ABSTRACT Purpose: Although Brazil has a high prevalence of retinoblastoma, there is a lack of epidemiological data on the disease. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the epidemiological profile of patients diagnosed with retinoblastoma in the ophthalmology department of a pediatric tertiary referral hospital in Ceara, Brazil. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted by retrospectively analyzing the clinical and socioeconomic data from the medical records of pediatric patients followed-up at the hospital between 2007 and 2021. Retinoblastoma was diagnosed on the basis of a fundoscopic or histopathologic examination. Results: The data of 105 patients were included in the study, and the mean patient age at the time of diagnosis was 1.7 years. Most of the patients were women (50.5%) and hailed from rural areas (57.4%), which was associated with a higher tumor stage. Of the 150 patients, 57.1% initially presented with leukocoria. Ocular hyperemia was associated with more advanced stages of retinoblastoma (p=0.004). Bilateral involvement was observed in 25.7% of the patients and at a significantly younger age (p=0.009). The presence of retinal detachment, vascularized lesions, and vitreous seeds significantly increased the likelihood of requiring enucleation. Discussion: This study presents an epidemiological description of retinoblastoma in Brazil, which highlights the significance of early detection. Delayed diagnosis is associated with a poorer visual prognosis and higher mortality rate, particularly in patients with unilateral disease. Risk factors for a more severe disease were retinal detachment, vascularized lesions, and vitreous seeds. The correlation between histopathological features and clinical outcomes was limited. Conclusion: Further studies are required to assess the influence of ocular hyperemia, fundoscopic assessment, and histopathologic findings on the prognosis of retinoblastoma. Moreover, it is critical to devise interventions to reduce the time-to-diagnosis in rural areas. Purpose Thus Ceara Methods crosssectional cross sectional followedup followed up 200 2021 examination Results 10 17 1 7 1. years 50.5% 505 50 5 (50.5% 57.4%, 574 57.4% , 57 4 (57.4%) stage 15 571 57.1 leukocoria p=0.004. p0004 p p=0.004 . 0 004 (p=0.004) 257 25 25.7 p=0.009. p0009 p=0.009 009 (p=0.009) detachment lesions enucleation Discussion detection rate limited Conclusion assessment Moreover timetodiagnosis 20 202 50.5 (50.5 57.4 (57.4% 57. p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.004 2 25. (p=0.009 50. (50. (57.4 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.00 (50 (57. p0 p=0. (p=0.0 (5 (57 p=0 (p=0. ( p= (p=0 (p= (p

ABSTRACT The recent global health crisis highlighted the fundamental role of family farming and public procurement policies in guaranteeing the human right to adequate food. This documentary analysis compares public procurement experiences (2019 to 2022) in a region of Brazil and another in Colombia, focusing on family farming from a gender perspective to identify challenges and best practices. Among the findings, it is noteworthy that although structured policies for public procurement already exist in Brazil, regional realities pointed to challenges during the period. Advances in Colombia were noted with the issuance of Law 2046 of 2020. In both countries, the low role of women in the ownership of rural properties and decision-making was evident, despite their participation in the rural family productive workforce.

RESUMEN La pasada crisis sanitaria mundial evidenció el papel fundamental de la agricultura familiar y las políticas de compras pública para garantizar el derecho humano a la alimentación adecuada. En este análisis documental, se compararon las experiencias de compras públicas (2019 a 2022), en una región de Brasil y otra de Colombia, de la agricultura familiar, desde una perspectiva de género, con el objetivo de identificar desafíos y buenas prácticas. Entre los hallazgos, se destaca que, aunque ya existen políticas estructuradas para las compras públicas en Brasil, la realidad regional señaló desafíos en el período. Se señalaron los avances en Colombia, con la expedición de la Ley 2046 de 2020. En ambos países se evidenció el bajo rol de la mujer en la titulación de las propiedades rurales y en la toma de decisiones, aunque se evidencia su participación en la fuerza productiva rural familiar.

Abstract The concept of Good Living plays a crucial role in relation to the community and becomes an opportunity to improve the quality of life. This article systematizes the entrepreneurship experience with peasant women from the rural area of Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia, as a contribution to human flourishing. This research followed the guidelines of the Alforja Network, which proposes a systematization framed within dialectical, systemic, and holistic approaches to popular education. The results are presented in three phases: characterization of the families, the environment, and the entrepreneurship production; interdisciplinary accompaniment and sustainability through the structuring of networks and alliances. The experience reflects the ability of women for the Good Living of themselves and their families, collective organization, and innovation. Additionally, it highlights the importance of the role of the State in strengthening local development through the production chain, preserving its rural identity in the context of equitable processes.

Resumen El concepto del Buen Vivir desempeña un papel crucial en la relación con la comunidad y se convierte en una oportunidad para mejorar la calidad de vida. Este artículo sistematiza la experiencia de emprendimiento con mujeres campesinas del área rural de Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia, como una contribución al florecimiento humano. Esta investigación siguió los lineamientos de la Red Alforja, la cual propone una sistematización enmarcada en enfoques dialécticos, sistémicos y holísticos de la educación popular. Los resultados son presentados en tres fases: caracterización de las familias, el entorno y la producción del emprendimiento; acompañamiento interdisciplinario y sustentabilidad a través de la estructuración de redes y alianzas. La experiencia refleja la capacidad de las mujeres para el Buen Vivir de ellas y sus familias, la organización colectiva y la innovación. Además, resalta la importancia del rol del Estado en el fortalecimiento del desarrollo local mediante la cadena de producción, preservando su identidad rural en el contexto de procesos equitativos.

Resumen O conceito do Bom Viver desempenha um papel crucial na relação com a comunidade e converte-se em uma oportunidade para melhorar a qualidade de vida. Este artigo sistematiza a experiência de emprendimento com mulheres campesinas da área rural de Villamaría, Caldas, Colômbia, como uma contribuindo ao florecimento humano. Esta investigação continuou os linhamentos da Red Alforja, a qual propõe uma sistematização enmarcada em enfoques dialéticos, sistêmicos e holísticos da educação popular. Os resultados são apresentados em três fases: caracterização das famílias, o entorno e a produção do emprendimento; acompanhamento interdisciplinário e sustentabilidade através da estructuração de redes e alianças. A experiência reflete a capacidade das mulheres para o Bom Viver delas e suas famílias, a organização coletiva e a inovação. Além disso, ressalta a importância do role do Estado no fortalecimento do desenvolvimento local mediante a cadeia de produção, preservando sua identidade rural no contexto de processos equitativos.

RESUMO Este artigo discute a Vigilância Popular em Saúde (VPS) como estratégia emancipatória de luta e defesa da vida ante o agronegócio na Chapada do Apodi, no Ceará. Trata-se de uma pesquisa-ação com representantes da academia, dos movimentos sociais, de entidades, organizações comunitárias e trabalhadores do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foi realizada uma oficina territorial cujo material produzido foi avaliado pela análise de conteúdo auxiliado pelo software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires (IRaMuTeQ). A oficina destacou a necessidade de fortalecimento da luta comunitária no território pela vida, envolvendo o problema dos agrotóxicos e o papel das mulheres. A organização comunitária alia-se à atuação dos movimentos populares, evidenciando que as associações são pontos fundamentais e estratégicos nas articulações das comunidades para a reivindicação de direitos, por meio de quintais produtivos, por exemplo. Foram observados indicadores de VPS associados aos impactos do agronegócio, como a elevada mortandade de abelhas. Diante da expansão do agronegócio na região, a VPS pode continuar sendo uma importante ação na promoção de territórios mais saudáveis e sustentáveis na Chapada do Apodi. (VPS Apodi Ceará Tratase Trata se pesquisaação pesquisa academia sociais entidades IRaMuTeQ. IRaMuTeQ . (IRaMuTeQ) mulheres aliase alia populares direitos produtivos exemplo abelhas região (IRaMuTeQ

ABSTRACT This article discusses Popular Health Surveillance (PHS) as an emancipatory strategy for fighting and defending life against agribusiness in Chapada do Apodi, Ceará. This is an action research with representatives from academia, social movements, entities, community organizations and workers of the Unified Health System. A territorial workshop was carried out whose material produced was evaluated by content analysis aided by the Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires (IRaMuTeQ) software. The workshop highlighted the need to strengthen the community struggle in the territory for life, involving the problem of pesticides and the role of women. Community organization allies itself with the work of popular movements, showing that associations are fundamental and strategic points in the articulations of communities for claiming rights, through productive backyards, for example. Indicators of PHS associated with the impacts of agribusiness were observed, such as the high mortality of bees. Faced with the expansion of agribusiness in the region, PHS can continue to be an important action in promoting healthier and more sustainable territories in Chapada do Apodi. (PHS Apodi Ceará academia movements entities System IRaMuTeQ (IRaMuTeQ software women rights backyards example observed bees region

RESUMEN Introducción: Las patologías tiroideas se encuentran entre los trastornos endocrinológicos más frecuentes reportados durante el embarazo, en parte debido a los cambios fisiológicos que ocurren generalmente en el primer trimestre y que puede llevar a la pérdida de este. Objetivo: El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de hipotiroidismo en mujeres con diagnóstico de aborto espontaneo en el Hospital Distrital de Presidente Franco durante el periodo 2019 a 2021. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal con muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos, se estudiaron a todas las mujeres que tuvieron aborto espontáneo en el hospital distrital de presidente franco durante los años 2019 a 2021. Se utilizo el software estadístico Stata®12.0 para los cálculos estadísticos. Resultados: Se estudiaron a 432 mujeres que tuvieron abortos espontáneos. En dicho periodo se registró una prevalencia de 3,9%, la mayoría con hipotiroidismo subclínico con un 3,4%. El 52,9% en las edades comprendidas entre 20 a 35 años, 52,9% presentaron unión libre y 47% escolaridad primaria. El 52,9% proceden de zonas urbanas. Conclusión: Se determinó que aquellas perdidas de embarazo relacionado a hipotiroidismo corresponden con mayor frecuencia a Alto Paraná comparado con otra región de nuestro país y a nivel internacional. Además, se encontró el hipotiroidismo subclínico con mayormente en adultos jóvenes, con nivel de escolaridad primaria, la mayoría proveniente de zona rural.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Thyroid pathologies are among the most common endocrinological disorders reported during pregnancy, partly due to the physiological changes that typically occur in the first trimester, which can lead to pregnancy loss. Objective: determine the prevalence of hypothyroidism in women diagnosed with spontaneous abortion at the Hospital Distrital de Presidente Franco from 2019 to 2021. Materials and Methods: This observational, descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study utilized non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases, examining all women who experienced spontaneous abortion at the Hospital Distrital de Presidente Franco during the years 2019 to 2021. Stata®12.0 statistical software was employed for statistical calculations. Results: A total of 432 women who had miscarriages were analyzed. During this period, a prevalence of 3.9% was recorded, with most cases being subclinical hypothyroidism (3.4%). Among these, 52.9% of the 20-35 age group were in a common-law union, and 47% had completed primary school. Additionally, 52.9% were from urban areas. Conclusion: Those pregnancy losses related to hypothyroidism were determined to correspond more frequently in Alto Paraná compared to other regions of our country and internationally. Also, subclinical hypothyroidism was found in young adults, with primary schooling, most of them coming from rural areas.

Abstract Mexico has great traditional knowledge of the use of medicinal plants, threatened by globalization and the standardization of educational systems. In Aguascalientes, the semiarid areas of the east are little studied on the ethnobotanical topic. The objective was to evaluate and update ethnobotanical knowledge of eastern Aguascalientes. Interviews, field trips, and collections of the mentioned medicinal plants were carried out. The Knowledge Wealth Index (KWI) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were calculated by the age and sex of the interviewees. 52 medicinal species were identified, with main uses in the treatment of digestive, respiratory, renal, and traumatic diseases. Low KWI was obtained with a mean of 0.13 (limited knowledge), and without significant differences in knowledge between men and women, and age. The importance of documenting and preserving traditional knowledge and the use of medicinal plants in eastern Aguascalientes is highlighted.

Resumen México posee gran conocimiento tradicional en el uso de plantas medicinales, amenazado por la globalización y la estandarización de los sistemas educativos. En Aguascalientes, la región semiárida del oriente es un área poco estudiada en el ámbito etnoflorístico. El objetivo fue evaluar y actualizar el conocimiento etnoflorístico del oriente de Aguascalientes. Se hicieron entrevistas, recorridos en campo y colectas de las plantas medicinales mencionadas. Se calculó el índice de riqueza de conocimiento (IRC) y análisis de varianza (ANOVA) por edad y sexo de los entrevistados. Se identificaron 52 especies medicinales, con usos principales en el tratamiento de enfermedades digestivas, respiratorias, renales, y traumatismos. Se obtuvo bajo IRC con media de 0.13 (conocimiento limitado), y sin diferencias significativas en el conocimiento entre hombres y mujeres, ni por edad. Se destaca la importancia de documentar y preservar el conocimiento tradicional y el uso de plantas medicinales en el oriente de Aguascalientes.

RESUMEN La comprensión de las prácticas de movilidad de mujeres agricultoras en función de la comercialización de sus productos resulta de suma importancia para identificar sus necesidades y desafíos como grupo social vulnerable. La investigación analizó las prácticas de movilidad y comercialización que utilizan las mujeres agricultoras de la parroquia rural Sinincay, del cantón Cuenca, Ecuador. Mediante la asunción de una metodología mixta de carácter transversal, se aplicaron encuestas para la recolección de información. Los resultados revelaron que las oportunidades para comercializar productos se concentran en el área urbana. El 57.7 de las mujeres comercializa sus productos en lugares no aptos para ello, principalmente en la vía pública, cerca de mercados y plazas. El 72.3 %, al no disponer de vehículo propio dependen de otros medios de transporte, situación que incide en la inversión de tiempo y costo de los desplazamientos. Además, el 93.8 % no forma parte de ninguna organización, lo que conlleva a la realización de la mayoría de viajes de forma individual. Estos hallazgos constituyen un insumo importante para que los organismos pertinentes generen acciones para mejorar la situación de este importante grupo poblacional.

ABSTRACT Understanding women farmers' mobility practices in marketing their products is of utmost importance in identifying their needs and challenges as a vulnerable social group. The research analyzed the mobility and marketing practices used by women farmers in the rural parish of Sinincay in the canton of Cuenca, Ecuador. Using a mixed methodology of a cross-sectional nature, surveys were applied to collect information. The results revealed that the opportunities for marketing products are concentrated in the urban area. A total of 57.7% of the women market their products in places not suitable for this purpose, mainly on public roads, near markets and squares. Since 72.3 % do not have their own vehicle, they depend on other means of transportation, a situation that affects the investment of time and the cost of travel. In addition, 93.8% do not belong to any organization, which means that most trips are made individually. These findings constitute an essential input for the relevant agencies to generate actions to improve the situation of this important population group.

Resumo Neste artigo proponho refletir sobre o estado através das práticas cotidianas de seus atores, sobre os (des)encontros e (des)entendimentos gerados, gerados na gestão das políticas fundiárias para compreender a forma como as mudanças jurídicas e políticas afetam as práticas sociais, e vice-versa. Com base em uma etnografia multissituada e tomando como exemplos as (inter)ações situadas entre burocracias estatais e mulheres beneficiárias de políticas fundiárias em áreas rurais do Uruguai, traço a gestão cotidiana e as experiências vividas relacionadas a políticas. Essa perspectiva mostra os processos de subjetivação que ocorrem nos espaços de encontro e dá entidade às formas como o técnico, o político e o burocrático interagem com as questões afetivas e morais, em processos que (re)produzem as desigualdades de gênero.

Resumen En este artículo propongo reflexionar sobre el estado a través de las prácticas cotidianas de sus actores, sobre los (des)encuentros y (des)entendimientos generados en la gestión de las políticas de tierras para comprender los modos en que los cambios jurídicos y políticos inciden en las prácticas sociales, y viceversa. Basado en una etnografía multisituada y tomando como ejemplos las (inter)acciones situadas entre las burocracias estatales y las mujeres beneficiarias de las políticas de tierra en las zonas rurales de Uruguay, recorro la gestión cotidiana y las experiencias vividas relativas a las políticas. Esta perspectiva muestra los procesos de subjetivación que se producen en espacios de encuentro y otorga entidad a los modos en que lo técnico, lo político y lo burocrático interactúan con cuestiones afectivas y morales, en procesos que (re) producen desigualdades de género.

Abstract In this article I propose to reflect on the state through the daily practices of its actors, on the (dis)encounters and (mis)understandings generated, in the management of land policies to understand the way that legal and political changes affect social practices, and vice versa. Based on a multi-situated ethnography and taking as examples the situated (inter)actions between state bureaucracies and women beneficiaries of land policies in rural areas of Uruguay, I trace the daily management and lived experiences related to policies. This perspective shows the processes of subjectivation that occur in meeting spaces and gives entity to the ways in which the technical, the political and the bureaucratic interact with affective and moral issues, in processes that (re)produce gender inequalities.

Caesarean sections (CSs) have increased globally, with concerns being raised involving overutilisation and inequalities in access. In Zimbabwe, where healthcare access varies greatly, we aimed to analyse factors associated with ever having a CS using the 2019 National Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. The weighted national CS rate was 10.3%, and CS happened more commonly among women in urban than rural areas (15.7% v. 7.4%; odds ratio (OR) 2.34; (95% confidence interval (CI)) 1.71 - 3.20; p=0.001). Percentages of those having a CS significantly increased with education: overall χ² for a trend of p=0.001 and wealth quintile, and overall χ² for a trend of p=0.001. Women with insurance coverage were more likely to have had a CS than those without: 26.7% v. 8.7%; OR 3.82; 95% CI 2.51 - 5.83; p=0.001. The same was the case for women with access to the internet: 15.4% v. 7.0%, OR 2.42; 95%CI 1.71 - 3.41; p=0.001). These findings show an association that could indicate this being overutilised by insured women in urban settings, rather than being accessible based on clinical needs. Further research should explore reasons for these disparities and inform interventions to ensure equitable access to optimum childbirth in Zimbabwe.

Abstract Through interviews, participant observation, and a collective dialogue meeting among women, the results of an investigation into the challenges, difficulties, and forms of violence faced by young rural women who are studying or have graduated from the Sustainable Agricultural Innovation Engineering program in Cuquío, Jalisco, are gathered and presented. Since their early years, these young women have confronted various forms of violence within the agro-industrial context in which they are situated. Some of these forms of violence are linked to sexist dynamics surrounding monoculture maize production, compounded by others associated with their rural youth and gender condition. These challenges are interdependently reproduced, accumulated, and intensified within their university experiences, leading to psychosocial distress, academic dropout, and hindrances in accessing career-related opportunities. This article aims to shed light on these situations -prior to, during, and after their university studies- analyzing them through a feminist lens to enable the recognition, focus, and analysis of the patriarchal facet within the agro-industry.

Resumen A través de entrevistas, observación participante y un encuentro para el diálogo colectivo entre mujeres, se recuperan y presentan los resultados de una indagación sobre las dificultades, retos y violencias que enfrentan las mujeres jóvenes rurales que estudian y han egresado de la carrera de Ingeniería en Innovación Agrícola Sustentable, en Cuquío, Jalisco. Estas jóvenes desde pequeñas han enfrentado diversas violencias en el contexto agroindustrial donde se desarrollan; algunas de ellas asociadas a dinámicas sexistas en torno a la producción en monocultivo de maíz, sumadas a otras ligadas a su condición juvenil rural y de género, las cuales se reproducen, acumulan y profundizan interseccionalmente en su universidad, generando malestar psicosocial y deserción escolar, así como dificultándoles e impidiéndoles el acceso a trabajos relacionados con su carrera profesional. El artículo pretende visibilizar tales situaciones -antes, durante y después de sus estudios universitarios-, analizándolas desde una perspectiva feminista que posibilite reconocer, enfocar y analizar la faceta patriarcal de la agroindustria.

Abstract The role of women is particularly relevant for the economic and social development in rural areas. The purpose of this study was to identify the situation of eleven women entrepreneurs living in rural areas in the Southern part of the state of Jalisco, with the hope of promoting the entrepreneurship in these regions. For this purpose, two case studies were carried out using different qualitative techniques for data collection: documentary analysis, in-depth interviews and participant observation. The socio-demographic profile, the family situation, the level of education, the strategies for reconciling family and work, the characteristics of the production and/or business, the needs they had as women entrepreneurs, and the skills they had for such work, were the main variables analyzed by a data triangulation. The results show that, despite their poor educational level and low involvement in the labor market, rural women in Southern Jalisco acquired entrepreneurial abilities through observation and family experience. However, they lack other factors necessary to engage in the labor market. They themselves gave the keys to fostering rural women’s entrepreneurship in the community.

Resumen El papel de la mujer es especialmente relevante para el desarrollo económico y social del medio rural. El propósito de este estudio fue caracterizar la situación de las mujeres emprendedoras de dos comunidades rurales de la zona sur del estado de Jalisco con la esperanza de fomentar el emprendimiento en el medio rural. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo dos estudios de caso a través del uso de diferentes técnicas de naturaleza cualitativa para la recogida de los datos: análisis documental, entrevistas en profundidad y observación participante. Mediante la triangulación de los datos obtenidos, las variables analizadas fueron principalmente el perfil sociodemográfico, la situación familiar, el nivel educativo, las estrategias de conciliación familiar y laboral, las características de la producción y/o empresa, las necesidades que tenían como mujeres emprendedoras y las habilidades que presentaban para tal labor. Los datos obtenidos muestran que, a pesar de su bajo nivel educativo y su baja participación en el mercado laboral, las mujeres rurales del sur de Jalisco presentan habilidades emprendedoras adquiridas a través de la observación y la experiencia familiar, pero carecen de otros factores necesarios para emprender. Ellas mismas dieron las claves para fomentar el emprendimiento de las mujeres rurales de la comunidad.

Abstract Promoting the empowerment and organization of rural women into collectives that generate income and contribute to the improvement of the living conditions in their communities, are necessary actions to achieve sustainable development. In Mexico, these strategies must be included in public policies and be in accordance with the Sustainable Development objectives issued in the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations Organization: gender equality and the end of poverty. In this article experiences of women in rural areas are described, the forms of organization, strategies for labor inclusion and progress in empowerment in the community of Chiquihuitlán, Jalisco. It is a qualitative, descriptive study, with the application of group interviews that allowed interaction with people obtaining important data for analysis and discussion. In the results, experiences, obstacles and challenges overcome are described, the institutional support received and the existing distance between the public policies outlined by the State and the reality perceived through the discourse of women.

Resumen Impulsar el empoderamiento y la organización de mujeres rurales en colectivos que les permitan allegarse ingresos y contribuir a mejorar las condiciones de vida en sus comunidades, deben ser acciones para propiciar el desarrollo. En México estas estrategias deben ser incluidas en las políticas públicas y ser acordes a los objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible emitidos en la Agenda 2030 de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas: igualdad de género y fin de la pobreza. En este artículo se relatan experiencias de mujeres en el ámbito rural, las formas de organización, estrategias para la inclusión laboral y un avance en el empoderamiento en la comunidad de Chiquihuitlán, Jalisco. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, con la aplicación de entrevistas grupales que permitieron la interacción con las personas y la obtención de datos significativos para el análisis y discusión. En los resultados se describen las vivencias, barreras y retos superados, los apoyos institucionales recibidos y la distancia existente entre las políticas públicas delineadas por el Estado y la realidad percibida a través del discurso de las mujeres.

Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze, from a feminist perspective, the empowerment and value perception of the work performed by women in the production of mezcal and its by-products in a rural community in Oaxaca. It was a qualitative study that addressed the women’s view through their self-perception and men’s perception of them. A semi-structured interview divided into eight areas and a questionnaire were applied to measure the empowerment based on two validated scales through nine factors. As a result, women participate widely in activities such as preparation and distribution of food, production, and commercialization of mezcal and mezcal-derived liquors, and the time they invest was from 10 to 14 hours a day, which is interpreted as a high workload. A 94.7 score of self-perception and perception of women´s empowerment was found, out of 138 points. The study concludes that although women’s participation in the production of mezcal and its by-products is wide and their level of empowerment ranges from medium to high, an improvement in their self-appraisal has not been possible due to their heavy care workload. A limitation of this research is it case study approach and thus findings cannot be be generalized to the population. The originality of this works relies on the research approach which addressed women’s and their partners’ view on a topic related to a work considered exclusively done by men.

Resumen En esta investigación se analizó la valoración del trabajo y el nivel de empoderamiento de las mujeres dentro de la producción del mezcal y sus derivados, desde la autopercepción femenina y la percepción masculina, con un enfoque metodológico feminista, en una comunidad rural de Oaxaca. Fue un estudio cualitativo y con elementos cuantitativos que consideró la visión de las mujeres a través de la autopercepción y la percepción de los varones sobre ellas. La metodología se construyó de acuerdo con el contexto social de las mujeres. Se aplicó una entrevista-semiestructurada mediante ocho ejes temáticos y un cuestionario de medición del empoderamiento formado de dos escalas validadas a través de nueve factores. Como resultado, las mujeres participan ampliamente en actividades desde el abasto alimentario, producción y comercialización del mezcal y licores; la inversión de tiempo fue de 10 a 14 horas al día, lo que se interpreta como alta carga de trabajo. Según la autopercepción y percepción sobre el empoderamiento de las mujeres, se alcanzaron 94.7 puntos de 138 esperados (68.9). Se concluye que, si bien la participación de las mujeres en el sector productivo del mezcal y sus derivados es amplia y su empoderamiento es de medio a alto, la mejora de su autovaloración no ha sido posible debido a una sobrecarga de su trabajo de cuidados. Una limitante de la investigación es que consideró a la población de estudio como caso de una comunidad específica, por lo cual los resultados no pueden generalizarse a la población. Este trabajo es original por el abordaje de la investigación que consideró la visión desde las mujeres y sus parejas en el tema de un trabajo netamente considerado de varones.

Abstract Objective: To learn from the viewpoint of rainfed bean producers in northern Mexico about their socioeconomic dynamics and to identify the factors that affect their vulnerability, taking the Llanos region in the State of Durango as a reference. Methodology: The research was approached from a qualitative approach using the phenomenological method, employing the indepth interview technique, the informants were men and women dedicated to bean production. Results: From the analysis of the interviews, the following five categories related to peasant vulnerability in the Durango plains were generated: low profitability, socio-productive fragility, modifications in the social structure, lack of opportunities for better living conditions and government participation, of which socio-productive fragility emerged as the central phenomenological category. Limitations: Low participation of peasant women in contrast to the number of male informants. Conclusions: The socioeconomic dynamics followed by the peasantry of the Llanos de Durango throughout its history is a multifactorial phenomenon that has resulted in a series of conditions that pose a threat to the main livelihood of rural communities in the region, which could negatively influence in the long term the supply of staple foods such as beans.

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer, desde la óptica de los productores de frijol de secano del norte de México, su dinámica socioeconómica e identificar los factores que inciden en su vulnerabilidad, tomando como referencia la región de los Llanos en el Estado de Durango. Metodología: La investigación parte de un enfoque cualitativo mediante el método fenomenológico, empleando como técnica la entrevista a profundidad, los agricultores entrevistados fueron hombres y mujeres que se dedican a la producción de frijol. Resultados: Derivado del análisis de las entrevistas se generaron las siguientes cinco categorías relacionadas con la vulnerabilidad campesina en los Llanos de Durango: baja rentabilidad, fragilidad socioproductiva, modificaciones en la estructura social, falta de oportunidades para mejores condiciones de vida y participación del gobierno, de estas emergió como categoría fenomenológica central la fragilidad socioproductiva. Limitaciones: Baja participación de mujeres campesinas en contraste con el número de entrevistados del género masculino. Conclusiones: La dinámica socioeconómica que ha seguido el campesinado de los Llanos de Durango a través de su historia es un fenómeno multifactorial que ha dado como resultado una serie de condiciones que suponen una amenaza para el principal medio de vida de las comunidades rurales de la región, lo que podría influir negativamente a largo plazo en el abasto de alimentos básicos como es el caso del frijol.

Abstract. This article presents an anthropological analysis of a series of actions carried out by a group of young indigenous people to confront violence against women in an intercultural university in the central zone of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Through an ethnographic approach to youth in higher education, who were taking courses in a hybrid modality because it was carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic, we study the impact of learning about gender, feminisms and violence awareness on the organizational experiences of young nahua women from rural communities in the region of the sierra de Zongolica. Mainly, we analyze the disruptive effects that two experiences of violence against women had among the university community to emphasize the recognition of the problem, the emotions that were generated among young people after these episodes and the passage to social organization for the expression of concrete demands. In this process, we document how these young women implemented various strategies to achieve justice on their own terms facing the lack of institutional effectiveness, as well as the creation of networks among women allowing them to rebuild the social ties thath were damaged by the violence they had confronted.

Resumen. Este artículo plantea un análisis antropológico sobre una serie de acciones realizadas por un grupo de jóvenes indígenas para enfrentar las violencias contra las mujeres en una universidad intercultural en la zona centro del estado de Veracruz, México. Mediante un abordaje etnográfico de la juventud en la educación superior, con una modalidad híbrida debido a que fue realizado durante la pandemia por la COVID-19, se estudia cómo repercuten los aprendizajes en torno al género, los feminismos y la sensibilización sobre la violencia en las experiencias organizativas de mujeres jóvenes nahuas originarias de comunidades rurales en la región de la sierra de Zongolica. Se examinan los efectos disruptivos que tuvieron dos experiencias de violencia contra las mujeres entre la comunidad universitaria para hacer hincapié en el reconocimiento del problema, las emociones surgidas entre los jóvenes (mujeres y hombres) tras dichos episodios y el paso a la organización social para la expresión de demandas concretas. En este proceso se documenta cómo se pusieron en práctica diversas estrategias que las jóvenes construyeron para lograr justicia desde sus propios términos ante la ineficacia institucional, así como la creación de redes entre mujeres que permitieron reconstruir los lazos sociales dañados por las violencias que enfrentaron.