Abstract Introduction: The Wood Thrush is a migratory bird that has experienced dramatic declines in its populations in recent decades. This species overwinters in forest fragments with intermediate levels of habitat modification in Central America. However, more studies detailing the use of remnant forests through time are needed to elucidate the threats this species faces in the wintering grounds. Objective: To understand the effects of environmental and forest structure variables on the occupancy of Wood Thrush in Northern Costa Rica. Methods: The study area was the Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), located in Northern Costa Rica, in December 2016, and during the 2018-2019 migration season. We estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and detection probability in four locations of ACG (dry forest, cloud forest, and two locations in the wet forest) using single-season occupancy models. We also estimated Wood Thrush occupancy and probability of persistence in different months in three vegetation types (open area, secondary forest, and old-growth forest) in the wet forest of ACG using a multi-season occupancy model approach. Results: Wood Thrush occupancy was best described by precipitation in the four locations of the ACG; the probability of occupancy increased with precipitation. The average occupancy of Wood Thrushes varied with vegetation type: open area with shrubs and forest edge (0.69 ± 0.09), secondary forest (0.46 ± 0.1), and old-growth forest (0.61 ± 0.1). Wood Thrush probability of persistence responded partially to changes in precipitation, with an unexpected increase in persistence when the rainfall continued decreasing in the season. Conclusion: Wood Thrush occupancy was best predicted by changes in precipitation considering a larger spatial scale. Its probability of persistence partially varied with precipitation. An increase in persistence closer to Spring migration might be explained by the start of the breeding season of resident birds, potentially reducing territorial conflicts and conserving energy before migration. The long-term protection of wet forests in Northern Costa Rica is of paramount importance for the conservation of Wood Thrushes in their wintering grounds.

Resumen Introducción: El Zorzal del Bosque es un ave migratoria que ha experimentado caídas dramáticas en sus poblaciones en las últimas décadas. Esta especie pasa el invierno en fragmentos de bosque con niveles intermedios de modificación de hábitat en Centroamérica. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios que detallen el uso de los bosques remanentes a lo largo del tiempo para dilucidar las amenazas que enfrenta esta especie en las zonas de invernada. Objetivo: Comprender los efectos de variables ambientales y de estructura del bosque en la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque en el Norte de Costa Rica. Métodos: El área de estudio fue el Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), ubicada en el Norte de Costa Rica, en diciembre de 2016, y en la temporada migratoria 2018-2019. Estimamos la ocurrencia y la probabilidad de detección del Zorzal del Bosque en cuatro ubicaciones de ACG (bosque seco, bosque nuboso y dos ubicaciones en el bosque húmedo) utilizando modelos de ocurrencia de una sola temporada. También estimamos la ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque y la probabilidad de persistencia en diferentes meses en tres tipos de vegetación (área abierta, bosque secundario y bosque primario) en el bosque húmedo de ACG utilizando un enfoque de modelo de ocurrencia multi-estacional. Resultados: La ocurrencia del Zorzal del Bosque estuvo mejor descrita por la precipitación en las cuatro localidades del ACG; la probabilidad de ocurrencia aumentó con las precipitaciones. La ocurrencia media de zorzales varió con el tipo de vegetación: área abierta con arbustos y borde de bosque (0.69 ± 0.09), bosque secundario (0.46 ± 0.1) y bosque primario (0.61 ± 0.1). La probabilidad de persistencia del zorzal respondió parcialmente a cambios en la precipitación, con un aumento inesperado en la persistencia cuando las precipitaciones continuaron disminuyendo en la temporada. Conclusión: La ocurrecia del Zorzal del Bosque varió con la precipitación considerando una escala espacial mayor. Su probabilidad de persistencia varió parcialmente con la precipitación. Un aumento en la persistencia más cerca de la migración de primavera podría explicarse por el inicio de la temporada de reproducción de las aves residentes, lo que podría reducir los conflictos territoriales y conservar energía antes de la migración. La protección a largo plazo de los bosques húmedos en el norte de Costa Rica es de suma importancia para la conservación de los Zorzales del Bosque en sus zonas de invernada.

Abstract The concept of Natural Capital of the Romerillo forests (NCR) has been little studied in relation to the Education of this important type of natural capital. However, currently, many researchers have argued that Education can contribute significantly to the teaching and learning of this natural capital. By investigating how the concept has been studied, this article has attempted to establish the direction, understanding and use of Education that the NCR may take in the future, within the context of research into an Intangible Creative Ecological Economy (ICEE). This study used an exploratory research methodology with secondary information, in combination with chronological, conceptual and thematic literature review techniques. The literature review indicates that Education on NCR has been used in three areas of research to explain or address a particular construct: (1) promotion of formal and informal programs for use of the intangible environmental services, (2) development of an ICEE that promotes biotrade of intangible services from the Romerillos forests, and (3) short- and long-term conservation of the Romerillos forests. For future studies, it is recommended to address the concept of Education in “Intangible Forest Natural Capital” as a strategy for the sustainable use of the intangible environmental services of the NCR, aiming to mitigate deforestation and preserve the forests of the Romerillos Andean.

ABSTRACT Tropical forests have the highest rates of net primary productivity (NPP) in terrestrial ecosystems and, therefore, may contribute significantly to the mitigation of global climate change. Although NPP is influenced by soil fertility, and recently, in some regions, mining activity in forest ecosystems has intensified. Little is known about how soils determine the restoration of NPP in forests degraded by mining. We evaluated the influence of soil nutrients on wood NPP of post-mining forests in the biogeographic Chocó region (Colombia), with emphasis on the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitations in post-mining forests under successional stages of 12-15 or 30-35 years. For this, permanent plots were established in secondary post-mining forests in Jigualito (Colombian Pacific), the wood NPP (accumulated and current) was evaluated, and it was related to soil properties such as organic matter (OM), acidity, Al, total N, available P, magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and texture. An accumulated wood NPP of 0.72 t ha-1 yr-1 was recorded in post-mining forests 12-15 years old. Meanwhile, in post-mining forests of 30-35 years, the accumulated wood NPP was 6.52 t ha-1 yr-1. The current wood NPP was 4.25 t ha-1 yr-1 in post-mining forests with 30-35 years of recovery. Accumulated NPP positively correlated with soil OM, total N, Ca, Mg, and effective cation exchange capacity–ECEC in post-mining forests. In post-mining forests, a slow recovery of the wood NPP was denoted in the first years. Soil nutrients determined the wood NPP, and a multiple limitation of nutrients with the succession was observed, which corroborates the need to restore the degraded ecosystem in the region. (NPP therefore change fertility recently regions intensified postmining post Colombia, Colombia , (Colombia) N (N P (P 1215 12 15 12-1 3035 30 35 30-3 this Colombian Pacific, Pacific Pacific) OM (OM) acidity Al Mg (Mg) K, K (K) Ca (Ca) texture 072 0 72 0.7 ha1 ha 1 ha- yr1 yr yr- old Meanwhile 652 6 52 6.5 yr1. 1. 425 4 25 4.2 capacityECEC capacity ECEC observed (Colombia 121 12- 303 3 30- (OM (Mg (K (Ca 07 7 0. 65 5 6. 42 2 4.

Resumen Evaluamos el paisaje de la región Norte y Noroeste de Río de Janeiro, determinando los cambios en la cobertura forestal por fitofisonomía, utilizando la colección MapBiomas 6. Trabajamos en ambiente R y en QGIS. Entre las fitofisonomías, los Bosques de Tierras Bajas presentaron mayores pérdidas de área hasta 1985 (93%), volviéndose altamente fragmentados y aislados en el paisaje. Entre 1985 y 2020, hubo poca pérdida de cobertura forestal. Sin embargo, este resultado es el resultado del balance de ganancias de vegetación secundaria que cubre las pérdidas de vegetación madura, con pérdidas para la biodiversidad. El principal impulsor de la pérdida de vegetación fue la agricultura y la ganadería y actualmente menos del 8% de la vegetación está protegida. El retraso en la creación de las UC y la restauración de las APP tendrá graves y negativas consecuencias para la conservación de la vegetación de la región. Janeiro fitofisonomía 6 QGIS fitofisonomías 198 93%, 93 93% , (93%) 2020 embargo madura biodiversidad 8 protegida 19 9 (93% 202 1 (93 20 (9 2 (

Abstract We evaluated the landscape of the North and Northwest of Rio de Janeiro, determining changes in forest cover by phytophysiognomy using collection 6 of MapBiomas (1985-2020). We worked in the R environment and QGIS. Among the phytophysiognomies, the Lowland forests showed the greatest area loss until 1985 (93%), becoming highly fragmented and isolated in the landscape. Between 1985 and 2020 the loss of forest was reduced. However, this result is related to the balance of secondary vegetation increase that covers up the losses of mature vegetation, with risks to biodiversity. The main driver of vegetation loss was agriculture, and currently less than 8% of the vegetation is protected. The procrastination in the establishment of conservation units and restoration of permanent protection areas will have serious negative consequences for the conservation of the vegetation in this region. Janeiro 19852020. 19852020 . (1985-2020) QGIS phytophysiognomies 198 93%, 93 93% , (93%) 202 reduced However biodiversity agriculture 8 protected region 1985202 (1985-2020 19 9 (93% 20 198520 (1985-202 1 (93 2 19852 (1985-20 (9 (1985-2 ( (1985- (1985 (198 (19 (1

Resumo Avaliamos a paisagem das regiões Norte e Noroeste fluminense determinando as mudanças na cobertura florestal por fitofisionomia, utilizando a coleção 6 do MapBiomas (1985-2020). Trabalhamos no ambiente R e no QGIS. Entre as fitofisionomias, as Florestas de Terras Baixas apresentaram maior perda de área até 1985 (93%), tornando- -se altamente fragmentadas e isoladas na paisagem. Entre 1985 e 2020, houve redução nas perdas de cobertura florestal. Entretanto, este resultado é fruto do balanço dos ganhos de vegetação secundária que mascaram as perdas de vegetação madura, com prejuízos para biodiversidade. O principal promotor da perda de vegetação foi a agropecuária e atualmente menos de 8% da vegetação está protegida. A procrastinação na criação de Unidade Conservação e restauração das Áreas de Proteção Permanente trará consequências sérias e negativas para a conservação da vegetação nas regiões Norte e Noroeste fluminense. fitofisionomia 19852020. 19852020 2020 . (1985-2020) QGIS fitofisionomias 198 93%, 93 93% , (93%) tornando se Entretanto madura biodiversidade 8 protegida 1985202 202 (1985-2020 19 9 (93% 198520 20 (1985-202 1 (93 19852 2 (1985-20 (9 (1985-2 ( (1985- (1985 (198 (19 (1

Abstract Synthesising knowledge on carbon stocks is an essential tool for understanding the potential of forests to store carbon and its drivers. However, such a synthesis needs to be constructed for the Atlantic Forest due to various methodological approaches and biogeographic heterogeneity. Thus, here we conducted a bibliographic search (2000 to 2021) on carbon stocks in the biomass and necromass of Atlantic Forest ecosystems to understand the variation in stocks and their explanatory variables. Drivers included spatial (altitude, forest size) and climatic (precipitation and temperature) variables, and successional stages. Based on the information in 46 articles, biomass exhibited the highest carbon stock (96%), in Mature Forests (MF), with an average of 125.34±40.3 MgC.ha-1, whereas Secondary Forests (SF) stored 82.7±38.2 MgC.ha-1. The carbon in the necromass varied from 1.63 to 11.47 MgC.ha-1, with SF exhibiting 3.90±2.73 MgC.ha-1 and MF 4.31±2.82 MgC.ha-1. Only average annual precipitation and successional stage positively explained the carbon in Atlantic Forest. This research clarifies the function and potential of Atlantic Forest fragments for storing carbon and reinforces need for conserving mature forest patches throughout the biome since one hectare of mature forest can store almost twice as much carbon as one hectare of secondary young patches. drivers However heterogeneity Thus 2000 (200 2021 variables altitude, altitude (altitude size temperature stages 4 articles 96%, 96 96% , (96%) MF, (MF) 12534403 125 34 40 3 125.34±40. MgC.ha1, MgCha1 MgCha MgC.ha 1, MgC ha 1 (SF 827382 82 7 38 2 82.7±38. MgC.ha1. 1. 163 63 1.6 1147 11 47 11.4 390273 90 73 3.90±2.7 MgC.ha1 MgC.ha- 431282 31 4.31±2.8 200 (20 202 9 (96% (MF 1253440 12 125.34±40 ha1 82738 8 82.7±38 16 6 114 11. 39027 3.90±2. 43128 4.31±2. 20 (2 (96 125344 125.34±4 8273 82.7±3 3902 3.90±2 4312 4.31±2 ( (9 12534 125.34± 827 82.7± 390 3.90± 431 4.31± 1253 125.34 82.7 39 3.90 43 4.31 125.3 82. 3.9 4.3 125. 3. 4.

Abstract Riverine forests have high floristic diversity and are heterogeneous, even when they are near each other. Therefore, we aimed to compare three riverine forest remnants of Southern Brazil located in the Pampa biome regarding floristic and structural biodiversity, to: i) check whether the studied forest fragments maintain heterogeneity and high floristic richness as seen in riverine forests, even when close to each other, and ii) indicate the predominant successional groups in each remnant. A total of 81 sampling units were established, and all trees with diameter at breast height ≥ 15 cm were measured. We sampled 1,659 individuals, 67 species, and 34 families. The richness and structure of the three communities differed, confirming the high heterogeneity of riverine forests. One of the remnants had a higher predominance of pioneer species and individuals, which differentiated it from the other two. The latter, in turn, showed higher similarity in floristic and structural composition, with a predominance of secondary and late successional individuals and species. Differences in soil moisture, in the size and shape of fragments may be factors that contributed to the floristic and structural diversity observed. The remnants, although small and surrounded by monocultures, are heterogeneous and important for biodiversity conservation. Therefore i ii remnant 8 established 1 measured 1659 659 1,65 6 3 families differed two latter turn composition moisture observed monocultures conservation 165 65 1,6 16 1,

RESUMEN El Bosque Mesófilo de Montaña (BMM) del centro de Veracruz, México, representa un paisaje alterado por actividades antrópicas, por lo que es necesario evaluar el potencial evolutivo y adaptativo de las aves refugiadas en el sitio, las cuales se enfrentan a un paisaje con un gradiente heterogéneo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la diversidad de aves en fragmentos de BMM y vegetación secundaria (VS), en el predio Finca La Pastoría, Huatusco, Veracruz, así como, asociar su presencia y/o alimentación a cada hábitat evaluado. Se identificaron las especies y número de individuos en 14 sitios de observación de aves, con el método de muestreo basado en conteo por puntos con radio fijo de 30 m. Se registraron 100 especies pertenecientes a 33 familias y 15 órdenes. En el BMM se identificaron 916 individuos, correspondientes a 89 especies, y en VS 331 individuos de 54 especies, encontrando diferencias significativas de diversidad de aves entre coberturas de muestreo. Destacan los registros de Dendrortyx barbatus, Leptotila verreauxi y Vireo griseus, por ser endémicas. La primera está clasificada en peligro de extinción, mientras que la segunda se encuentra sujeta a protección especial y la tercera amenazada. También se registraron Pionus senilis, especie amenazada; Falco peregrinus, Micrastur semitorquatus, Passerina ciris, Psarocolius montezuma, Myadestes occidentalis y Amazona albifrons, sujetas a protección especial. Este estudio brinda información sobre cómo la avifauna hace uso diferencial de dos coberturas de vegetación, la cual puede servir para generar estrategias sustentables para el manejo y conservación del bosque.

ABSTRACT The Cloud Forest (CF) in central Veracruz, Mexico, represents a landscape that has been altered by anthropic activities. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the evolutionary and adaptive potential of the birds sheltered in the site, which face a landscape with a heterogeneous gradient. The objective of the study was to describe the diversity of birds in fragments of CF and secondary vegetation (VS), in the property “Finca La Pastoría”, Huatusco, Veracruz. The species and number of individuals in 14 bird watching sites were identified, with the sampling method based on counting points with a fixed radius of 30 m. 100 species from 33 families and 15 orders were recorded. In the CF, 916 individuals were identified, corresponding to 89 species, and in VS 331 individuals of 54 species, finding significant differences in bird diversity between sampling coverages. The records of Dendrortyx barbatus, Leptotila verreauxi and Vireo griseus stand out for being endemic and classified as endangered and threatened, respectively. Furthermore, Pionus senilis, a threatened species, as well as Falco peregrinus, Micrastur semitorquatus, Passerina ciris, Psarocolius montezuma, Myadestes occidentalis and Amazona albifrons, subject to special protection, were also recorded. This study provides information on how the birds make differential use of two vegetation covers, which can be used to generate sustainable strategies for forest management and conservation.

Resumen Introducción: Mucho se ha discutido sobre la importancia del papel que juegan diferentes tipos de frugívoros como dispersores de semillas en las comunidades vegetales, pero en realidad se han realizado pocos estudios. Objetivo: Evaluamos y comparamos la dispersión diurna y nocturna de semillas en bosques subandinos primarios y secundarios en el sur de Colombia. Métodos: Estimamos el número y la biomasa (kg/ha) de semillas dispersadas durante un año (2017) utilizando 60 trampas de frutos que se revisaron antes del amanecer y antes del atardecer durante 10 días continuos cada dos meses. Resultados: Se encontró que, de 1 874 semillas dispersas, el 55.8 % (10.9 kg/ha) se recolectaron durante el día y el 44.2 % (6.39 kg/ha) durante la noche. No hubo diferencias significativas entre la dispersión de semillas diurna y nocturna en número de semillas o biomasa. Tampoco encontramos diferencias entre la dispersión de semillas en el bosque primario y el bosque secundario a lo largo del tiempo. Dentro de los organismos diurnos, los primates y las aves frugívoras parecen ser los principales responsables de este servicio ecosistémico durante el día; mientras que los murciélagos, las aves (por ejemplo, los guácharos) y probablemente los primates lo hicieron durante la noche. Conclusiones: La dispersión diurna y nocturna parecen ser iguales en número y peso de semillas, pero no en la similitud de especies de plantas dispersadas. Sigue siendo un desafío reconocer la importancia relativa de los diferentes organismos frugívoros como dispersores de semillas utilizando métodos de trampa de frutos.

Abstract Introduction: Much has been argued about the importance of the role that different types of frugivores play as seed dispersers in plant communities, but few studies have been actually carried out. Objective: We evaluated and compared diurnal and nocturnal seed dispersal in primary and secondary sub-Andean forests in Southern Colombia. Methods: We estimated number and biomass (kg/ha) of seeds dispersed over one year (2017) using 60 fruit traps that were checked before sunrise and before sunset for 10 continuous days every two months. Results: We found that from 1 874 dispersed seeds, 55.8 % (10.9 kg/ha) were collected during the day and 44.2 % (6.39 kg/ha) at night. There were no significant differences between diurnal and nocturnal seed dispersal in number of seeds or biomass. We also found no difference in seed dispersal between primary and secondary forest over time. Within diurnal organisms, primates and fruit-eating birds appear to be primarily responsible for this ecosystem service during the day; while bats, birds (e.g. oilbirds), and probably primates did so during the night. Conclusions: Diurnal and nocturnal dispersal seem to be equal in terms of number and weight of seeds, but not in the similarity of dispersed plant species. It remains a challenge to recognize the relative importance of different fruit-eating organisms as seed dispersers using fruit trap methods.

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques tropicales presentan variaciones estacionales fenológicas provocando cambios en la disponibilidad de los recursos alimenticios. Bajo estas condiciones, los animales emplean estrategias de forrajeo al seguir la oferta del alimento. El perico frente naranja (Eupsittula canicularis) habita principalmente en el bosque tropical caducifolio desde el Pacífico mexicano hasta Costa Rica, sin embargo, su dieta y estrategias de forrajeo son poco conocidas. Objetivo: Evaluar la variabilidad espacial en la abundancia de recursos alimenticios, la dieta y el comportamiento de alimentación del perico en un paisaje modificado de la costa de Oaxaca, México. Métodos: Se establecieron 30 transectos para estudios fenológicos (200 × 6 m) durante la época seca (febrero-junio 2019) para determinar la disponibilidad de recursos alimenticios en el bosque tropical caducifolio, subcaducifolio y la vegetación secundaria. La dieta del perico se determinó mediante observaciones del forrajeo, y se consideró la amplitud del nicho alimenticio y la selección de recursos como estrategias de forrajeo. Resultados: En el área de estudio, el perico consume frutos (42.3 %), semillas (29.3 %) y flores (28.4 %) de 13 especies arbóreas y presenta un nicho alimenticio amplio con mayor frecuencia de forrajeo en el bosque primario. El perico selecciona recursos y ajusta sus estrategias de forrajeo de acuerdo a la disponibilidad del alimento en cada hábitat. Conclusiones: Los resultados del estudio resaltan la necesidad de mantener la estructura completa del bosque en paisajes modificados para asegurar la disponibilidad de recursos alimenticios para para el perico frente naranja durante la época reproductiva.

Abstract Introduction: Seasonal phenological variations in tropical forests cause changes in food resource availability. Animals use foraging strategies to follow the food supply in these settings. The Orange-fronted Parakeet (Eupsittula canicularis) mainly inhabits the tropical dry forest of the Mexican Pacific to Northwest Costa Rica, although little is known about its diet and foraging strategies. Objective: To assess spatial variability in food resource abundance, diet, and foraging behavior of the Orange-fronted Parakeet in a modified landscape in Oaxaca Coast, Mexico. Methods: 30 phenology transects (200 x 6 m) were established during the dry season (February-June 2019) to measure food resource availability in primary deciduous, semi-deciduous, and secondary forests. The Orange-fronted Parakeets diet was determined by focal foraging observations, and dietary niche breadth and resource selection were considered to determine feeding strategies. Results: Orange-fronted Parakeets fed on fruits (42.3 %), seeds (29.3 %), and flowers (28.4 %) of 13 plant species and presented a broad dietary niche breadth with a higher frequency of foraging in primary forest. The Orange-fronted Parakeets select resources and adapt their foraging strategies based on food resource availability in each habitat. Conclusions: The study findings highlights the need to maintain the complete forest structure in a modified landscape to ensure food resources availability for Orange-fronted Parakeets during the breeding season.

ABSTRACT The occupation of peri-urban areas in the eight largest Amazonian cities is studied, along with its impact on forest conservation, in order to identify conditions associated with greater or lesser loss of peri-urban forests. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of demographic and spatial indicators is conducted, as well as a spatial analysis of recent urban growth over forested areas. Furthermore, challenges for the conservation of peri-urban forests are discussed based on key territorial dynamics and existing mechanisms for territorial planning and management. It is identified that the greater pressure from urban growth on peri-urban forests is mainly linked to migratory processes and regional economic dynamics related to mining and tourism activities. Likewise, the trend towards reduced population and housing density in new expansion areas, along with an increase in the real estate supply for secondary residences, poses a threat to sustainability. Peri-urban roads concentrate deforestation areas and future urban expansion, highlighting the need to enhance mechanisms for environmental impact assessment of road infrastructure and focus efforts on sustainable land management measures in these zones.

RESUMEN Se estudia la ocupación de las zonas periurbanas de las ocho ciudades amazónicas de mayor tamaño y su afectación a la conservación de bosques con el fin de identificar las condiciones que se relacionan con una mayor o menor pérdida de bosques periurbanos. Para ello, se realiza el análisis comparativo de indicadores demográficos y espaciales, así como el análisis espacial del crecimiento urbano reciente sobre zonas forestales. Además, se discuten los desafíos para la conservación de bosques periurbanos a partir de las principales dinámicas territoriales y los mecanismos existentes para la planificación y gestión del territorio. Se identifica que la mayor presión del crecimiento de las ciudades sobre los bosques periurbanos se relaciona principalmente a procesos migratorios y dinámicas económicas regionales ligadas a actividades de minería y turismo. Asimismo, la tendencia a la reducción de la densidad de población y vivienda en las nuevas zonas de expansión y el incremento de la oferta inmobiliaria de residencia secundaria resultan en una amenaza para la sostenibilidad. Las carreteras periurbanas concentran las áreas de deforestación y futura expansión urbana, por lo que es necesario mejorar los mecanismos de evaluación de impacto ambiental de la infraestructura vial y concentrar los esfuerzos en medidas de gestión sostenible del territorio en estas zonas.

Resumen: La falta de un listado completo de las licofitas y los helechos del estado de Tlaxcala motivó el presente trabajo, el objetivo fue documentar la riqueza de la pteridoflora de dicha entidad. De 2013 a 2018 se recolectaron 34 números de licofitas y helechos en el municipio de Españita; las plantas se herborizaron, identificaron y depositaron en el Herbario Jorge Espinoza Salas (JES). Los ejemplares corresponden a 8 familias, 15 géneros y 23 taxones; de estas, 2 son del género Selaginella P. Beauv. A partir de la información de las fuentes consultadas, se elaboró una lista de 58 taxones de la entidad, lo que implica que en Españita se encuentra el 39.6% de los taxones conocidos en Tlaxcala. De estos, 2 son nuevos registros: Marsilea mollis B. L. Rob. & Fernald y Polypodium guttatum Maxon. 20 taxones son de hábito terrestre; 2, son epífitas, y 1, acuático. La vegetación con mayor riqueza son los bosques, dominados en el dosel por Quercus spp. y Juniperus deppeana Steud. Pese a que la mayor proporción de la vegetación de Españita es secundaria, es posible encontrar en ella una riqueza considerable de especies susceptibles de ser conservadas.

Abstract: The non-existence of a complete list of lycophytes and ferns for the state of Tlaxcala motivated this work, whose objective is to document the richness of pteridoflora existing in Tlaxcala state. From 2013 to 2018, the collection of 34 numbers of lycophytes and ferns was carried out in the municipality of Españita, the plants were herbalized, identified and deposited in the Jorge Espinoza Salas (JES) Herbarium, the specimens corresponds to eight families, 15 genera and 23 taxa. Of these, two taxa are of the genus Selaginella P. Beauv. From the sources consulted, a list of 58 taxa was prepared for the state, which implies that 39.6% of the taxa known in the entity are found in the municipality of Españita. Of these, two are new records for the state: Marsilea mollis B.L. Rob. & Fernald and Polypodium guttatum Maxon. 20 taxa are terrestrial; two, epiphytes, and one, aquatic. The types of vegetation with more taxa are the forests of Quercus spp. and Juniperus deppeana Steud. Although the vegetation of the municipality of Españita is secondary vegetation, it is possible to find in it a considerable richness of species capable of being conserved.

SUMMARY New silvicultural proposals based on long-term trials are needed to develop forest management strategies. Radial growth response was the preferred proxy for managers to define thinning levels and best years for intervention. We analyzed long-term thinning strategies in secondary Nothofagus pumilio forests (55 years old) in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) to determine and quantify the effect on radial growth. Samplings were conducted in a trial area established in 1965 where three interventions (17, 33 and 44 years after harvesting) with different thinning strategies were applied. We employed dendrochronological techniques to measure and co-date ring widths, comparing 19 different thinning strategies (n = 100 slices x 2 reading sections). Average ring width (RW), basal area increment (BAI), and periodic annual increment every five years (PAI5) were calculated and compared through univariate comparisons. Radial growth responses were directly related to thinning intensity; however, a differential response was found according to thinning strategy (e.g. selective and systematic cuttings) and always significantly higher than the control (3 vs. 1 mm year-1). The maximum growth occurred between 2 and 4 years after thinning (YAT), and progressively decreased until reaching pre-cutting levels (5 to 8 YAT). The analyses of the thinning strategies showed that initial systematic thinning followed by at least light thinning when growth rates recover their pre-intervention values is the most convenient combination of intermediate treatments for Nothofagus pumilio forests. These results can contribute to better silvicultural decision-making in secondary forests and provide information to analyze the feasibility of their implementation.

RESUMEN Las propuestas silvícolas basadas en ensayos a largo plazo son necesarias para desarrollar estrategias de manejo forestal. La respuesta de crecimiento radial ha sido el proxy preferido por los gestores para definir los niveles de raleo y los años de intervención. Analizamos estrategias de raleo a largo plazo en bosques secundarios de Nothofagus pumilio (55 años) en Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) para determinar y cuantificar el efecto sobre el crecimiento radial. Los muestreos se realizaron en un área de ensayo establecido en 1965 donde se aplicaron tres intervenciones (17, 33 y 44 años después de la cosecha) con diferentes estrategias de raleo. Se emplearon técnicas dendrocronológicas, donde se midieron y co-fecharon anchos de anillos definiendo 19 estrategias de raleos diferentes (n = 100 rodajas x 2 secciones de lectura). Se calculó el ancho medio de los anillos (RW), el incremento del área basal (IAB) y el incremento periódico anual cada cinco años (PAI5), comparando valores mediante pruebas univariadas. Las respuestas de RW estuvieron relacionadas con la intensidad del raleo y se encontró una respuesta diferencial según la estrategia aplicada (por ejemplo, cortas selectivas y sistemáticas), siendo siempre significativamente mayor que el control (3 vs 1 mm año-1). El crecimiento máximo ocurrió entre 2 y 4 años después del raleo (ADR), y disminuyó hasta alcanzar los niveles previos a los raleos (5 a 8 ADR). Los análisis mostraron que una primera intervención sistemática seguida de al menos un raleo suave cuando las tasas de crecimiento recuperan los valores previos a la intervención, es la combinación de tratamientos intermedios más conveniente para los bosques de Nothofagus pumilio. Estos resultados pueden contribuir a una mejor toma de decisiones silvícolas en los bosques secundarios, proporcionando herramientas para analizar la viabilidad de su aplicación.

Resumo Persea lingue Ness é uma árvore que vive principalmente na floresta temperada do centro-sul do Chile. As folhas são usadas na etnomedicina. O fruto é uma drupa similar ao abacate e que nunca foi pesquisada anteriormente. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a citotoxicidade em células leucêmicas e as atividades antibacterianas, assim como algumas características químicas do extrato de fruto e da folha do P. lingue. As atividades antibacterianas foram determinadas pelo método da inibição do crescimento bacteriano em meio líquido empregando-se bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas. As linhagens celulares leucêmicas, Kasumi-1 e Jurkat foram usadas para avaliar a atividade citotóxica em ensaios empregando-se iodeto de propídio e AlamarBlue. Foram avaliados os teores totais de fenóis, flavonóides, taninos condensados, alcalóides e lipídeos presentes nos extratos das folhas e dos frutos. As atividades antioxidantes de ambos os extratos também foram avaliadas. O extrato das folhas foi o que apresentou o maior conteúdo de fenóis, taninos condensados e flavonóides totais e a maior atividade antioxidante. Já o extrato de fruto apresentou a maior quantidade de lipídios e alcaloides e a melhor atividade antibacteriana contra Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium e Micrococcus luteus. Já o extrato das folhas apresentou apenas atividade contra M. luteus. Em relação à atividade citotóxica, apenas o extrato do fruto apresentou citotoxicidade contra as linhagens celulares Jurkat e Kasumi-1. Em resumo, o extrato do fruto de P. lingue é uma potencial fonte de moléculas com atividade biológica para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos a serem utilizados em alguns tipos de leucemia, bem como agente antibacteriano.

Abstract Persea lingue Ness is a tree species that lives mainly in temperate forests of south-central Chile. Its leaves are used in ethnomedicine, the fruit is a drupe similar to that of the avocado and has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity in leukemia cell and antibacterial activity, along with some chemical content characteristics of P. lingue fruit and leaf extracts. The antibacterial activity was determined by the inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid medium assay against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leukemia cell lines Kasumi-1 and Jurkat were used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity by using propidium iodide and AlamarBlue assays. Total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin, alkaloid and lipid contents were evaluated in the fruit and in the leaf extracts. The antioxidant activity of both extracts were also elavaluated. Leaf extract presented the highest content of total phenols, condensed tannins and flavonoids, and also the highest antioxidant activity. While the fruit extract has a higher amount of lipids and alkaloids and the high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium and Micrococcus luteus. The leaf extract only showed activity against M. luteus. Concerning the cytotoxic activity, only the fruit extract showed cytotoxicity against the cell lines Jurkat and Kasumi-1. P. lingue fruit extract is a potential source of biologically active molecules for the development of new drugs to be used in some types of leukemia, as well as antibacterial agent.

The mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana, Linn.) is a tropical fruit cultivated in the tropical forests of Southeast Asian countries. It is recognized as the queen of fruits due to its unique color, aroma, and flavor. It has been used for centuries in Southeastern Asian traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Many functional molecules with high medicinal value are obtained from the pericarp of mangosteen fruit, whose major constituent is xanthone α-mangostin. Several studies have been carried out over the last decades to further investigate and understand the pharmacological properties associated with the plant and its main chemical constituents, belonging to the class of xanthones. In addition, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies related to mangosteen have been published, indicating its importance and its potential application in medicinal chemistry. Prenylated xanthones, which include α-mangostin, are secondary metabolites particularly common in plants belonging to the Clusiaceae family. These substances have been intensively investigated for their potential as biologically active agents. This article describes a critical analysis of published data related to the properties of α-mangostin, aiming to provide a more detailed view of its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Garcinia mangostana Linn. Linn countries color aroma flavor diseases αmangostin. αmangostin α mangostin. mangostin α-mangostin constituents xanthones addition chemistry αmangostin, mangostin, family agents