Abstract Intrusion detection in Fog-Assisted Wireless Sensor Networks (Fog-WSNs) is a critical security measure designed to protect the functionality and integrity of these networks. Fog computing extends the abilities of traditional WSNs by introducing edge devices or fog nodes that can process data and provide computational resources. Intrusion detection in Fog-WSNs is vital to maintain the privacy and security of data generated and transmitted by sensors and processed at the fog node. Machine learning (ML) algorithms are widely employed to detect intrusion. These models can be trained on historical data to detect known attack patterns and can adapt to emerging threats. By implementing effective intrusion detection mechanisms, these networks can alleviate risks and ensure the reliable operation of critical applications in different fields namely IoT, smart cities, and industrial automation. This study designs an Intrusion Detection using Binary Arithmetic Optimization with Sparse Auto encoder (BAOA-SAE) technique for Fog Assisted WSN. The major aim of BAOA-SAE method is to recognize and classify the presence of the intrusions in the network. Primarily, the BAOA-SAE method focuses on the election of prominent features in the network data. Next, the SAE model is implemented to categorize the presence of intrusions. To improve the intrusion rate, the BAOA-SAE technique employs bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (BFOA). A broad range of simulated outcomes were performed on benchmark IDS dataset. The extensive outcomes highlighted the high efficiency of the BAOA-SAE method over other existing techniques. FogAssisted FogWSNs (Fog-WSNs resources node ML (ML threats mechanisms IoT cities automation BAOASAE BAOA (BAOA-SAE WSN Primarily Next rate BFOA. BFOA . (BFOA) dataset techniques (BFOA

N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a serotonergic psychedelic that, when combined with monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibitors in the hallucinogenic beverage commonly known as ayahuasca, surpasses most common orally administered psychoactive drugs. There is a growing interest in the therapeutic potential of DMT due to recent clinical data showing the improvement of cognitive deficits associated with depression and Alzheimer’s disease. The development of analytical methodology for the monitoring of concentrations of DMT molecules to control the appropriate dosage for their use is essential for the treatment of patients. For this, we propose a novel flexible inkjet-printed paper substrate based on Au nanostars as proof of concept for DMT detection by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The substrate was applied to detect DMT in water as a first approach to more complex matrices like ayahuasca beverages or blood samples. The optimization and performance of SERS substrates with different print cycles indicate that one print is enough to achieve the great performance of the flexible paper substrates. The SERS analyses for DMT in different concentrations, 10-3 to 10-10 mol L-1, reveal a high sensitivity of the sensors with a silhouette coefficient of 0.84 obtained by principal component analysis (PCA) statistical projections. N,NDimethyltryptamine NNDimethyltryptamine N,N Dimethyltryptamine N (DMT drugs Alzheimers Alzheimer s disease patients this inkjetprinted inkjet printed surfaceenhanced surface enhanced SERS. . (SERS) samples 103 10 3 10- 1010 10-1 L1, L1 L 1, 1 L-1 084 0 84 0.8 PCA (PCA projections NDimethyltryptamine NN (SERS 101 L- 08 8 0.

Summary: Technological trends are present in different areas, in the case of agriculture, it is possible to find applications such as automated greenhouses. However, for a large part of small producers in countries with conditions like Mexico, this type of technological advance means a difficult investment to make. Fortunately, today, it is possible to improve the productivity of the field with affordable technology. In this work, the development of electronic devices to measure the temperature inside a 1000 m2 greenhouse is described. These sensors have the capability to form a network, with which the temperature of various points within the greenhouse was obtained. The information collected was concentrated on the internet and through an interpolation algorithm, those areas with the highest temperature were determined. This allowed punctual and localized irrigation therefore making water use efficient. These research notes are the first part of a project to develop affordable electronic devices capable of measuring climatic variables such as temperature, relative humidity, and light, among others. With the data obtained, the evapotranspiration coefficient can be calculated to estimate the amount of water needed in each crop area.

Resumen: Las tendencias tecnológicas están presentes en distintas áreas, en el caso de la agricultura es posible encontrar aplicaciones tales como los invernaderos automatizados. Sin embargo, para gran parte de los pequeños productores de países con condiciones similares a México, este tipo de avances tecnológicos significa una inversión difícil de hacer. Afortunadamente, hoy en día, es posible mejorar la productividad del campo con tecnología de costo accesible. En este trabajo, se describe el desarrollo de dispositivos electrónicos para medir temperatura dentro de un invernadero de 1000 m2. Estos sensores tienen la capacidad de formar una red, con lo cual se obtuvo la temperatura de varios puntos dentro del invernadero. La información recopilada, fue concentrada en internet y por medio de un algoritmo de interpolación, se determinó aquellas zonas con mayor temperatura. Lo cual permitió realizar riegos puntuales y localizados para hacer uso eficiente del agua. Estas notas de investigación son la primera parte de un proyecto para desarrollar dispositivos electrónicos de costo accesible, capaces de medir las variables climáticas tales como temperatura, humedad relativa y luminosidad, entre otras. Con los datos obtenidos, se podrá calcular el coeficiente de evapotranspiración para estimar la cantidad de agua necesaria en cada zona del cultivo.

Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) can be considered as one of the emergent research topics, which linked several sensor enabled devices. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) remains a key enabling technology for IoT environment due to their possibility in placing different types of essential smart city applications, like healthcare, smart cities, environment monitoring, etc. At the same time, effectual utilization of energy is required for the design of energy-efficient data transmission strategy in the IoT environment. In this view, this study develops a novel multi-objective sand piper optimization based clustering with multi-hop routing (MOSPO-CMR) technique to IoT assisted WSN. The proposed MOSPO-CMR technique intends to effectively choose cluster heads (CHs) and derive optimal routes to BS. The MOSPO-CMR technique initially performs cluster construction process by the election of CHs using three variables namely Residual energy (RES), distance to BS (DIST), and Node Degree (NDEG). Besides, the MOSPO-CMR technique derives an objective function involving two variables such as RES and DIST to determine optimal routes to destination. In order to demonstrate the enhanced outcomes of the MOSPO-CMR approach, a series of simulations were carried out and the outcomes highlighted the enhanced outcomes of the MOSPO-CMR technique over the other recent approaches. (IoT topics devices WSNs (WSNs applications healthcare cities monitoring etc time energyefficient efficient view multiobjective multi multihop hop MOSPOCMR MOSPO CMR (MOSPO-CMR WSN (CHs RES, , (RES) DIST, (DIST) NDEG. NDEG . (NDEG) Besides destination approach approaches (RES (DIST (NDEG

Abstract The purpose of this study was to fabricate lead ion selective electrode (Pb-ISE) sensors based on a 2:8 ratio of methyl-methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate thin film copolymers (MB28). These sensors were prepared by using a photo-polymerization technique on a pencil graphite electrode (PGE), with a poly-pyrrole-Cl (p-Py-Cl) thin film as a sensor transducer. During the Pb-ISE sensor fabrication process, the membrane composition optimization process has been carried out. The best sensor composition contained 1 mg potassium tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl) borate (KTpClPB) and 4.3 mg Pb ionophore IV. The fabricated Pb-ISE had a Nernstian number of 28.2 ± 0.5 mV/dec, a broad linear range from 10-3 to 10-10 M and a limit of detection (LOD) of (6.6 ± 1.6) x 10-11 M, providing an excellent performance. In addition, the sensor showed a fairly good coefficient of effectiveness (CE) (Log Kpot a,b) against K+ (potassium), Na+ (sodium), NH4 + (ammonium), Mg2+ (magnesium), Cu2+ (copper) and Cd2+ (cadmium) cations, which were -6.6 ± 0.2, -6.1 ± 0.2, -6.7 ± 0.2, -12.4 ± 0.3, -4.4 ± 0.2 and -6.1 ± 0.1, respectively. The Pb-ISE sensor worked best in the pH range from 3 to 8. The validation process has been carried out by comparing the measurements results of the artificial samples, at the concentrations from 25 to 100 ppm, with those of the real sample from Angke river water. The outcome was outstanding and comparable to that of the standard UV-Vis spectrophotometry measurement methods.

Resumen En este artículo se describe el proceso de diseño, fabricación y caracterización de un arreglo de sensores para realizar EIS de amplio espectro para muestras en solución acuosa en una plataforma microfluídica. Su capacidad de amplio aspecto permitirá desarrollar estudios de caracterización de fluidos con resultados que no son posibles de obtener en sistemas de menor rango de frecuencia. El sistema microfluídico consta de cuatro cámaras de llenado y los canales de transporte de fluidos requeridos para la purga y llenado. En la sección inferior de cada cámara hay un electrodo depositado en oro que permite la interacción eléctrica con la muestra. La geometría de las cámaras y los canales transporte y de los electrodos fueron diseñadas utilizando un proceso de optimización por medio de simulaciones multifísicas. Luego, se desarrollaron experimentalmente diferentes procesos de fabricación para SU8 y PDMS los cuales permitieron llevar a cabo la implementación del sistema microfluídico. Finalmente, utilizando una interfaz de comunicación eléctrica diseñada para la interconexión del sistema microfluídico con un analizador vectorial de redes, se desarrollaron las mediciones requeridas para obtener el comportamiento de cada sensor. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron un comportamiento predominantemente capacitivo de cada sensor desde bajas frecuencias hasta 2 GHz, permitiendo obtener suficiente contraste entre las diferentes soluciones acuosas medidas, logrando una buena repetitividad entre las mediciones realizadas en las distintas cámaras.

Abstract In this paper, we describe the design, manufacturing, and characterization of a sensor array suitable for implementing wide broad band EIS for samples in aqueous solution on a microfluidic platform. Its wide-ranging capacity will allow the development of fluid characterization studies with results that are not possible to obtain in systems with a lower frequency range. The microfluidic system consists of four filling chambers and the fluid transport channels required for flushing and filling. At the bottom section of each chamber there is a gold-deposited electrode that allows electrical interaction with the sample. The chamber's geometry, transport channels, and the electrodes were designed using an optimization process through multiphysics simulations. Then, different manufacturing processes were developed experimentally for SU8 and PDMS which allowed to carry out the implementation of the microfluidic system. An electrical communication interface was designed for the interconnection of the microfluidic system with the vector network analyzer (VNA). Then, the measurements required to obtain the behavior of each sensor were developed. The results obtained show a predominant capacitive behavior of each sensor from low frequencies up to 2 GHz, allowing to obtain sufficient contrast between different aqueous solutions and a good repeatability in different sensing chambers with the same solutions.

Abstract A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized in a cooperative environment. Node localization plays a vital role in many applications. Conventional location detection techniques such as global positioning systems (GPS) and infrared are expensive to find the location node. This paper proposes the use of a genetic algorithm (GA) to learn the environmental impairments within a wireless sensor network with the purpose of localization for data management. In this paper, we have presented an efficient and dynamic Genetic algorithm with help of a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) which gives the optimal node location value with minimal localization error. Our simulation modeled in MATLAB 7.0 shows that the dynamic GA can achieve acceptable node location detection with the aid of three anchors. The simulation work represents that the proposed optimization method gives an accurate node location estimation value efficiently.

Resumen: El lago Guamués (LG) es considerado humedal Ramsar desde el 2000. Debido a su importancia, los ecosistemas lénticos como el LG requieren de programas de monitoreo que sobrepasen su cobertura espacial y temporal. En este estudio se demuestra que usar productos de reflectancia de superficie, generados por el sensor MODIS, puede ser útil para verificar la dinámica espaciotemporal de la profundidad medida con el disco de Secchi (PDS), en el periodo 2001-2020. Para calibrar el modelo, se utilizó una imagen coincidente con los trabajos de campo realizados; se correlacionaron los datos de transparencia de la columna de agua medida con el disco de Secchi con los píxeles de la imagen captados en la banda centrada en los 858,5 nm. Para validar el modelo, se utilizó el método Leave out One Cross Validation (LOOCV). Así, se determinó que el modelo cuadrático presenta mejores resultados con un ajuste en su R2 = 0,74 y un error asociado a las observaciones inferior a los 0,013 m. El análisis espacial reveló que el LG presenta zonas localizadas en sus márgenes donde la PDS puede ser inferior a los 0,5 m. De la misma forma el promedio en su PDS para la imagen del 24 de abril es de 3,87 m. El análisis temporal del lago indica que en 2006-2008 y 2017-2020, se ha presentado mayor variabilidad para los puntos observados, con valores de 3,3 y 2,8 m, respectivamente.

Abstract: Lake Guamues (LG) has been considered a Ramsar Wetland since 2000. Due to its importance, lenttic ecosystems such as LG require monitoring programs that exceed their spatial and temporal scope. This study shows that using surface reflectance products, generated by the MODIS sensor, can be useful in verifying the spatial dynamics of the Secchi disk depth (ZSD), in the 2001-2020 period. To calibrate the model, an image matching the field work performed was used. The transparency data of the Secchi disk-measured water column was correlated with the image pixels captured in the band centered at 858.5 nm. To validate the model, the Leave Out One Cross Validation (loocv) method was used. Thus, it was determined that the quadratic model showed better results with an adjustment in its R2 = 0.74 and an error associated with observations less than 0.013 m. Spatial analysis revealed that LG has areas located at its banks, where the ZSD may be less than 0.5 m. Likewise, its ZSD average in the image taken on April 24 is 3.87 m. The temporal analysis of the lake indicates that between the 2006-2008 and 2017-2020 periods, greater variability has been reported for the observed points, with values of 3.3 and 2.8 m, respectively.

RESUMO Considerando os recursos geralmente limitados para a gestão de florestas e a crescente necessidade de regulação da produção florestal, faz-se necessário otimizar abordagens de planejamento da espacialização das unidades de produção anual (UPA). Foi proposta uma metodologia de planejamento de UPA para espécies florestais de alto valor madeireiro (Amburana acreana (Ducke) A.C.Sm., Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F Macbr. e Castilla ulei Warb.) em área de manejo, utilizando predição de distribuição potencial destas espécies com dados de ocorrência de inventário florestal censitário. Foram utilizados dados de inventário amostral simulados em três sistemas de amostragem (aleatório, conglomerado sistemático e sistemático) e intensidades amostrais (0,5% e 0,8%). Como variáveis preditoras, utilizamos a altitude, distância vertical à drenagem mais próxima, bandas individuais do sensor TM a bordo do Landsat 5 e índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada. Foram obtidos 18 modelos, seis por espécie. A área sob a curva (AUC) de teste dos modelos variou de 0,517 a 0,804. Para todas as espécies, o melhor modelo preditivo foi considerado o sistema conglomerado com intensidade amostral de 0,8%. A altitude foi a variável preditora que mais contribuiu nos modelos. Os valores de AUC para os modelos de Amburana acreana foram significativamente diferentes de Apuleia leiocarpa e Castilla ulei (p=0,0138). Para espécies de menor densidade, é recomendado utilizar maior intensidade amostral e sistemas de amostragem que proporcionem melhor espacialização dos registros de ocorrência. A utilização de dados provenientes de inventários florestais amostrais em diferentes sistemas de amostragem é capaz de predizer a adequabilidade ambiental para espécies florestais e auxilia a definição de UPAs. Assim, pode-se fortalecer as estratégias de planejamento da exploração e gestão das áreas de manejo e contribuir para a perpetuação da atividade nas florestas inequiâneas da região amazônica.

ABSTRACT The generally limited resources for forest management and the growing need of forest production regulation requires the optimization of planning approaches for the spatialization of annual production units (APU). An APU planning methodology for forest species of high wood value (Amburana acreana (Ducke) ACSm., Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) JF Macbr. and Castilla ulei Warb.) in management area was proposed, using prediction of potential distribution of these species with data from the occurrence of a census forest inventory. It was used sample inventory data simulated in three sampling systems (random, conglomerate systematic, and systematic) and sample intensities (0.5% and 0.8%). As predictive variables, it was used the altitude, vertical distance to the nearest drain, individual bands of the TM sensor on board the Landsat 5, and vegetation index by normalized difference. Eighteen models were obtained, six per species. The test area under the curve (AUC) of the models ranged from 0.517 to 0.804. For all species, the best predictive model was considered the conglomerate system with a sample intensity of 0.8%. Altitude was the predictor variable that most contributed to the models. The AUC values for the Amburana acreana models were significantly different from Apuleia leiocarpa and Castilla ulei (p = 0.0138). For species of lower density, it is recommended greater sampling intensity and sampling systems that provide better spatialization of occurrence records. The use of data from sampling forest inventories in different sampling systems is capable of predicting environmental suitability for forest species and helps to define APUs. Thus, it is possible to strenghten the exploration strategies and management planning of management areas and to contribute to the perpetuation of the activity in the unequal forests of the Amazon region.

ABSTRACT The use of generic commercial pressure sensors to produce pressure transmitters allows to reduce costs and develop instrumentation for several applications, without the need of manufacturing the sensor. Electrical models for commercial sensors are an important tool for the design of the signal conditioning circuits that these sensors need. In the technical specifications of commercial sensors, it is not common to find the data of the piezoresistors that conform the bridge, and there is no practical way to measure this data. The objective of this work is to develop an electrical model compatible with SPICE that can be applied to commercial piezoresistive bridges and that models the quadratic component of the thermal variation, since there were no models available with these requirements. In the model obtained, the parameters are extracted by solving an inverse optimization problem based on bridge data without having the piezoresistor parameters. As a result, a comparison is made between the output voltages of five commercial sensors and the simulated output of their corresponding electrical models. As an application example, the simulation in PSPICE is presented using the developed model of a basic offset voltage compensation method and its thermal dependence, taking into account the quadratic component of the thermal variation.

RESUMEN El uso de sensores de presión comerciales genéricos para producir transmisores de presión permite disminuir los costos y desarrollar instrumentación para amplias aplicaciones, sin necesidad de fabricar el sensor. Los modelos eléctricos para sensores comerciales son una herramienta importante para el diseño de los circuitos de acondicionamiento de señal que estos sensores necesitan. En las especificaciones técnicas de los sensores comerciales no es común encontrar los datos de los piezorresistores que forman el puente ni estos pueden medirse de forma práctica. El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar un modelo eléctrico compatible con SPICE que pueda ser aplicado a puentes piezorresistivos comerciales y que modele la componente cuadrática de la variación térmica, pues no existían modelos disponibles con estos requisitos. En el modelo obtenido se extraen los parámetros mediante la solución de un problema inverso de optimización a partir de datos del puente sin conocer los parámetros de los piezorresistores. En los resultados se comparan los voltajes de salida de cinco sensores comerciales con la salida simulada de los modelos eléctricos correspondientes. Como ejemplo de aplicación se presenta la simulación en PSPICE usando el modelo desarrollado de un método básico de compensación del voltaje de offset y de su dependencia térmica, tomando en cuenta la componente cuadrática de la variación térmica.

RESUMO A instalação de sistemas de sensores de detecção de descargas atmosféricas envolve um grande volume de recursos. No entanto, a ausência desses sistemas pode levar a danos irreparáveis, como a morte de uma pessoa. Como reduzir os custos de implantação desses sistemas para se proteger trabalhadores e cidadãos ou mesmo equipamentos públicos e privados? Normalmente, esse problema não é resolvido em um nível formal e sim com base na intuição dos especialistas envolvidos, sem aplicar técnicas de otimização. Levando isso em consideração, essa pesquisa explora a estrutura teórica dos métodos de otimização locacional para propor um método heurístico simplificado que não exige qualquer habilidade de programação para sua aplicação. Especificamente, seu uso foi demonstrado diretamente pela redução de custos de sistemas preventivos de raios em uma área contendo 41 minas. Todas as minas devem ser cobertas pelo sistema de sensores, que tem um raio de cobertura de 10 km. Os resultados experimentais demonstram que a aplicação desse método gera resultados mais efetivos que do que os obtidos utilizando métodos conhecidos de otimização locacional. O método proposto nesta pesquisa contribui diretamente para reduzir custos do sistema preventivo de raio e indiretamente para proteger trabalhadores em áreas de mineração ou mesmo para proteger populações em áreas urbanas onde a frequência e a incidência de descargas atmosféricas são especialmente elevadas.

ABSTRACT The installation of lightning detection sensor systems involves a large volume of resources. However, the absence of these systems can lead to irreparable damage, such as the death of a person. How to reduce the costs of implementing these systems to protect workers and citizens or even public and private equipment? Usually, this problem is not solved on a formal level, but based on the intuition of the involved specialists, without applying optimization techniques. Taking this into account, this research explores the theoretical structure of locational optimization methods to propose a simplified heuristic method that does not require any programming skills for its application. Specifically, its use directly resulted in the cost reduction of preventive lightning systems in an area containing 41 mines. All mines must be covered by the sensor system which has a coverage radius of 10 km. The experimental results demonstrate that the application of this method generates more effective results than those obtained using known methods of locational optimization. The method proposed in this research contributes directly to reduce costs of preventive lightning systems and indirectly to protect workers in mining areas as well as to protect populations in urban areas where the frequency and incidence of lightning is especially high.

Abstract An approach to extend sampling-based path planning algorithms to include visual restrictions is presented. This approach deals with visual constraints during the sampling and optimization processes. Four visual constraints are imposed during sampling: 1) keep the landmark within the sensor field of view, 2) avoid landmark occlusions, 3) maintaining landmark features near the image center, and 4) limit changes in landmark view orientation. These last two are imposed during path optimization. The robot task is to maintain these constraints, in an environment with obstacles, while the robot changes configurations. The sampling-based motion planning algorithm imposes and maintains both physical and visual restrictions. The process uses a collision checker to detect self- and obstacle-collisions, or landmark occlusions. To infer the landmark visibility, the algorithm dynamically builds a 3D model of camera field of view as seen from the moving robot. To maintaining the landmark features close to the image center, a distance parameter from the field of view boundary to the landmark is used and optimized. The camera roll angle was included as another element to be optimized, limiting changes in orientation. The algorithm has been implemented, and both results in simulation and experiments using a real robot manipulator are presented.

Resumen: Este artículo presenta la implementación óptima de la red inalámbrica tomando en cuenta el uso del espectro electromagnético, la capa de enlace de datos, la capa física y el consumo de energía utilizado para transmitir información en sistemas de medición inteligentes. Para el análisis, se ha definido una superficie en la que se han implementado medidores inteligentes de forma aleatoria para garantizar que todos los dispositivos realicen un enrutamiento óptimo, llegando a la puerta de enlace a través de la creación de una red de sensores inalámbricos. Se analizaron diferentes tecnologías de comunicación inalámbrica para calcular el tamaño de la información y rellenar los campos de la capa de enlace de datos para determinar el tamaño real que transporta la capa física. Esta información se utiliza para optimizar el tiempo de uso del canal, las distancias, el consumo de energía y los requisitos de ancho de banda de cada tecnología.

Abstract: This article presents an optimal deployment of wireless network taking into account the use of spectrum electromagnetic, data link layer, physical layer and the energy consumption used to transmit information in energy management system. For the analysis a surface has been defined in which smart meters have been deployed randomly in order to ensure that all the devices perform an optimal routing, reaching the gateway through the creation of a wireless sensor network. Different technologies of wireless communication were analyzed in order to calculate the size of the information and fill fields of the data link layer to determine the real size that transport the physical layer. This information is using to optimize the time of use of channel, distances, energy consumption and requirements of bandwidth by each technology.

Abstract: This article presents a Fuzzy-PD controller in order to solve the problem of wall following for a mobile robot. The performance of the proposed controller is compared to a classic PD controller through the analysis of the quadratic error integral index (ISE) and the total variation index of the control action (TV). For the design of the Fuzzy-PD controller, the distance between the mobile robot and the wall is measured through an ultrasonic sensor that has the mobile robot. In this work two tests were carried out with the objective of showing the effectiveness of each controller; a reference change of the tracking distance and the tracking of an unknown wall. The controllers were tuned by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and implemented on the DaNI 2.0 platform through the use of LabView Robotics software.

Resumen: Este artículo presenta un controlador Fuzzy-PD para resolver el problema de seguimiento de pared a través de un robot móvil. El desempeño del controlador propuesto es comparado con un controlador clásico PD a través del análisis del índice de la integral del error cuadrático (ISE) y el índice de variación total de la acción de control (TV). Para el diseño del controlador Fuzzy-PD, se consideró la distancia que existe entre el robot móvil y la pared la cual es medida a través de un sensor ultrasónico que tiene el robot. En este trabajo se realizaron dos pruebas con el objetivo de mostrar la efectividad que posee cada controlador, un cambio de referencia de la distancia de seguimiento y el seguimiento de una pared desconocida. Los controladores fueron sintonizados a través del algoritmo de optimización por enjambre de partículas (PSO) e implementados en la plataforma DaNI 2.0 mediante el uso del software LabView Robotics.

Resumen Se presenta una solución para el problema de enrutamiento en una red de sensores inalámbricos utilizando inteligencia de enjambres, lo cual ha sido aplicado satisfactoriamente a otros problemas de enrutamiento, por ejemplo, el problema del agente viajero, entre otros. El enrutamiento en una red de sensores inalámbricos puede ser entendido como un problema de optimización. En la solución presentada, existe un nodo origen y un nodo destino. El problema está enfocado en encontrar las rutas que permita conectar un par de nodos de manera óptima. El espacio de búsqueda es el conjunto de posibles rutas que conectan esos dos nodos. Se implementaron dos algoritmos bioinspirados para el enrutamiento: un algoritmo basado en hormigas y otro algoritmo basado en abejas. Los resultados muestran que los algoritmos Bioinspirados mejoran el rendimiento en una red de sensores inalámbricos, considerando aspectos como la cantidad de energía disponible en los nodos. Las simulaciones muestran que se produce una mejora en el tiempo de vida de la red.

Abstract We present a solution to the problem of routing in a wireless sensor network based on Swarm Intelligence, which has been applied successfully to other routing problems, for example, the traveling salesman problem and others. Routing in a wireless sensor network can be understood as an optimization problem. In the solution presented, there are both source and destination node. The problem is focused on finding a path that allows optimally connecting both nodes. The search space is the complete set of possible paths that connect these two nodes. Two swarm algorithms were implemented for routing: ant-based algorithm, and bee-based algorithm. The results show that swarm intelligence improves the routing in a wireless sensor network when it is considering aspects such as the amount of energy available in the nodes. The simulations show that it produces an improvement in the lifetime of the network.

Resumo É apresentada uma solução para o problema de roteamento em uma rede de sensores sem fio usando inteligência de enxame, que foi aplicada com sucesso a outros problemas de roteamento, por exemplo, o problema do agente viajante, entre outros. O roteamento em uma rede de sensores sem fio pode ser entendido como um problema de otimização. Na solução apresentada, há um nó de origem e um nó de destino. O problema está focado em encontrar as rotas que permitem que alguns nós se conectem de maneira ideal. O espaço de busca é o conjunto de rotas possíveis que conectam esses dois nós. Dois algoritmos bioinspirados foram implementados para o roteamento: um algoritmo baseado em formigas e outro algoritmo baseado em abelhas. Os resultados mostram que os algoritmos Bioinspirados melhoram o desempenho em uma rede de sensores sem fio considerando aspectos como a quantidade de energia disponível nos nós. As simulações mostram que há uma melhora no tempo de vida da rede.