Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor used in different commercial polymers, is a persistent pollutant commonly found in effluents. Conventional wastewater treatment processes have low chemical removal efficiency and are expensive. This work evaluated BPA removal using laccase enzyme produced from white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. For the enzymatic production, residues of acai berry and pineapple were used as laccase inducers. The use of natural inducers led to a high enzyme production (1139 and 1031 U mL−1 to acai and pineapple, respectively). Bisphenol A was removed to a concentration lower than LOD (limit of detection) after 4 h. The degradation mechanism of BPA occurred by oxidation of methyl to hydroxymethyl group in a propane portion, with breakdown of the aromatic ring. The developed technology brought to the scene a new green, viable methodology, using vegetable waste, adding value to these residues and bringing an alternative to the BPA treatment. BPA, , (BPA) polymers effluents expensive ostreatus 1139 (113 103 mL1 mL 1 mL− respectively. respectively . respectively) limit detection h portion ring green methodology waste (BPA 113 (11 10 11 (1 (

RESUMEN Colombia es el noveno productor de pitahaya amarilla en el mundo y el Departamento de Boyacá es el mayor productor con 440 hectáreas plantadas. Los fitopatógenos bacterianos pueden causar pérdidas de frutos de pitahaya y bajos rendimientos al producir la pudrición blanda de los tallos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar e identificar posibles agentes de enfermedades bacterianas de la pitahaya en Boyacá, Colombia. Trece (13) fincas de la región fueron seleccionadas para la toma de 20 muestras mediante un muestreo dirigido y al azar de tejidos de tallo y frutos con síntomas de pudrición blanda en estadios iniciales de la enfermedad. Se realizó un proceso de aislamiento microbiológico, identificación bioquímica y taxonómica molecular de las bacterias aisladas. Las secuencias del gen ARNr 16s de la región V2-V5 fueron editadas mediante la eliminación de los primers, ensamblaje y obtención de la secuencia consenso de los primers 1100R-337F y 800R -518F. El análisis filogenético fue hecho por BLAST en el NCBI, por las herramientas "Classifier" y "SeqMatch", del sitio Web del RDP y se realizaron árboles filogenéticos mediante alineamiento múltiple usando el algoritmo MUSCLE y el método de distancias de Tamura Nei. Se registraron signos como ampollas y fluidos mucilaginosos, síntomas como manchas cloróticas amarillas y marrones, pudrición blanda y licuefacción, y se reportaron posibles vectores como moscas y hormigas. Veinticinco (25) morfotipos de bacterias fueron clasificados en 4 filos, 8 familias y 13 géneros. El análisis de las secuencias del gen ARNr 16S de las cepas bacterianas mostró una identidad del 98 al 100% con Enterobacter cloacae, Pectobacterium carotovora y Paenibacillus glucanolyticus, reportados en otros estudios como causantes de la pudrición blanda del tallo y fruto de pitahaya. Se reportaron nuevas especies como posibles bacterias patógenas de pitahaya: Pantoea cypripedii, Kluyvera intermedia y Klebsiella oxytoca. Los ensayos de infectividad no arrojaron resultados positivos. La microbiota identificada en los estadios de la fase necrotrofa o final de la pudrición blanda del tallo podría estar conformada por los géneros Achromobacter, Sphingobacterium, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas y Microbacterium. En la mosca Leptoglossus zonatus asociada al cultivo se identificó Pseudomonas fulva y Lysinibacillus fusiformis. Este es el primer registro oficial de un complejo de posibles bacterias fitopatógenas del orden Enterobacterales (familia Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae y Pectobacteriaceae) en síntomas por enfermedad bacteriana en cultivos colombianos de pitahaya. La identificación de las bacterias de un pato-sistema puede orientar las prácticas de control químico y biológico con el fin de incrementar el potencial productivo y de exportación de los cultivos exóticos y huérfanos de las pequeñas fincas locales.

ABSTRACT Colombia is the ninth largest producer of dragon fruit in the world and the department of Boyacá is the largest with 440 hectares planted. Bacterial phytopathogens can cause pitahaya fruit losses and low yields by producing stem soft rot. This research aimed to study and identified possible agents of bacterial diseases of pitahaya in Boyacá, Colombia. Thirteen farms in the region were selected to take 20 samples by means of a targeted and random sampling of stem and fruit tissues with soft rot symptoms in the early stages of the disease. A process of microbiological isolation, biochemical and molecular taxonomic identification of the isolated bacteria. The 16s rRNA gene sequences of the V2-V5 region were edited by removing the primers, assembling and obtaining the consensus sequence of the primers 1100R-337F and 800R -518F. The phylogenetic analysis was performed by BLAST at NCBI, using the "Classifier" and "SeqMatch" tools from the RDP website, and phylogenetic trees were created by multiple alignment using the MUSCLE algorithm and the Tamura Nei distance method was performed. Signs like blisters and mucilaginous fluids, symptoms like yellow and brown chlorotic spots, soft rot, and liquefaction were identified, and possible vectors like flies and ants were report. Twenty-five bacterial morphotypes were identified classifieds in 4 phyla, 9 families and 13 genera. The analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the bacterial strains showed a 98 to 100% identity with Enterobacter cloacae, Pectobacterium carotovora and Paenibacillus glucanolyticus, reported in other studies as causing the soft rot of the pitahaya stem and fruit. New species were reported as possible pathogenic bacteria of pitahaya: Pantoea cypripedii, Kluyvera intermedia and Klebsiella oxytoca. Infectivity assays did not have positive results. The microbiota identified in the stages of the necrotrophic phase or final stage of soft rot of the stem belong to the genera Achromobacter, Sphingobacterium, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas and Microbacterium. In the fly Leptoglossus zonatus associated with the crop were identified Pseudomonas fulva and Lysinibacillus fusiformis were identified. This is also the first official report of a complex of possible phytopathogen bacteria of the order Enterobacterales (Enterobacteriacea, Erwiniaceae and Pectobacteriaceae family) in symptoms by bacterial disease on pitahaya Colombian crops. Identification of the bacteria in a pathogenic system can guide chemical and biological control practices in order to increase the productive and export potential of exotic and orphan crops from small local farmings.

Abstract In commercial soursop orchards in the state of Nayarit, Mexico, trees with apparent symptoms of root rot are observed, without the causal agent being known. Therefore, the objective of the research was to identify the fungi that cause soursop root rot. From January 2020 to January 2021, in orchards of Compostela and San Blas, Nayarit, from two trees with symptoms of possible root rot, root sections with rot were collected. Microorganisms associated with the disease were isolated and identified to carry out pathogenicity tests in one-year-old soursop trees. Fusarium falciforme and Lasiodiplodia theobromae were identified as root pathogens, both fungi are reported for the first time in this fruit tree and for Mexico.

Resumen En huertos comerciales de guanábana del estado de Nayarit, México, se observan árboles con síntomas aparentes por pudrición radicular, sin que se conozca el agente causal. Por lo que, el objetivo de la investigación fue, identificar a los hongos causantes de la pudrición de raíz de guanábana. De enero de 2020 a enero de 2021, en huertos de Compostela y San Blas, Nayarit, de árboles con síntomas por posible pudrición radicular, se recolectaron secciones de raíz con pudrición. Se aislaron e identificaron a los microorganismos asociados a la enfermedad para realizar las pruebas de patogenicidad en árboles de guanábana de un año de edad. Se identificó a Fusarium falciforme y a Lasiodiplodia theobromae como patógenos de raíz, ambos hongos son reportados por primera vez en este frutal y para México.

ABSTRACT: Seventy-five pectinolytic strains collected from vegetables grown in the counties of Santarém, Belterra, and Mojuí dos Campos, located in the western region of the Pará State, Brazil, were studied according to their pathological and genetic variability. The strains were grouped in 5 clusters according to pathogenicity in potato, pepper, carrot, and onion, and 38 strains were selected for genetic analysis using rep-PCR. These strains were divided into 35 genetic groups according to rep-PCR at 70% similarity. These results indicated high pathological and genetic variability of the strains causing soft rot in vegetables in the western region of the Pará State, which will be used in etiological research and for the development and assessment of management techniques for the soft rot in vegetables in this region. ABSTRACT Seventyfive Seventy five Santarém Belterra Campos State Brazil potato pepper carrot onion 3 repPCR. repPCR rep PCR. PCR 70 similarity 7

RESUMO: Setenta e cinco isolados de bactérias pectinolíticas coletados de hortaliças cultivadas nos municípios de Santarém, Belterra e Mojuí dos Campos, região oeste do Estado do Pará, Brasil, foram estudadas de acordo com sua variabilidade patológica e genética. Os isolados foram agrupados em cinco grupos de acordo com a patogenicidade em batata, pimenta, cenoura e cebola, e 38 isolados foram selecionados para análise genética por rep-PCR. Esses isolados foram divididos em 35 grupos genéticos de acordo com rep-PCR a 70% de similaridade. Esses resultados indicaram alta variabilidade patológica e genética dos isolados causadores da podridão mole em hortaliças da região oeste do Pará, os quais serão utilizados em pesquisas etiológicas e para o desenvolvimento e avaliação de técnicas de manejo da podridão mole em hortaliças nesta região. RESUMO Santarém Campos Pará Brasil batata pimenta cebola 3 repPCR. repPCR rep PCR. PCR 70 similaridade 7

Abstract They were collected from plants with symptoms of yellowing and wilting in commercial chickpea fields in five municipalities in southern Guanajuato, Mexico. From these, the pathogens present in the stem and root were isolated and identified. Of the isolates obtained, those with morphological characteristics of Sclerotium rolfsii had their identity confirmed by sequencing the ITS fragments obtained with the oligonucleotides: NsiF and Nlb4R; the sequences obtained were compared with the NCBI database. Of the two isolates identified as S. rolfsii by both methodologies, the most virulent was identified, which was used to inoculate 181 chickpea genotypes of the kabuli and desi types. The results indicate that, according to the mortality percentage, the genotypes of the desi type ICC3287, ICC 4874, ICC1882, ICC 10259 and WR-315, and kabuli type CUGA 08-3160 presented moderate resistance to the pathogen. Of these resistant genotypes, ICC 10259 stands out, which has genetic resistance to four races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and M. phaseolina.

Resumen Se colectaron de plantas con síntomas de amarillamiento y marchitez en campos comerciales de garbanzo en cinco municipios del sur de Guanajuato, México. De ellas se aislaron e identificaron los patógenos presentes en tallo y raíz. De los aislados obtenidos, los que tenían características morfológicas de Sclerotium rolfsii, se confirmó su identidad por secuenciación de los fragmentos ITS obtenidos con los oligonucleótidos: NsiF y Nlb4R, las secuencias obtenidas se compararon con la base de datos del NCBI. De lo dos aislamientos identificados como S. rolfsii por ambas metodologías, se identificó el más virulento, el cual se utilizó para inocular 181 genotipos de garbanzo de los tipos, kabuli y desi. Los resultados indican de acuerdo con el porcentaje de mortandad, que los genotipos de tipo desi ICC3287, ICC 4874, ICC1882, ICC 10259 y WR-315 y de tipo kabuli CUGA 08-3160 presentaron resistencia moderada al patógeno. De estos genotipos resistentes, destaca el ICC 10259 que tiene resistencia genética a cuatro razas de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri y a M. phaseolina.

Abstract The objective of the research was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of two extracts, creosote bush (Larrea tridentata L.) and mustard (Sinapis alba L.), nanoformulated with silicon oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles (200 to 400 μ globular) on the mycelial growth and sporulation of Fusarium solani, one of the plant pathogens causing vascular wilt and root rot in at least 100 economically important crops. Inhibitory concentrations and the number of conidia were determined using the poisoned media method. Data were analyzed using probit analysis, Anova, and Tukey’s test (p≤ 0.05). The results showed that mustard-only treatments have the most effective ID50 with 920.57 ppm; nevertheless, the mixture of mustard and creosote bush with SO2 presented significant results on sporulation, with a formation of 0.35 and 0.48 million conidia ml-1 for creosote bush 3% SO2 and mustard 5% SO2 compared to the control (7.78).

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la actividad antifúngica in vitro de dos extractos, gobernadora (Larrea tridentata L.) y mostaza (Sinapis alba L.) nanoformulados con nanopartículas de óxido de silicio y óxido de zinc (200 a 400 μ globulares), sobre el crecimiento micelial y la esporulación de Fusarium solani, uno de los fitopatógenos causante de la marchitez vascular y pudrición de raíces en al menos 100 cultivos de importancia económica. Utilizando el método medios envenenados se determinaron las concentraciones inhibitorias y el número de conidios. Los datos fueron analizados mediante un análisis probit, Anova y prueba de Tukey (p≤ 0.05). Los resultados demostraron que los tratamientos de mostaza sola presentan las DI50 más efectiva con 920.57 ppm; sin embargo, la mezcla de mostaza y gobernadora con SO2 presentó resultados significativos sobre la esporulación, con una formación de 0.35 y 0.48 millones de conidios ml-1 para gobernadora SO2 3% y mostaza SO2 5% en comparación con el testigo (7.78).

ABSTRACT: Piura is the region with the largest organic banana production in Peru; however, the post-harvest disease crown rot has generated large economic losses. Therefore, the following objectives were raised: to evaluate the efficacy of biofungicides in vitro and in vivo for the control of this disease. The products used were: oregano extract, citric acid; ascorbic acid, bioflavonoids; biofertilizer and tea tree oil. In vitro, the "poisoned medium" method was used. In vivo, fruits were inoculated with conidial suspensions at 1 x 104 CFU ml-1 of the phytopathogens Thielaviopsis paradoxa and Colletotrichum musae. The biofungicides were prepared according to the commercial dose. The products were applied, and the fungi were inoculated with manual sprayers. The banana clusters with treatment were placed in 18,4 kg cardboard boxes and packed, incubating at 13 °C for 18 days and 4 days in a maturation chamber with ethylene gas. In vitro, the biofungicides: oregano extract (1450 ppm) and citric acid (2825 ppm) obtained 100% inhibition in the growth of the mycelium of T. paradoxa and C. musae. In fruits, the lowest severity index was for the citrus extract biofungicide (4275 ppm), registering 0,0% against T. paradoxa and C. musae.

RESUMEN: Piura es la región con mayor producción de banano orgánico en el Perú; sin embargo, la enfermedad post cosecha de la pudrición de la corona ha generado grandes pérdidas económicas. Por lo cual, se planteó los siguientes objetivos: evaluar la eficacia de biofungicidas in vitro e in vivo para el control de esta enfermedad. Los productos usados fueron: extracto de orégano, ácido cítrico; ácido ascórbico, bioflavonoides; biofertilizante y aceite del árbol de té. In vitro se utilizó el método del “medio envenenado”. In vivo, se inocularon a frutos con suspensiones de conidias a 1 x 104 UFC mL-1 de los fitopatógenos Thielaviopsis paradoxa y Colletotrichum musae. Se prepararon los biofungicidas según la dosis comercial. Se aplicaron los productos y se inocularon los hongos con asperjadores manuales. Los clústeres de banano con tratamiento se embalaron en cajas de cartón de 18,4 kg y fueron embaladas incubándose a 13 °C durante 18 días y 4 días en cámara de maduración con gas etileno. En in vitro los biofungicidas: extracto de orégano (1450 ppm) y ácido cítrico (2825 ppm) obtuvieron 100% inhibición en el crecimiento del micelio de T. paradoxa y C. musae. En in vivo los frutos el menor índice de severidad lo fue para el biofungicida extracto de cítricos (4275 ppm) registrándose 0,0% frente a T. paradoxa y C. musae.

Resumen El maíz (Zea mays L.) es uno de los cultivos más sembrados en el mundo, siendo Argentina líder mundial en producción y exportación. La Provincia de Santiago del Estero, el este de Tucumán y el norte de Córdoba abarcan ocho zonas agroclimáticas en la región Chaco semiárida, la cual se caracteriza por un amplio rango de temperatura y frecuentes sequías que exponen al cultivo a patógenos, particularmente Aspergillus flavus, responsable de la podredumbre de la espiga y la contaminación de granos con micotoxinas como aflatoxina B1 y ácido ciclopiazónico. Se obtuvieron aislados del hongo desde espigas de maíz y se caracterizaron según capacidad toxigénica y morfotipos de esclerocios (S < 400 μm, asociados con elevados niveles de aflatoxinas y L > 400 μm, relacionados con niveles variables de aflatoxinas). Además, aquellos que no producían aflatoxinas se estudiaron para determinar sus relaciones filogenéticas sobre la base de un segmento del gen CaM. Cincuenta y ocho aislados fueron obtenidos en ocho localidades representativa de cada zona agroclimática, 30 de los cuales resultaron no aflatoxigénicos, 28 aflatoxigénicos y todos productores de ácido ciclopiazónico. Seis aislados no produjeron esclerocios, 51 fueron L y solo uno fue S, siendo este último no aflatoxigénico. El número de esclerocios correlacionó positivamente con la producción de aflatoxina B1, mientras que el tamaño lo hizo de manera negativa. Las secuencias del gen CaM corroboraron que los aislados pertenecen al clado A. flavus y la alta similitud nucleotídica (99,4% a 100%) reveló casi nula diversidad genética en esta región. No se observaron diferencias en la proporción de aislados entre campañas agrícolas estudiadas ni distritos agroclimáticos. Esta investigación reveló características de las poblaciones de hongos en esta región agrícola del norte argentino.

Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most widely planted crops globally with Argentina leading world production and exportation. Santiago del Estero province, east of Tucumán and north of Córdoba encompasses eight agro-climatic zones in the Chaco Semi-arid region, agro-ecologically characterized by a wide temperature range and frequent drought periods that expose the crop to pathogens, particularly Aspergillus flavus. This pathogen is responsible for ear rot and grain contamination with mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1 and cyclopiazonic acid. This study obtained fungal isolates from ears of maize and characterized them according to toxigenic capability and morphotype of sclerotia (S < 400 μm, associated with high levels of aflatoxins and L > 400 μm, related to variable levels of aflatoxins). In addition, those not producing aflatoxins were studied to determine phylogenetic relationships based on sequences of a segment of the CaM gene. Fifty-eight isolates were obtained in eight localities representing each agro-climatic zone, 30 of which were non-aflatoxigenic, 28 aflatoxigenic, and all producers of ciclopiazonic acid. Six isolates did not produce sclerotia, 51 were L and only one was S, the latter being a non-producer of aflatoxins. The number of sclerotia was positively correlated with the production of aflatoxin B1, while size was negatively correlated. The CaM gene sequences corroborated that the isolates belonged to the A. flavus clade and the high nucleotide similarity among them (99.4% to 100%) revealed almost zero genetic diversity in this geographic region. No significant differences were observed in the proportion of isolates between growing seasons or among agroclimatic districts. This research revealed characteristics of fungus populations in this agricultural region of north Argentina.

Abstract Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is a highly perishable fruit whose characteristics make it susceptible to developing microorganisms. Plant extracts have been studied as an alternative to pesticides to control spoilage microorganisms, responding to the expectation of the population seeking a healthier way of life. The fungus Botrytis cinerea is a facultative pathogen of vegetables, which can affect all stages of the development of several fruits, such as the strawberry, where it causes gray rot. Trichilia catigua (catuaba), Paullinia cupana (guarana), Stryphnodendron barbatiman (barbatimão), and Caesalpinia peltophoroides (sibipiruna) are planted in the Brazilian flora and have demonstrated pharmacological properties in their extracts. This work aimed to treat strawberries with a biodegradable film containing extracts of these species to evaluate strawberry conservation. There were notable distinctions in mass loss between the extract-treated and control samples. The pH, total acidity (TA), and soluble solids parameters exhibited consistently significant means across both sets of samples. Luminosity increased over the course of days in the color parameters, with the exception of strawberries coated with guarana. The red color showed greater intensity, except for those coated with barbatimão extract. Considering the results, it is possible to conclude that the coatings used can become an alternative to enhance the conservation of strawberries. Fragaria Duch. Duch microorganisms life vegetables fruits rot catuaba, catuaba , (catuaba) guarana, guarana (guarana) barbatimão, (barbatimão) sibipiruna (sibipiruna extracttreated extract treated samples pH TA, TA (TA) intensity results (catuaba (guarana (barbatimão (TA

Resumo O morango (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) é uma fruta altamente perecível cujas características o tornam suscetível ao desenvolvimento de microrganismos. Extratos vegetais têm sido estudados como alternativa aos agrotóxicos para o controle de microrganismos deteriorantes, atendendo a expectativa da população que busca um estilo de vida mais saudável. O fungo Botrytis cinerea é um patógeno facultativo de hortaliças, podendo afetar todas as fases do desenvolvimento de diversas frutas, como o morango, onde causa a podridão cinzenta. Trichilia catigua (catuaba), Paullinia cupana (guarana), Stryphnodendron barbatiman (barbatimão) e Caesalpinia peltophoroides (sibipiruna) são plantados na flora brasileira e têm demonstrado propriedades farmacológicas em seus extratos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo tratar morangos com filme biodegradável contendo extratos dessas espécies para avaliar a conservação do morango. Houve diferenças significativas entre as amostras de extrato e controle para perda de massa. Os parâmetros pH, acidez titulável e sólidos solúveis mantiveram a mesma média significativa entre as amostras. Houve aumento da luminosidade ao longo dos dias nos parâmetros de cor, exceto nos morangos revestidos com guaraná. A cor vermelha foi mais acentuada, exceto para os revestidos com extrato de barbatimão. Considerando os resultados, é possível concluir que os revestimentos utilizados podem se tornar uma alternativa para potencializar a conservação dos morangos. Fragaria Duch. Duch deteriorantes saudável hortaliças frutas cinzenta catuaba, catuaba , (catuaba) guarana, guarana (guarana) barbatimão (barbatimão sibipiruna (sibipiruna massa pH guaraná acentuada resultados (catuaba (guarana

ABSTRACT: Phytoregulators have been used as grapevine defoliants in cluster zones to manage and improve grape quality and production. The present study evaluated the effect of the phytoregulator ethephon on the grapevine defoliation of the cluster region, Botrytis bunch rot (BBR) epidemiology, and the viticultural performance of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, during the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons, in the highland region of the Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil. Ethephon was applied in the bunch region of both sides of the grapevine vegetative canopy, at the phenological stage of beginning of ripening (BBCH-81) in five active ingredient doses (0 mg L-1 (control); 720 mg L-1; 1,440 mg L-1; 2,160 mg L-1; and 2,880 mg L-1), following a randomized block design with four replications and five plants per replication. The following parameters were evaluated: BBR epidemiology, vegetative, productive, and technological and phenolic maturation. The increasing ethephon doses significantly reduced the linear leaf drop and affected the technological and phenolic grape maturation parameters, improving the must pH, total polyphenols, color 420, 520, and 620 ղm, color intensity (°hue angle), and anthocyanin, and reducing the total solubre solids in the ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevine. However, this significant effect on the linear leaf drop and the technological and phenolic maturation parameters did not interfere with other vegetative, productive, and BBR epidemiology parameters evaluated in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the highland region of southern Brazil. ABSTRACT production (BBR Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon , 20182019 2018 2019 2018/201 20192020 2020 2019/202 seasons State Brazil canopy BBCH81 BBCH 81 (BBCH-81 0 ( L1 L 1 L- control (control) 72 1440 440 1,44 2160 2 160 2,16 2880 880 2,88 L1, L-1) replication productive pH polyphenols 420 520 62 ղm °hue hue angle, angle angle) anthocyanin However 2018201 201 2018/20 2019202 202 2019/20 BBCH8 8 (BBCH-8 (control 7 144 44 1,4 216 16 2,1 288 88 2,8 42 52 6 201820 20 2018/2 201920 2019/2 (BBCH- 14 4 1, 21 2, 28 5 20182 2018/ 20192 2019/ (BBCH

RESUMO: Fitorreguladores tem sido usado como desfolhante na região dos cachos de videira no processo de manejo para melhoria da qualidade e produção de uva. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito do fitorregulador etefon na desfolha localizada na região dos cachos, a epidemiologia da podridão cinzenta de cachos (PCC) e desempenho vitícola da cultivar “Cabernet Sauvignon”, durante as safras 2018/2019 e 2019/2020, na região de altitude do estado de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. O etefon foi aplicado na região dos cachos nos dois lados da copa vegetativa, no estádio fenológico de início da maturação (BBCH 81) em cinco doses do ingrediente ativo (0 mg L-1 (control); 720 mg L-1; 1,440 mg L-1; 2,160 mg L-1; and 2,880 mg L-1), seguindo um delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e cinco plantas por repetições. Foram avaliados os parâmetros da epidemiologia da PCC e parâmetros vegetativos, produtivos e maturação tecnológica e fenólica. O aumento das doses de ethephon significativamente reduziu a queda linear de folhas na região dos cachos e afetou os parâmetros tecnológicos e fenológicos de maturação, melhorando o pH do mosto, polifenóis totais, coloração a 420, 520 e 630 nm, intensidade de cor (angulo °hue), antocianina e reduziu os sólidos solúveis totais na cultivar ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’. Contudo, este efeito significativo na queda linear das folhas e nos parâmetros tecnológicos e fenológicos não houve interferência com os outros parâmetros vegetativos, produtivos e epidemiológicos da PCC, avaliados nas condições edafoclimáticas de regiões de altitude do sul do Brasil. RESUMO uva (PCC Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon , Sauvignon” 20182019 2018 2019 2018/201 20192020 2020 2019/2020 Catarina Brasil vegetativa BBCH 81 0 ( L1 L 1 L- control (control) 72 1440 440 1,44 2160 2 160 2,16 2880 880 2,88 L1, L-1) vegetativos fenólica mosto 420 52 63 nm angulo °hue, hue °hue °hue) Sauvignon. . Sauvignon’ Contudo 2018201 201 2018/20 2019202 202 2019/202 8 (control 7 144 44 1,4 216 16 2,1 288 88 2,8 42 5 6 201820 20 2018/2 201920 2019/20 14 4 1, 21 2, 28 20182 2018/ 20192 2019/2 2019/

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the summer pruning time in ‘Fuji’ apple trees on the quality of fruit at harvest and after storage in controlled atmosphere with extremely low O2 (CA-ELO) (0.5 kPa O2). The treatments evaluated were summer pruning in December, January, and February, in addition to a control treatment (without summer pruning). The experiment was carried out in the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons. The fruit were evaluated at harvest and after eight months of CA-ELO (0.5 kPa O2 + <0.5 kPa CO2/1.5 ± 0.2°C/92 ± 2% RH) storage, at chamber opening, and after 7 days of shelf-life at 23 ± 3°C and 60 ± 5% RH. The quality of the fruit was evaluated through of soluble solids, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, fruit color, and physiological disorder incidence (sunburn and flesh browning), in addition to enzymatic activity and concentration of functional compounds. There was no significant effect of the summer pruning time on fruit flesh firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and rot incidence after storage under CA-ELO plus 7 days of shelf life. Summer pruning in February resulted in fruit with higher peel red color development, which in general contains a higher concentration of functional compounds at harvest (total phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity), and lower flesh browning incidence in ‘Fuji’ apples stored under CA-ELO. The nitrogen (N) concentration and nitrogen/calcium ratio (N/Ca) in the second growing season were lower in fruit from plants pruned in February, compared to no summer pruning or earlier pruning. The superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme activity were lower in fruit from treatments with summer pruning in January and February, whereas the polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity was lower when summer pruning was conducted in February. ABSTRACT ‘Fuji Fuji O CAELO CA ELO (CA-ELO 0.5 05 0 5 (0. O2. . O2) December without pruning) 20182019 2018 2019 2018/201 20192020 2020 2019/202 seasons <0. CO215 CO CO2 1 CO2/1. 02C92 C 2 92 0.2°C/9 RH opening shelflife life 3C 3 6 solids firmness acidity sunburn browning, , browning) development activity, activity) CAELO. ELO. N (N nitrogencalcium calcium N/Ca NCa Ca (N/Ca 0. (0 2018201 201 2018/20 2019202 202 2019/20 <0 CO21 CO2/1 02C9 9 0.2°C/ ( 201820 20 2018/2 201920 2019/2 < CO2/ 02C 0.2°C 20182 2018/ 20192 2019/

ABSTRACT Botrytis cinerea is considered one of the most important post-harvest pathogens being the causative agent of gray rot. To reduce the use of synthetic fungicides, it is important to explore alternative products with antifungal properties. Among these alternative products are essential oils, which present monoterpenes as major compounds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of eight monoterpenes (1,8-cineole, carvacrol, citral, citronellal, citronellol, geraniol, linalool, and thymol) on the control of B. cinerea. The mycelial growth of B. cinerea was assessed after treating it with the monoterpenes at a concentration of 1,000 mg/L. Subsequently, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (IC90) of the monoterpenes that showed the greatest antifungal potential were determined. Carvacrol and thymol were tested on B. cinerea cell membrane integrity, intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential of the conidia. Among the tested monoterpenes carvacrol, citral, citronellal, citronellol, geraniol, and thymol demonstrated complete inhibition of mycelial growth at a concentration of 1,000 mg/L. Carvacrol and thymol exhibited the lowest IC90 values against B. cinerea, with an IC90 of 125 mg/L. Furthermore, carvacrol and thymol induced conidial death in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in the disruption of cell membrane integrity, increased intracellular ROS levels, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. These findings highlight the potential of carvacrol and thymol as alternative means of controlling B. cinerea. postharvest post harvest rot fungicides properties oils compounds 1,8cineole, 18cineole cineole 1,8 cineole, 1 8 (1,8-cineole citral citronellal citronellol geraniol linalool B 1000 000 1,00 mgL mg L mg/L Subsequently IC (IC90 determined integrity ROS, , (ROS) conidia IC9 12 Furthermore dosedependent dose dependent manner levels 8cineole 1,8cineole 18 1, 100 00 1,0 (IC9 (ROS 10 0 (IC

RESUMO Botrytis cinerea é considerado um dos mais importantes patógenos pós-colheita, sendo o agente causador da podridão cinzenta. Para reduzir o uso de fungicidas sintéticos, é importante explorar produtos alternativos com propriedades antifúngicas. Entre esses produtos alternativos estão os óleos essenciais, que apresentam os monoterpenos como compostos majoritários. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de oito monoterpenos (1,8-cineol, carvacrol, citral, citronelal, citronelol, geraniol, linalol e timol) no controle de B. cinerea. O crescimento micelial de B. cinerea foi avaliado após tratamento com monoterpenos na concentração de 1.000 mg/L. Posteriormente, foram determinadas as concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CI90) dos monoterpenos que apresentaram maior potencial antifúngico. Carvacrol e timol foram testados em B. cinerea quanto à integridade da membrana celular, acúmulo intracelular de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e redução do potencial da membrana mitocondrial dos conídios. Entre os monoterpenos testados, carvacrol, citral, citronelal, citronelol, geraniol e timol demonstraram inibição completa do crescimento micelial na concentração de 1.000 mg/L. Carvacrol e timol exibiram os menores valores de IC90 contra B. cinerea, com IC90 de 125 mg/L. Além disso, o carvacrol e o timol induziram a morte dos conídios de maneira dose-dependente, resultando na ruptura da integridade da membrana celular, aumento dos níveis intracelulares de ROS e diminuição do potencial da membrana mitocondrial. Essas descobertas destacam o potencial do carvacrol e do timol como meios alternativos de controle de B. cinerea. póscolheita, póscolheita pós colheita, colheita pós-colheita cinzenta sintéticos antifúngicas essenciais majoritários 1,8cineol, 18cineol cineol 1,8 cineol, 1 8 (1,8-cineol citral citronelal citronelol B 1000 000 1.00 mgL mg L mg/L Posteriormente CI90 CI (CI90 antifúngico celular (ROS IC IC9 12 disso dosedependente, dosedependente dose dependente, dependente dose-dependente 8cineol 1,8cineol 18 1, 100 00 1.0 CI9 (CI9 10 0 1. (CI

This study was conducted to evaluate how sterubin affects rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) in rats. A total of 24 rats were distributed into 4 equal groups: normal saline control and rotenone control were administered saline or rotenone (ROT), respectively, orally; sterubin 10 received ROT + sterubin 10 mg/kg po; and sterubin alone was administered to the test group (10 mg/kg). Rats of the normal saline and sterubin alone groups received sunflower oil injection (sc) daily, 1 h after receiving the treatments cited above, while rats of the other groups received rotenone injection (0.5 mg/kg, sc). The treatment was continued over the course of 28 days daily. On the 29th day, catalepsy and akinesia were assessed. The rats were then euthanized, and the brain was extracted for estimation of endogenous antioxidants (MDA: malondialdehyde, GSH: reduced glutathione, CAT: catalase, SOD: superoxide dismutase), nitrative (nitrite) stress markers, neuroinflammatory cytokines, and neurotransmitter levels and their metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and homovanillic acid (HVA)). Akinesia and catatonia caused by ROT reduced the levels of endogenous antioxidants (GSH, CAT, and SOD), elevated the MDA level, and altered the levels of nitrites, neurotransmitters, and their metabolites. Sterubin restored the neurobehavioral deficits, oxidative stress, and metabolites of altered neurotransmitters caused by ROT. Results demonstrated the anti-Parkinson's activities of sterubin in ROT-treated rats. rotenoneinduced induced Parkinsons Parkinson s PD (PD 2 ROT, , (ROT) respectively orally mgkg mg kg po (1 mg/kg. . mg/kg) sc (sc daily above 0.5 05 0 5 (0. sc. sc) th day assessed euthanized (MDA malondialdehyde GSH glutathione CAT catalase SOD dismutase, dismutase dismutase) nitrite (nitrite markers cytokines 3,4dihydroxyphenylacetic 34dihydroxyphenylacetic dihydroxyphenylacetic 3,4 3 DOPAC, DOPAC (DOPAC) DA, DA (DA) NE, NE (NE) 5HT, 5HT HT (5-HT) 5hydroxyindoleacetic hydroxyindoleacetic 5HIAA, 5HIAA HIAA (5-HIAA) HVA. HVA (HVA)) GSH, (GSH SOD, SOD) level nitrites deficits antiParkinsons anti ROTtreated treated (ROT ( 0. (0 4dihydroxyphenylacetic 34 3, (DOPAC (DA (NE (5-HT (5-HIAA (HVA) (HVA

Abstract Polysaccharide coating is a biodegradable alternative to conventional packings used for delaying senescence in vegetables. This work investigated the properties of cassava and chitosan biopolymeric film and its use as edible coatings to preserve the shelf-life (7 °C and 70% relative humidity (RH)) of green asparagus, with previous cold storage (1 °C and 90% RH) for 7 days. Based on a previous assessment of the films obtained from a) cassava (2.5%), b) chitosan (0.5%), and c) a blend of cassava-chitosan (Cassava+) (2.5 + 0.5%), it could be verified that cassava-chitosan blend films showed improved barrier property (water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 38.06 g/(m2.h)) and mechanical properties, with tensile strength of 0.021 MPa, elongation at break of 1.93% and Young’s module of 0.011 MPa. Cassava+ based coating resulted in a lower weight loss and colour L* parameter and minimized textural changes in basal-section of commercial green asparagus spears during a shelf-life of seven days (7 °C and 70% RH), with previous cold storage. All coated spears maintained overall higher carbohydrate levels than the control, except to sucrose which gradually decreased in basal sections and increased in the apical sections of asparagus spears, irrespective of treatment. Edible coating did not affect asparagine concentrations which steadily increased throughout the shelf-life of the spears. The blend (Cassava+) kept for a longer the green asparagus quality. However, spears under a shelf-life of seven days (7 °C and 70% RH), with previous cold storage under 1 °C and 90% RH conditions, developed tip-rot physiological disorder. vegetables shelflife shelf life ( C 70 (RH) 90 2.5%, 25 2.5% , 2 5 (2.5%) b 0.5%, 05 0.5% 0 (0.5%) c cassavachitosan Cassava (Cassava+ 2.5 (2. 0.5%) water WVTR (WVTR 3806 38 06 38.0 g/m2.h gm2h gmh g/ m2.h g m2 h m g/(m2.h) 0021 021 0.02 MPa 193 93 1.93 Youngs Young s 0011 011 0.01 L basalsection section RH, control treatment quality However conditions tiprot tip rot disorder (RH 9 (2.5% 0.5 (0.5% (Cassava 2. (2 380 3 38. gm m2h mh g/(m2.h 002 02 0.0 19 1.9 001 01 0. (0.5 00 1. (0. (0

Resumo Polímeros naturais, como o polissacarídeo, são uma alternativa biodegradável para a fabricação de novas embalagens, a fim de substituir as embalagens convencionais utilizadas para retardar a senescência em vegetais. Este trabalho investigou as propriedades de filmes biopoliméricos de amido de mandioca e quitosana, e seu uso como revestimentos comestíveis para preservar a vida útil (7 °C e 70% umidade relativa- UR) de aspargos verdes, com ou sem armazenamento prévio refrigerado (1 °C e 90% UR) por sete dias. Com base na avaliação prévia dos filmes obtidos a partir de a) fécula de mandioca (2,5%), b) quitosana (0,5%) e c) uma mistura de fécula de mandioca e quitosana (Cassava+) (2,5 + 0,5%), verificou-se que os filmes da mistura fécula e quitosana apresentaram propriedade de barreira melhorada (taxa de permeabilidade ao vapor d’água de 38,06 g/(m2.h)) e propriedades mecânicas, com resistência à tração de 0,021 MPa, alongamento à ruptura de 1,93% e módulo de Young de 0,011 MPa. O revestimento à base de fécula de mandioca e quitosana resultou em menor perda de massa e valor L*, e minimizou as mudanças de textura na seção basal de hastes de aspargo verde comercial durante a vida útil de sete dias (7 °C e 70% UR), com armazenamento prévio refrigerado. Todas as hastes revestidas mantiveram níveis globais de carboidratos mais elevados do que o controle, exceto para a sacarose, que diminuiu gradualmente nas seções basais e aumentou nas seções apicais das lanças de aspargo, independentemente do tratamento. O revestimento comestível não teve efeito nas concentrações de asparagina, que aumentaram ao longo do período de vida útil. Todas as hastes com vida útil de sete dias (7 °C e 70% UR), com armazenamento prévio refrigerado (1 °C e 90% UR), desenvolveram o distúrbio fisiológico podridão das pontas. naturais polissacarídeo vegetais 7 ( C 70 relativa UR verdes 1 90 2,5%, 25 2,5% , 2 5 (2,5%) b 0,5% 05 0 (0,5% c Cassava+ Cassava (Cassava+ 2,5 (2, 0,5%, 0,5%) verificouse verificou se taxa dágua d água 3806 38 06 38,0 g/m2.h gm2h gmh g/ m2.h g m2 h m g/(m2.h) mecânicas 0021 021 0,02 MPa 193 93 1,93 0011 011 0,01 L L* UR, controle sacarose tratamento asparagina pontas 9 (2,5% 0,5 (0,5 (Cassava 2, (2 380 3 38, gm m2h mh g/(m2.h 002 02 0,0 19 1,9 001 01 0, (0, 00 1, (0