Abstract Introduction: Methanogenic archaea (MA), participate in the anaerobic mineralization of organic matter in mangrove sediments, their activity is related to atmospheric warming due to the production of methane; several environmental variables can influence the presence of MA and methane production in these sediments. Objective: To analyze, through culture-dependent techniques, viable methanogenic archaea (VMA) in the sediments, and the production of methane from acetate in different climatic periods in the mangrove El Morro-La Mancha, Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico. Methods: From May to November 2019, following a salinity transect, sediment samples from El Morro-La Mancha mangrove were collected at three locations, in three different climatic seasons, dry (May), rainy (October) and northern (November) (N = 9). VMA in the sediments was quantified using the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique with acetate and methanol as substrates. The influence of sulfate on methane production was analyzed from acetate in microcosm by gas chromatography and the chemical variables of salinity, pH, Eh, carbohydrates, organic content, and carbonates in the sediments were evaluated. Results: The abundance of VMA was 102 to 108 MPN/g of wet sediment, higher than that reported in other studies, this abundance was higher when methanol (104-108 MPN/g sediment) was used as substrate, compared to acetate (102-105 MPN/g sediment); methane production in the microcosms increased in sulfate-free conditions (29.78-929.75 nmol CH4/month) and in the sediments of the rainy season. Conclusion: The influence of the chemical conditions of the mangrove sediments on the methanogenic dynamics is highlighted, determining that in the rainy season, the decrease in salinity, more electronegative Eh, and the increase in organic fractions favored the methanogenesis.

Resumen Introducción: Las arqueas metanogénicas (MA) participan en la mineralización anaerobia de la materia orgánica en sedimentos de manglar, su actividad está relacionada con el calentamiento atmosférico por la producción de metano; diversas variables ambientales pueden influir en la dinámica metanogénica y la producción de metano en estos sedimentos. Objetivo: Analizar, mediante técnicas dependientes de cultivo, la abundancia de las arqueas metanógenas viables (AMV) y la producción de metano en diferentes épocas climáticas en los sedimentos del manglar El Morro-La Mancha, Veracruz, Golfo de México. Métodos: De mayo a noviembre 2019, siguiendo un transecto de salinidad, se recolectaron sedimentos del manglar del Morro-La Mancha, en tres localidades, abarcando tres diferentes épocas climáticas, secas (mayo), lluvias (octubre) y nortes (noviembre) (N = 9), cuantificándose la abundancia de las AMV mediante la técnica del Número Más Probable (NMP) con acetato y metanol como substratos; la influencia de los sulfatos en la producción de metano a partir de acetato en microcosmos, se analizó por cromatografía de gases y se evaluaron las variables químicas de salinidad, pH, Eh, carbohidratos, contenido orgánico y carbonatos en los sedimentos. Resultados: Se determinó una abundancia de AMV de 102 a 108 NMP/g de sedimento húmedo, superior a la reportada en otros estudios, dicha abundancia se incrementó cuando se utilizó metanol (104-108 NMP/g sedimento) como sustrato, en comparación con el acetato (102-105 NMP/g sedimento); la producción de metano en los microcosmos aumentó en condiciones libres de sulfatos (29.78-929.75 nmol CH4/mes) y en los sedimentos de la temporada de lluvias. Conclusión: Se destaca la influencia de las condiciones químicas de los sedimentos del manglar sobre la dinámica metanógena, determinándose que, en la temporada de lluvias, una disminución de la salinidad, Eh más electronegativos y el incremento de las fracciones orgánicas favorecieron la metanogénesis.

Abstract This paper presents the results of investigations in the archaeological locality Huaycondo located in the south of Punilla, Córdoba province, Argentina. The field research consisted of prospecting, test pits, and systematic excavations (using Harris matrix). The pottery and lithic material record recovered in one of the sectors, HUAY 2, was techno-morphologically approached and in the case of the ceramics also was stylistically analyzed. The results indicate that HUAY 1 was a roofed space based on the finding of holes that are linked to the placement of poles and a level of sediment compaction. In HUAY 2, activities like knapping, use, and discarding of lithic tools, manufacturing and consumption of pottery vessels and other objects made of clay associated with a level of sediment compaction were carried out. A defined compaction level was not identified in HUAY 3 therefore, the work would have to continue. In the three sectors of the site, radiocarbon dates belong to human occupations from the final late Holocene (ca. 1000-360 BP) were obtained. These domestic spaces, linked to various tasks of manufacturing, processing, consumption, use and disposal of ceramic, lithic, fauna and plant products, constitute forms of social reproduction with local and extra-regional community ties.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta los resultados de investigaciones en la localidad arqueológica Huaycondo, ubicada en el sur de Punilla, provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. La metodología de campo consistió en prospecciones, sondeos y excavaciones sistemáticas (mediante matriz de Harris). El registro material cerámico y lítico recuperado en uno de los sectores, HUAY 2, fue abordado tecno morfológicamente y para el caso de la cerámica, también se analizó estilísticamente. Los resultados indican que el sector 1 (HUAY 1) fue un espacio techado, a partir del hallazgo de orificios que se vinculan con la colocación de postes y un nivel de compactación del sedimento. En el sector 2 (HUAY 2), se llevaron a cabo actividades de talla, uso y descarte de instrumentos líticos, y de manufactura y consumo de recipientes cerámicos y otros objetos producidos en arcilla, asociados a un nivel de compactación del sedimento. En el sector 3 (HUAY 3) no se identificó un nivel de compactación definido, por lo que habría que continuar los trabajos. En los tres sectores del sitio se obtuvieron fechados radiocarbónicos pertenecientes a ocupaciones humanas del Holoceno tardío final (ca. 1000-360 AP). Estos espacios domésticos, vinculados a diversas tareas de manufactura, procesamiento, consumo, uso y descarte de productos cerámicos, líticos, faunísticos y vegetales, constituyen formas de reproducción social con vínculos comunitarios locales y extra-regionales.

ABSTRACT The rock-fluid interaction is associated with formation damage and occurs due to the introduction of foreign fluids that cause chemical and physical imbalances in the rock matrix and in the fluids insides, which reduces the permeability of formation The objective of the research is to evaluate properties of rock-fluid interaction in an improved recovery process. The research is developed on a laboratory scale with injection of chemical formulation, in search of alternatives for the improvement of oil production and the increase of the recovery factor of the reservoirs. Wettability tests and physical-chemical characterization of the injected fluids and effluents (total dissolved solids, density, conductivity, chloride, calcium, magnesium and pH) were carried out before and after contact with the formation. Based on determinations of density, water and sediment content, asphaltenes and rheological behavior, the characterization of the crude oil from the Seboruco well was carried out, as well as the layer water that was analyzed for its ionic composition and its classification. Such tests indicated a heavy and pseudoplastic crude oil, and a sodium hydrocarbonated layer water. The rock-fluid interaction tests showed significant changes in the wettability of the rock, from to oil-wet to water-wet. The analyzes of the effluents corroborated ionic exchange in the rock-fluid system such as: The increases in pH and increased content of chloride, calcium and magnesium obtained during the formulation step, which in some way favored the displacement of crude oil in the porous medium.

RESUMEN La interacción roca-fluido se asocia al daño de la formación y ocurre por introducción de “fluidos extraños” que causan desequilibrios químicos y físicos en la matriz de la roca y en los fluidos en su interior, lo que reduce la permeabilidad de la formación. La investigación tiene como objetivo: evaluar propiedades de interacción roca-fluido en un proceso de recuperación mejorada, a escala de laboratorio, con inyección de formulación química, en búsqueda de alternativas para el mejoramiento de la producción de petróleo e incremento del factor de recobro de los yacimientos. Se realizaron ensayos de mojabilidad y caracterización física y química de los fluidos inyectados y los efluentes (sólidos totales disueltos, densidad, conductividad, cloruro, calcio, magnesio y pH) antes y después del contacto con la formación. Sobre la base de determinaciones de densidad, contenido de agua y sedimento, asfaltenos y comportamiento reológico, se realizó la caracterización del crudo del pozo Seboruco y también del agua de capa que fue analizada en cuanto su composición iónica y su clasificación. Tales ensayos indicaron un crudo pesado y seudoplástico y el agua de capa del tipo hidrocarbonada sódica. Los ensayos de interacción roca-fluido evidenciaron cambios significativos en la mojabilidad de la roca, de oleohumectada a acuohumectada. Los análisis de los efluentes corroboraron intercambio iónico en el sistema roca-fluido como son: los incrementos de pH y aumento de contenido de cloruro, calcio y magnesio, obtenido al paso de la formulación, que en alguna forma favorecieron al desplazamiento del crudo en el medio poroso.

RESUMO Objetivou-se descrever os aspectos metodológicos, operacionais e atravessamentos políticos do projeto ‘Avaliação da contaminação ocupacional, ambiental e em alimentos por agrotóxicos na Bacia do Juruena, Mato Grosso (MT)’, realizado entre 2015 e 2019, em municípios de elevada produção agrícola voltada para o agronegócio: Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal e Campos de Júlio. Fundamentada na epidemiologia crítica, na vigilância popular e do desenvolvimento, a pesquisa participativa envolveu a população por meio de articulações com prefeituras, sindicatos e escolas públicas e trabalhadores(as) rurais e urbanos. Coletaram-se amostras de matriz ambiental (água, ar, sedimento), alimentar (hortaliças, commodities e animais) e humanas (sangue e urina) e realizou-se um inquérito populacional das condições de saúde autorreferidas, exposição ambiental, alimentar e ocupacional de trabalhadores(as) e moradores(as). Os dados revelaram um processo de contaminação impositiva em todo o território da bacia do rio Juruena, no ambiente, em alimentos, e o adoecimento agudo e crônico supostamente relacionado com a exposição ambiental e ocupacional aos agrotóxicos. O processo participativo na pesquisa almejou fortalecer a luta por territórios saudáveis e sustentáveis mediante redes cooperativas, vigilância popular de base territorial e das populações expostas aos agrotóxicos, além de outros desdobramentos que modifiquem legislações e processos destrutivos do atual modelo de desenvolvimento. Objetivouse Objetivou se metodológicos Avaliação Juruena MT, MT , (MT)’ 201 2019 agronegócio Parecis Júlio crítica desenvolvimento prefeituras trabalhadoresas trabalhadores as trabalhadores(as urbanos Coletaramse Coletaram água, água (água ar sedimento, sedimento sedimento) hortaliças, hortaliças (hortaliças animais sangue urina realizouse realizou autorreferidas moradoresas. moradoresas moradores . moradores(as) ambiente cooperativas (MT) 20 moradores(as (MT 2

ABSTRACT The aim was to describe the methodological, operational, and political aspects of the project ‘Assessment of occupational, environmental and food contamination by pesticides in the Juruena Basin, Mato Grosso (MT)’, carried out between 2015 and 2019 in municipalities with high agricultural production geared towards agribusiness: Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal, and Campos de Júlio. Based on critical epidemiology, popular and developmental surveillance, the participatory research involved the population through links with town halls, unions public schools, and rural and urban workers. Environmental (water, air, sediment), food (vegetables, commodities, and animals), and human (blood and urine) samples were collected, and a population survey was carried out on self-reported health conditions, environmental, food, and occupational exposure of workers and residents. The data revealed a process of imposing contamination throughout the territory of the Juruena River basin, in the environment, in food, and in acute and chronic illnesses supposedly related to environmental and occupational exposure to pesticides. The participatory process in the research aimed to strengthen the struggle for healthy and sustainable territories through cooperative networks, grassroots territorial surveillance, and populations exposed to pesticides, as well as other developments that modify legislation and destructive processes of the current development model. methodological operational Assessment Basin MT, MT , (MT)’ 201 agribusiness Parecis Sapezal Júlio epidemiology surveillance halls schools water, water (water air sediment, sediment sediment) vegetables, vegetables (vegetables commodities animals, animals animals) blood urine collected selfreported self reported conditions residents basin environment networks model (MT) 20 (MT 2

Abstract Introduction The lama-bordo systems (LBS) are built in natural watercourses and favor retention of sediment and runoff moisture for the development of agricultural activity. Objective To obtain a model for predicting the volume of soil permanently captured by LBS, based on the morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the micro-watersheds where they have prevailed in the Mixteca Alta of Oaxaca, Mexico Materials and methods The study was carried out in 27 sites where morphometric parameters and hydrological indexes were determined to obtain the volume prediction model by multiple linear regression (backward elimination technique). Results and discussion The systems studied were found in micro-watersheds under conditions that favor sediment transport: elongated shape, areas smaller than 2 km2 with 1st and 2nd order streams, at altitudes above 2 000 m and slopes greater than 10 %. Twelve morphometric parameters and three hydrological indexes characterize these micro-watersheds and explain the physical conditions that allow their establishment, but only four (micro-watershed area, average slope of the mainstream, topographic wetness index and sediment transport index) explain the cumulative sediment volume (R2 = 0.85, P < 0.001). Conclusions The model evaluated for volume estimation is reliable for application at sites under similar conditions.

Resumen Introducción Los sistemas lama-bordo (SLB) se construyen en cauces naturales y favorecen la retención de sedimentos y humedad del escurrimiento para el desarrollo de la actividad agrícola. Objetivo Obtener un modelo de predicción de volumen de suelo captado por los SLB en forma permanente, a partir de las características morfométricas e hidrológicas de las microcuencas donde estos han prevalecido en la Mixteca Alta de Oaxaca, México. Materiales y métodos El estudio se hizo en 27 sitios donde se determinaron parámetros morfométricos e índices hidrológicos que permitieron obtener el modelo de predicción de volumen mediante regresión lineal múltiple tipo backward stepwise. Resultados y discusión Los sistemas estudiados se encontraron en microcuencas bajo condiciones que favorecen el transporte de sedimentos: forma alargada, áreas menores de 2 km2 con corrientes de 1° y 2° orden, en altitudes superiores a los 2 000 m y pendientes mayores de 10 %. Doce parámetros morfométricos y tres índices hidrológicos caracterizan dichas microcuencas y explican las condiciones físicas que permiten su establecimiento, pero solo cuatro (área de la microcuenca, pendiente media de la corriente principal, índice topográfico de humedad e índice de transporte de sedimentos) explican el volumen de sedimento acumulado (R2 = 0.85, P < 0.001). Conclusiones El modelo evaluado para la estimación de volumen es confiable para su aplicación en sitios bajo condiciones similares.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The discharge of hospital wastewater leads to the establishment of microorganisms from human biota in aquatic ecosystems. This is risky, as there is the possibility of horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from bacteria to other bacterial strains in the aquatic ecosystem and the environment in general, contributing to the expansion of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the therapeutic ineffectiveness of these medicines. Objective: To demonstrate the environmental risk due to discharge of wastewater from a hospital into an urban river in Santa Clara, Cuba. Materials and Methods: Bacteria were isolated from sediment and soil from the banks of the Bélico river and their resistance to parenteral antibiotics for intra-hospital use employed between 2015 and 2019 was determined. If positive, the environmental risk of these medicines in terrestrial surface waters was estimated, and the resistance of in-hospital strains was assessed. Results and Discussion: All isolated bacterial strains were resistant to at least one of the parenteral antibiotics for intra-hospital use employed in the period under study. All antibiotics were environmentally risky in terrestrial surface waters. There was a high antibiotic resistance of the strains isolated from hospitalized patients. Conclusions: The discharge of untreated wastewater into the Bélico river led to the establishment of bacterial strains which can have a negative impact on the environment, including human health.

RESUMEN Introducción: El vertimiento de aguas residuales hospitalarias conduce al establecimiento de microorganismos de la biota humana en ecosistemas acuáticos. Lo anterior es riesgoso, al existir la posibilidad de transferencia génica horizontal de genes de resistencia de antibióticos de las bacterias a otras cepas bacterianas del ecosistema acuático y del ambiente en general; contribuyendo a la expansión de la resistencia bacteriana a antibióticos y la inefectividad terapéutica de estos medicamentos. Objetivo: Demostrar el riesgo ambiental por vertimiento de aguas residuales de un hospital a un río urbano en Santa Clara, Cuba. Materiales y Métodos: Se aislaron bacterias del sedimento y suelo de la ribera del río Bélico y se determinó su resistencia a los antibióticos parenterales de uso intrahospitalario empleados entre 2015 y 2019. De ser esta positiva, se estimó el riesgo ambiental de estos medicamentos en aguas superficiales terrestres y se valoró la resistencia de cepas intrahospitalarias. Resultados y Discusión: Todas las cepas bacterianas aisladas fueron resistentes al menos a uno de los antibióticos parenterales de uso intrahospitalario empleados en el período objeto de estudio. Todos los antibióticos resultaron ambientalmente riesgosos en aguas superficiales terrestres. Existió una elevada resistencia microbiana a antibióticos en las cepas aisladas de pacientes hospitalizados. Conclusiones: El vertimiento de las aguas residuales sin tratar al río Bélico, condujo al establecimiento de cepas bacterianas que pueden tener un impacto negativo en el ambiente, incluyendo la salud humana.

Abstract: The study was conducted at the Jalpan de Serra dam, Querétaro, Mexico. In a mountain watershed with a history of artisanal mining activity in the upper part, runoff feeds the reservoir, transporting mining tailings. The Jalpan dam has been used for drinking water supply, agricultural irrigation activities and recreational purposes as a Ramsar site. The reason for the study has been the relevance and social impact of the reservoir sediments as a source of diffuse pollution. The objective was to determine the concentration of arsenic, cadmium and lead in the sediment and to evaluate the level of risk to human health and the environment. The methodology consists of the analysis by atomic absorption carried out in three sites sampled in the superficial layer of 10 cm depth, samples obtained with a PVC tube of 7 cm diameter, identified, preserved for transfer and digested with nitric acid. The results show mean arsenic concentrations of 4.278 mg/kg, cadmium 0.323 mg/kg and lead 4.873 mg/kg. In conclusion, the sediment analyzed does not represent a risk to human health or the environment of the reservoir according to NOM-147-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004. This investigation demonstrates the lack of a policy or standard that establishes permissible limits for heavy metals in sediment.

Resumen: El estudio ha sido realizado en la presa Jalpan de Serra, Querétaro, México. En una cuenca de montaña con antecedentes de actividad minera artesanal en la parte alta, la escorrentía alimenta el embalse, transportando relaves mineros. La presa Jalpan se ha empleado para abastecimiento de agua de consumo humano, actividades de riego agrícola y fines recreativos como sitio Ramsar. El motivo de estudio ha sido la relevancia e impacto social que tienen los sedimentos del embalse como fuente de contaminación difusa. El objetivo ha sido conocer la concentración de arsénico, cadmio y plomo en el sedimento y evaluar el nivel de riesgo para la salud humana y del ambiente. La metodología consiste en el análisis por absorción atómica realizada en tres sitios muestreados en la capa superficial de 10 cm de profundidad, muestras obtenidas con un tubo de PVC de 7 cm de diámetro, identificadas, conservadas para su traslado y digeridas con ácido nítrico. Los resultados muestran concentraciones medias en arsénico de 4.278 mg/kg, cadmio 0.323 mg/kg y plomo 4.873 mg/kg. En conclusión, el sedimento analizado no representa riesgo para la salud humana o entorno del embalse según la norma NOM-147-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004. Esta investigación evidencia la falta de una política o norma que establezca los límites permisibles de metales pesados en sedimentos.

RESUMEN Las investigaciones sobre cianobacterias bentónicas en reservorios de alta montaña en regiones tropicales aún son limitadas, debido a su complejidad y vacíos de conocimiento en relación con su ecología. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar la composición, diversidad y potencial tóxico de estas cianobacterias en sedimentos superiores de dos embalses colombianos, empleando múltiples metodologías, como experimentos de germinación para evaluar su presencia y viabilidad en sedimentos, ensayos de ELISA competitivo para cuantificar toxinas en cultivo, análisis de Unidades Taxonómicas Operativas (OTUs) a partir de submuestras de los cultivos para evaluar su diversidad y riqueza entre los diferentes phylum procarióticos, y análisis filogenético de cianobacterias cultivables. Se confirmó la presencia de poblaciones viables de cianobacterias en los sedimentos mediante mediciones de clorofila-a y la identificación microscópica demostró su capacidad de crecimiento en condiciones controladas de laboratorio. A pesar de los bajos niveles de microcistina en cultivo, la detección previa de genes mcy en muestras directas de sedimento, sugiere un potencial tóxico en las cianobacterias presentes. El análisis de la comunidad reveló una notable diversidad microbiana en los sedimentos de ambos embalses, con una mayor abundancia relativa de cianobacterias en comparación con otros phylum procarióticos. Estos hallazgos respaldan la hipótesis de que los sedimentos superficiales desempeñan un papel fundamental como depósito de cianobacterias que pueden plantear riesgos inherentes a la salud del ecosistema. En conclusión, esta investigación subraya la necesidad de realizar más estudios para lograr una comprensión holística de la dinámica de las cianobacterias bentónicas en reservorios tropicales de alta montaña.

ABSTRACT Benthic cyanobacteria research in high mountain reservoirs remains limited, mainly due to their complexity and knowledge gaps that persist in relation to their ecology in tropical regions. This study aimed to explore the composition, diversity, and toxic potential of cyanobacterial in the upper sediment of two Colombian reservoirs. Our investigation involved multiple methodologies, such as germination experiments, that allowed us to assess the presence and viability of cyanobacteria in upper sediment samples, while the competitive ELISA assay allowed for the quantification of toxins within the cultures. The molecular analysis of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) from subsamples of sediment cultures focused on evaluating cyanobacterial diversity and richness among prokaryotic phyla, and the Phylogenetic analysis of culturable cyanobacteria. Chlorophyll-a measurements confirmed the presence of viable populations in sediment cultures, while microscopic identification demonstrated the growth capacity of cyanobacteria from the orders Nostocales, Chroococcales, Oscillatoriales, and Synechococcales under controlled laboratory conditions. Despite low microcystin levels in culture, the prior detection of mcy genes in direct sediment samples suggests a possible toxic potential of cyanobacterial inhabiting the upper sediments. Community analysis, based on the OTUs abundance, revealed a notably diverse microbial community in both reservoir sediments, with a higher relative abundance of cyanobacteria compared to other prokaryotic phyla. These findings support the hypothesis that surface sediments play a fundamental role as a repository for cyanobacteria that may pose inherent risks to ecosystem health. In conclusion, this research underscores the necessity of further studies to achieve a holistic comprehension of benthic cyanobacteria dynamics in high-mountain tropical reservoirs.

Abstract As part of the debate on the inner areas of Italy, villages are assumed as cornerstones in the historical construction of the territory; they are recognized as a patrimonial value since they express a relationship between human settlements and contextual specificities. Depopulation and abandonment in these places are recurrent phenomena which have been deepened by recent seismic events damaging the building heritage. Reading and interpreting these phenomena require a shift of perspective that leads to attributing new values to villages in order to transform them into spaces of opportunity and potential future project which prefigure alternative economies such as tourism. An architectural vision -based on the analysis and design of buildings and urban relations- can be complemented by a landscape vision revaluing villages throughout the ancient and contemporary territory. The village of Arquata del Tronto, which is considered one of the most beautiful among those located along the Apennine ridge in central Italy, was razed to the ground by the 2016-17 earthquake. What remains is its sediment, the imprint of an architectural work perfectly adapted to geography, an embankment from which the landscape may be observed. The spur of sandstone as geographical figure is associated with the idea of a platform as architectural figure; this is a possible theme for landscape design experimentation.

Resumen Dentro de la debatida temática de las áreas interiores de Italia, los pueblos son asumidos como hitos en la construcción histórica del territorio; a ellos se les reconoce un valor patrimonial en cuanto son expresión de una relación entre asentamientos humanos y especificidades contextuales. En estos lugares la despoblación y el abandono son fenómenos recurrentes, acentuados por recientes eventos sísmicos que han dañado gravemente el patrimonio edilicio. La lectura y la interpretación de tales fenómenos requieren un cambio de mirada que lleve a atribuir a los pueblos nuevos valores con el fin de transformarlos en espacios de oportunidad y de potencial proyecto para el futuro, prefigurando economías alternativas como la turística. Una visión arquitectónica, basada en análisis y proyecto de obras edilicias y de las relaciones urbanas, puede estar integrada por una visión paisajística que revalorice los pueblos en la dimensión extensa del territorio antiguo y contemporáneo. El pueblo de Arquata del Tronto, considerado uno de los más bellos entre aquellos ubicados a lo largo de la cadena apenínica en el centro de Italia, ha sido arrasado por el terremoto del 2016-17. Aquello que permanece es su sedimento, la huella de una obra arquitectónica perfectamente adaptada a la geografía, terraplén desde el cual observar el paisaje. Al espolón de arenisca, figura geográfica, se asocia la idea de plataforma, figura arquitectónica, posible tema de una experimentación proyectual paisajística.

ABSTRACT We present a case of a 69-year-old man who presented for routine check-up and was incidentally found to have kidney failure with an initially unrevealing history and bland urinary sediment. He was diagnosed with oxalate nephropathy in the setting of chronic turmeric supplementation and chronic antibiotic therapy with associated diarrhea. Our case provides several key insights into oxalate nephropathy. First, the diagnosis requires a high index of clinical suspicion. It is uncommonly suspected clinically unless there is an obvious clue in the history such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or ethylene glycol poisoning. Diagnosis can be confirmed by histopathologic findings and corroborated by serum levels of oxalate and 24-hour urinary excretion. Second, the diagnosis can often be missed by the pathologist because of the characteristics of the crystals unless the renal pathologist has made it a rule to examine routinely all H&E sections under polarized light. This must be done on H&E, as the other stains dissolve the crystals. Third, one oxalate crystal in a routine needle biopsy is considered pathologic and potentially contributing to the AKI or to the CKD in an important way. Fourth, secondary oxalosis can be largely mitigated or prevented in many cases, especially iatrogenic cases. This can come through the surgeon or the gastroenterologist providing proper instructions to patients on an oxalate-restricted diet or other specific dietary measures. Lastly, this case highlights the success that results from cooperation and communication between the pathologist and the treating physician. 69yearold yearold 69 year old checkup check up sediment diarrhea First suspicion RouxenY Roux en Y poisoning 24hour hour 24 excretion Second HE H E light Third way Fourth cases oxalaterestricted restricted measures Lastly physician 6 2

RESUMO Relatamos o caso de um homem de 69 anos que se apresentou para exame de rotina e descobriu-se incidentalmente que ele tinha insuficiência renal, com histórico inicialmente não revelador e sedimento urinário brando. Ele foi diagnosticado com nefropatia por oxalato no contexto de suplementação crônica de cúrcuma e antibioticoterapia crônica com diarreia associada. Nosso caso fornece diversas sugestões importantes sobre nefropatia por oxalato. Primeiro, o diagnóstico requer elevado índice de suspeita clínica. A suspeita clínica é incomum, a menos que haja evidência óbvia no histórico, como bypass gástrico em Y de Roux ou envenenamento por etilenoglicol. O diagnóstico pode ser confirmado por achados histopatológicos e corroborado por níveis séricos de oxalato e excreção urinária de 24 horas. Segundo, o diagnóstico pode passar despercebido pelo patologista devido às características dos cristais, a menos que o patologista renal estabeleça como regra examinar rotineiramente todas as seções coradas com H&E sob luz polarizada. Isso deve ser feito com H&E, pois, outras colorações dissolvem os cristais. Em terceiro lugar, um cristal de oxalato em biópsia por agulha de rotina é considerado patológico, contribuindo potencialmente para LRA ou para DRC de maneira significativa. Em quarto lugar, a oxalose secundária pode ser amplamente mitigada ou prevenida em muitos casos, especialmente casos iatrogênicos. Isso pode ser feito pelo cirurgião ou pelo gastroenterologista, fornecendo instruções adequadas aos pacientes sobre uma dieta restrita em oxalato ou outras medidas dietéticas específicas. Por fim, esse caso destaca o sucesso que resulta da cooperação e comunicação entre o patologista e o médico assistente. 6 descobriuse descobriu brando associada Primeiro incomum etilenoglicol 2 horas Segundo cristais HE H E polarizada pois lugar patológico significativa iatrogênicos gastroenterologista específicas fim assistente

ABSTRACT Introduction: Craft beer production generates solid waste in significant quantities, which is not put to proper use. Trüb (brewers' waste) has important nutrients, such as proteins and carbohydrates, and physical-chemical compounds; however, its applications are hindered by its astringent taste. Objective: To estimate the enrichment of flour from malts processed in craft beer by addition of fermentable Trüb (sediment). Materials and Methods: The methodology applied was experimental, carrying out the physical-chemical characterization of processed samples of craft beer waste, evaluating moisture, ash, fat, acidity, protein, and fiber, based on the established standards. Results and Discussion: As a result, it was obtained that the best mixture of malt with sediment was the dark malt with kveik sediment with a proportion of 25 %, obtaining protein increase values of 26.73 %. Conclusions: With an increase in protein the best malt and sediment sample was the dark malt - sediment Kveik from 12.95 - 26.73 % w/w, without addition and addition to 25 % of the sediment.

RESUMEN Introducción: La producción de cerveza artesanal genera residuos sólidos en cantidades importantes, a los cuales no se les da un uso adecuado. El Trüb (desecho cervecero) tiene nutrientes importantes, como proteínas y carbohidratos, y compuestos físico - químicos; sin embargo, sus aplicaciones se ven obstaculizadas por el sabor astringente. Objetivo: Estimar el enriquecimiento de harina de maltas procesadas en cerveza artesanal mediante agregado de Trüb (sedimento) fermentable. Materiales y Métodos: La metodología aplicada fue de tipo experimental, realizando la caracterización físico- química de muestras procesadas de residuos de cerveza artesanal, evaluando la humedad, cenizas, grasas, acidez, proteínas y fibras, basándose en las normativas establecidas. Resultados y Discusión: Como resultado se obtuvo que la mejor mezcla de malta con sedimento fue la de malta oscura con sedimento kveik con una proporción del 25 %, obteniendo valores de incremento de proteína 26,73 %. Conclusiones: Con un incremento de proteína la mejor muestra de malta y sedimento fue la de malta oscura - sedimento Kveik desde 12,95 - 26,73 % p/p, sin adición y adición al 25 % del sedimento.

Abstract Salmon farming in the face of antimicrobial resistance and effects on human health and environment. Abstract: The present review compiles and analyzes studies of the last five years on antibiotic use in the salmon industry, reported effects on fish and humans, and impacts on the environment. There is a growing concern regarding the current management of veterinary therapeutic plans used for the treatment and control of bacterial infections. The main problems are related to the increase of resistance to antibiotics by pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria communities, horizontal transfer of resistance genes between bacterial cells, and a major number of cases of failed medical treatments in human and animal populations. Therefore, the challenges for the future will be to reduce dependence on antibiotics in animal production through research into alternatives technologies, the collection of epidemiological information from productive sectors that allow detailed monitoring in the different cultivation phases, biosafety measures from an approach of One Health, and strict supervision in the formulation of medicines by professionals in the animal area.

Resumen La salmonicultura frente a la resistencia de los antimicrobianos y los efectos sobre la salud humana y medio ambiente. Resumen: La presente revisión recopila y analiza estudios de los últimos 5 años sobre uso de antimicrobianos en la industria del salmón, efectos reportados en peces y seres humanos, y los impactos sobre el medio ambiente. Existe una creciente preocupación respecto al manejo actual de los planes terapéuticos veterinarios empleados para el tratamiento y control de infecciones bacterianas. Las principales problemáticas están relacionadas con el aumento en la resistencia hacia antimicrobianos por parte comunidades bacterianas patógenas y no patógenas, la transferencia horizontal de genes de resistencia entre células bacterianas y, un mayor número de casos de tratamientos médicos fallidos en poblaciones humanas y animales. Por lo tanto, los desafíos a futuro serán reducir la dependencia hacia los antimicrobianos en producciones animales mediante la investigación de tecnologías alternativas, la recopilación de información epidemiológica de sectores productivos que permitan realizar monitoreo detallado en las diferentes fases de cultivo, medidas de bioseguridad desde un enfoque de “One Health” y, una supervisión estricta en la formulación de medicamentos por parte de los profesionales en el área animal.

Abstract 20. In Peru, cattle fasciolosis is an important problem in the livestock industry, causing economic losses, being widely distributed and whit endemic livestock areas. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and risk factors in the Arequipa region. A total of 1,838 fecal samples were examined using the metal mesh sieving technique and the sediment was examined under a microscope. The owner was interviewed to learn about the management characteristics of his livestock. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression model, ANOVA was used for the variables to show significance (p<0.05) and the Odds Ratio was calculated for the factors within the variables, with risk values greater than 1. The prevalence of bovine fasciolosis in the Arequipa region was moderate (34.65%), and the prevalence by provinces was 70.30%, 61.98%, 32.05%, 12.91%, 12.71%, and 3.57% for Caylloma, Condesuyos, Islay, Castilla, Arequipa, and Camaná, respectively. The risk factors for Fasciola hepatica infection that showed significance (p<0.05) were the age of juveniles and adults, the water consumed from the ditch/ river, the dosage every 6 and 12 months, and the locations of Machaguay, Chuquibamba, Iray, Andaray, Canocota, Chivay, Coporaque, Ichupampa, Achoma, Maca, Cabanaconde, Polobaya, San José de Uzuña, Vítor, Mollendo, Huambo, La Joya, Viraco, Piaca, and Pocsi. The results of the present study suggest the implementation of a control program through training, periodic treatment, and improvement in cattle management.

Resumen 16. La fasciolosis en ganado bovino del Perú es un importante problema en la industria pecuaria, porque ocasiona pérdidas económicas, es de amplia distribución y con zonas ganaderas endémicas; por tal razón se realizó el estudio, para determinar la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo en la región Arequipa. Se examinaron 1.838 muestras de heces, mediante la técnica del tamizado en mallas metálicas y el sedimento fue examinado bajo microscopio. Se entrevistó al propietario, para conocer las características de manejo de su ganado. Los datos fueron analizados por un modelo de regresión logística múltiple, para las variables se utilizó ANOVA para mostrar la significancia y el Odds Ratio fue calculado para los factores dentro de las variables, siendo de riesgo valores mayores a 1. La prevalencia de fasciolosis bovina en la región Arequipa fue moderada (34,65%) y la prevalencia por provincias fue de 70,30%, 61,98%, 32,05%, 12,91%, 12,71%, 3,57%, para Caylloma, Condesuyos, Islay, Castilla, Arequipa y Camaná, respectivamente. Los factores de riesgo de infección de Fasciola hepatica que mostraron significancia (p<0,05) fueron la edad de juveniles y adultos, el agua de consumo de acequia/río, la dosificación cada 6 y 12 meses y las localidades de Machaguay, Chuquibamba, Iray, Andaray, Canocota, Chivay, Coporaque, Ichupampa, Achoma, Maca, Cabanaconde, Polobaya, San José de Uzuña, Vítor, Mollendo, Huambo, La Joya, Viraco, Piaca y Pocsi. Los resultados del presente estudio permiten sugerir la implementación de un programa de control a través de capacitaciones, tratamiento periódico y mejora en el manejo del ganado.

ABSTRACT We present a case of a 69-year-old man who presented for routine check-up and was incidentally found to have kidney failure with an initially unrevealing history and bland urinary sediment. He was diagnosed with oxalate nephropathy in the setting of chronic turmeric supplementation and chronic antibiotic therapy with associated diarrhea. Our case provides several key insights into oxalate nephropathy. First, the diagnosis requires a high index of clinical suspicion. It is uncommonly suspected clinically unless there is an obvious clue in the history such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or ethylene glycol poisoning. Diagnosis can be confirmed by histopathologic findings and corroborated by serum levels of oxalate and 24-hour urinary excretion. Second, the diagnosis can often be missed by the pathologist because of the characteristics of the crystals unless the renal pathologist has made it a rule to examine routinely all H&E sections under polarized light. This must be done on H&E, as the other stains dissolve the crystals. Third, one oxalate crystal in a routine needle biopsy is considered pathologic and potentially contributing to the AKI or to the CKD in an important way. Fourth, secondary oxalosis can be largely mitigated or prevented in many cases, especially iatrogenic cases. This can come through the surgeon or the gastroenterologist providing proper instructions to patients on an oxalate-restricted diet or other specific dietary measures. Lastly, this case highlights the success that results from cooperation and communication between the pathologist and the treating physician.

RESUMO Relatamos o caso de um homem de 69 anos que se apresentou para exame de rotina e descobriu-se incidentalmente que ele tinha insuficiência renal, com histórico inicialmente não revelador e sedimento urinário brando. Ele foi diagnosticado com nefropatia por oxalato no contexto de suplementação crônica de cúrcuma e antibioticoterapia crônica com diarreia associada. Nosso caso fornece diversas sugestões importantes sobre nefropatia por oxalato. Primeiro, o diagnóstico requer elevado índice de suspeita clínica. A suspeita clínica é incomum, a menos que haja evidência óbvia no histórico, como bypass gástrico em Y de Roux ou envenenamento por etilenoglicol. O diagnóstico pode ser confirmado por achados histopatológicos e corroborado por níveis séricos de oxalato e excreção urinária de 24 horas. Segundo, o diagnóstico pode passar despercebido pelo patologista devido às características dos cristais, a menos que o patologista renal estabeleça como regra examinar rotineiramente todas as seções coradas com H&E sob luz polarizada. Isso deve ser feito com H&E, pois, outras colorações dissolvem os cristais. Em terceiro lugar, um cristal de oxalato em biópsia por agulha de rotina é considerado patológico, contribuindo potencialmente para LRA ou para DRC de maneira significativa. Em quarto lugar, a oxalose secundária pode ser amplamente mitigada ou prevenida em muitos casos, especialmente casos iatrogênicos. Isso pode ser feito pelo cirurgião ou pelo gastroenterologista, fornecendo instruções adequadas aos pacientes sobre uma dieta restrita em oxalato ou outras medidas dietéticas específicas. Por fim, esse caso destaca o sucesso que resulta da cooperação e comunicação entre o patologista e o médico assistente.

ABSTRACT: Diagnosis of bacteriuria in veterinary medicine is commonly based on unstained urinary sediment evaluation. Nonetheless, amorphous particles can be confused with bacteria. This study aims to investigate whether the stained sediment increases the sensitivity and specificity of bacteriuria detection. One hundred urine samples were collected, with 60 obtained through voided specimens and 40 through catheterization, from dogs of various breeds, genders, and ages. Additionally, a 1 ml aliquot from each sample was subjected to quantitative bacteriological culture, serving as the gold standard test for comparison with the sediment analysis. Comparing to the bacteriology culture, the stained sediment of urine collected by catheterization exhibited a relative sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 70%, while to voided specimens showed a sensitivity of 93.3% and specificity of 57.8%. Unstained sediment presented a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 10% to urine collected by catheterization, and 93.3% and 4.4% to voided samples, respectively. Both stained and unstained methods demonstrated negative predictive values > 60%, but the positive predictive value of unstained sediment ranged to 24.6% (voided samples) to 27% (catheterization) indicating a lower probability of true positives. Both techniques showed a low correlation coefficient (kappa) indicating that they cannot replace the gold standard method for confirming bacteriuria. However, Gram staining of urinary sediment improved the differentiation between amorphous substances and bacteriuria in canine urine samples, suggesting its potential applicability in laboratory routines. ABSTRACT evaluation Nonetheless bacteria detection 6 4 breeds genders ages Additionally culture analysis 70 70% 933 93 3 93.3 578 57 8 57.8% 100 10 44 4.4 respectively 246 24 24.6 27 (catheterization positives kappa (kappa However routines 7 9 93. 5 57.8 4. 2 24. 57.

RESUMO: O diagnóstico de bacteriúria em medicina veterinária é comumente baseado na avaliação do sedimento urinário não corado. No entanto, partículas amorfas podem ser confundidas com bactérias. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar se o sedimento corado aumenta a sensibilidade e especificidade da detecção de bacteriúria. Foram coletadas 100 amostras de urina, sendo 60 obtidas por meio de micção natural e 40 por cateterismo, de cães de várias raças, sexos e idades. Adicionalmente, uma alíquota de 1 ml de cada amostra foi submetida à cultura bacteriológica quantitativa, servindo como teste padrão-ouro para comparação com a análise por US. Comparando com a cultura bacteriológica, o sedimento corado de urina coletada por cateterismo apresentou sensibilidade relativa de 60% e especificidade de 70%, enquanto que para amostras de micção natural apresentou sensibilidade de 93.3% e especificidade de 57.8%. O sedimento não corado apresentou sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 10% para urina coletada por cateterismo, e 93.3% e 4.4% para micção natural, respectivamente. Tanto a técnica de sedimento corado quanto não-corado demonstraram altos valores preditivos negativos (> 60%), mas o valor preditivo positivo do sedimento não-corado variou de 24,6% (micção) a 27% (cateterismo), indicando uma menor probabilidade de verdadeiros positivos. Ambas as técnicas apresentaram baixo coeficiente de correlação (kappa) indicando que não podem substituir o método padrão-ouro para confirmação de bacteriúria. No entanto, a coloração de Gram do sedimento urinário melhorou a diferenciação entre substâncias amorfas e bacteriúria em amostras de urina canina, sugerindo seu potencial de aplicabilidade em rotinas laboratoriais. RESUMO entanto bactérias 10 6 4 raças idades Adicionalmente quantitativa padrãoouro padrão ouro US 70 70% 933 93 3 93.3 578 57 8 57.8% 44 4.4 respectivamente nãocorado > ( 60%, , 60%) 246 24 24,6 (micção 27 (cateterismo) positivos kappa (kappa canina laboratoriais 7 9 93. 5 57.8 4. 2 24, (cateterismo 57.