Abstract (Introduction): Bycatch and discards are a socio-environmental concern that threatens the sustainability of marine life and fishing grounds. Approaches to this problem have focused on biological and/or ecological aspects. We considered it necessary to explore the problem from the social dimension and for this purpose we explored social representations. (Objective): The aim of this study is to explore the social representations of bycatch and discards in a group of businessmen and workers in the capture stage of the Argentine industrial fishing activity. We ask how they evaluate bycatch and fishing discards, what are their causes and if they observe possible solutions. (Methodology): Within the framework of a project of the Federal Fishing Council, we conducted focus groups with businessmen, business chambers, SOMU workers and captains of the industrial fishing activity. (Results): The results of the focus groups conducted in 2021 reveal three main causes of this problem. First, the lack of reliable data on actual discard levels raises concerns about sustainability and overfishing. Second, the low utilization of selectivity devices is attributed to their operational inefficiency and possible labour barriers. Finally, economic and organizational pressures, such as company profitability and workers’ salaries, justify the discard of non-target species, exacerbating the problem. (Conclusions): The work contributes to an understanding of the main reasons for bycatch and discards, which is essential to advance solutions. We understand that solutions are not simple and involve a sincere debate among stakeholders.

Resumen (Introducción): Las capturas incidentales y los descartes pesqueros son una preocupación socioambiental que amenaza la sostenibilidad de la vida marina y de los caladeros. Los abordajes a esta problemática estuvieron centrados en aspectos biológicos y ecológicos. Consideramos necesario explorar la problemática desde la dimensión social y para ello, exploramos las representaciones sociales. (Objetivo): El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar las representaciones sobre capturas incidentales y descartes pesqueros en un grupo de empresarios y trabajadores de la etapa de captura de la actividad pesquera industrial argentina, específicamente, cómo evalúan este problema, sus causas y posibles soluciones. (Metodología): En el marco de un proyecto del Consejo Federal Pesquero, se realizaron grupos focales con seis cámaras empresariales y personal jerárquico de empresas asociadas, así como trabajadores del SOMU y capitanes que operan en alta mar. (Resultados): Los resultados de los grupos focales realizados en 2021 revelaron tres principales causas de dicha problemática. Primero, la falta de datos confiables sobre los niveles reales de descarte genera preocupaciones sobre la sostenibilidad y la sobreexplotación. Segundo, la escasa utilización de dispositivos de selectividad se atribuye a su ineficacia operativa y a posibles barreras laborales. Finalmente, las presiones económicas y organizacionales, como la rentabilidad de las empresas y los salarios de los trabajadores, justifican el descarte, exacerbando el problema. (Conclusiones): El trabajo aporta a un entendimiento sobre las razones de la captura incidental y los descarte, esencial para avanzar en soluciones. Entendemos que las soluciones no son simples e implican un sincero debate entre actores.

This work evaluated the use of corncob as a support for the immobilization of an extracellular fructosyltransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.9) from Aspergillus oryzae IPT-301, aiming at the synthesis of a stable biocatalyst for the production of fructooligosaccharides. The transfructosylation activity of the immobilized enzyme was maximized via experimental design. Additionally, the biochemical properties and stability of the immobilized enzyme, as well as the reaction kinetics, were determined. The enzyme immobilized on alkali-treated corncob showed the highest transfructosylation activity at 50 °C and pH 5.5. It also presented a wide pH stability and a half-life around 1.4 times greater than the soluble enzyme. Furthermore, the immobilized enzyme showed 53% of retention of catalytic activity in a second consecutive reaction cycle, showing the potential for reuse. These results suggest that alkali-treated corncob is a promising support material for the synthesis of heterogeneous biocatalysts aiming at fructooligosaccharide production, which can contribute to the valorization of this abundant agro-waste. E.C. EC E C (E.C 2.4.1.9 2419 2 4 1 9 IPT301, IPT301 IPT 301, 301 IPT-301 fructooligosaccharides design Additionally kinetics determined alkalitreated alkali treated 5 55 5.5 halflife half life 14 1. Furthermore 53 cycle reuse agrowaste. agrowaste agro waste. waste agro-waste E.C 2.4.1. 241 IPT30 30 IPT-30 5. 2.4.1 24 IPT3 3 IPT-3 2.4. IPT- 2.4 2.

Abstract Introduction: México has a high rate of teenage pregnancy, which symbolizes a risk to the health and socio-economic development of this group. The prevention of a second pregnancy at this stage is relevant to improve quality of life. Objective: To explore the social representations of prenatal contraceptive counseling based on the experiences and expectations of pregnant adolescents and health providers in a second level care hospital. Methodology: Qualitative study based on Serge Moscovici’s Social Representations Theory with ten primiparous adolescents in any quarter of pregnancy and seven health providers, adolescents without pregnancy condition were excluded. We used semi-structured interviews recorded and analyzed in their integrity through fluctuating reading by two researchers, the discourse of the proposed thematic axes was contrasted. Integrity, confidentiality, and autonomy were respected. Results: The realities represented by adolescents showed a need for knowledge, values, respect, kindness, and patience. Providers evoked paternalistic counseling, but with recognition of focused counseling and reproductive rights. Conclusion: More participants stated that the ideal time to receive counseling is during pregnancy, since pregnant adolescents expressed the need to receive information and have more time lapse between their pregnancies. The expectations of the Prenatal Contraceptive Counseling (CAP by its acronym in Spanish) differed in terms of values to give rise to a paternalistic attitude on the part of the health provider and the preference of adolescents for counseling based on respect, honesty, and trust, among others.

Abstrato Introdução: O México tem um alto índice de gravidez na adolescência, o que simboliza um risco para a saúde e o desenvolvimento socioeconômico desse grupo. A prevenção de uma segunda gravidez nesta fase é relevante para melhorar sua qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Explorar as representações sociais do aconselhamento contraceptivo pré-natal a partir das experiências e expectativas de gestantes adolescentes e profissionais de saúde em um segundo nível de atenção hospitalar. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo baseado na Teoria das Representações Sociais de Serge Moscovici com dez adolescentes primíparas em qualquer trimestre da gravidez e sete profissionais de saúde; foram excluídas as adolescentes sem condições de gravidez. Foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas gravadas e analisadas em sua integridade por meio da leitura flutuante de dois pesquisadores, contrastando o discurso dos eixos temáticos propostos. Integridade, confidencialidade e autonomia foram respeitadas. Resultados: As realidades representadas pelos adolescentes mostraram necessidade de conhecimento, valores, respeito, gentileza e paciência. Os prestadores evocaram aconselhamento paternalista, más com reconhecimento de aconselhamento focado e direitos reprodutivos. Conclusão: Um número maior de participantes afirmou que o momento ideal para receber aconselhamento é durante a gravidez, pois as adolescentes grávidas expressaram a necessidade de receber informações e de ter mais tempo entre as gestações. As expectativas da aconselhamento contraceptivo pré-natal (CAP, na sigla em espanhol) diferiram quanto aos valores para dar lugar a uma atitude paternalista por parte do provedor de saúde e a preferência das adolescentes por uma assessoria baseada no respeito, honestidade, confiança, entre outros

Resumen Introducción: México presenta una tasa elevada de embarazo adolescente lo que simboliza un riesgo a la salud y desarrollo socioeconómico de este grupo. La prevención de un segundo embarazo en esta etapa es relevante para mejorar su calidad de vida. Objetivo: Explorar las representaciones sociales de la consejería anticonceptiva prenatal a partir de las experiencias y expectativas de adolescentes gestantes y proveedores de salud en un hospital de segundo nivel de atención. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo basado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales de Serge Moscovici con diez adolescentes primíparas en cualquier trimestre de embarazo y siete proveedores de salud, se excluyeron adolescentes sin condición de embarazo. Se utilizó entrevista semiestructurada grabadas y analizadas en su integridad mediante lectura fluctuante realizada por dos investigadores, se contrastó el discurso de los ejes temáticos propuesto. Se respetó la integridad, confidencialidad y autonomía. Resultados: Las realidades representadas por las adolescentes mostraron necesidad de conocimientos, valores, respeto, amabilidad y paciencia. Los proveedores evocaron una consejería paternalista, pero con reconocimiento de una consejería focalizada y derechos reproductivos. Conclusión: Las experiencias similares de los participantes fueron que el momento ideal para recibir la consejería es durante el embarazo, en virtud de que las adolescentes embarazadas manifestaron necesidad de recibir información y espaciar sus embarazos. Las expectativas de la consejería anticonceptiva prenatal difirieron en los valores para dar lugar a una actitud paternalista por parte del proveedor de salud y la preferencia de las adolescentes por una consejería basada en el respeto, honestidad, confianza, entre otros.

Abstract This article highlights one of the difficulties encountered in the reception of Humanae Vitae and Familiaris Consortio: the depth of the meaning of every conjugal act, its beauty and its explicit link with the Creator. This paradox provokes in the first place the faith of the baptized in the mystery of God, who is love and life, and in the second place the moral conscience. Would it not be too beautiful to be true? However, the union of spouses is first a religious act. The main doctrinal statement involves the union of the spouses and their parental responsibility. The true anthropological “cradle” of every human being is an act of interpersonal love. This act, rich and complex, has a double meaning: unitive and procreative. These meanings amalgamate with each other and translate the unity of persons who give themselves to each other. It is the great mystery that unites the spouses and God; and it is the place of a revelation.

Resumen El presente artículo pone en evidencia una de las dificultades que se encuentran en la recepción de la Humanae vitae y de la Familiaris consortio: la profundidad del sentido de todo acto conyugal, su belleza y su vínculo explicito con el Creador. Esta paradoja provoca en primer lugar la fe de los bautizados en el misterio de Dios, que es amor y vida, y en segundo término la conciencia moral. ¿No sería acaso demasiado hermoso para ser verdad? Sin embargo, la unión de los cónyuges es primero un acto religioso. El principal enunciado doctrinal envuelve la unión de los esposos y su responsabilidad parental. La verdadera “cuna” antropológica de todo ser humano es un acto de amor interpersonal. Este acto particular, rico y complejo, tiene un doble significado: unitivo y procreativo. Estos significados se amalgaman entre ellos, y traducen la unidad de las personas que se donan una a la otra. Es el gran misterio que une a los esposos y a Dios; y es el lugar de una revelación.

Resumen Este artículo es una breve exposición de la formación discursiva de la biopolítica propuesta por Michel Foucault en la década de los setenta. El propósito es presentar el estatuto teórico original del concepto como una tecnología de doble faz, establecida en los siglos XVII, XVIII y XIX que interviene y establece controles reguladores sobre la vida biológica en dos formas que no son antitéticas. La primera se centra en el cuerpo como máquina: anatomopolítica del cuerpo humano. La segunda se enfoca en el cuerpo-especie: es la biopolítica de la población. La metodología utilizada es un análisis de tipo documental que agrupó los cursos: Defender la sociedad; Seguridad, territorio y población y Nacimiento de la biopolítica, así como el libro Historia de la sexualidad 1, para conocer de manera sintética y reflexionar la idea y el sentido primigenio del término como un mecanismo de conducción de conductas individuales y colectivas.

Abstract This article is a brief exposition of the discursive formation of biopolitics proposed by Michel Foucault in the seventies. The purpose is to present the original theoretical statute of the concept as a double-sided technology, established in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, which intervenes and establishes regulatory controls over biological life in two ways that are not antithetical. The first focuses on the body as a machine: anatomopolitics of the human body. The second focuses on the body-species: it is the biopolitics of the population. The methodology used is a documentary-type analysis that grouped the courses: Defend society; Security, territory and population and Birth of biopolitics, as well as the book History of sexuality 1, to learn in a synthetic way and reflect on the idea and primal meaning of the term as a mechanism for conducting individual and collective conduct.

ABSTRACT Due to the reduction of Chondracanthus chamissoi natural beds in Peru, different alternatives have been proposed for its cultivation, generally opting for suspended (CS) and bottom (CF) cultivation systems. When thalli reach commercial size, they get harvested for sale, and it is unknown if their specific growth rate (TCE) and/or regenerative capacity decrease. Therefore, the present work aimed to determine the TCE in the post-harvest regenerative capacity and the life cycle phase dominance of C. chamissoi in two pruning events comparing CS and CF during august 2019 and february 2020 in the south-central coast of Peru. The TCE was higher in CS (1.67 % day-1) in comparison to CF (1.47 % day-1). Likewise, CS showed better results in biomass (631.6 ± 81.3 gm-1) and length (23.91 ± 5.8 cm) compared to CF (256.5 ± 33.6 gm-1 and 21.10 ± 7.50 cm) during the first harvest. After the second harvest, lower values in biomass (CS: 160.2 ± 180 gm-1, CF: 59.4 ± 110 gm-1) and length (CS: 16.23 ± 3.68 cm, CF: 15.73 ± 4.25 cm) were observed. The dominant phase was the vegetative one, followed by the carposporic and tetrasporic phases. In conclusion, suspended cultivation showed better results; it is recommended to leave an average of 4-5 cm during pruning, to allow a better growth for a new harvest in less than 3 months.

RESUMEN Ante la reducción de praderas naturales de Chondracanthus chamissoi en Perú se han planteado diferentes alternativas para su cultivo, principalmente optando por sistemas de cultivo suspendido (CS) y cultivo de fondo (CF). Al alcanzar la talla comercial, los talos sufren podas para su comercialización, desconociéndose si disminuyen su tasa de crecimiento especifica (TCE) y/o capacidad regenerativa. Por ello, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la TCE en la capacidad regenerativa post-cosecha y la dominancia de fases del ciclo de vida de C. chamissoi en dos eventos de poda comparando CS y CF entre agosto de 2019 y febrero de 2020 en la costa centro-sur del Perú. La TCE fue mayor en CS (1.67 % día-1) respecto de CF (1.47 % día-1). Asimismo, CS mostró mejores resultados en biomasa (631.6 ± 81.3 gm-1) y longitud (23.91 ± 5.8 cm) en comparación a CF (256.5 ± 33.6 gm-1 y 21.10 ± 7.50 cm) tras la primera poda. Luego de la segunda poda, se observaron valores reducidos en biomasa (CS: 160.2 ± 180 gm-1, CF: 59.4 ± 110 gm-1) y longitud (CS: 16.23 ± 3.68 cm, CF: 15.73 ± 4.25 cm). Se determino a la fase vegetativa como dominante, seguida de talos carpospóricos y finalmente los tetraspóricos. Se concluye que CS muestra mejores TCE luego de eventos poda y se recomienda dejar en promedio 4-5 cm de talo para facilitar una rápida regeneración.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze Rafael Barrett's thought two of his major works: “Lo que son los yerbales” (1910) and “El dolor paraguayo” (1911). In these volumes, compiled in the collection titled Complete Works, Barrett introduces social and anti-colonial issues into Paraguayan literature, denouncing the longstanding injustices suffered by rural workers in Paraguay and, by extension, highlighting social problems rooted in the continent’s history. This analysis focuses on two main aspects of his literary production. First, it examines how Barrett, as a committed writer representing a minor literature, attempts to challenge the dominant narrative centered on constructing a nationalist and modernizing story following the disaster of the Triple Alliance War or “Guerra Guasú” (1864-1870). Second, it explores the underlying tensions regarding “who can speak to America,” reviving the debate on whether Latin American thought has (or should have) any specificity compared to practices developed in metropolitan centers and whether these reflect “battlegrounds” among representatives of Latin American intellectual life.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el pensamiento de Rafael Barrett en torno a dos de sus principales obras: Lo que son los yerbales (1910) y El dolor paraguayo (1911). En estos dos tomos, reunidos en el compendio titulado Obras completas, Barrett introduce la cuestión social y anticolonial en la literatura paraguaya, denunciando las atávicas injusticias que sufrían los trabajadores rurales en Paraguay y, por extensión, visibilizando problemáticas sociales arraigadas en la historia del continente. De su producción literaria, nos interesan dos cuestiones. En primer lugar, cómo Barrett, ya devenido en escritor comprometido y representante de una literatura menor, intenta disputarle un lugar a la narrativa dominante, centrada en la construcción de un relato nacionalista y modernizador, tras lo que fue el desastre de la Guerra de la Triple Alianza o Guerra Guasú (1864-1870). Por otro lado, se explorarán las tensiones subyacentes en torno a “quién puede decir a América”, reavivando la discusión acerca de si el pensamiento latinoamericano tiene (o debería tener) alguna especificidad respecto de las prácticas que se desarrollan en los centros metropolitanos, y si estas responden a “terrenos de disputa” entre los representantes de la vida intelectual latinoamericana.

Abstract Introduction: The physical, neuroendocrine, social, and psychological changes in the postpartum period favor postpartum depression, a condition that impacts the mother-child relationship, including breastfeeding. Objective: To determine probable postpartum depression as a factor associated with the suspension of exclusive breastfeeding. Method: Analytical cross-sectional design in postpartum women; two groups were integrated, women with probable depression and women without postpartum depression as determined by the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale. The sample size was 63 women with depression and 153 without depression. Exclusive breastfeeding was defined as maternal feeding, without any other solid or liquid supplements such as water, for at least one month of the newborn’s life. The statistical analysis plan included chi square test, odds ratio and confidence interval for odds ratio. Results: For every 5.10 (95% CI; 2.71-9.52) mothers with probable postpartum depression who do not exclusively breastfeed there is one mother without postpartum depression who also does not exclusively breastfeed. In the first group the prevalence of non-breastfeeding is 65.1% and in the second group 26.8% (p = 0.013). Conclusion: It can be affirmed that probable postpartum depression is a factor associated with the suspension of exclusive breastfeeding in the first month after birth.

Resumen Introducción: Los cambios físicos, neuroendocrinos, sociales y psicológicos en el puerperio favorecen la depresión posparto, condición que impacta en la relación madre e hijo, incluyendo la lactancia materna. Objetivo: Determinar la probable depresión posparto como factor asociado al abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Método: Diseño transversal analítico en mujeres puérperas; se integraron dos grupos, mujeres con probable depresión posparto y sin probable depresión posparto, determinado por la Escala de depresión posparto de Edimburgo. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 63 mujeres con depresión y 153 sin depresión. La lactancia materna exclusiva se definió como la alimentación de la madre, sin ningún otro suplemento sólido o líquido como el agua, al menos durante un mes de vida del recién nacido. El plan de análisis estadístico incluyó prueba de chi cuadrada, razón de momios e intervalo de confianza para razón de momios. Resultados: Por cada 5,10 (IC95%: 2,71-9,52) madres con probable depresión posparto que no tienen lactancia materna exclusiva existe una madre sin probable depresión posparto que tampoco tiene lactancia materna exclusiva. En el primer grupo la prevalencia de no lactancia es del 65,1% y en el segundo grupo del 26,8% (p = 0,013). Conclusión: Se puede afirmar que la probable depresión posparto es un factor asociado a la suspensión de la lactancia materna exclusiva en el primer mes posterior al nacimiento.

Resumen Las enfermedades del esófago pueden presentar una incidencia y prevalencia extremadamente baja. Por lo tanto, es fundamental contar con equipos multidis ciplinarios que incluyan cirujanos especializados en afecciones esofágicas, con un alto volumen de casos, para garantizar un diagnóstico y manejo adecuados. En este estudio, se analizan casos de enfermedad esofágica con resultados satisfactorios y una resolución atípica. La falta de derivación a especialistas a tiempo puede llevar a una ausencia de diagnóstico o una baja calidad de vida para los pacientes. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de disponer de cirujanos especializados en esófago y equipos mul tidisciplinarios para asegurar la mejor atención posible para los pacientes.

Abstract Esophageal pathologies can exhibit extremely low incidence and prevalence rates. Therefore, it is essential to have multidisciplinary teams including surgeons spe cialized in esophageal pathology, with a high caseload, to ensure proper diagnosis and management. This manuscript presents a series of esophageal pathology cases with favorable outcomes and atypi cal resolution for non-specialized groups. However, failure to refer to specialists in a timely manner can result in missed diagnoses or poor quality of life for patients. These findings underscore the importance of hav ing surgeons specialized in esophageal pathology and multidisciplinary teams to provide the best possible care for patients. Lusoria dysphagia (LD) is a condition caused by vas cular compression of the esophagus, resulting from the most common embryological vascular abnormality of the aortic arch: the aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) or lusoria artery (LA). This variant occurs in 0.5 to 2.5% of individuals. Necrosis of the gastric tube following an esophagec tomy is a rare complication with a high mortality rate. Esophageal replacement with coloplasty is the preferred technique for a second attempt at reconstruction. How ever, this remains a complex surgery with a high rate of complications.

O campo digital pode ser visto de modo polissêmico, com dinâmicas de controle e vigilância, mas também como espaço criativo para emergência de novas sociabilidades. O presente trabalho enfatiza a segunda dimensão, investigando as contribuições das culturas digitais para o fortalecimento do campo social da Literatura de Cordel (LC) em suas articulações em redes, e na difusão e visibilidade dos seus atores sociais. A Literatura de Cordel  uma forma de poesia popular tradicional do Nordeste do Brasil, tem exibida uma nova vida nas mídias sociais. Muitos cordelistas divulgam seus projetos no Instagram, Facebook e YouTube para compartilhar seus legados e alcançar maior número de pessoas possível. Nessas mídias sociais circulam versos tradicionais de cordel, mas também adaptações para o ambiente digital, como vídeos de cordelistas recitando poemas, e até mesmo interações em tempo real com os seguidores. Isso tem contribuído para a preservação da tradição, da memória e identidade da LC e para a sua divulgação. O artigo investe na abordagem qualitativa da etnografia com observação participante para analisar os fluxos de interações de alguns cordelistas nas mídias sociais. Como resultado parcial, observa-se que as mídias sociais oferecem plataformas potentes para a divulgação e promoção de obras de Literatura de Cordel; bem como ambiente para encontros dos poetas e cordelistas em geral.

The digital field can be seen in a polysemic way, with dynamics of control and surveillance, but also as a creative space for emerging new sociabilities. This paper emphasizes the second dimension, investigating the contributions of digital cultures to strengthening the social field of Cordel Literature (LC) in its articulations in networks, and in the dissemination and visibility of its social actors. LC, a traditional form of popular poetry from the northeast of Brazil, has been given a new lease of life on social media. Many poets publicize their projects on Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube to share their legacies and reach as many people as possible. In these social media, traditional verses of Literatura de Cordel circulate, but also adaptations for the digital environment, such as videos of poets reciting poems, and even real-time interactions with followers. This has contributed to preserving the tradition, memory, and identity of the LC and its dissemination. This is a qualitative study that uses ethnography and participant observation to analyze the flow of interactions between some poets on social media. As a partial result, it was observed that social media offer powerful platforms for the dissemination and promotion of works of Cordel Literature, as well as an environment for meetings between poets and cordelistas in general.

Hierdie sewe-jaar longitudinale opvoedingstudie evalueer drie akademiese afleweringsmodusse vir deeltydse MBA-studente in hul Bemarkingsbestuursmodule, naamlik vol kontak (20172019), vol aanlyn tydens COVID-19 se harde inperking (2020-2021 en die daaropvolgende gemengde modus (2022-2023). Die studie het ten doel om te bepaal of die afleweringsmodus studente se akademiese prestasie beduidend beïnvloed. Die eenrigting-variansie-analise (EVA) het beduidende verskille tussen die afleweringsmodusse vir individuele opdragte (normatiewe assessering) en groepgevallestudies (summatiewe assessering) geïdentifiseer. Daar was ook betekenisvolle verskille tussen die akademiese prestasie ten opsigte van die finale saamgestelde portefeulje van kennis (wat as eksamen dien). Hierdie portefeulje bestaan uit 'n prakties-toegepaste bemarkingsplan. Die post-hoc toetse het getoon dat studente aansienlik beter gevaar het tydens die gemengde afleweringsmodus in individuele opdragte, terwyl die volledige aanlyn modus laer punte vir die groepgevallestudies gehad het. Beide die gemengde en volledige kontakmodusse het beduidende opeenvolgende verbetering vir die groepgevallestudies getoon, wat in elke gevallestudie verbetering getoon het namate die semester gevorder het. Dit verskil van volledige aanlyn onderrig. Die gemengde modus het ook aansienlik beter gevaar in die eksamen- en finale modulepunte en het selfs beter gevaar as volkontakklasse.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly transformed the tertiary education landscape. Traditional contact universities were forced abruptly to adopt a full-distance education mode, a situation neither the students nor lecturers were prepared for. Many lectures and teaching activities were developed on the fly as universities struggled to roll out the needed support in double-time for lecturers and students. This new normal for education required integrating technology, advanced communication software, revised assessment techniques, and recognising the need for flexible and adaptable approaches to teaching and learning. Students also evolved and gained technological proficiency, adaptability, time management, soft skills, social media proficiency, and an awareness of health and well-being. Albeit uncertain in redefining the new normal, universities continue to provide quality education. However, exactly how university education should be delivered to a new breed of students in a new business environment is a challenge. This is even more so in the case of executive MBA students. After the hard lockdown and restrictions were lifted on 21 September 2020, the North-West University Business School started to explore other modes of academic content delivery. Reinstating a full contact delivery mode was not an option because of remaining restrictions. High technological investment, online-educated lecturers and students, and benefits and developments during online learning now form a new normal for the Business School. Which teaching method, or rather, which mode of delivery, is the most relevant and adequate? Should the MBA lectures return to the historic full-contact delivery mode, stick with the newly established full online mode, or attempt to integrate the benefits of both into a hybrid mode of delivering business education to a new breed of technology-savvy students? This study, therefore, examines the academic performance of the different delivery modes by comparing data of Executive MBA Marketing management students at the NWU Business School in South Africa. The study examines the academic performance of these students from 2017 up to 2023. The panel database consists of Executive MBA students'marks for the module in Marketing Management from 2017 up to 2023. The database contains marks for individual assignments, groupwork case studies, final individual- and groupwork marks, exam marks and the final module mark. The final assessment is a portfolio of evidence comprising a detailed marketing plan for a product, service, or organisation of choice. The mode of delivery served as the dependent variable, while the independent variables comprised the marks for each assignment (groupwork, individual and portfolio of evidence). Three delivery modes were compared, namely full-contact (2017-2019), full-online (2020-2021), and the post-pandemic hybrid mode currently in effect (2022-2023). The data comprised 630 cases. However, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) used 532 cases to compare the different groupwork assignments (230 full-contact students, 159 full-online students, and 143 hybrid students). Cronbach's alpha coefficient measured the data's reliability, and one-way ANOVA determined significant differences (p<.05) between the academic performance of the three delivery modes. The analysis confirmed that significant differences exist between the modes of delivery for individual assignments, group case studies and exams (p<.05). The Tukey ab post-hoc tests showed that students performed significantly better during the hybrid delivery mode in individual assignments (69.2%) than full contact (63.8%). Regarding the individual assignment, the full online (63.8%) and full contact (63.7%) delivery modes perform significantly worse than the hybrid (69.2%) delivery mode. Regarding the first group case study (Group Assignment 1), full online performs (67.3%) significantly worse than hybrid (71.1%) and full contact (73.6%) delivery modes. There is no significant difference between the hybrid and full contact delivery modes. In the second, third, and fourth group case studies (Group Assignments 2, 3 & 4), the hybrid delivery mode (82.37%, 75.4%, 82.7%) outperforms the full contact (75.4, 80.1%, 86.6%) and full-online (71.4%, 71.4%, 67.8%) modes. The hybrid delivery mode, therefore, proves to be more conducive towards academic performance in group work. Finally, in considering the final module mark, the hybrid delivery mode (71.0%) is significantly higher than the other two delivery modes. However, there is no significant difference between full online (67.5%) and full-contact (67.2%) delivery modes regarding the final module mark. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the better performance in the final module marks is a function of the groupwork where the students analysed case studies together. There are no significant differences in the exam marks between the delivery modes, so better academic performance in the hybrid mode of delivery where groupwork is concerned culminates in the better module mark. Based on the findings, it is evident that the hybrid mode of delivery results in the best academic performance. This observation is based on three reasons, namely 1) students performed better in both the normative and summative assessments during hybrid tuition; 2) there is continuous progressive learning throughout the semester regarding the group case studies (summative assessment). They learn to improve and hone their skills to analyse better and apply business solutions to real-life problems experienced by organisations. This is based on students' improving marks in the group case studies as they become more proficient in analysing and answering the applied case studies because they learn from each case study; and 3) the students perform better academically in their normative assessments and earn higher final module marks (partially due to reason 2). It is concluded that the hybrid delivery mode facilitates the academic performance of post-pandemic executive MBA Marketing management students. JEL KODES: I23, I21, M30

Abstract This text explores two life paths that crossed under the sign of rattlesnake root, a native plant commonly used by the Seneca in Virginia but only discovered and applied in European-origin medicine in the second half of the 18th century. John Tennent and João de Sequeira shared their European roots, the influence of boerhaavian medicine on their medical practice and the enthusiasm for the therapeutic properties of rattlesnake root. Tennent, on settling in Virginia, learnt how the Seneca used this root to cure rattlesnake bites and used it to treat respiratory diseases, particularly pleurisy and pneumonia; amazed with the good results, he disseminated his discovery in America and Europe, although generating some controversy in the medical community. Sequeira, a doctor with family origins in Brazil and a childhood marked by inquisitorial harassment, studied medicine in Leiden under the influence of the boerhaavian school; he ended up moving to Williamsburg, where he began to use rattlesnake root as an essential element in his daily medical practice, as he made clear in his notes on the diseases prevalent in Virginia. The focus on the properties of this plant in the treatment of a variety of pathologies is indicative of the valorization of indigenous medicine and the search for innovative therapeutic treatments at the time.

Resumo Este texto explora dois percursos de vida que se cruzaram sob o signo da raiz de cascavel, uma planta nativa correntemente usada pelos índios Seneca na Virgínia, mas só descoberta e aplicada na medicina de origem europeia já na segunda metade do século XVIII. John Tennent e João de Sequeira comungavam a origem europeia, a influência da medicina boerhaaviana na sua prática médica e o entusiasmo pelas propriedades terapêuticas da raiz de cascavel. Tennent, ao estabelecer-se na Virgínia, tomou conhecimento de como os Seneca usavam esta raiz para curar mordeduras de cascavel e experimentou aplicá-la no tratamento de doenças respiratórias, em particular pleurisias e pneumonias; impressionado com os bons resultados, divulgou sua descoberta na América e na Europa, não sem gerar controvérsia entre a comunidade médica. Sequeira, médico com origens familiares no Brasil e uma infância marcada pela perseguição inquisitorial, estudou medicina em Leiden sob a influência da escola boerhaaviana; acabou por se radicar em Williamsburg, cidade onde começou a usar a raiz de cascavel como um elemento essencial na sua prática médica quotidiana, tal como deixou patente nas suas anotações sobre as doenças prevalentes na Virgínia. O enfoque nas propriedades desta planta no tratamento de uma variedade de patologias é revelador da valorização das práticas médicas indígenas e da busca por soluções terapêuticas inovadoras na época.

Abstract Pig Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) is a disease with economic repercussions for pig farmers worldwide as it causes low feed efficiency and, therefore, less weight gain in the fattening stage. The effect of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), turmeric oleoresin and capsicum (EP, plant extracts) on the productive performance of fattening pigs and on the health of a herd affected by PRRS was evaluated. Nine-hundred and sixty fattening pigs with an initial average weight of 5.21 ± 0.065 kg was randomly assigned to one of four treatments, T1, control; T2, DHA; T3, EP; T4, DHA+EP. The variables analyzed were weight at day 70 of life (P70), weight at market (PM), daily weight gain at day 70 of life (GDP70), daily weight gain to market (GDPM), feed conversion at day 70 of life (CA70) and feed conversion at market (CAM). T2 and T4 diets exceeded the control and T3 in P70 and GDP (P < 0.05), T2 and T4 did better than the control and T3 in CA70 (P < 0.05). T2, T3, and T4 surpasssed the control in PM (P < 0.05). All pigs had antibodies against PRRS throughout the study, although pigs in the second fattening cycle showed higher IgG values for T2 and T4. The cost of production for T2, T3 and T4 was lower for GDPM, CAM and PM. In conclusion, the treatments T2, T3, and T4 were superior to the control in PM and therefore, the use of DHA and phylogens wasp cost-effective.

Resumen El Síndrome Respiratorio y Reproductivo del Cerdo (PRRS) es una enfermedad que impacta económicamente a la porcicultora, pues provoca baja eficiencia alimenticia y menor ganancia de peso en la fase de engorda. Se evaluó el efecto de adicionar la dieta con ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), oleorresina de cúrcuma y capsicum (EP, extractos de plantas) sobre el desempeño productivo de cerdos en engorda y en la salud de una piara con PRRS. Novecientos sesenta cerdos con un peso promedio inicial de 5.21 ± 0.065 kg fueron asignados a uno de cuatro tratamientos: T1, testigo; T2, DHA; T3, EP; T4, DHA+EP. Las variables fueron: peso al día 70 (P70), peso a la salida al mercado (PM), ganancia diaria de peso al día 70 (GDP70), ganancia diaria de peso al mercado (GDPM), conversión alimenticia al día 70 (CA70) y conversión alimenticia a la salida al mercado (CAM). P70 y GDP mostraron que las dietas T2 y T4 (P < 0.05) superaron al testigo y a T3. En CA70, los cerdos de T2 y T4 fueron mejores que el testigo y T3 (P < 0.05). En PM, T2, T3 y T4 superaron al testigo (P < 0.05). Todos los cerdos fueron positivos a PRRS durante todo el estudio, aunque los cerdos del segundo ciclo de engorda mostraron más IgG en T2 y T4. El costo de producción para T2, T3 y T4 fue menor para GDPM, CAM y PM. En conclusión, las dietas experimentales fueron superiores al testigo en PM y, por ende, el uso de DHA y fitogénicos resultó rentable.

RESUMO Entre 1983 e 1991, o Partido Justicialista de Santa Fé (PJSF) foi formado por uma multiplicidade de “líderes setoriais”, incapazes de se impor uns aos outros, enquanto, ao mesmo tempo, governavam a província. A organização carecia, nos termos da narrativa peronista, de um “líder político” local. A partir da análise de entrevistas próprias e de terceiros, da análise de conteúdo da imprensa local e do diálogo com a bibliografia secundária, o artigo investiga o modo como as lideranças do peronismo de Santa Fé processaram essa situação de equilíbrio de forças e o tipo de práticas que implantaram uma vez rompido esse equilíbrio. Assim, identifica-se um primeiro período (1983-1988) em que foram implantados três tipos de práticas: a realização regular de eleições internas diretas para definição de candidatos; a convocação de congressos partidários para resolver questões institucionais internas; e a distribuição de cargos no governo entre as diferentes facções do partido. Em um segundo período (1989-1991), observou-se a interrupção dessas práticas e a implementação de novas. Tratava-se da implementação da Lei das Lemas; a demissão do vice-governador da província promovida pelos próprios peronistas; e a intervenção e suspensão da vida interna da PJSF pelas autoridades justicialistas nacionais. Conclui-se que a variedade mutável de práticas observadas em ambos os momentos está associada a certas ideias que os líderes peronistas têm sobre política e como fazer política, em particular, sobre a noção de "liderança" e sobre o papel das estruturas partidárias em sua própria práxis política.

RESUMEN Una multiplicidad de “líderes de sector”, sin capacidad de imponerse uno sobre otros, configuró al Partido Justicialista de Santa Fe (PJSF) entre 1983 y 1991 mientras, al mismo tiempo, gobernaba la provincia. La organización careció, según los términos de la narrativa peronista, de un “conductor político” local. A partir del análisis de entrevistas propias y de terceros, del análisis de contenido de la prensa local y del diálogo con bibliografía secundaria, el artículo indaga en el modo en el que los líderes del peronismo santafesino tramitaron esa situación de equilibrio de fuerzas y en el tipo de prácticas que desplegaron una vez que dicho equilibrio se rompió. Se identifica, así, un primer periodo (1983-1988) en el que se desplegaron tres tipos de prácticas: la realización regular de elecciones internas directas para definir candidaturas; la convocatoria a congresos partidarios para dirimir asuntos institucionales internos; y la distribución de cargos de gobierno entre las distintas fracciones del partido. En un segundo momento (1989-1991), se observa la interrupción de dichas prácticas y la implementación de otras nuevas. Se trató de la implementación de la ley de Lemas; de la destitución del vicegobernador de la provincia promovida por parte de los propios peronistas; y de la intervención y suspensión de la vida interna del PJSF por parte de las autoridades nacionales del justicialismo. Se concluye que la cambiante paleta de prácticas observada en uno y otro momento está asociada a determinadas ideas que los dirigentes peronistas tienen sobre la política y sobre cómo hacer política, en particular, sobre la noción de la “conducción” y sobre el rol de las estructuras partidarias en su propia praxis política.

ABSTRACT Between 1983 and 1991, the Justicialist Party of Santa Fe (PJSF) was formed by a multiplicity of "sector leaders", unable to impose themselves on each other, while, at the same time, it ruled the province. The organization lacked, in the terms of the Peronist narrative, a local "political leader." Based on the analysis of our own interviews and interviews of others, the content analysis of the local press and the dialogue with secondary bibliography, the article investigates the way in which the leaders of Santa Fe Peronism processed this situation of balance of forces and the type of practices they deployed once this balance was broken. Thus, a first period (1983-1988) is identified in which three types of practices were deployed: the regular practice of direct internal elections to define candidates; the announcement of party congresses to settle internal institutional issues; and the distribution of government positions between the different factions of the party. In a second moment (1989-1991), the interruption of these practices and the implementation of new ones were observed. These included the implementation of Lemas Law; of the dismissal of the vice-governor of the province promoted by the Peronists themselves; and the intervention and suspension of the internal life of the PJSF by the national Justicialist authorities. It is concluded that the changing variety of practices observed at both times is associated with certain ideas that Peronist leaders have about politics and how to do politics, in particular, about the notion of “leadership” and on the role of party structures in their own political praxis.

Resumo A primeira parte deste dossiê refletiu sobre a dinâmica da vergonha e do orgulho como eixo articulador do universo LGTB no contexto espanhol. Esta segunda parte retoma esse eixo de análise, mas se concentra em quatro países latino-americanos: México, Porto Rico, Cuba e Argentina. As histórias de vida, autobiografias, poemas, cartas e material de imprensa estudados nos diferentes artigos confirmam a hipótese de que o orgulho não é a experiência dominante a partir da década de 1970, nem a vergonha reina de forma homogênea no período anterior. Há, no entanto, uma especificidade própria da América Latina –além de sua diversidade lógica– na maneira como a vergonha e o orgulho se configuram entre os sujeitos dissidentes devido às circunstâncias políticas e socioeconômicas específicas da região. Assim, a vergonha não está vinculada apenas ao gênero e à sexualidade, mas também à classe social, à raça ou ao status socioeconômico, enquanto o orgulho também assume formas muito heterogêneas, nem sempre de natureza pública, devido à pressão de regimes autoritários ou de sociedades mais conservadoras em decorrência do machismo e da influência determinante da religião católica.

Resumen La primera parte del presente dossier reflexionaba sobre las dinámicas de la vergüenza y el orgullo como eje articulador del universo LGTB en el contexto español. Esta segunda parte retoma ese eje de análisis, pero pone el foco en cuatro países de Latinoamérica: México, Puerto Rico, Cuba y Argentina. Las historias de vida, autobiografías, poemarios, epistolarios y material de prensa que estudian los diferentes artículos permiten confirmar la hipótesis de que ni el orgullo es la experiencia dominante a partir de los años de 1970, ni la vergüenza rige de manera homogénea en el período precedente. Hay, sin embargo, una especificidad propia de Latinoamérica –más allá de su lógica diversidad– en el modo en que la vergüenza y el orgullo se configuran entre los sujetos disidentes debido a las circunstancias políticas y socioeconómicas propias de la región. Así, la vergüenza no se vincula únicamente al género y a la sexualidad, sino también a la clase social, la raza o el estatus socioeconómico, mientras que el orgullo asume también formas muy heterogéneas, no siempre de carácter público, debido a la presión de regímenes autoritarios o de sociedades más conservadoras a consecuencia del machismo y de la influencia determinante de la religión católica.

Abstract The first part of this dossier reflected on the dynamics of shame and pride as the articulating axis of the LGTB universe in the Spanish context. This second part takes up that axis of analysis but focuses on four Latin American countries: Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba and Argentina. The life stories, autobiographies, poems, letters and press material studied in the different articles confirm the hypothesis that pride is not the dominant experience from the 1970s onwards, nor does shame rule homogeneously in the preceding period. There is, however, a specificity to Latin America –beyond its logical diversity– in the way in which shame and pride are configured among dissident subjects due to the political and socioeconomic circumstances specific to the region. Thus, shame is not only linked to gender and sexuality, but also to social class, race or socio-economic status, while pride also assumes very heterogeneous forms, not always of a public nature, due to the pressure of authoritarian regimes or more conservative societies as a result of machismo and the determining influence of the Catholic religion.