Abstract Introduction: Positive mental health involves a mix of personal and psychosocial resources, as well as attitudes, affections, and positive behaviors that allow the person to face the challenges that arise in life, at a personal, family, social, and school level. Objective: Determine the association between personal factors and positive mental health in high school students during COVID-19. Methodology: Descriptive correlational study. Intentional non-probabilistic sampling. The sample consisted of 210 students of both sexes, ages 15 to 19, enrolled in cycle 2022-1 of the morning shift. Adolescents with visual conditions were excluded. A personal factors study and Positive Mental Health Scale were applied, with prior assent and informed consent. The statistical analysis was descriptive and inferential Results: The students were 64.8% female, 76.1% were under 17 years of age, 53.3% were in the sixth semester, 42% presented COVID-19 and 45% reported losses due to COVID-19. Global positive mental health was low in 50.5% of students. There was a significant positive statistical association in overall positive mental health with sex p=0.01, and a negative one with suffering from a mental illness p=0.01 and having family members who suffered from a mental illness p=0.05. Conclusion: Mental health of young people was not very positive. It needs to be studied to generate nursing interventions for promotion and prevention of school health to result in effective stress management of young people who are in high school when considering the family, society, and the educational field.

Abstrato Introdução: A saúde mental positiva envolve um conjunto de recursos pessoais e psicossociais, atitudes, afetos e comportamentos positivos que permitem à pessoa enfrentar os desafios que surgem na vida, a nível pessoal, familiar, social e escolar. Objetivo: Determinar a associação entre fatores pessoais e saúde mental positiva em estudantes do ensino médio em tempos de COVID-19. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, preditivo e correlacional. Amostragem não probabilística intencional, amostra 210 estudantes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 15 e 19 anos, matriculados no ciclo 2022-1 do turno da manhã. Foram excluídos os adolescentes com problemas visuais. Foram aplicados inquérito de fatores pessoais e Escala de Saúde Mental Positiva, com prévio assentimento e consentimento informado. A análise estatística foi descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: Os alunos eram 64,8% do sexo feminino, 76,1% tinham menos de 17 anos, 53,3% estavam no sexto semestre, 42% apresentaram COVID-19 e 45% relataram perdas por COVID-19. A saúde mental positiva global foi baixa em 50,5% dos estudantes. Houve associação estatística positiva significativa na saúde mental geral positiva com sexo p=0,01, e negativa com sofrer de doença mental p=0,01 e ter familiares que sofriam de doença mental p=0,05. Conclusão: A saúde mental positiva dos jovens foi baixa, necessita ser estudada para gerar intervenções de enfermagem na promoção e prevenção da saúde escolar para promover o enfrentamento eficaz do manejo do estresse dos jovens que estão no ensino médio quando se considera a família, a sociedade e o campo educacional.

Resumen Introducción: La salud mental positiva involucra una mezcla de recursos personales y psicosociales, actitudes, afectos y comportamientos positivos que permiten a la persona enfrentar los retos que se le presentan en la vida, a nivel personal, familiar, social y escolar. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre factores personales y la salud mental positiva en estudiantes de bachillerato en tiempos de COVID-19. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo correlacional. Muestreo intencional no probabilístico, en una muestra de 210 estudiantes de ambos sexos, edades de 15 a 19 años, inscritos en ciclo 2022-1 del turno matutino. Se excluyeron adolescentes con afecciones visuales. Se aplicó encuesta de factores personales y Escala de Salud Mental Positiva, previo asentimiento y consentimiento informado. El análisis estadístico fue descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: Los estudiantes fueron 64.8 % del sexo femenino, 76.1 % eran menores de 17 años, 53.3 % cursaban sexto semestre, 42 % presentó COVID-19 y 45 % manifestó pérdidas por Covid-19. La salud mental positiva global fue baja en 50.5 % de los estudiantes. Hubo asociación estadística significativa positiva en salud mental positiva global con sexo p=0.01, y negativa con padecer alguna enfermedad mental p=0.01 y contar con familiares que padecían alguna enfermedad mental p=0.05. Conclusión: La salud mental positiva de los jóvenes fue baja, se requiere ser estudiada para generar intervenciones de enfermería en promoción y prevención de la salud escolar para favorecer un afrontamiento efectivo del manejo el estrés de los jóvenes que cursan bachillerato al considerar a la familia, la sociedad y al ámbito educativo.

Abstract This work aims to model per capita water consumption in schools in the city of Joinville-SC. As the school environment is largely responsible for the transmission of knowledge, including information on water conservation, 26 public schools were selected for this research. A survey was carried out on the use of water, through visits and a questionnaire to the management team of each school. The data collected allowed the characterization of schools and a preliminary diagnosis of water use. A descriptive analysis of per capita water consumption was performed, with values ranging from 5.15 to 18.59 liters/student/day. Correlation analysis, multiple linear regression, Bayesian linear regression and geographically weighted regression were used. The results of the correlation analysis reveal that the higher the average income in the neighborhood where the school is located and the area per student ratio, the higher the per capita water consumption. On the other hand, the number of students has a negative correlation with per capita consumption. In the statistical modeling, the independent variable area per student ratio was significant. JoinvilleSC. JoinvilleSC Joinville SC. SC Joinville-SC knowledge conservation 2 research performed 515 5 15 5.1 1859 18 59 18.5 litersstudentday liters day liters/student/day used hand modeling significant 51 1 5. 185 18.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo a modelagem estatística do consumo de água per capita em escolas da cidade de Joinville, SC. Levando em consideração que o ambiente escolar é grande responsável pela transmissão de conhecimentos, inclusive acerca da conservação da água, foram selecionadas para objetos de estudo desta pesquisa 26 escolas públicas da rede estadual de ensino fundamental e médio. Efetivou-se um levantamento sobre a utilização da água, por meio de visitas e questionário à direção de cada escola. Os dados coletados permitiram a caracterização das escolas e um diagnóstico preliminar do uso da água, com valores de indicador de consumo variando entre 5,15 e 18,59 litros/aluno/dia. Foi feita a análise de correlação entre as variáveis e posterior modelagem do consumo de água nas escolas, usando regressão linear múltipla, regressão linear Bayesiana e regressão geograficamente ponderada. Os resultados da análise de correlação revelam que quanto maior a renda média no bairro em que a escola está localizada e a razão área por aluno, maior o indicador de consumo. Por outro lado, o número de alunos apresenta correlação negativa com o indicador de consumo. Na modelagem estatística, a variável independente razão área por aluno apresentou-se significativa. Joinville SC conhecimentos 2 médio Efetivouse Efetivou se 515 5 15 5,1 1859 18 59 18,5 litrosalunodia litros dia litros/aluno/dia múltipla ponderada lado apresentouse apresentou significativa 51 1 5, 185 18,

RESUMEN El artículo tiene por objetivo caracterizar la evolución histórica de la formación permanente de los directivos de las escuelas pedagógicas en Cuba y su gestión. Para ello se establecieron las siguientes etapas: la primera desde 1959- 1974, la segunda de 1975- 2009 y la tercera del 2010 hasta la actualidad. Además, para en análisis del mencionado proceso, se plantean indicadores homogéneos que permitieron describir su comportamiento en cada uno de las etapas establecidas.

ABSTRACT The article aims to characterize the historical evolution of the permanent training of the directors of the pedagogical schools in Cuba and their management. For this, the following stages were established. The first from 1959-1974, the second form 1975-2009 and the third from 2010 to the present. In addition, for the analysis of the aforementioned process, homogeneous indicators are proposed that allow describing its behavior in each of the established stages.

Resumo Este artigo reflete sobre a necessidade urgente de fortalecimento dos valores democráticos e do exercício da cidadania desde a infância frente à crescente implantação do modelo de militarização em escolas públicas brasileiras. Parte-se da análise das diretrizes do Programa Nacional das Escolas Cívico-Militares (PECIM), estabelecido entre 2019 e 2022. Foram realizados estudos bibliográfico e documental, buscando responder às questões: Que tipo de cidadão a escola pública tende a formar por meio da cidadania praticada nos padrões de ensino, valores e comportamentos adotados pelos militares? Que ethos valorativo norteia a defesa dos militares no comando da gestão e dos processos educativos das escolas públicas brasileiras? Em oposição à militarização escolar, defende-se um projeto de educação para a democracia, fundamentado no exercício da cidadania desde a infância, com vistas à efetivação de um com vistas à efetivação de um ethos valorativo mais afinado com a sociedade democrática e com a garantia de direitos e de justiça social. brasileiras Partese Parte se CívicoMilitares Cívico Militares PECIM, PECIM , (PECIM) 201 2022 documental questões ensino escolar defendese defende democracia social (PECIM 20 202 2

Abstract This article reflects on the urgent need to strengthen democratic values and the exercise of citizenship from childhood onwards, in view of the growing implementation of the militarization model in Brazilian public schools today. It starts with the analysis of the guidelines of the National Program of Civic-Military Schools (PECIM) between 2019 and 2022. Bibliographic and documentary studies were carried out seeking to answer the questions: What type of citizen does public school tend to form through citizenship practiced in the teaching standards, values and behaviors adopted by the military? What ethos of values guides the defense of the military in command of the management and educational processes of Brazilian public schools? In opposition to school militarization, an education project for democracy based on the exercise of citizenship since childhood is defended, with a view to implementing an ethos of values more in tune with a democratic society and the guarantee of rights and social justice. onwards today CivicMilitary Civic Military PECIM (PECIM 201 2022 questions standards defended justice 20 202 2

RESUMEN Paraguay ha aumentado la inversión en educación en la última década por medio del Fondo Nacional de Inversión Pública y Desarrollo (FONACIDE) cuya finalidad consiste en abordar las carencias que afectan a la educación paraguaya. Entonces, considerando la creciente preocupación por la gestión de los recursos públicos dada la escasa infraestructura y el deficiente servicio del almuerzo escolar, en este trabajo se pretende analizar la eficiencia de la gestión de los gastos públicos en educación del FONACIDE de los departamentos de Paraguay durante el período 2015 a 2017, a través de la aplicación de la técnica Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) con análisis de ventana y retornos variables de escala con orientación producto. La técnica DEA con análisis de ventana consiste en medir el nivel de eficiencia de varias Decision Making Units (DMUs) en diferentes períodos de tiempo basado en el principio de promedios móviles. Los resultados muestran que la ineficiencia técnica pura media nacional es del 11,04%, por tanto, los departamentos en general podrían mejorar sus indicadores educativos utilizando los mismos niveles de financiamiento. Además, el mayor acceso a recursos no está vinculado a mejores rendimientos educativos. Por tanto, para potenciar el rendimiento educativo es necesario establecer otros criterios de redistribución presupuestaria del FONACIDE, considerando la necesidad de infraestructura y número de alumnos matriculados por departamento.

ABSTRACT Paraguay has increased investment in education over the past decade through the National Fund for Public Investment and Development (FONACIDE), whose goal is to address the deficiencies affecting Paraguayan education. Considering the growing concern over the management of public resources given the inadequate infrastructure and poor school lunch service, this paper aims to analyze the efficiency of public spending management in education by FONACIDE in the departments of Paraguay during the period 2015 to 2017. This is achieved through the application of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique with window analysis and variable returns to scale with product orientation. The DEA technique with window analysis measures the efficiency level of several Decision-Making Units (DMUs) over different periods based on the moving averages principle. The results show that the average national pure technical inefficiency is 11.04%, meaning that the departments, in general, could improve their educational indicators using the same funding levels. Additionally, greater access to resources is not linked to better educational outcomes. Therefore, to enhance educational performance, it is necessary to establish other budget redistribution criteria for FONACIDE, considering the need for infrastructure and the number of enrolled students per department

Resumen Introducción: la lepra afecta a millones de personas deteriorando la salud física y mental, generando complicaciones como síntomas depresivos que pueden afectar la calidad de vida. Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos en una agremiación de pacientes y expacientes con enfermedad de Hansen de una ciudad del Caribe colombiano. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo con muestreo no probabilístico en miembros de una agremiación de pacientes y ex-pacientes con enfermedad de Hansen de una ciudad del Caribe colombiano. Los síntomas depresivos fueron estimados mediante test de Beck I y los resultados se contrastaron con variables sociodemográficas y clínicas mediante análisis bivariado. Resultados: participaron 51 personas, con una edad promedio de 52 años (IC 35,7-68,5), y predominio del sexo masculino (57%). El 39% de la población cursó bachillerato, el 25% se encontraban en tratamiento al momento de la encuesta y el 33% presentaban algún grado de discapacidad. El 27%, 16% y 2% de la población presentó depresión leve, moderada y severa respectivamente. El síntoma depresivo más frecuentemente descrito fue la fatiga (13%) seguido de cambios en el apetito (84,2%), llanto (81,6%), y tristeza (79%). No se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre presencia de síntomas depresivos y características sociodemográficas, el tratamiento y la discapacidad. Conclusiones: el 35% de los encuestados con el test de Beck I obtuvo calificaciones compatibles con depresión, se recomienda incluir manejo especializado en salud mental dentro del abordaje integral del paciente y expaciente con enfermedad de Hansen.

ABSTACT Introduction: Leprosy affects millions of people, impairing both physical and mental health and giving rise to complications such as depressive symptoms that can impact the quality of life. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms in an association of patients and former patients with Hansen's disease in a city in the Colombian Caribbean. Materials and methods: A descriptive study with non-probabilistic sampling was conducted among members of an association of patients and former patients with Hansen's disease in a city in the Colombian Caribbean. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory, and the results were compared with sociodemographic and clinical variables through bivariate analysis. Results: Fifty-one individuals participated, with an average age of 52 years (CI 35.7-68.5), and a male predominance (57%). Thirty-nine percent of the population had completed high school, 25% were undergoing treatment at the time of the survey, and 33% had some degree of disability. Twenty-seven percent, 16%, and 2% of the population exhibited mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively. The most frequently reported depressive symptom was fatigue (13%), followed by changes in appetite (84.2%), crying (81.6%), and sadness (79%). No statistically significant relationship was found between the presence of depressive symptoms and sociodemographic characteristics, treatment, or disability. Conclusions: It is evident that 35% of respondents scored in the range indicative of depression on the Beck Depression Inventory. Specialized mental health management is recommended to be included in the comprehensive care of patients and former patients with Hansen's disease.

Abstract: This research aims to describe and interpret teachers' subjective theories about idiosyncratic characteristics associated with the use of non-teaching time. The study is part of a larger investigation into teachers' subjective theories regarding school time. It employs a case study design within an interpretive, mixed-methods framework, conducted in Chile with 12 teachers who were interviewed using a semi-structured format and a time perspective instrument. Data analysis involved open coding and a secondary comparison of qualitative results with findings from the time perspective scale. The results highlight common challenges such as taking work home, which impacts mental health. While some teachers describe themselves as structured and efficient, others struggle to balance family and work responsibilities. Experience influences their time management, showing a variety in the perception of personal versus work time, and revealing a trend toward a future-oriented view, though some exhibit a fatalistic present attitude

Resumen: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo describir e interpretar las teorías subjetivas de docentes sobre características idiosincráticas de los profesores asociadas al uso del tiempo no lectivo. El estudio se enmarca en una investigación mayor sobre teorías subjetivas de docentes acerca del tiempo escolar. El diseño es un estudio de casos bajo un paradigma interpretativo, mixto, realizado en Chile con 12 profesores a los que se les aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada y un instrumento de perspectiva temporal. El análisis de los datos consistió en codificación abierta y secundariamente la contrastación de los resultados cualitativos con los hallazgos derivados de aplicar la escala de perspectiva temporal. Los resultados destacan desafíos comunes como el llevar trabajo a casa, lo que afecta la salud mental. Aunque algunos docentes se describen como estructurados y eficientes, otros luchan por equilibrar responsabilidades familiares y laborales. La experiencia influye en su manejo del tiempo, mostrando variedad en la percepción del tiempo personal frente al laboral, y revelando una tendencia hacia una visión más orientada al futuro, pero con una actitud presente fatalista en algunos casos

Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever e interpretar as teorias subjetivas de docentes sobre características idiossincráticas dos professores associadas ao uso do tempo não letivo. O estudo está inserido em uma pesquisa maior sobre teorias subjetivas dos docentes sobre o tempo escolar. A metodologia aplicada foi de estudo de casos sob um paradigma interpretativo, misto, realizado no Chile com 12 professores, aos quais foram aplicados uma entrevista semiestruturada e um instrumento de perspectiva temporal. A análise dos dados envolveu codificação aberta e, secundariamente, a comparação dos resultados qualitativos com os achados derivados da aplicação da escala de perspectiva temporal. Os resultados destacam desafios comuns, como levar trabalho para casa, o que afeta a saúde mental. Embora alguns docentes se descrevam como estruturados e eficientes, outros lutam para equilibrar responsabilidades familiares e profissionais. A experiência influencia sua gestão do tempo, mostrando variação na percepção do tempo pessoal versus profissional e revelando uma tendência para uma visão mais orientada para o futuro, mas com uma atitude presente fatalista em alguns casos

Permanent professional training is transcendental in the development of skills of Peruvian teachers, because it not only improves their work performance, but also promotes learning achievements, effective school management and organizational productivity-profitability. The objective of the research carried out was to determine the level of implementation and knowledge of continuing professional training as a human right to work in the Peruvian teaching profession and its particularities in the public and private sectors. The methodology was a mixed approach, type of basic and socio-legal research, with a descriptive-comparative and concurrent design, the sample was 306 teachers and 16 legal labor standards. The findings indicate that the implementation of permanent professional training as a human right to work is not very favorable, evident in 35.0% of teachers who value it in the process and 35.6% who value it at the beginning; Furthermore, the level of teachers' knowledge of said training as a human right to work is unfavorable, reflected in 23.2% who are at the acceptable level and 45.4% who are at the unsatisfactory level; Likewise, with the 0.273 bilateral significance it is demonstrated that the difference is not significant in the level of implementation and knowledge of continuing professional training as a human right to work between public and private teachers.

O desenvolvimento profissional contínuo é crucial para o desenvolvimento das competências dos professores, pois melhora seu desempenho no trabalho, promove os resultados da aprendizagem, a gestão escolar eficaz e a produtividade e lucratividade da organização. O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar o nível de implementação e conhecimento do desenvolvimento profissional contínuo como um direito humano ao trabalho na profissão docente peruana e suas particularidades nos setores público e privado. A metodologia foi de abordagem mista, do tipo pesquisa básica e sociojurídica, com um desenho descritivo-comparativo e concorrente, a amostra foi de 306 professores e 16 normas trabalhistas legais. Os resultados indicam que a implementação do desenvolvimento profissional contínuo como um direito humano ao trabalho não é muito favorável, com 35,0% dos professores classificando-o como em andamento, enquanto 35,6% o classificam como no início; além disso, o nível de conhecimento dos professores sobre esse treinamento é desfavorável, com 23,2% no nível aceitável e 45,4% no nível insatisfatório; Da mesma forma, o 0,273 de significância bilateral mostra que a diferença não é significativa no nível de implementação e conhecimento do desenvolvimento profissional contínuo como um direito humano ao trabalho entre professores públicos e privados.

La formación profesional permanente resulta trascendental para el desarrollo de competencias del magisterio, porque mejora su desempeño laboral, favorece logros de aprendizaje, una gestión escolar efectiva y la productividad-rentabilidad organizacional. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el nivel de implementación y conocimiento de la formación profesional permanente como derecho humano al trabajo en el magisterio peruano y sus particularidades en el sector público y privado. La metodología fue de enfoque mixto, tipo de investigación básica y socio jurídica, con diseño descriptivo-comparativo y concurrente, la muestra fue de 306 docentes y 16 normas jurídicas laborales. Los hallazgos indican que la implementación de la formación profesional permanente como derecho humano al trabajo es poco favorable, evidenciándose en el 35,0 % de docentes que la valora en proceso, mientras el 35,6 % la valora en inicio; además, el nivel de conocimiento de los docentes sobre dicha formación es desfavorable, reflejado en 23,2 % ubicados en nivel aceptable y 45,4 % en el nivel insatisfactorio; asimismo, el 0,273 de significancia bilateral demuestra que la diferencia no es significativa en el nivel de implementación y conocimiento de la formación profesional permanente como derecho humano al trabajo entre el magisterio público y privado.  

A eficácia escolar é uma temática consolidada no contexto internacional. No Brasil, contudo, o tema recebeu interesse apenas a partir da década de 1990. Assim, esta pesquisa objetiva realizou uma revisão sistemática da literatura recente produzida no país sobre os fatores que influenciam a eficácia escolar, no período de 2014 a 2023. Para tanto , buscaram artigos no Portal de Periódicos da CAPES e na Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), utilizando os descritores “(eficácia) e (escola*)”. Após os processos de triagem, elencaram-se 15 artigos para análise, nos quais se identificaram cinco fatores que influenciam a eficácia escolar: liderança do gestor escolar, eficácia docente, características sociodemográficas dos alunos, clima escolar e gestão democrática. Entre os fatores de influência comuns a todos os estudos estavam: desigualdades de condições de escolarização e desempenho dos alunos, associadas às suas características sociodemográficas; liderança do gestor escolar; eficácia docente; e clima escolar. Como diferenciais deste estudo, revelaram-se a importância da gestão democrática, da eficácia coletiva docente e da associação entre clima escolar e percepções de violência dos alunos, ausentes nos estudos anteriores. Sugere-se uma agenda de estudos futuros para ampliar a compreensão sobre a temática.

School effectiveness is a consolidated theme in the international context. In Brazil, however, the topic has only received interest since the 1990s. This research therefore aims to conduct a systematic review of recent literature produced in the country on the factors that affect school effectiveness from 2014 to 2023. To this end, articles were searched for on the Portal de Periódicos da CAPES and the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), using the descriptors "(eficácia) and (escola*)". After screening, 15 articles were selected for analysis, in which five factors that influence school effectiveness were identified: leadership of the school manager, teacher effectiveness, sociodemographic characteristics of the students, school climate, and democratic management. Among the influencing factors common to all the studies were: inequalities in schooling conditions and student performance, associated with their sociodemographic characteristics; leadership of the school manager; teacher effectiveness; and school climate. The importance of democratic management, collective teacher efficacy, and the association between school climate and students' perceptions of violence, which were absent in previous studies, were revealed as differential factors in this study. An agenda of future studies is suggested to broaden understanding of the subject.

Abstract: This article reports a study documenting managerial leadership within the schoolwork in tele-secondary institutions during the Covid-19 pandemic. The approach was qualitative with case study support. An exploratory stage was carried out, with the participation of management and teaching staff from the State of Veracruz, Mexico, and another in-depth stage, which resulted in the selection of two cases. The analysis presented focuses on a school principal and the center where he works; with the support of Atlas.ti, three categories were defined: teacher well-being, closeness to the students and professional learning community. The results show that what prevailed was the physical, labor and emotional well-being of teachers; the search for permanence and learning of the students, as well as the constitution of a professional learning community. We recognized that the possibility of innovation in education emerged, even amidst the health crisis.

Resumen: Este artículo presenta un estudio que documenta el liderazgo directivo dentro del trabajo escolar en telesecundaria durante la pandemia por covid-19. El enfoque fue cualitativo con apoyo en el estudio de casos. Se desarrolló una etapa exploratoria, con participación de personal directivo y docente de Veracruz, México, y otra de profundización, que permitió la selección de dos casos. El análisis presentado se enfoca en un director y la escuela donde labora; con apoyo en Atlas.ti, se definieron tres categorías: bienestar docente, cercanía con el alumnado y comunidad profesional de aprendizaje. Los resultados muestran el cuidado del bienestar físico, laboral y emocional docente; se procuró la permanencia y los aprendizajes del alumnado, así como la constitución de una comunidad profesional de aprendizaje. Se reconoció que, en medio de la crisis sanitaria, germinó la posibilidad de innovar en la educación.

Abstract: Student socioeconomic segregation is one of the main sources of educational inequity in Argentina. The objective of this paper is to study the explanatory factors of school attendance in privately managed institutions at the secondary level. Furthermore, given the differences in the participation of the private sector by provinces, we particularly aim to compare these determinants to identify possible discrepancies related to geographic location. Some evidence was found that, beyond purchasing power, various social, economic, and cultural characteristics of households are associated with the type of school attended. Moreover, it can be observed that these relationships are not totally homogeneous between the provinces.

Resumen: La segregación del alumnado por nivel socioeconómico es una de las principales fuentes de inequidad educativa en Argentina. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar los factores explicativos de la asistencia escolar a instituciones de gestión privada en el nivel secundario. Asimismo, dadas las diferencias en la participación del sector privado por provincias, se busca especialmente comparar dichos determinantes entre estas para detectar si hay discrepancias vinculadas con la localización geográfica. Para ello, se utilizan datos del operativo de evaluación Aprender 2017 y se estima un modelo econométrico de regresión logística. Se halla evidencia a favor de que, más allá del poder adquisitivo, diversas características sociales, económicas y culturales de los hogares se asocian con el tipo de escuela a la cual se asiste. Además, se observa que dichas relaciones no son totalmente homogéneas entre las provincias.

BACKGROUND: Limited research exists on medical students' coping and adjustment skills, especially in the South African context. Stakeholders planning medical curricula need to be aware of emotional and communication skills that allow students to cope and adjust to stress associated with transitioning to medical studies OBJECTIVE: To design a support framework to facilitate first-year undergraduate medical students' social learning and integration skills METHODS: This descriptive qualitative case study used multiple data collection methods, nominal group meetings and Delphi questionnaires to explore and understand undergraduate medical students' challenges with social learning and integration factors. These insights were then used to develop the support framework RESULTS: The support framework articulates levels of engagement and actions required to address social learning and integrated factors, namely under-preparedness, peer support, confidence, self-management, alienation and academic advice CONCLUSION: Implementing the proposed support framework on social learning and integration could facilitate the successful transition of first-year undergraduate medical students from high school to university. This framework aids students in dealing with social learning and integrated factors, such as under-preparedness, peer support, confidence, self-management and alienation as well as academic advice using contextualised and appropriate skills and tools

Abstract Introduction Teachers are a high-risk group for the development of vocal dysfunction, as they use voice extensively in their profession. Objective To know the prevalence and risk factors associated with voice strain in teachers. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among schoolteachers in Chitwan, Nepal. The Voice Handicap Index questionnaire was used as a survey tool. Result A total of 315 teachers were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the participants was of 36.7 years. Teachers from public schools, primary grade classes, > 50 pupils in the classroom, > 24 hours of classes per week, dust in class, and recurrent tonsil problems were associated with various degrees of vocal handicap. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of voice disorder among teachers. A holistic approach, which includes teacher education regarding voice care during their work and management of their voice handicap by taking into consideration different risk factors, must be adopted. highrisk dysfunction profession crosssectional cross sectional Chitwan Nepal tool 31 367 36 7 36. years schools 5 classroom 2 week class approach adopted 3

Hierdie sewe-jaar longitudinale opvoedingstudie evalueer drie akademiese afleweringsmodusse vir deeltydse MBA-studente in hul Bemarkingsbestuursmodule, naamlik vol kontak (20172019), vol aanlyn tydens COVID-19 se harde inperking (2020-2021 en die daaropvolgende gemengde modus (2022-2023). Die studie het ten doel om te bepaal of die afleweringsmodus studente se akademiese prestasie beduidend beïnvloed. Die eenrigting-variansie-analise (EVA) het beduidende verskille tussen die afleweringsmodusse vir individuele opdragte (normatiewe assessering) en groepgevallestudies (summatiewe assessering) geïdentifiseer. Daar was ook betekenisvolle verskille tussen die akademiese prestasie ten opsigte van die finale saamgestelde portefeulje van kennis (wat as eksamen dien). Hierdie portefeulje bestaan uit 'n prakties-toegepaste bemarkingsplan. Die post-hoc toetse het getoon dat studente aansienlik beter gevaar het tydens die gemengde afleweringsmodus in individuele opdragte, terwyl die volledige aanlyn modus laer punte vir die groepgevallestudies gehad het. Beide die gemengde en volledige kontakmodusse het beduidende opeenvolgende verbetering vir die groepgevallestudies getoon, wat in elke gevallestudie verbetering getoon het namate die semester gevorder het. Dit verskil van volledige aanlyn onderrig. Die gemengde modus het ook aansienlik beter gevaar in die eksamen- en finale modulepunte en het selfs beter gevaar as volkontakklasse.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly transformed the tertiary education landscape. Traditional contact universities were forced abruptly to adopt a full-distance education mode, a situation neither the students nor lecturers were prepared for. Many lectures and teaching activities were developed on the fly as universities struggled to roll out the needed support in double-time for lecturers and students. This new normal for education required integrating technology, advanced communication software, revised assessment techniques, and recognising the need for flexible and adaptable approaches to teaching and learning. Students also evolved and gained technological proficiency, adaptability, time management, soft skills, social media proficiency, and an awareness of health and well-being. Albeit uncertain in redefining the new normal, universities continue to provide quality education. However, exactly how university education should be delivered to a new breed of students in a new business environment is a challenge. This is even more so in the case of executive MBA students. After the hard lockdown and restrictions were lifted on 21 September 2020, the North-West University Business School started to explore other modes of academic content delivery. Reinstating a full contact delivery mode was not an option because of remaining restrictions. High technological investment, online-educated lecturers and students, and benefits and developments during online learning now form a new normal for the Business School. Which teaching method, or rather, which mode of delivery, is the most relevant and adequate? Should the MBA lectures return to the historic full-contact delivery mode, stick with the newly established full online mode, or attempt to integrate the benefits of both into a hybrid mode of delivering business education to a new breed of technology-savvy students? This study, therefore, examines the academic performance of the different delivery modes by comparing data of Executive MBA Marketing management students at the NWU Business School in South Africa. The study examines the academic performance of these students from 2017 up to 2023. The panel database consists of Executive MBA students'marks for the module in Marketing Management from 2017 up to 2023. The database contains marks for individual assignments, groupwork case studies, final individual- and groupwork marks, exam marks and the final module mark. The final assessment is a portfolio of evidence comprising a detailed marketing plan for a product, service, or organisation of choice. The mode of delivery served as the dependent variable, while the independent variables comprised the marks for each assignment (groupwork, individual and portfolio of evidence). Three delivery modes were compared, namely full-contact (2017-2019), full-online (2020-2021), and the post-pandemic hybrid mode currently in effect (2022-2023). The data comprised 630 cases. However, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) used 532 cases to compare the different groupwork assignments (230 full-contact students, 159 full-online students, and 143 hybrid students). Cronbach's alpha coefficient measured the data's reliability, and one-way ANOVA determined significant differences (p<.05) between the academic performance of the three delivery modes. The analysis confirmed that significant differences exist between the modes of delivery for individual assignments, group case studies and exams (p<.05). The Tukey ab post-hoc tests showed that students performed significantly better during the hybrid delivery mode in individual assignments (69.2%) than full contact (63.8%). Regarding the individual assignment, the full online (63.8%) and full contact (63.7%) delivery modes perform significantly worse than the hybrid (69.2%) delivery mode. Regarding the first group case study (Group Assignment 1), full online performs (67.3%) significantly worse than hybrid (71.1%) and full contact (73.6%) delivery modes. There is no significant difference between the hybrid and full contact delivery modes. In the second, third, and fourth group case studies (Group Assignments 2, 3 & 4), the hybrid delivery mode (82.37%, 75.4%, 82.7%) outperforms the full contact (75.4, 80.1%, 86.6%) and full-online (71.4%, 71.4%, 67.8%) modes. The hybrid delivery mode, therefore, proves to be more conducive towards academic performance in group work. Finally, in considering the final module mark, the hybrid delivery mode (71.0%) is significantly higher than the other two delivery modes. However, there is no significant difference between full online (67.5%) and full-contact (67.2%) delivery modes regarding the final module mark. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the better performance in the final module marks is a function of the groupwork where the students analysed case studies together. There are no significant differences in the exam marks between the delivery modes, so better academic performance in the hybrid mode of delivery where groupwork is concerned culminates in the better module mark. Based on the findings, it is evident that the hybrid mode of delivery results in the best academic performance. This observation is based on three reasons, namely 1) students performed better in both the normative and summative assessments during hybrid tuition; 2) there is continuous progressive learning throughout the semester regarding the group case studies (summative assessment). They learn to improve and hone their skills to analyse better and apply business solutions to real-life problems experienced by organisations. This is based on students' improving marks in the group case studies as they become more proficient in analysing and answering the applied case studies because they learn from each case study; and 3) the students perform better academically in their normative assessments and earn higher final module marks (partially due to reason 2). It is concluded that the hybrid delivery mode facilitates the academic performance of post-pandemic executive MBA Marketing management students. JEL KODES: I23, I21, M30

ABSTRACT This qualitative study analyzes the metaphors used by teachers and directors of Peruvian schools, their relationship with school management in order to understand their reality, and serve as basis for future studies that propose improvement actions to strengthen their culture. For this, a survey was applied to 100 teachers from the different regions of Peru, obtaining that their management is recognized, mainly, under a political perspective, where it is indicated that it involves the generation of resistance, conflict resolution, empowerment and focus. of human development. Likewise, various metaphorical patterns were recognized that are capable of reflecting the particularities of each school culture, and the most identified metaphorical orientation is empowerment. Finally, the metaphors demonstrated that when they are used as an object of analysis, they allow the recognition of interests, needs, difficulties, conflicts and others that contribute to decision-making in favor of the achievement of the school's objectives.

RESUMEN El presente estudio de carácter cualitativo analiza las metáforas empleadas por los docentes y directivos de escuelas peruanas, su relación con la gestión escolar para comprender su realidad y servir de base a futuros estudios que propongan acciones de mejora para el fortalecimiento de su cultura. Para ello, se aplicó una encuesta a 100 docentes de las diferentes regiones del Perú, obteniendo que la gestión es reconocida, principalmente, bajo su perspectiva política; en donde se señala que esta involucra la generación de resistencias, resolución de conflictos, empoderamiento y enfoque de desarrollo humano. Se reconocieron diversos patrones metafóricos que son capaces de reflejar las particularidades de cada cultura escolar, mientras que la orientación metafórica más identificada es el empoderamiento. Por último, las metáforas demostraron que cuando estas son empleadas como objeto de análisis permiten reconocer intereses, necesidades, dificultades, conflictos y demás que contribuyen en la toma de decisiones en pro del alcance de los objetivos de la escuela.