ABSTRACT Introduction: The management and control of a health emergency situation is one of the most difficult and complex scenarios to face. Objective: To propose elements that, from the strategic approach to risk management, were used in decision-making in dealing with COVID-19 health emergencies. Development: A bibliographic and documentary review of the main authors related to the subject was carried out. Comparative, descriptive-explanatory methods were used for analysis and assessments. Through the causal and matrix analysis, the elements that connote risk management in health emergency situations were proposed. Elements were proposed that from the strategic approach to risk management can be used in the decision-making process in confronting COVID-19. Conclusions: As the pandemic spread throughout the world and in the country, its connotation as a health, economic and social crisis became more evident, with dimensions and duration of its effects difficult to quantify and predict, which forced the improvement of protocols for their confrontation. The strategic conception of risk management becomes a valid action platform to promote ways to identify danger, enhance communication and risk perception, as well as the development of vulnerability management, to reinforce the confrontation with COVID -19. These actions are aimed at strengthening the response capacity.

RESUMEN Introducción: La gestión y control de una situación de emergencia sanitaria es uno de los escenarios más difíciles y complejos de enfrentar. Objetivo: Proponer elementos que desde el enfoque estratégico de la gestión del riesgo fueron usados en la toma de decisiones en el enfrentamiento emergencias sanitarias de la COVID-19. Desarrollo: Se realizó la revisión bibliográfica y documental de los principales autores relacionados con el tema. Se utilizaron los métodos comparativos, descriptivo-explicativo para el análisis y las valoraciones. A través del análisis causal y el matricial se propusieron los elementos que connotan la gestión de riesgo en situaciones de emergencias sanitarias. Se propusieron elementos que desde el enfoque estratégico de la gestión del riesgo pueden ser utilizados en el proceso de toma de decisión en el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19. Conclusiones: En la medida que la pandemia se propagó por el mundo y en el país, su connotación como crisis sanitaria, económica y social se hizo más evidente, con dimensiones y duración de sus efectos difíciles de cuantificar y predecir, lo que obligó al perfeccionamiento de protocolos para su enfrentamiento. La concepción estratégica de la gestión de riesgos se convierte en una plataforma de acción válida para promover vías en la identificación del peligro, potenciar la comunicación y percepción del riesgo, así como el desarrollo de la gestión de vulnerabilidades, para reforzar el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19. Estas acciones están dirigidas al fortalecimiento de la capacidad de respuesta.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The risk matrix identifies the relevant control measures. Failure modes and effects analysis postpones defining the effectiveness of corrective measures. Using just one of these methods limits the scope when assessing risks and making decisions. Objectives: To determine the individual contribution of the basic causes of failure in the radiological risk of radiosynoviorthesis and the myelosupressor treatment of polycythemia vera, based on the matrix model and the reports. Methods: The analysis of quality management in radiotherapy was adapted to the practices under study and the individual selection of the basic causes most contributing to radiological risk. The international incident base provided the causes that completed the list of those derived from the application of the Pareto principle. Results: The sub-processes that contributed the most to risk were, in order of importance, the administration of the radiopharmaceutical, its preparation and the clinical prescription. For these, the most important, stages, failure modes and their causes were identified. There were causes that contributed to various failure modes. Non-compliance with procedures, protocols or practices, lack of staff training and staff fatigue are the causes of the identified risks. Conclusions: The effectiveness of the corrective measures of the most contributing causes, which are added to those derived from the matrix, was characterized in the improvement plan in radiosynoviorthesis and myelosupressor treatment of polycythemia vera in Cuba.

RESUMEN Introducción: Con la matriz de riesgo se identifican las medidas de control relevantes. El análisis de modos y efectos de fallo posterga definir la efectividad de las medidas correctivas. El uso de uno solo de estos métodos limita el alcance al evaluar los riesgos y la toma de decisiones. Objetivos: Determinar la contribución individual de las causas básicas de fallo en el riesgo radiológico de la radiosinoviortesis y el tratamiento mielosupresor de la policitemia vera, a partir del modelo de la matriz y los reportes. Métodos: Se adaptó el análisis de la gestión de la calidad en radioterapia a las prácticas en estudio y la selección individual de las causas básicas más contribuyentes al riesgo radiológico. La base internacional de incidentes aportó las causas que completaron el listado de las derivadas de la aplicación del principio de Pareto. Resultados: Los subprocesos más contribuyentes al riesgo fueron, por orden de importancia, la administración del radiofármaco, su preparación y la prescripción clínica. Para estos se identificaron las etapas, modos de fallo y sus causas más importantes. Existieron causas que contribuyeron a varios modos de fallo. El incumplimiento de procedimientos, protocolos o prácticas, la falta de entrenamiento del personal y la fatiga del personal son las causas de los riesgos identificados. Conclusiones: Se caracterizó la efectividad de las medidas correctivas de las causas más contribuyentes, las que se adicionan a las derivadas de la matriz, en el plan de mejora en la radiosinoviortesis y el tratamiento mielosupresor de la policitemia vera en Cuba.

ABSTRACT The study to implement an occupational safety and health system, based on Peruvian law No. 29783, to reduce the level of risk in a fishing company. The research design was pre-experimental, where the sample was made up of the risks of the production area. The initial diagnosis determined that the company was law-enforcement, below 60%; placing it in a state of legal disapproval. Were detected 29 risks that increased the probability of occurrence and severity of accidents. A health and safety system was designed that implemented administrative procedures and engineering controls. Finally, the post-test IPERC matrix ( Risk identification, evaluation and control) showed that the implementation of Peruvian law No. 29783 reduced the level of risk from an initial median of 18 to an average value of 6; inferential analysis also established that the difference was significant (α<0.05).

RESUMEN El estudio implementó un sistema de seguridad y salud en el trabajo, basado en la ley peruana Número 29783, para reducir el nivel de riesgo en una empresa pesquera. El diseño de investigación fue preexperimental, donde la muestra estuvo conformada por los riesgos del área de producción. El diagnóstico inicial determinó que la empresa presentaba un cumplimiento de la ley, por debajo del 60%; ubicándola en un estado de desaprobación legal. Se detectaron 29 riesgos que incrementaban la probabilidad de ocurrencia y gravedad de accidentes. Se diseñó un sistema de seguridad y salud que implementó procedimientos administrativos y controles de ingeniería. Finalmente, la matriz IPERC (Identificación de Peligros, Evaluación y Control de Riesgos) de post prueba demostró que la implementación de la ley peruana Número 29783, redujo el nivel de riesgo pasando de una mediana inicial de 18 a un valor medio de 6; asimismo, el análisis inferencial estableció que la diferencia era significativa (α<0.05).

ABSTRACT Introduction: In the National Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, the NC-ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management System was implemented since 2005. However, in the postgraduate process, the risks have not been systematically and comprehensively managed, which may affect performance. Objective: To identify the risk factors that influence performance of the postgraduate training process and to plan the actions for their treatment. Methods: A qualitative, non-experimental study was carried out in the period between February and March 2019. For the diagnosis of risks, some techniques were used, such as focus group, the SWOT matrix, the survey, and Ishikawa’s cause-and-effect analysis. In addition, the probability-consequence matrix was used to assess the priority of the identified risks. Results: The diagnosis allowed to provide the foundations for the need to manage comprehensively the risks that affect the postgraduate training process. Nine of the identified risks are considered high and have the highest priority for the establishment of control measures. Seven are moderate and also measures are taken for their minimization. Conclusions: The risks identified are related to inadequate planning of the process indicators and the non-inclusion of all aspects that affect management in the postgraduate level. The treatment of the risks according to their priority will allow to increase the performance of the process and meet the requirements of the NC-ISO 9001: 2015 standard.

RESUMEN Introducción: En el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso desde 2015 se implementó el Sistema de Gestión de la Calidad NC-ISO 9001:2015. Sin embargo, en el proceso de posgrado los riesgos no se han gestionado de forma sistemática e integral, lo que puede afectar su desempeño. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo que influyen en el desempeño del proceso de formación de posgrado y planificar las acciones para su tratamiento. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo cualitativo, no experimental, en el período comprendido entre febrero y marzo de 2019. Para el diagnóstico de los riesgos se emplearon las técnicas de grupo focal, la matriz DAFO, la encuesta y el análisis de causa-efecto de Ishikawa. Además, la matriz de probabilidad-consecuencia se utilizó para evaluar la prioridad de los riesgos identificados. Resultados: El diagnóstico permitió fundamentar la necesidad de gestionar integralmente los riesgos que inciden en el proceso de formación de posgrado. Nueve de los riesgos identificados se consideran altos y tienen la máxima prioridad para el establecimiento de medidas de control. Siete son moderados y también se toman medidas para su minimización. Conclusiones: Los riesgos identificados están en relación con la planificación inadecuada de los indicadores del proceso y la no inclusión de todos los aspectos que inciden sobre la gestión del posgrado. El tratamiento de los riesgos según su prioridad permitirá elevar el desempeño del proceso y cumplir los requisitos de la norma NC-ISO 9001:2015.

The present work shows the results of the safety evaluation of the PET/CT center belonging to the Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology in Havana by using the risk matrix method. A multidisciplinary team (medical physicists, radiochemists, technologists and nuclear physicians) participated in the definition of the list of initiating events. Several stages were considered taking into account the design of the facility, the use of nuclear instrumentation, radiopharmacy, review of the relevance of study requests, radiopharmaceutical reception and dose fractioning, <img border=0 width=31 height=17 src="http://img/revistas/nuc/n62/e01086217.jpg" alt="http://img/revistas/nuc/n62/e01086217.jpg">-radiopharmaceuticalsproduction, as well as the management of patient during the administration of radiopharmaceuticals and patient positioning and the declassification of radioactive waste. In addition, initiating events related to X-ray tomography (CT) scans for diagnosis were included. Accident risks were evaluated in Patients, Public and Occupationally Exposed Workers (TOEs). Because most of the initiating events originate from human errors (89.5 %), staff training is strongly recommended prior to inclusion in the work team, as well as the implementation of quality management programs based on ISO standards

En el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados de la evaluación de seguridad del centro PET/CT, perteneciente al Instituto de Oncología y Radiobiología en la Habana, con el empleo del método de la matriz de riesgos. En la definición del listado de los sucesos iniciadores participó un equipo multidisciplinario (físicos médicos, radioquímicos, tecnólogos y médicos nucleares). Se consideraron varias etapas teniendo en cuenta el diseño de la instalación, el uso de la instrumentación nuclear, la radiofarmacia, la revisión de la pertinencia de las solicitudes de estudios, la recepción y fraccionamiento de radiofármacos, la producción de radiofármacos de <img border=0 width=31 height=17 src="http://img/revistas/nuc/n62/e01086217.jpg" alt="http://img/revistas/nuc/n62/e01086217.jpg">, el manejo del paciente durante la administración de radiofármacos y el posicionamiento del paciente y la desclasificación de desechos radiactivos. Además, se incluyeron sucesos iniciadores relacionados con exploraciones de tomografía de rayos X (CT) para diagnóstico. Se evaluaron los riesgos de accidente en pacientes, público y TOEs. Debido a que la mayoría de los sucesos iniciadores tiene origen en errores humanos (89.5 %), se recomienda fuertemente el entrenamiento del personal antes de su inclusión en el equipo de trabajo, así como la implementación de programas de gestión de calidad basados en normas ISO

RESUMEN En este estudio se presenta el desarrollo de una guía metodológica para identificar las amenazas tecnológicas de las empresas adherentes, al igual que las amenazas sociales y naturales de su área de influencia; construir los escenarios potenciales de riesgos; evaluar los riesgos asociados para cada factor de vulnerabilidad definido (víctimas, daños ambientales, pérdidas económicas, pérdidas debidas a la suspensión de la operación de la planta y pérdida de prestigio); elaborar la matriz de aceptabilidad de riesgos de la empresa; determinar los escenarios que requieren o no un plan de emergencias y contingencias detallado para su control y la elaboración de los Procedimientos Operativos Normalizados (PONS) e Instructivos Operativos Normalizados (IONS). Lo anterior con el propósito de unificar los criterios de las empresas adherentes al Proceso Apell de Barranquilla (Departamento del Atlántico) en la gestión integral de los riesgos tecnológicos. La aplicación de la metodología desarrollada a 19 empresas adherentes al proceso APELL, evidenció la factibilidad para la elaboración del mapa de riesgos tecnológicos de las empresas objeto del estudio y se pudo concluir que la guía desarrollada, además de involucrar las variables más preponderantes para el análisis de vulnerabilidad, es aplicable a cualquier empresa, independiente de su actividad económica, tamaño y razón social.

ABSTRACT In this study we present the development of a methodological guide to identify the technological threats of the member companies, as well as the social and natural threats of their area of influence; to construct potential risk scenarios; to evaluate the associated risks for each defined vulnerability factor (victims, environmental damage, economic losses, and losses due to the suspension of the operation of the plant as well as loss of prestige); to elaborate the risk acceptability matrix of the company; to determine those scenarios that may or may not require a detailed emergency and contingency plan for its control and the elaboration of Standardized Operating Procedures (SOP) and Standardized Operative Instructions (SOI). This review is review is for the purpose of unifying the criteria of the companies adhering to the Apell Process of Barranquilla (Department of the Atlántico) in the integral management of technological risks. The application of the methodology developed to 19 companies adhering to the APELL process, showed the feasibility for the mapping of technological risks of the companies which are objective of this study and it was possible to conclude that the guide developed, besides involving the most preponderant variables for the analysis of vulnerability, is applicable to any company, regardless of their economic activity, size and company name.

La evaluación del riesgo es una etapa clave de un Plan de Seguridad del Agua (PSA) y se logra mediante la identificación de peligros o eventos peligrosos y la valoración del riesgo. Este estudio evaluó los riesgos en el Sistema de Distribución de Agua potable (SDA) de la ciudad de Cali (Colombia) abastecido por el río Cauca, identificando los eventos peligrosos y posteriormente realizando la estimación del riesgo usando una matriz semicuantitativa adaptada. La estimación del riesgo se efectuó inicialmente sin considerar las medidas de control existentes del SDA y luego se reestimó considerando el nivel de eficacia de las mismas. Los resultados mostraron los eventos con mayor nivel de riesgo asociados al deterioro de la integridad física e hidráulica del SDA (daños en tuberías, fluctuaciones de presión, ausencia de información sistematizada sobre el SDA, fallas humanas, falta de capacitación, supervisión, conciencia del concepto aseguramiento del agua, corrosión interna y externa de elementos del SDA). La evaluación del riesgo es un instrumento de gestión para empresas prestadoras del servicio que permite priorizar recursos humanos y financieros hacia el mejoramiento de las medidas de control como estrategia para reducir los riesgos y asegurar la calidad del agua potable en el SDA.

The risk assessment is a key stage in a Water Safety Plan (WSP) and it is achieved by the identification of hazards or hazardous events and the risk estimation. This study evaluated the health risks in the Drinking Water Distribution System (DWDS) of the city of Cali (Colombia) which is supplied by the Cauca River; the hazardous events were identified and subsequently the risk estimation was made using a semi-quantitative risk matrix, previously adapted. The risk estimation was made initially without considering the existing control measures in the DWDS and then, the risks were re-estimated considering the level of effectiveness of them. The results showed the events with the highest level of risk associated with the loss of physical and hydraulic integrity of the DWDS (damage to water pipelines, pressure fluctuations, lack of systematic information on the DWDS, human failures, and lack of training, supervision and awareness about the concept of safety drinking water, internal and external corrosion in the elements of the DWDS). The risk assessment is a management tool for water providers which allow prioritizing the human and financial resources toward improving the control measures as a strategy to reduce health risks and ensure the quality of drinking water in the DWDS.

A avaliação do risco é uma etapa chave dum Plano de Seguridade do Água (PSA) e consegue-se mediante a identificação de perigos ou eventos perigosos e a valoração do risco. Este estudo avaliou os riscos no Sistema de Distribuição de Água potável (SDA) da cidade de Cali (Colômbia) abastecido por o rio Cauca, identificando os eventos perigosos e posteriormente realizando uma estimação do risco usando uma matriz semiquantitativa adaptada. A estimação do risco efetuou-se sem considerar as medidas de controle existentes do SDA e logo reestimou-se o nível de eficácia dessas. Os resultados mostraram os eventos com maior nível de risco associados à deterioração da integridade física e hidráulica do SDA (danos em tubulação, flutuações de pressão, ausência de informação sistematizada sobre o DAS, falhas humanas, carência de capacitação, supervisão, consciência do conceito asseguramento do água, corozão interna e externa de elementos do SDA). A avaliação do risco é um instrumento de gestão para empresas prestador de serviços que permite priorizar recursos humanos e financeiros para o melhoramento da medidas de controle como estratégia para reduzir os riscos e garantir a qualidade do água potável no SDA.

A necessidade do município de Imbé (RS) de elaborar o seu Plano de Manejo de Dunas ensejou a construção deste método para o gerenciamento costeiro ativo de setores da costa. Entre dezembro de 2011 e março de 2012, o estudo diagnóstico se apropriou de técnicas clássicas da morfodinâmica praial, dinâmica sedimentar, morfologia e ecologia das dunas, complementadas com a obtenção de uma matriz de dados ambientais e de padrões urbanísticos (checklist) para definição de índices de vulnerabilidades (IVR). Inicialmente, quatro setores costeiros com características similares foram identificados, a saber: Setor sul (a)- costa urbanizada sem dunas; Setor sul (b)- costa em erosão por ondas e sangradouros; Setor central- costa estável a progradante; Setor norte- costa em erosão gradual. A análise por agrupamento da matriz de dados permitiu classificar cinco grandes grupos, entre os quais dois grupos prioritários ao manejo, segundo o comportamento das variáveis empregadas na taxação da lista de controle. As associações tendem a se formar entre trechos adjacentes o que facilita a proposição das soluções de manejo em larga escala espacial. O risco de erosão aumentou para o norte do município em razão do avanço da urbanização e de uma estrada litorânea sobre as dunas, coincidente com a diminuição da largura e dos estoques de areia da praia subaérea associada ao campo de dunas transgressivas de Imara.

The north coast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) has been suffering a continuing process of human occupation in the last decades due to the expansion of tourism and second-residences.The need of the municipality of Imbé (Rio Grande do Sul - RS) to elaborate the Plan of Dune Management led to the construction of a method for managing coastal assessment to priority sectors. The diagnosis is a first step to the planning of the whole coast of the municipality, which uses criteria of environmental analysis and human occupation, seeking the division into sectors. The identification of conflicts between urbanization and beach facilitates the choice of management techniques and control the different use of space, in order to solve the problems of erosion and the littoral degradation. Between december 2011 and march 2012 classical techniques of beach morphodynamic, morphology and ecology of the dunes were applied in the research area. Also, they were complemented with an data matrix elaborated from environmental and urbanization patterns (checklist) for setting rates vulnerabilities (IV%). Four sectors with similar characteristics were identified to facilitating the application of management techniques in a large spacial scale: South sector (a) - urbanized coast without dunes; South sector (b) - erosional coast due wave and washouts; Central sector - progradational and stable coast; North sector - gradual erosional coast. At the north of beach, the risk of erosion and degradation of foredunes grew up due to the expansion of urban and the construction of the road on APP (Area of Permanently Protection) dunes. Coincidently decreased the subaerial beaches and losses of stock sediment into the transgressive dunefield of Imara. As suggestions to control the erosion problem, the Plan of Dune Management of the Imbé beach proposes: Installing sand fences, scattering the dead vegetation, constructing foredunes and vegetation plantings, resizing the washouts, improving the beach access and signalizations in addition to environmental education.

Este artigo aborda a prática da gestão social nos Conselhos Regionais de Desenvolvimento (Coredes), experiência vivenciada no Rio Grande do Sul ao longo dos últimos vinte anos. A gestão social, conforme aqui entendida, requer a participação da sociedade civil na gestão pública e do desenvolvimento. O estudo utiliza a abordagem interpretativa inserida no paradigma da teoria social crítica, estabelecendo uma matriz de categorias e subcategorias de análise que contempla os princípios da inclusão, do pluralismo, da igualdade participativa, da autonomia e do bem comum, presentes no conceito de cidadania deliberativa. Os Coredes, sendo arranjos institucionais que atuam na promoção do desenvolvimento, constituem-se em espaços públicos potenciais para a prática da cidadania deliberativa. Se as experiências participativas já são significativas em âmbito local, como no caso dos conselhos municipais e do orçamento participativo, ainda são raras em âmbito regional e estadual, daí a importância dos Coredes, ativos após seis governos estaduais. Portanto, os Coredes são processos e espaços de cidadania deliberativa que produzem mudanças, ainda que lentamente, na perspectiva pública dos indivíduos, na cultura da sociedade civil, no perfil da sociedade política e no modus operandi do aparelho burocrático e dos governos. Por outro lado, trata-se de processo dialógico que necessita ser construído e reconstruído permanentemente pelos participantes, para evitar o risco do controle corporativo, político ou administrativo por meio de cooptação e manipulação, ainda presente nas incipientes experiências de gestão social.

This article discusses the practice of social management in Regional Development Councils (Coredes) experienced in Rio Grande do Sul over the past twenty years. Social management, as understood here, requires the participation of civil society in public administration and development. The study uses the interpretative approach embedded in the paradigm of critical social theory, establishing a matrix of categories and subcategories of analysis that include the principles of inclusion, pluralism, equal participation, autonomy and the common good found in the concept of deliberative citizenship. The Coredes as institutional arrangements that work to promote development are potential public spaces for the practice of deliberative citizenship. If the participatory experiences are already significant locally, as in the case of municipal councils and participatory budgeting, they remain rare at the regional and state levels, this highlights the the importance of Coredes, still active after six state government mandates. Therefore, Coredes are processes and spaces for deliberative citizenship, which produce changes, albeit slowly, in the public perspective of individuals, in the culture of civil society, in the profile of the political society and in the modus operandi of bureaucracy and governments. Moreover, it is the dialogic process that needs to be continuously constructed and reconstructed by the participants to avoid the risk of corporate, political or administrative control through cooptation and manipulation, even in these incipient social management experiences.

Environmental contaminants are a risk factor for developing diseases, occupational health; exposure and the effects of pollution by heavy metals such as lead and chromium are several situations that have a history. In this paper, it quantifies the heavy metals present in the toner, by atomic absorption spectrometry, after taking into account these results, the effect of lead and chromium in workers of photocopiers, assessing people exposed to both sexes (n = 39) and in a group of persons of both sexes not exposed occupationally (n = 38), through the following determinations: hemoglobin by the method of forming cyanmethaemoglobin, with readings by visible spectrophotometry, hematocrit by the method of capillary tube, lead and chromium in blood by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results enabled us to conclude that the toner contains the following heavy metals: Pb, Cr, Fe, Zn, Cd, Cu. The presence of these metals affects the hemoglobin of workers since making the measurement is a low value: 13.53 g / dl, being the normal value between 14.3 to 17.0 g / dl; the value of hemoglobin control group is higher: 14.42 g / dl. Also the data obtained from lead and chromium in the blood of workers exceed the maximum allowable level for workers who are exposed to 30ug/dl for lead and chromium that is 5 ug / dl. In conducting the environmental management system is that the environmental impact assessment produced by this process, according to Matrix of Leopold, the following factors negatively impacted in order of importance: a change in the health and safety, air quality, alteration of the surface layer of soil, alteration of the areas. It has been proposed an Environmental Management Program that includes mitigation measures for the first factor is that change impacted the health and safety, by proposing to use safety measures such as: use of apron, masks, gloves, etc. And the employee is maximum one year to expose this activity.

Los contaminantes ambientales constituyen un factor de riesgo para desarrollar enfermedades en salud ocupacional; la exposicion y los efectos de la contaminacion por metales pesados como el plomo y cromo, son situaciones que tienen varios antecedentes. En el presente trabajo se cuantifican los metales pesados presentes en el toner, por espectrofotometria de absorcion atomica; luego teniendo en cuenta estos resultados, se estudio el efecto del plomo y cromo en los trabajadores de fotocopiadoras, evaluando a personas expuestas de ambos sexos (n=39) y en un grupo de personas de ambos sexos no expuestas ocupacionalmente (n=38), mediante las siguientes determinaciones: hemoglobina por el metodo de la formacion de cianometahemoglobina, haciendo las lecturas por espectrofotometria visible; hematocrito por el metodo del tubo capilar; plomo y cromo en sangre por espectrofotometria de absorcion atomica. Los resultados obtenidos nos permitieron concluir que el toner contiene los siguientes metales pesados: Pb, Cr, Fe, Zn, Cd, Cu. La presencia de estos metales afecta la hemoglobina de los trabajadores, ya que haciendo la medicion se encuentra un valor bajo: 13,53 g/dl, siendo el valor normal entre 14,3 a 17,0 g/dl; el valor de hemoglobina del grupo control se encuentra mas alto: 14,42g/dl.Asimismo, los datos obtenidos de plomo y cromo en sangre de los trabajadores superan el nivel maximo admitido para trabajadores expuestos que son de 30ug/dl para el plomo y de cromo que es 5 ug/dl .Al realizar el Sistema de GestionAmbiental se encuentra que en la evaluacion del impacto ambiental producido por este proceso, de acuerdo a la Matriz de Leopold, existen los siguientes factores impactados negativamente en orden de importancia: alteracion de la salud y seguridad, calidad del aire, alteracion de la capa superficial del suelo, alteracion de las areas antropicas. Por lo cual se ha propuesto un programa de gestion ambiental que incluye medidas de mitigacion para el primer factor impactado que es alteracion de la salud y seguridad, proponiendo que use las medidas de seguridad como: uso de mandil, mascarillas, guantes, etc.Yque el trabajador se exponga como maximo un ano a esta actividad.

Este artigo apresenta uma metodologia de mensuração do nível de controle de riscos inerentes aos processos de qualquer entidade, a partir da construção de um índice de desempenho definido em função da capacidade dos controles mitigarem os riscos e da eficácia dos controles implantados. O modelo possibilita ao gestor de riscos identificar para quais riscos são necessárias ações de melhoria de controle, quais possuem níveis de controles adequados e quais controles em excesso, contribuindo, assim, para a otimização da aplicação dos recursos disponíveis para a gestão de riscos e controles internos nas empresas. A metodologia foi aplicada a um estudo de caso e mostrou-se satisfatória do ponto de vista de avaliação e identificação dos níveis de controle.

This paper presents a control measurement methodology applied in the processes performed by any entity. The methodology is derived from the analysis of the mitigation capabilities of the controls currently in use by the entity. The method enables risk managers to identify which risks require urgent actions to improve the control levels, which risks are already adequately controlled and which ones are in a situation of excessive control. This kind of information can play an important role to improve the application of available internal risk and control management resources in companies. The methodology was applied to a case study and revealed to be a satisfactory tool to assess and identify control levels.

Risks and the management thereof are seen to be a crucial part of project management. The unsuccessful management of risks could lead to the downfall of an otherwise successful project. Therefore it is the purpose of this article to define risk and to understand the concept of risk. Cashane Vending is a sole owned enterprise that owns and services various cold drink and snack machines within the greater Rustenburg area. The company is currently attempting to shift its focus to mobile advertisement boards and as a result has initiated a project to that effect. Using Cashane Vending as a basis, the tools and techniques of how to identify risks will be explored along with the various categories of risks. The probability and impact of each risk identified within Cashane Vendings project will be discussed and a severity risk matrix will be constructed. Finally risk monitoring and control will attract some attention. The various strategies that Cashane Vending can use should their risks materialise will also be examined.