Abstract To describe the current situation of some elements of the food systems in Colombia, a narrative literature review was conducted from the years 2003 to 2023 It was found that agricultural production predominates in this country based on monocultures with intensive use of pesticides and fertilizers, extensive livestock farming on large estates, and the area occupied by small producers is small. The contribution of the agricultural sector to the gross domestic product is low and it depends on food imports for the internal supply. More than half of the population has difficulties accessing food, which may explain the prevalence of malnutrition and non-communicable diseases. Healthy and sustainable agricultural production policies and measures aimed at improving food environments are required to improve people's health and maintain biodiversity.

Resumen Se realizó una revisión narrativa de literatura de los años 2003 a 2023, para describir la situación actual de algunos elementos de los sistemas alimentarios en Colombia. Se encontró que en este país predomina la producción agrícola basada en monocultivos con uso intensivo de plaguicidas y fertilizantes químicos y la ganadería extensiva en latifundios, el área ocupada por pequeños productores es reducida. El aporte del sector agropecuario al producto interno bruto es bajo y se depende de importaciones de alimentos para el abastecimiento. Más de la mitad de la población tiene dificultades para acceder a los alimentos, lo que puede explicar la prevalencia de malnutrición y enfermedades no transmisibles en la población. Se requieren políticas de producción agropecuaria saludable y sustentable, y medidas dirigidas a mejorar los entornos alimentarios para mejorar la salud de las personas y mantener la biodiversidad.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound effect on food security worldwide. Colombian farmers were adversely affected by prolonged periods of lockdown, disruptions in the agricultural supply chain, increased poverty levels, and heightened socioeconomic uncertainty. The objective of this study is to evaluate the perceptions of pea producers with regard to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, and ex-ante (2019) and ex-post (2020-2022) diagnostic analysis was conducted in the south of Nariño. We carried out semi-structured interviews with 35 farmers, four key informants, and three focus groups. A sentiment analysis (text mining) was conducted to process sensitive information on environmental, economic, and intrinsic aspects of the productive system. The results revealed that participants maintained constant levels of happiness and confidence across the two-time periods. However, in the period subsequent to the pandemic, higher levels of anger and sadness were reported, attributed to effects of the pandemic itself and the inherent challenges associated with pea cultivation. The implementation of confinement measures resulted in an increase in feelings of uncertainty and sadness, in addition too the emergence of challenges in fieldwork context. Moreover, the increased production costs were attributed to the greater demand for agricultural inputs and labour in 2020. However, in 2022, the increased the price paid per kilogram of pea grains helped mitigate the adverse impact of the pandemic. The study concludes that the econ economic uncertainty introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic affected crop profitability. Nevertheless, small-scale farmers exhibited remarkable resilience and adaptability, allowing them to persist in growing and selling their pea harvest.

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en la seguridad alimentaria en todo el mundo. El agricultor colombiano se vio afectado por bloqueos prolongados, interrupciones en la cadena de suministro agrícola, mayores niveles de pobreza y una mayor incertidumbre socioeconómica. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la percepción de los productores de arveja sobre el COVID-19, realiza un diagnóstico ex ante (2019) y ex post (2020-2022) en el sur de Nariño. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 35 agricultores, 4 informantes clave y 3 grupos focales. A través de un análisis de sentimiento (Text Mining) se procesó información sensible sobre aspectos ambientales, económicos e intrínsecos del sistema productivo. Los resultados revelaron que los participantes mantuvieron niveles constantes de felicidad y confianza durante dos períodos de tiempo. Sin embargo, en el período posterior a la COVID-19, se informaron niveles más altos de ira y tristeza, atribuidos a los efectos de la pandemia y los desafíos inherentes asociados con el cultivo de arvejas o guisantes. Las medidas de confinamiento intensificaron los sentimientos de incertidumbre y tristeza, además de desafíos en el trabajo de campo. Asimismo, atribuyeron el aumento de los costos de producción a la mayor demanda de insumos agrícolas y mano de obra en 2020. Sin embargo, en 2022, el aumento del precio pagado por kilogramo de granos de arvejas ayudó a mitigar el impacto adverso de la pandemia. El estudio concluye que la COVID-19 introdujo incertidumbre económica en la región y, en consecuencia, afectó la rentabilidad de los cultivos. Sin embargo, los pequeños agricultores mostraron una notable resiliencia y adaptabilidad, lo que les permitió persistir en el cultivo y venta de su cosecha de guisantes.

The rapid and expansive integration of Internet of Things (IoT) environments across various industrial sectors has led to an unprecedented surge in data generation and management. This exponential growth in data underscores the critical necessity for robust data security methodologies that can effectively safeguard the confidentiality and integrity of information without imposing undue computational burdens. In response to this challenge, numerous studies have sought to leverage Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) as a means to enable fine-grained access control. Among the ABE variants, Ciphertext Policy ABE (CP-ABE) and bilinear pairings have emerged as popular choices to construct security schemes that strike a balance between robust protection and computational efficiency. Despite the advancements achieved through CP-ABE and bilinear pairings, a prevalent concern arises in the utilization of Linear Secret Sharing Scheme (LSSS) access policies. LSSS policies, while providing a flexible and expressive way to define access controls, can significantly impact the execution time of encryption methods. This study recognizes the importance of addressing this challenge and explores the potential of employing a Key Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (KP-ABE) approach. The primary objective is to mitigate the computational overhead associated with encryption methods, thereby enhancing the efficiency of data security measures within IoT environments. Furthermore, this research delves into the incorporation of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) to generate cryptographic keys. ECC, known for its strong security properties and computational efficiency, is considered a promising approach to bolster data security while concurrently minimizing computational overhead. By integrating KP-ABE with ECC, this study aims to offer a comprehensive solution that ensures robust security measures within the intricate landscape of IoT environments. Through detailed analysis and empirical investigation, the research endeavors to contribute valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on securing IoT data in a manner that aligns with the dual imperatives of security and computational efficiency. OPEN LICENSE: CC BY-NC-ND

Abstract Introduction: drug trafficking is a problem linked to the development of illegal drug markets, managed by criminal groups and with high levels of violence. This situation represents a challenge for Latin American states, which are responsible for implementing public security measures to tackle this criminal phenomenon. Objective: the article analyses the public security management of the provincial government of the Frente Progresista Cívico y Social (FPCyS) of Santa Fe during the period 2013-2015. Methodology: the research is based on a qualitative case study. Conclusion: the sustained increase in violence related to drug trafficking and the public outrage that this generated, led the FPCyS authorities to adopt a strategy characterised by the staging of government actions, the promotion of a police reform based on institutional patches and the delegation of security governance to the Provincial Police.

Resumen Introducción: el narcotráfico constituye una problemática vinculada al desarrollo de mercados ilegales de drogas, gestionados por grupos criminales y con altos niveles de violencia. Dicha situación representa un desafío para los Estados latinoamericanos, que se encargan de implementar medidas en materia de seguridad pública para abordar este fenómeno criminal. Objetivo: el artículo analiza la gestión de la seguridad pública del gobierno provincial del Frente Progresista Cívico y Social (FPCyS) de Santa Fe durante el periodo 2013-2015. Metodología: la investigación se basa en un estudio de caso de carácter cualitativo. Conclusión: el aumento sostenido de la violencia relacionada con el narcotráfico y el escándalo público que esto generó llevó a las autoridades del FPCyS a adoptar una estrategia caracterizada por la escenificación de las acciones de gobierno, la promoción de una reforma policial a partir de parches institucionales y la delegación del gobierno de la seguridad en la Policía de la provincia.

Abstract Introduction/ Objective: This study aims to analyze the productivity of police actions in Ecuador using the Hicks-Moorsteen total factor productivity index. The analysis covers five periods (2018-2022), with the year 2018 as the technological reference, and takes the 221 cantons of the country as decision-making units. Methodology: The inputs considered are the number of police officers and Community Police Units, while the evaluated outputs are homicides and car thefts, treated inversely. The results show a significant decline in productivity in reducing these crimes. Additionally, notable fluctuations are observed in certain periods, possibly linked to changes in policies, strategies, or external factors that impacted crime management. Conclusions: The decomposition of the index reveals that, although technical change has improved homicide management and, to a lesser extent, car thefts, technical efficiency has been variable. The analysis is complemented with a focus on the cantons of Guayaquil and Esmeraldas, which have experienced a recent increase in criminal activity. The detailed information provided by this index is crucial for designing public security policies, as it helps identify the most vulnerable cantons and prevent future crime increases, as well as offering examples of best practices.

Resumen Introducción/ Objetivo: este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la productividad del accionar policial en Ecuador mediante el índice de productividad total de los factores de Hicks-Moorsteen. Metodología: el análisis abarca cinco periodos (2018-2022), con el año 2018 como referencia tecnológica, y toma como unidad de decisión los 221 cantones del país. Se consideran como insumos el número de agentes policiales y las Unidades de Policía Comunitaria, mientras que los productos evaluados son los homicidios y robos de automóviles, tratados de manera inversa. Los resultados muestran una caída significativa en la productividad en la reducción de estos delitos. Además, se observan fluctuaciones notables en ciertos periodos, posiblemente asociadas a cambios en políticas, estrategias o factores externos que impactaron la gestión del crimen. Conclusiones: la descomposición del índice revela que, aunque el cambio técnico ha mejorado la gestión de homicidios y, en menor medida, de robos de automóviles, la eficiencia técnica ha sido variable. El análisis se complementa con un enfoque en los cantones de Guayaquil y Esmeraldas, que han experimentado un aumento delictivo reciente. La información detallada proporcionada por este índice es esencial para diseñar políticas públicas de seguridad, ya que ayuda a identificar los cantones más vulnerables y previene futuros aumentos delictivos, además de ofrecer ejemplos de buenas prácticas.

ABSTRACT Tidal swamp lands offer potential for expanding rice cultivation, but developing hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) in these areas faces significant challenges. Key obstacles include seed availability, fertilizer requirements, water management infrastructure, capital constraints, farmers’ technical skills, pest and disease pressures, consumer preferences, and institutional complexities. Addressing these challenges requires technological interventions and institutional support. Proposed technological solutions cover variety selection, water management, land preparation, seedling practices, amelioration techniques, transplanting methods, fertilization strategies, and pest and disease control measures. These solutions aim to overcome limited seed availability, nutrient deficiencies, suboptimal water management, and pest infestations, maximizing hybrid rice productivity in tidal swamp areas. Institutional strengthening is crucial to tackle systemic barriers like ineffective farmer associations, inadequate extension services, and limited market access. Collaborative efforts involving government agencies, research institutions, farmer groups, and market stakeholders are essential to unlock the full potential of hybrid rice cultivation in tidal swamp lands. By addressing these challenges and implementing targeted interventions, Indonesia can enhance its production sustainably, contributing to national food security and agricultural development goals in line with its vision to become a global food granary by 2045. The development of hybrid rice in swamp areas requires in-depth, on-site research to identify suitable varieties, taking into account soil fertility, hydrological conditions, and seasonal variations. By utilizing local or well-adapted genetic resources, it is possible to ensure the timely and cost-effective production of seeds in large quantities.

RESUMEN Este artículo se centra en el análisis de registros de acceso para obtener información valiosa sobre el tráfico de un sitio web, el comportamiento del usuario y posibles problemas de seguridad. Se desarrolló un script para limpiar y analizar los datos generados por sistemas web que utilizan Nginx o Apache. El script, escrito en Bash, permite la limpieza, análisis y visualización de trazas, identificando eventos significativos. El script puede analizar los registros de acceso de ambos servidores web, así como de otras tecnologías web que utilicen el mismo formato estándar para el almacenamiento de las trazas. Para la experimentación se utilizó el script sobre un conjunto de trazas generados por el sistema de gestión XABAL EXCRIBA. Los resultados obtenidos a partir del análisis de las trazas determinan que el sitio web EXCRIBA se utiliza principalmente para la consulta de información debido a la gran cantidad de peticiones GET. Además, los resultados muestran que el servicio es confiable y eficiente en la entrega de contenido o servicios debido a la cantidad de respuestas con código exitoso. Sin embargo, la presencia de redirecciones y errores sugiere que hay áreas de mejora en la optimización de rutas o enlaces y en la forma en que las solicitudes son manejadas por el servidor.

ABSTRACT This article focuses on analyzing access logs to obtain valuable information about a website's traffic, user behavior, and potential security issues. A script was developed to clean and analyze data generated by web systems using Nginx or Apache. The script, written in Bash, allows cleaning, analysis and visualization of traces, identifying significant events. The script can analyze access logs from both web servers, as well as other web technologies that use the same standard format for storing traces. For the experimentation, the script was used on a set of traces generated by the XABAL EXCRIBA management system. The results obtained from the analysis of the traces determine that the EXCRIBA website is mainly used for information consultation due to the large number of GET requests. Furthermore, the results show that the service is reliable and efficient in delivering content or services due to the number of responses with successful code. However, the presence of redirects and errors suggests that there are areas for improvement in route or link optimization and in the way requests are handled by the server.

Resumo Há sempre ceticismo sobre se um membro eleito pode exercer influência no Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas (CSNU). Este artigo reavalia como Brasil, Índia e África do Sul tentaram influenciar o processo de tomada de decisão do CSNU como membros no período 2010-2012. Aborda a dinâmica e as práticas do Conselho, a centralidade dos cinco membros permanentes (P5) e as formas utilizadas pelos três países para atingir seus objetivos de política externa. Por meio desses casos específicos, este artigo mostra que, embora haja espaço para um membro eleito influenciar o Conselho, é difícil desafiar a predominância do P5 mesmo aproveitando oportunidades e engajando-se com os principais atores do CSNU. . (CSNU) Brasil 20102012. 20102012 2010 2012. 2012 2010-2012 P (P5 externa específicos que engajandose engajando (CSNU 2010201 201 2010-201 (P 201020 20 2010-20 20102 2 2010-2 2010-

Resumen Siempre existe escepticismo sobre si un miembro electo puede ejercer influencia en el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas (CSNU). Este artículo reevalúa cómo Brasil, India y Sudáfrica intentaron influir en el proceso de toma de decisiones del CSNU como miembros en el periodo 2010-2012. Examina la dinámica y las prácticas del Consejo, la centralidad de los cinco miembros permanentes (P5) y las formas en que los tres países alcanzan sus objetivos de política exterior. A través de estos casos concretos, este artículo muestra que, aunque un miembro electo tiene margen para influir en el Consejo, es difícil desafiar el predominio de los P5 incluso aprovechando las oportunidades y comprometiéndose con los actores clave del CSNU. . (CSNU) Brasil 20102012. 20102012 2010 2012. 2012 2010-2012 P (P5 exterior concretos (CSNU 2010201 201 2010-201 (P 201020 20 2010-20 20102 2 2010-2 2010-

Abstract There is always scepticism about the extent to which an elected member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) can meaningfully exert influence. This article reassesses how, between 2010 and 2012, Brazil, India, and South Africa tried to leverage their membership to influence UNSC decision-making processes. It addresses the Council’s dynamics and practices, the centrality of its five permanent members (P5), and the ways these countries achieve their foreign policy objectives. Through country-specific cases, this article shows that although there is space for an elected member to influence the Council, challenging the predominance of the P5 remains difficult, even by seizing opportunities and engaging with key UNSC players. (UNSC how 201 2012 Brazil India decisionmaking decision making processes Councils s practices P5, P , (P5) objectives countryspecific country specific cases difficult players 20 (P5 2 (P

Résumé Il y a toujours un scepticisme quant à savoir si un membre élu peut exercer une influence au Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies (CSNU). Cet article réévalue comment le Brésil, l’Inde et l’Afrique du Sud ont tenté d’influencer le processus de prise de décision du CSNU en tant que membres pendant la période 2010-2012. Il aborde la dynamique et les pratiques du Conseil, la centralité des cinq membres permanents (P5) et les moyens utilisés par les trois pays pour atteindre leurs objectifs de politique étrangère. À travers ces cas spécifiques, cet article montre que bien qu’il y ait de la place pour un membre élu pour influencer le Conseil, il est difficile de défier la prédominance du P5 même en profitant des opportunités et en s’engageant avec les principaux acteurs du CSNU. . (CSNU) Brésil lInde l Inde lAfrique Afrique dinfluencer d 20102012. 20102012 2010 2012. 2012 2010-2012 P (P5 étrangère spécifiques quil qu sengageant s engageant (CSNU 2010201 201 2010-201 (P 201020 20 2010-20 20102 2 2010-2 2010-

ABSTRACT Crop pollination is indispensable for global food security. Studies that summarize the knowledge about pollination of specific crops are relevant because they identify the distribution of pollinators, guide pollinator management and conservation policies, and highlight knowledge gaps. Zucchini is cultivated in several countries, and its production is essentially dependent on pollinators. We aimed to integrate global data on zucchini pollination and answer the following questions: (1) What are the topics addressed and what are the trends of the results? (2) Which organisms pollinate zucchini, and how are they globally distributed? (3) What are the knowledge gaps? We performed a systematic literature review, built a network of countries and pollinators, and compared data on the efficiency of specific pollinators. Studies were conducted in 16 countries. Most studies investigated the frequency and diversity of floral visitors. Other approaches were discussed. Zucchini flowers fed 116 species of pollinators, especially bees. Six countries had almost exclusive groups of native pollinators. Apis, Bombus, and Peponapis were the most frequently recorded bees. Areas with high habitat diversity improve pollination. There was a significant difference in productivity when pollination was carried out by bees compared with pollination by Syrphidae. The main knowledge gaps are (1) the determination of which native, manageable pollinators are efficient for maximum zucchini production, (2) the investigation of how pollination influence fruit nutritional composition and seed quality, and (3) the identification of pollinators to the species level.

RESUMO As vilas urbanas são um tipo de área urbana em declínio na China, marcada por aluguéis de baixo custo e por sua localização favorável a uma população flutuante. No entanto, essas vilas apresentam condições de habitação inferiores, externalidades negativas substanciais e um elevado potencial que motiva os governos a desenvolverem ações de requalificação urbana. Este estudo explora o modelo de governança cooperativa entre a requalificação de “vilas urbanas” e a habitação da população flutuante, centrando-se no bem-estar de tais populações por meio de um estudo de caso utilizando dados de entrevistas e análise de cenários. Os resultados observados no estudo de caso mostram que um modo de requalificação adequada tem o potencial de reduzir as dificuldades habitacionais das populações flutuantes, tais como poupar até 154 minutos de tempo de deslocamento por dia de trabalho e 150 dólares em custos mensais de habitação para cada migrante. Finalmente, sugere-se que o modo de requalificação inclusivo seja adotado para todas as futuras intervenções nas vilas urbanas. Considerando as diferentes características dessas vilas e os desejos dos proprietários, o governo pode seguir o modo de requalificação que envolve “requalificação abrangente + locação unificada + gestão de propriedade” ou “aluguel governamental + sistema de previdência social + locação de habitação pública para arrendamento”.

ABSTRACT Urban villages are declining areas in China that attract floating populations due to low rent and favorable locations. These villages have poor housing conditions and substantial negative externalities, yet they also possess a potential that motivates governments to redevelop them. This research explores a cooperative governance model for urban village redevelopment and floating population housing through a case study focusing on the welfare of these populations. Using data from interviews and scenario analysis, the case study reveals that a proper redevelopment mode could alleviate the floating population’s housing difficulties, such as saving up to 154 minutes of commuting time per workday and reducing monthly housing costs by 150 dollars for each migrant. Finally, the research suggests that an inclusive redevelopment mode should be adopted for all future projects in urban villages. Considering the different characteristics of urban villages and the owner’s wishes, the government could pursue redevelopment based on “comprehensive redevelopment + unitizing leasing + property management” or “government rent + social security system + public rental housing leasing.”

RESUMEN Un tipo de área urbana en declive en China es la aldea urbana, en la que los bajos alquileres y la ubicación ventajosa atraen a la población flotante. Sin embargo, las aldeas urbanas tienen condiciones de vivienda inferiores, externalidades negativas sustanciales y un alto potencial que motiva a los gobiernos a reconstruirlas. Este estudio explora el modelo de gobernanza cooperativa entre la renovación de “aldeas urbanas” y la vivienda para poblaciones flotantes, centrándose en el bienestar de las poblaciones flotantes a través de un estudio de caso que utiliza datos de entrevistas y análisis de escenarios. Descubrimos que un modo de reurbanización adecuado podría aliviar las dificultades de vivienda de la población flotante, como ahorrar hasta 154 minutos de tiempo de viaje por día laboral y 150 dólares en costos mensuales de vivienda para cada migrante. Finalmente, sugerimos que se adopte el modo de reurbanización inclusiva para todas las futuras renovaciones de aldeas urbanas. Y teniendo en cuenta las diferentes características de las aldeas urbanas y los deseos de los propietarios, el gobierno puede seguir el modo de reurbanización de “reurbanización integral + arrendamiento unitario + administración de la propiedad” o “alquiler gubernamental + sistema de seguridad social + arrendamiento de viviendas públicas de alquiler”.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In the last two decades, several Da Vinci robotic platforms have been released in the market, revolutionizing the field of robotic-assisted surgery (1, 2). The system has seen numerous modifications, with several Da Vinci® robotic models being introduced, each featuring ongoing technological advancements in ergonomics, instrumentation, high-definition imaging, EndoWrist™ technology, and single-port surgery capabilities (3, 4). Building on this, the new generation Da Vinci 5 robot promises significant hardware and software improvements, with the potential for enhanced operative performance (2, 5). In this video, we will illustrate several technical advancements of the Da Vinci 5. Material and methods: We performed a video compilation comparing the Da Vinci 5 and Da Vinci Xi during radical prostatectomy. The video will highlight the technical modifications of the new platform, showcasing the advancements and improvements in the Da Vinci 5 system. Additionally, this video will illustrate key aspects of the surgery, including anterior bladder neck access, lateral bladder dissection from the prostate, posterior prostate dissection and anastomosis. Surgical technique: We performed our RARP technique with our standard approach in all patients (6–8). With this new platform, we maintained our conventional technique without any modifications or adaptions from the trocar placement until anastomosis. The beginning of the case is performed as usual, we first identify the anterior bladder neck and then complete its dissection with Maryland and Scissors. Then, we proceed to the posterior bladder neck dissection, seminal vesicles control and nerve-sparing. In sequence, we control the prostate arterial pedicles with hem-o-lok clips and then we perform the apical dissection until dividing the urethra. Finally, we perform the hemostasis, posterior reconstruction (Rocco's technique) and anastomosis with barbed suture. Results: The Da Vinci 5 features several key upgrades. The first part of our video described the console, patient cart, and energy tower modifications. The console has been ergonomically redesigned for a flat neck posture to decrease muscle fatigue, and the handgrip now includes a rubber surface for better grip (9). The patient cart, similar to the previous generation, has updated helm interfaces and integrated commands with the console and vision tower. In sequence, we described the instrument modifications and the step-by-step technique showing the DV5 and DV-Xi. Force feedback instruments provide three degrees of tactile feedback, enhancing tissue manipulation. A new security system ensures instruments can only be inserted when clear of tissues and obstructions, reducing the risk of errors. Another modification regards the ability to switch instruments and camera. Conclusion: While using and evaluating the DV5 in more than 100 cases, we noticed some improvements in the ergonomics and digital interface. The intraoperative performance was similar among the platforms and all procedures were performed without intraoperative complications or problems with the system. However, we are still evaluating the long-term outcomes and potential clinical advantages provided by this new platform.

Climate variability, programming gaps and poor agricultural extension services hinder small-scale farmers' agricultural productivity in Southern Africa, Zambia inclusive. These agricultural challenges have not spared Zambia's food security pack programme beneficiaries. Using a mixed method design, this study investigated other economic activities that the 147 vulnerable farming households pursued, besides relying on the food security pack programme in the Mpulungu district. The study established that unpredictable rainfall, late delivery of farming inputs, and poor agriculture extension services were the major challenges that affected the productivity of the beneficiary households. To mitigate these challenges, the findings revealed that the beneficiaries grew crops other than those provided under the programme. Also, most respondents pursued other livelihood strategies such as receiving remittances from migrant relatives, petty trading, safety nets, and wage labour. The study concludes that the beneficiaries pursued other economic activities to enhance household food security apart from relying on what the programme provided. The study recommends investment intensification in agricultural research to produce pro-poor drought-resistant crop varieties, timeous distribution of farming inputs to beneficiaries, increasing extension staffing levels to bridge the staff-farmer ratio gap, and introducing in-service refresher training for agriculture extension staff.

South Africa, a rich tapestry of diverse communities, is home to at least nine major ethnic groups (Zulu, Xhosa, Bapedi [North Sotho], Batswana, South Ndebele, Basotho [South Sotho], Venda, Tsonga, and Swati). Each group, deeply rooted in their culture and traditions, consumes a unique array of foods. Often considered indigenous, these foods are sourced from the wild and grown using traditional production techniques. The literature indicates indigenous foods have been a staple in many parts of the country for centuries. Although this study's findings are based on three districts in northern KwaZulu-Natal, similarities have been noted in previous studies conducted within and across regions, particularly in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The research methodology involved using the Chi-square test method, a correlation analysis, and the computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software package Atlas. Ti. These methods were used to determine the existing relationship between extension services and the production of underutilised indigenous food crops (UIFCs). Theoretical findings then corroborated the statistical data. This research's findings imply that while several agricultural extension service providers (AESPs) advise on the production and utilisation of UIFCs, the inverse was true of others. Participants indicated that much of the knowledge passed to them mainly involved exotic vegetables such as Spinacia oleracea and Brassica oleracea and excluded local foods such as Bidens pilosa and Momordica foetida. One of the emerging themes was AESPs' invisibility in communities, which was found to be a contributing factor to non-inclusive food systems. Thus, the study contributes to the knowledge domain by outlining a need for AESPs' visibility in communities and accentuates opportunities that AESPs miss in not participating in building inclusive food systems. The paper concludes by recommending the inclusion of UIFCs in the continued professional development (CPD) of AESPs, wherein the significance of UIFCs would be enshrined.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo aborda los cambios y adaptaciones que tuvo la OTAN desde su creación. Lo anterior con el fin de entender la situación del conflicto euroasiático. Se realizó un análisis documental empleando fuentes secundarias y datos disponibles en portales oficiales de organismos internacionales. La ampliación de la OTAN pasó de 21,124,478 km2 (12 miembros) a 24,508,20 km2 (32 miembros). En su población, hubo un cambio de 172,988,700 a 886,597,483 personas. Eurasia es un espacio geopolítico que aún se encuentra en discusión de delimitación con diferentes conflictos territoriales, económicos y religiosos. La expansión de la OTAN es un movimiento político para la influencia de poder en la región y los aliados buscan la supremacía para el control de recursos y territorios.

ABSTRACT The present approach focuses on the changes and adaptations that NATO has undergone since its inception to better understand the situation of the Euro-Asian conflict. The objective of this analysis is centered on the changes, treaties, conflicts, threats, and implications of NATO's expansion and limitation. A documentary analysis was conducted using secondary sources and data available on official websites of international organizations, which were systematized chronologically or sequentially. NATO's expansion increased from 21,124,478 km2 (12 members) to 24,508,200 km2 (32 members). In terms of population, there was a change from 172,988,700 to 886,597,483 people. Eurasia is a geopolitical space that is still under discussion regarding its delimitation due to various territorial, economic, and religious conflicts. It is estimated that NATO's expansion is a political move to exert influence and power in the region, and that allies seek this supremacy for the control of resources and territories.

BACKGROUND: Emergency nurses are at the front line of a health institution and are deemed competent to manage various situations, with disaster being one of them. Preparing for disaster is crucial as it will eliminate delays in providing care in conditions that would be abnormal in the daily running of an emergency department. AIM: To identify emergency nurses' disaster preparedness competencies in caring for patients during a disaster. SETTING: The study was conducted in emergency departments and trauma centres that respond to disasters and mass casualty incidents. METHODS: A focused mapping review and synthesis was conducted where, articles published between 2006 and 2022 were searched utilising keywords relating to emergency nurses' disaster preparedness through the following databases: SCOPUS, Sabinet, EBSCO host, ProQuest, PubMed and Google Scholar. Data were extracted from articles that met the inclusion criteria and placed into an extraction table where themes were developed. RESULTS: Of the 38 articles identified, duplicates were removed and 15 remained after an abstract review and full-text download. The review yielded five themes: communication, preparation and planning, incident management system, safety and security and intervention, the most dominant disaster competencies. CONCLUSION: Communication, incident management, safety and security, preparedness and planning are the most identified integral domains within other identified domains. Integrating these aspects in nurses' continuous training and curricula is recommended to emphasise and enhance disaster preparedness and management knowledge. CONTRIBUTION: This review has emphasised emergency nurses' disaster preparedness domains, enhancing disaster preparedness and management knowledge and further influencing education and training for undergraduate and postgraduate nursing students.