L*) related to color was observed. Simultaneous optimization provided a value of 365MPa / 2min where physicochemical characteristics would be the more similar to the scallop without facing a preservation process. ABSTRACT nutrients However shelflife shelf life (HPP 200400 400 (200-40 MPa 05 0 5 (0- min lions lion s Nodipecten nodosus BoxBehnken Box Behnken attributes 20 MPa5 MPa/ physicalchemical physical chemical condition benefit verified WHC. WHC . (WHC) (40 , W (W L* L (L* observed process 20040 40 (200-4 (0 2 (WHC (4 (L 2004 4 (200- ( (200 (20 (2

RESUMO: Os frutos do mar são uma das fontes mais importantes de nutrientes. No entanto, possuem vida de prateleira curta e os métodos tradicionais de conservação podem gerar perdas em seu sabor natural e nutrientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e otimizar o Processamento por Alta Pressão (APH) em relação ao nível de pressão (200-400 MPa) e tempo de espera (0-5 min) aplicado à vieira pata de leão (Nodipecten nodosus) para reduzir a contaminação microbiana, mantendo características desejáveis. Metodologia de superfície de resposta com design Box-Behnken e função de Desejabilidade foram empregadas para otimizar simultaneamente esses atributos de qualidade. A APH melhorou a qualidade microbiana a 200 MPa/5 min, apesar de promover modificações físico-químicas inadequadas no músculo adutor da vieira. Nessa condição de processamento, apesar de um leve aumento da umidade do músculo que poderia ser benéfico, também foi verificado aumento do pH, bem como diminuição da capacidade de retenção de água (CRA). No nível mais severo (400 MPa/5 min), observou-se uma diminuição na força de cisalhamento relacionada à textura instrumental e na Brancura (W) e Luminosidade (L*) relacionada à cor. A otimização simultânea proporcionou um valor de 365MPa/2min em que as características físico-químicas seriam as mais semelhantes às da vieira sem enfrentar um processo de preservação. RESUMO nutrientes entanto (APH 200400 400 (200-40 MPa 05 0 5 (0- min Nodipecten nodosus desejáveis BoxBehnken Box Behnken 20 MPa5 MPa/ físicoquímicas físico químicas processamento benéfico pH CRA. CRA . (CRA) (40 , observouse observou se W (W L* L (L* cor 365MPa2min MPamin 365MPa 2min preservação 20040 40 (200-4 (0 2 (CRA (4 (L 2004 4 (200- ( (200 (20 (2

Abstract This research aimed to estimate the shelf-life of smoked shark catfish coated with chitosan and red galangal extract and packed with aluminum foil using the acceleration method. The prediction of the smoked catfish shelf-life was carried out by storing the smoked catfish at temperatures of 35, 45, and 55 °C for 30 days. The parameters observed during storage were color, sensory score of rancidity, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value. Data were analyzed using linear regression, and the equations obtained were used to calculate the shelf-life of smoked catfish at 30 °C. The color values of L*, a*, and b* of the smoked catfish coated with chitosan decreased faster, and the shelf-life was shorter than that of the smoked catfish coated with chitosan and red galangal extract. The shelf-life and activation energy of smoked catfish coated with chitosan at 30 °C were 29.63 days and 2873.146 cal/mol, while the smoked catfish coated with chitosan and red galangal extract were 38.52 days and 3380.371 cal/mol, respectively. shelflife shelf life method 35 45 5 C 3 rancidity TBA (TBA value regression L L* a a* b faster 2963 29 63 29.6 2873146 2873 146 2873.14 calmol cal mol cal/mol 3852 38 52 38.5 3380371 3380 371 3380.37 respectively 4 296 2 6 29. 287314 287 14 2873.1 385 38. 338037 338 37 3380.3 28731 28 1 2873. 33803 33 3380.

Abstract The almond tree is an important and expanding crop, well adapted to the Mediterranean climate, and which fruit has been widely recognized for its potential health benefits. Among the dried fruits class, the almond has one of the highest vitamin E concentrations, a potent and fat-soluble antioxidant with a renowned protective effect against polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation. In the industrial context, this compost also contributes to an almond shelf-life increase. This work intends to identify genes from the Vitamin E biosynthetic pathway, more specifically tocopherol (α-, β-, δ e γ-tocoferol), the compost with the highest activity for the vitamin in the study. At first, the PdVTE 2, 3, and 4 putative genes genomic sequences were identified and characterized by in silico analysis. Thus, using Sanger Sequencing techniques, it was possible to identify genetic polymorphisms of the SNP and InDels type, associated with the promotor, ORF, and 3’-UTR regions in the PdVTE4 gene, which were present in three cultivars: Lauranne, Antoñeta, and Soleta. This work has contributed to increase the comprehension of the genetic mechanisms regulation tocopherol production in almond trees, constituting an allelic frequency database, specific for the studied population to select, in the future, genotypes more tolerant to oxidative stress, and consequently the production of almonds with differentiated vitamin E quality.

Resumo A amendoeira é uma cultura importante e em crescente expansão, bem adaptada a regiões de clima mediterrâneo, e cujo fruto tem sido amplamente reconhecido pelo seu potencial benéfico para a saúde. A amêndoa é dos frutos secos mais rico em vitamina E, composto antioxidante poderoso, lipossolúvel, e com reconhecido efeito protetor contra a peroxidação dos ácidos gordos polinsaturados. Em termos industriais, este composto contribui igualmente para aumentar o tempo de prateira da amêndoa. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar genes da cadeia biossintética da vitamina E, mais especificamente do tocoferol (α-, β-, δ e γ-tocoferol), composto com maior atividade da vitamina em estudo. Numa primeira fase, a sequência genómica dos genes putativos PdVTE 2, 3 e 4 foram identificados e caracterizados, por análise in silico. Posteriormente, por técnicas de sequenciação por Sanger foi possível identificar polimorfismos genéticos do tipo SNP e InDels associados às regiões do promotor, ORF e 3’-UTR do gene PdVTE4, presentes em três cultivares: Lauranne, Antoñeta e Soleta. Este trabalho contribuiu para uma maior compreensão dos mecanismos genéticos que regulam a produção de tocoferóis na amendoeira, constituindo uma base de dados de frequências alélicas, específica para a população estudada, para futura seleção de genótipos mais tolerantes ao stress oxidativo e produção de amêndoas de qualidade diferenciadora em vitamina E.

Resumen Introducción. En Latinoamérica, los reportes sobre la calidad microbiológica del chorizo crudo son limitados, sin embargo, es un producto de amplio consumo y de tradición. Objetivo. Conocer la estabilidad microbiológica del chorizo crudo en el Gran Área Metropolitana (GAM) de Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos. Entre enero y agosto de 2019, se realizaron recuentos de indicadores de vida útil y de contaminación, así como la detección de tres patógenos (Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes y Clostridium perfringens) en cincuenta muestras de chorizo crudo obtenidas de carnicerías del Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica. Resultados. De las cincuenta muestras analizadas se encontró que solo una era consumible, según los parámetros generales de recuento bacteriano (recuento total aerobio mesófilo (TAM), hongos y levaduras (HYL) y bacterias ácido-lácticas (BAL)) y que la principal causa de deterioro del producto incluye una combinación de BAL y HYL. Además, los recuentos de coliformes totales variaron entre 105 y 106 UFC/g. Desde el punto de vista de inocuidad, se aisló Salmonella spp. en el 16 % de las muestras, Listeria monocytogenes en el 10 % y Clostridium perfringens se encontró en una única muestra con un recuento de 5,00x101 UFC/g. Conclusión. Productos sin procesamiento térmico como el chorizo crudo expendido en el GAM de Costa Rica, son productos muy susceptibles al deterioro, que presentan altos niveles de contaminación y que podrían comportarse como vehículo de patógenos; por ello, se recomienda mejorar las prácticas de manufactura para prolongar la vida útil y garantizar la seguridad del consumidor.

Abstract Introduction. In Latin America, reports on the microbiological quality of raw chorizo, or raw pork sausage, are limited, however, it is a widely consumed and traditional product. Objective. To determine the microbiological stability of the raw sausage in the Great Metropolitan Area (GAM) of Costa Rica. Materials and methods. Between January and August 2019, microbial shelf-life counts, and contamination indicators were carried out, as well as the detection of three pathogens (Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Clostridium perfringens) in fifty samples of raw chorizo obtained from butcher shops in the Great Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica. Results. Of the fifty samples analyzed, only one was found to be consumable according to the general parameters of bacterial count (total aerobic count (TAM), fungi and yeasts (HYL), and lactic acid bacteria (BAL)). The main cause of spoilage included a combination of BAL and HYL. In addition, the total coliform counts ranged between 105 and 106 UFC/g. From a safety standpoint, Salmonella spp. was isolated in 16 % of the samples, Listeria monocytogenes in 10 % and Clostridium perfringens was found in a single sample with a count of 5.00x101 CFU/g. Conclusion. Non-heat treated products, such as raw chorizo sold in the GAM of Costa Rica, are products that are highly susceptible to spoilage, which present high levels of contamination and that could behave as a vehicle for pathogens; therefore, it is recommended to improve manufacturing practices to prolong shelf life and guarantee consumer safety.

ABSTRACT Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is known for its health benefits, although it provides a minimum amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), which play an important role in the human organism. In this study, EVOO was blended with vegetable oils which are rich sources of n-3 PUFA alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and/or stearidonic acid (SDA) (chia, walnut, linseed and viper's bugloss seed oils). Fatty acid profiles, induction time, and organoleptic characteristics of the resulting blends were assessed. The n-3 PUFA enrichment in the blends was proportional to the degree of blending. Sensory analysis carried out by a trained panel showed that it is possible to enrich EVOO with up to 20% chia, linseed and viper's bugloss seed oil without altering the original organoleptic characteristics of EVOO. However, the induction time of the blends was significantly reduced compared with EVOO even after adding n-3 PUFA in small proportions, meaning that shelf-life time of these blends is much lower than that of EVOO, which should be considered when preparing these products for commercial purposes.

RESUMEN El aceite de oliva extra virgen (AOEV) es ampliamente conocido por sus beneficios para la salud, aunque apenas aporta ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3 (AGPI n-3), los cuales juegan un papel importante en el organismo humano. En este estudio se elaboraron mezclas de AOEV con aceites vegetales ricos en ácido alfa-linolénico (ALA) y/o estearidónico (SDA) (chia, nuez, linaza y viborera). Se evaluaron los perfiles de ácidos grasos, tiempos de inducción y características organolépticas de las mezclas resultantes. El enriquecimiento en AGPI n-3 fue proporcional al grado de mezcla. El análisis sensorial llevado a cabo por un panel entrenado mostró que es posible enriquecer AOEV con hasta un 20% de aceite de chia, linaza o viborera sin alterar las características organolépticas originales del AOEV. Sin embargo, los tiempos de inducción de las mezclas fueron significativamente menores que el del AOEV, incluso tras añadir AGPI n-3 en pequeñas proporciones, lo que significa que el tiempo de vida media de las mezclas es mucho menor que el del AOEV. Este hecho debería tenerse en cuenta al preparar las mezclas con propósitos comerciales.

Resumen En este trabajo se elaboraron películas comestibles (PCs) a base de quitosano (Q), agar (A) y tomillo (T), en cuatro diferentes formulaciones (Q, A, QA y QAT). A las PCs se les evaluaron propiedades mecánicas (tensión y elongación a la ruptura), propiedades estructurales (espectroscopía de infrarrojo por FTIR), propiedades térmicas (análisis termogravimétrico), propiedades de transporte (permeabilidad al vapor de agua) y análisis morfológico (microscopía electrónica de barrido). Las PCs de QA y QAT destacaron por su resistencia a la tensión, transparencia, velocidad de transmisión al vapor de agua y permeancia, así como la mayor capacidad antio-xidante. Se evaluó el efecto de la aplicación de los recubrimientos comestibles (RCs) de QA y QAT en la calidad de frutos de aguacate “Hass” durante 13 días de almacenamiento a 25 °C. Se evaluaron periódicamente en los frutos las variables de pérdida de peso, tasa de respiración, producción de etileno, apariencia visual y pudriciones. La aplicación de los RCs al fruto redujo su pérdida de peso y extendió su vida de anaquel. Los RCs les confirieron a los frutos una barrera al vapor de agua, reduciendo la pérdida de peso en 40%. Así mismo, se disminuyó la incidencia de pudriciones de los frutos.

Abstract In this work, edible films (PCs) based on chitosan (Q), agar (A) and thyme oil (T) were prepared in four different formulations (Q, A, QA and QAT), and their mechanical properties (tension and elongation at break) and water vapor permeability were evaluated. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also performed. The QA and QAT PCs stood out for their tensile strength, transparency, water vapor transmission rate and permeance, as well as the highest antioxidant activity. The effect of the application of the edible coatings (RCs) of QA and QAT on the quality of ‘Hass’ avocado fruit was evaluated during 13 d of storage at 25 °C. The following variables were evaluated periodically: weight loss, respiration rate, ethylene production, visual appearance, and rotting. The application of RCs to the fruit reduced their weight loss and extended their shelf life. The RCs gave the fruit a barrier to water vapor, reducing weight loss by 40 with respect to the control. In addition, the incidence of fruit rots was reduced.

Flare type countermeasures that use the composition designated as MTV (Magnesium, Teflon®, Viton®), are the most used by Air Forces around the world. In Brazil, these “flares” are used in several locations and are subjected to different handling, storage and operation conditions that can affect their performance and compromise their service life. In this work, the Monte Carlo method was applied to estimate an empirical model to predict the lifetime of these countermeasures, using as variables the temperature and the relative humidity of the place where the material is used. The results were analyzed using multiple linear regression and analysis of variance. The kinetic parameters of material thermal degradation, such as Activation Energy and Pre-exponential Factor, and the estimated failure times of these countermeasures were determined. The results pointed out to strong temperature influence on material degradation resulting in different lifetimes for each site studied. Magnesium, Magnesium (Magnesium Teflon Teflon® Viton®, Viton Viton® , Viton®) world Brazil flares “flares handling life work variance Preexponential Pre exponential Factor determined studied