RESUMEN Esta reflexión emerge de un proyecto educativo orientado a mejorar algunos aspectos relacionados con el acceso y manejo del agua en tres barrios informales. El objetivo es reflexionar acerca de las nociones de territorio que se construyen en el contexto de proyectos educativos en comunidades que habitan barrios informales. El proyecto inició con la conformación de un grupo de participantes quienes realizaron la cartografía social de sus barrios para identificar aspectos críticos sobre agua y saneamiento. La validación de los mapas y los recorridos por cada sector aportaron elementos para los talleres relacionados con acceso, manejo, cuidado y derecho al agua, que posteriormente fueron multiplicados en cada comunidad. Este proceso permitió reconocer situaciones relacionadas con la negación del derecho al agua, el malestar, la tensión entre ilegalidad e informalidad, las maneras en que las comunidades resuelven sus necesidades y las relaciones que establecen con su territorio, en medio de grandes inequidades. En conclusión, existe una relación profunda entre salud y territorio, que se hace más evidente en comunidades en condiciones críticas. Los proyectos de educación para la salud requieren hacer un trabajo situado y establecer una mirada interdisciplinaria, que reconozca la complejidad e interdependencia de las dinámicas sociales y ambientales. informales saneamiento comunidad malestar informalidad inequidades conclusión críticas interdisciplinaria ambientales

ABSTRACT This reflection derives from an educational project focused on raising awareness about some aspects related to the access and management of water in three disadvantaged neighborhoods. The objective is to reflect on the notions of territory build in the context of educational projects in communities inhabiting disadvantaged neighborhoods. The project began with the formation of a group of participants who carried out social mapping of their neighborhoods to identify critical aspects of water and sanitation. Map validation and the paths followed in each sector provided the input to design the workshops, related to access, management, care and the right to water, which were subsequently multiplied in each community. This process allowed us to understand the situations derived from the denial of access to water, discomfort, and tension between illegality and informality as the modes people in these communities have chosen to address their needs, and the relationships they establish with their territory in the midst of huge inequalities. In conclusion, there is a deep relationship between health and territory which is blatant in communities that face critical life conditions. The projects on health education require situated work and to define an interdisciplinary perspective that acknowledges the complexity and interdependence of social and environmental dynamics. sanitation workshops community discomfort needs inequalities conclusion conditions dynamics

ABSTRACT Andean and Bolivian Indigenous Communities of Titicaca often depend on their natural resources to ensure their food security, making them especially vulnerable to environmental fluctuations and changes in the ecosystem. Under this criterion, this study applies a qualitative methodology to analyze the relationship between the food security of the communities of the Cohana Bay region (taking the Chojasivi community as a case study) and water pollution in the Katari basin. The results reveal that such contamination has generated a potential effect on access, availability, use and stability over time of the food that makes up the basic food basket of the community.

RESUMEN Las comunidades Indígenas Andino-bolivianas del Titicaca dependen a menudo de sus recursos naturales para garantizar su seguridad alimentaria, lo que las hace especialmente vulnerables a fluctuaciones ambientales y cambios en el ecosistema. Bajo ese criterio, el presente estudio aplica una metodología cualitativa para analizar la relación existente entre la seguridad alimentaria de las comunidades de la región de la bahía de Cohana (tomando como caso de estudio a la comunidad de Chojasivi) y la contaminación hídrica presente en la cuenca Katari. Los resultados revelan que dicha contaminación ha generado un efecto potencial en el acceso, disponibilidad, uso y estabilidad en el tiempo de los alimentos que componen la canasta básica de los comunarios.

Abstract The objective of this work was to analyze the relationship between perceptions and agricultural practices in the face of the effects of climate change from the agro-socio-economic context and the hydrological structure in the Cochapata high-altitude ecosystem in Urcuquí-Ecuador. The methodological strategy responds to the qualitative paradigm, case study method. Primary information was collected through landscape reading, interviews, and participant observation. It was found that the territory is occupied by timber industries, whose tree species are characterized by excessive water demand. The sub-paramo is inhabited by peasants in survival conditions who use the land to obtain goods for family sustenance using their labor force. Water distribution is of a hydro-social nature, as it excludes peasants from the right to irrigation and watering. Regarding the effects of the changing climate, the inhabitants perceive heat waves and variations in the rainy season in their daily lives; however, no agricultural practices were found to adapt to the climatic phenomenon. It is concluded that the vulnerability of the ecosystem is not directly related to climate change; it responds to historical failures in the distribution of ecosystem goods such as land and water, to the lack of knowledge of the peasant subject on the part of the state and society, and the excessive extractivism implemented during the last decades.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la relación entre percepciones y prácticas agrícolas frente a los efectos del cambio climático desde el contexto agro-socio-económico y la estructura hidrológica en el ecosistema de altura Cochapata en Urcuquí-Ecuador. La estrategia metodológica responde al paradigma cualitativo, método de estudio de caso. Se levantó información primaria mediante lectura del paisaje, entrevistas y observación participante. Se encontró que el territorio está ocupado por industrias madereras cuyas especies arbóreas se caracterizan por excesiva demanda hídrica. El subpáramo está habitado por campesinos en condición de sobrevivencia que usan la tierra para obtener bienes de sustento familiar, valiéndose de su fuerza de trabajo. Se evidenció que la distribución del agua es de carácter hidrosocial, pues excluye al campesinado del derecho a riego y abrevadero. Respecto a los efectos del clima cambiante, los pobladores perciben en su cotidianidad olas de calor y variaciones en las temporadas de lluvias, sin embargo, no se encontraron prácticas agrícolas con intención adaptativa al fenómeno climático. Se concluye que la vulnerabilidad del ecosistema no guarda relación directa con el cambio climático, esta responde a las fallas históricas en la distribución de los bienes ecosistémicos tierra y agua, al desconocimiento del sujeto campesino por parte del Estado y de la sociedad, y al excesivo extractivismo implantado durante las últimas décadas.

Abstract Mexico occupies first place in mining exploration in Latin America, a situation that has caused alarm among native peoples because the implementation of extractive projects threatens their vital space. The objective of this paper is to analyze the actions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of the Ixtaca Project in Ixtacamaxtitlán, Puebla, as well as the strategies of territoial defense undertaken by the communities to stop its expansion. Data was gathered through one survey, one workshop and various interviews conducted in three communities affected by the project. Results discuss three actions of CSR: 1) job offers; 2) investment in community infrastructure; 3) support for social events. Three main defense strategies were identified: 1) collective agreements refusing to sell water to the company; 2) legal litigations in favor of the right to be consulted as native peoples; 3) the strengthening of peasant agriculture thanks to the defense of the ejido, the conservation of irrigation water and the support received from the federal program Sembrando Vida. The paper concludes that, despite the negative impacts of RCS actions, these strategies have proven effective because mining concessions have been cancelled and some families have returned to agriculture.

Resumen México ocupa el primer lugar en exploración minera en América Latina, situación que ha causado alarma entre pueblos originarios dado que el desarrollo de proyectos extractivos representa una amenaza para su espacio vital. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las acciones de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSC) del Proyecto Ixtaca en el municipio de Ixtacamatitlán, Puebla, así como las estrategias de defensa del territorio desarrolladas por las comunidades para detener su avance. Para obtener información se realizó una encuesta, un taller y varias entrevistas en tres comunidades afectadas por el proyecto. Los resultados destacan tres acciones de RSC: 1) oferta de empleos; 2) inversión en infraestructura comunitaria; 3) apoyo a eventos sociales. Las estrategias de defensa fueron: 1) acuerdos colectivos para negarse a vender agua a la empresa; 2) litigios legales a favor del derecho a la consulta de pueblos originarios; 3) fortalecimiento de la agricultura campesina gracias a la defensa del ejido, la conservación de agua de riego y los apoyos otorgados por el programa federal Sembrando Vida. Se concluye que, a pesar de los impactos negativos de la RSC, estas estrategias resultaron efectivas porque se logró la cancelación de las concesiones mineras y se ha avanzado en la recampesinización de algunas familias.

Abstract The cultivation of avocado (Persea Americana) is not only essential from an economic point of view, but also plays a crucial role in the nutrition, health and well-being of populations around the world. The study was carried out in Ayacucho -Peru (latitude: 12° 53' 57'' S, longitude: 74° 16' 55'' W and altitude: 2596 masl), with the objective of evaluating the effect of the use of the technical drip irrigation system on the production and yield of two varieties of avocado, Hass and Fuerte. The study was based on the use of an irrigation system with programming by treatment with avocado plants installed in plots of 500 m² in 6 sectors, with a density of 5 x 5 m, whose age was between 5 to 16 years, of the which were considered 12 plants (6 plants with drip irrigation and 6 plants as a control with gravity irrigation). Irrigation was carried out right at the flowering and production stage, guaranteeing adequate water supply in periods of water deficit, between February and June 2022. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, with six blocks of 20 plants each. The harvest carried out reported yields of 67.96 ± 8.8 t/ha under technical irrigation and 26.42 ± 4.93 t/ha under gravity irrigation, an increase of 157% with respect to the latter. As for the varieties, the Fuerte avocado had the highest yield 49.38 ± 23.06 t/ha compared to the Hass variety (45.0 ± 21.14 t/ha), the maximum yield occurred with drip irrigation for the Fuerte variety (71.09 ± 8.38 t/ha), this is explained by the energy expenditure in the osmotic adjustment potential which drastically decreases the yield potential with traditional gravity irrigation, obtaining a minimum yield in Hass of 25.18 ± 4.44 t/ha.

Resumen El cultivo de palta (Persea americana) no solo es esencial desde el punto de vista económico, sino que también desempeña un papel crucial en la alimentación, la salud y el bienestar de las poblaciones en todo el mundo. El estudio se realizó en Ayacucho-Perú (latitud: 12° 53’ 57’’ S, longitud: 74° 16’ 55’’ O y altitud: 2596 msnm), con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la utilización del sistema de riego tecnificado por goteo en la producción y rendimiento de dos variedades de palta, Hass y Fuerte. El estudio estuvo basado en el uso de un sistema de riego con programación por tratamiento con plantas de palta instaladas en parcelas de 500 m² en 6 sectores, con una densidad de 5 x 5 m, cuya edad estuvo entre 5 a 16 años, de las cuales se consideró 12 plantas (6 plantas con riego por goteo y 6 plantas como testigo con riego por gravedad). Los riegos se efectuaron justo en la etapa de floración y producción garantizando el suministro de agua adecuado en periodos de déficit hídrico, entre febrero a junio de 2022. El diseño experimental fue de bloques completos al azar, con seis bloques de 20 plantas cada uno. La cosecha realizada reporto rendimientos 67,96 ± 8,8 t/ha bajo riego tecnificado y de 26,42 ± 4,93 t/ha en riego por gravedad, siendo un incremento del 157% con respecto a este último. En cuanto a las variedades, la palta Fuerte tuvo el mayor rendimiento 49,38 ± 23,06 t/ha con respecto a la variedad Hass (45,0 ± 21,14 t/ha), el rendimiento máximo se dio con riego por goteo para a variedad Fuerte (71,09 ± 8,38 t/ha), esto es explicado por el gasto de energía en el potencial de ajuste osmótico la cual disminuye drásticamente el potencial de rendimiento con riego tradicional por gravedad, obteniendo un rendimiento mínimo en Hass de 25,18 ± 4,44 t/ha.

Abstract As dams play a very important role in the optimum use of water resources, it is very important to keep them stable and the water stored in the reservoir. It is particularly important to investigate how water moves through rocks and the permeability and quality of the rock mass in structures like dams. Therefore, one of the issues considered in dam stability is monitoring the quantity of leaks. In this research, the engineering geological and geotechnical parameters of the rock mass for the construction of the Kurit Dam located in the city of Tabas in eastern Iran were evaluated. Initially, following the determination of geotechnical parameters, the engineering classification of the rock mass of the study area was carried out. In addition, in order to study and trace the water evacuation routes of the dam construction, two parameters of the RQD and Lugeon were studied and modelled. Analyses have been conducted to examine the permeability and rock quality index in three parts of the left and right abutment, the dam's axis and reservoir with geostatistics and kriging methods. Three-dimensional model of the construction of the Kurit dam was presented and the results were analyzed. Based on the results, the quality of the rock mass in the right and left abutments is arguably better than the dam axis and reservoir. Additionally, as the depth increases, the permeability decreases and the permeability is higher at shallow depths. The highest level of permeability is located at the surface and near the B H 4 borehole. resources Therefore leaks research evaluated Initially out addition modelled abutment s methods Threedimensional Three dimensional analyzed Additionally increases depths borehole

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed identify the prevalence and factors associated with food insecurity in families from the remaining quilombola communities in Alagoas, Brazil. Methods This is a cross-sectional study involving families residing in a random sample of 34 out of the 68 quilombola communities in Alagoas. The dependent variable was food insecurity, defined by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale, and its association (prevalence ratio - PR and 95% CI) with the independent variables (socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental) was assessed through multivariable analysis (Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment). Results A total of 2,485 families were evaluated, of which 67.6% were experiencing food insecurity (32.9% mild, 20.1% moderate, and 14.6% severe). Variables associated with moderate + severe forms were: improper waste disposal other than public collection; households with ≤4 rooms; using inadequate water for consumption; households with >4 residents; with residents <18 years old; low educational level of the head of the family (≤8 years); belonging to the lower economic class (D-E); and being a beneficiary of the Bolsa Família Program. Conclusion Food insecurity affects more than two-thirds of quilombola families in Alagoas, constituting an expressive public health problem. In its more severe forms (moderate+severe), it is associated with worse environmental, socioeconomic, and demographic conditions. Alagoas Brazil crosssectional cross sectional 3 6 Scale 95 CI socioeconomic (socioeconomic environmental Poisson adjustment. adjustment . adjustment) 2485 2 485 2,48 evaluated 676 67 67.6 32.9% 329 32 9 (32.9 mild 201 20 1 20.1 146 14 14.6 severe. severe) collection 4 ≤ rooms consumption > 18 <1 old ≤8 8 (≤ years) DE D E (D-E) Program twothirds two thirds problem moderate+severe, moderatesevere moderate+severe , (moderate+severe) conditions 248 48 2,4 67. 32.9 (32. 20. 14. < ( (D-E (moderate+severe 24 2, 32. (32 (3

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à insegurança alimentar em famílias das comunidades remanescentes de quilombos de Alagoas, Brasil. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal, envolvendo as famílias residentes em amostra aleatória de 34 dentre as 68 comunidades quilombolas alagoanos. A variável dependente foi a insegurança alimentar, definida pela Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar, e sua associação (razão de prevalência e intervalo de confiança 95%) com as variáveis independentes (socioeconômicas, demográficas e ambientais) foi verificada por análise multivariável, (regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância). Resultados Foram avaliadas 2.485 famílias, das quais 67,6% estavam em insegurança alimentar (32,9% leve, 20,1% moderada e 14,6% grave). As variáveis associadas às formas moderada e grave foram: destinação do lixo diferente de coleta pública; domicílios com ≤4 cômodos; utilização de água inadequada para consumo; domicílios com >4 moradores; com moradores <18 anos; baixa escolaridade do chefe da família (≤8 anos); pertencer à classe econômica inferior (D-E) e; ser usuário do Programa Bolsa Família. Conclusão A insegurança alimentar atinge mais de dois terços das famílias quilombolas alagoanas, configurando-se num importante problema de saúde pública. Em suas formas mais intensas (moderada e grave), associa-se a piores condições ambientais, socioeconômicas e demográficas. Alagoas Brasil Tratase Trata se transversal 3 6 alagoanos Alimentar razão 95% 95 socioeconômicas, (socioeconômicas ambientais multivariável regressão variância. variância . variância) 2485 2 485 2.48 676 67 67,6 32,9% 329 32 9 (32,9 leve 201 20 1 20,1 146 14 14,6 grave. grave) foram pública 4 ≤ cômodos consumo > 18 <1 anos ≤8 8 (≤ anos) DE D E (D-E Família alagoanas configurandose configurando grave, , associase associa 248 48 2.4 67, 32,9 (32, 20, 14, < ( 24 2. 32, (32 (3

Abstract Quilombola communities have felt the effects of racism deepened by COVID-19, whose repercussions are amplified in contexts of racial inequalities, characterizing it as a syndemic. The term refers to the synergy of biological, economic, environmental, political, and social elements that enhance coexisting conditions and states, impacting life and affecting health. Thus, our study seeks to analyze the repercussions of the COVID-19 syndemic based on the perceptions of quilombola community leaders in Mato Grosso, Brazil. In a qualitative study, three leaders were interviewed in May 2022, using a semi-structured script and treating the data through thematic analysis. The COVID-19 syndemic highlighted the structural precariousness of transport, roads, sanitation, and access to water, food, and health services. Isolation, deaths, and fears had psychosocial repercussions, but little attention was paid to mental health. Anti-racist proposals call for: repairing precariousness by recognizing the State’s debt to the black population; valuing experiences, way of life, cosmovision, and Afro-centered ancestral civilizational values. Finally, the aim is to strengthen, reaffirm, and implement anti-racist actions, such as the Statute of Racial Equality and the PNSIPN, in all possible spaces, policies, and institutions. COVID19, COVID19 COVID 19, 19 inequalities biological economic environmental political states Thus COVID-1 Grosso Brazil 2022 semistructured semi structured analysis transport roads sanitation water food services Isolation deaths Antiracist Anti racist for States State s population experiences cosmovision Afrocentered Afro centered values Finally strengthen reaffirm antiracist anti actions PNSIPN spaces policies institutions COVID1 1 COVID- 202 20 2

Resumo Comunidades quilombolas têm sentido efeitos do racismo aprofundados com a COVID-19 cujas repercussões se amplificam em contextos de desigualdades raciais, caracterizando-se como sindemia. O termo remete à sinergia de elementos biológicos, econômicos, ambientais, políticos e sociais que potencializam condições e estados coexistentes, repercutindo na vida e afetando a saúde. Assim, analisamos as repercussões da sindemia da COVID-19 a partir das percepções de lideranças de comunidade quilombola em Mato Grosso. Em estudo qualitativo entrevistamos três lideranças em maio/2022, usando roteiro semiestruturado e tratamos os dados pela análise temática. A sindemia da COVID-19 visibilizou a precariedade estrutural quanto ao transporte, estradas, saneamento, acesso à água, alimentos e serviços de saúde. O isolamento, mortes, medos tiveram repercussões psicossociais, mas ausência de atenção à saúde mental. Propostas antirracistas clamam por: reparar precariedades reconhecendo a dívida do Estado com a população negra; valorizar experiências, modo de vida, cosmovisão, valores civilizatórios ancestrais afrocentrados. Enfim, fortalecer, reafirmar e efetivar ações antirracistas como o Estatuto da Igualdade Racial e a PNSIPN em todos possíveis espaços, políticas e instituições. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 raciais caracterizandose caracterizando biológicos econômicos ambientais coexistentes Assim Grosso maio2022 maio 2022 maio/2022 temática transporte estradas saneamento água isolamento mortes psicossociais mental por negra experiências cosmovisão afrocentrados Enfim fortalecer espaços instituições COVID1 1 COVID- maio202 202 maio/202 maio20 20 maio/20 maio2 2 maio/2 maio/

The right to clean water is one of the Sustainable Development Goals from the United Nations Agenda 2030. Industrial activity produces several tons of wastewater daily contaminated with dyes that must be treated. In this sense, the adsorption employing carbon-based materials as adsorbents is one of the most used and efficient processes. In this study, we developed a more sustainable biochar derived from a licuri nutshell (LN), a typical Brazilian lignocellulosic residue, for methylene blue (MB) removal. The chemical treatment of this biochar with sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide created a functional structure with acid and basic sites. The licuri nutshell modified biochar (LNMB) presented a maximum adsorption capacity of MB of 826.45 mg g-1, while the non-modified biochar and the commercial activated carbon presented only 5.27 and 142.86 mg g-1, respectively. The recyclability of the adsorbents was evaluated, and there was a loss of efficiency in each cycle for every material. However, it is remarkable that LNMB presented in only one adsorption cycle almost six times more MB removal than the commercial material, thus proving its promising feature as a greener adsorbent derived from lignocellulosic waste. 2030 treated sense carbonbased based processes study LN, LN , (LN) residue (MB sites (LNMB 82645 826 45 826.4 g1, g1 g 1, 1 g-1 nonmodified non 527 5 27 5.2 14286 142 86 142.8 respectively evaluated material However waste 203 (LN 8264 82 4 826. g- 52 2 5. 1428 14 8 142. 20

Abstract Access to safe drinking water is a fundamental human right and a critical component of sustainable development. This study is conducted in the context of the Taquari-Antas Hydrographic Basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and assesses the quality of drinking water in 101 rural properties, focusing on identifying problems of potability, especially regarding excessive fluoride concentration, which is a known problem for the water in this region. The study involves the collection of water samples from rural properties, a survey to understand water use and quality perception by users, and water quality analysis using established analytical methodologies. Results show that 58.4% of the investigated rural properties have potability issues, with excessive fluoride being the most prevalent concern, affecting 39.6% of properties. High fluoride levels have significant health implications, including dental and skeletal fluorosis, with global relevance. To address this issue, activated bone charcoal filtration systems were installed in ten properties, effectively reducing fluoride concentrations to within acceptable limits for human consumption. These defluoridation systems are characterized as sustainable, cost-effective, and scalable, offering a practical solution for regions facing similar challenges. development TaquariAntas Taquari Antas Basin Sul Brazil 10 concentration region users methodologies 584 58 4 58.4 issues concern 396 39 6 39.6 implications fluorosis relevance issue consumption costeffective, costeffective cost effective, effective cost-effective scalable challenges 1 5 58. 3 39.

Resumo O acesso à água potável segura é um direito humano fundamental e um componente crítico do desenvolvimento sustentável. Este estudo foi realizado no contexto da Bacia Hidrográfica Taquari-Antas, no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, e avalia a qualidade da água para consumo em 101 propriedades rurais, com foco na identificação de problemas em sua potabilidade, especialmente em relação à concentração excessiva de flúor, que é um problema conhecido na água desta região. O estudo envolve a coleta de amostras de água em propriedades rurais, uma pesquisa para compreender o uso da água e a percepção da qualidade pelos usuários, e análises da qualidade da água utilizando metodologias analíticas estabelecidas. Os resultados mostram que 58,4% das propriedades rurais investigadas apresentam problemas de potabilidade, sendo o excesso de flúor a preocupação mais prevalente, afetando 39,6% das propriedades. Altos níveis de flúor têm implicações significativas para a saúde, incluindo fluorose dentária e esquelética, com relevância global. Para enfrentar esse problema, sistemas de filtração com carvão ativado de osso foram instalados em dez propriedades, reduzindo eficazmente as concentrações de flúor para níveis aceitáveis para consumo humano. Esses sistemas de defluoretação são caracterizados como sustentáveis, economicamente viáveis e escaláveis, oferecendo uma solução prática para regiões que enfrentam desafios semelhantes. sustentável TaquariAntas, TaquariAntas Taquari Antas, Antas Taquari-Antas Sul Brasil 10 potabilidade região usuários estabelecidas 584 58 4 58,4 prevalente 396 39 6 39,6 saúde esquelética global sustentáveis escaláveis semelhantes 1 5 58, 3 39,

Abstract The Atuba Complex occurs in the eastern region of Paraná State, located in the Southern Ribeira Belt. It is comprised of the Curitiba Terrane, northward of the Luís Alves Terrane, and southward of the Apiaí Terrane. This research was carried out by means of detailed petrography, microtectonics, and brittle and ductile structural analysis. The Atuba Complex is composed of migmatites, felsic granulites, granitoids, quartzites, phyllonites, schists, amphibolites, and cataclasites. The lithotypes are cut by diabase or gabbro dikes, lamprophyre dikes, pseudotachylites, and quartz, epidote, carbonate, or chlorite veins. The migmatites are characterized by two migmatization phases, the first composed of tonalitic leucosomes and the second formed by granitic leucosomes. The stromatic and mylonitized migmatites suggest dislocation creep mechanisms and dynamic recrystallization processes, mainly in quartz and feldspars. During the initial phase, melting reactions took place through dehydration, while in the subsequent phase, melting was facilitated by the presence of water-fluxed. The Atuba Complex comprises two foliations, Sn-1 (Dn-1 phase) and Sn (Dn phase). The Sn-1 surface (compositional banding) presents a ductile and anastomosed aspect with an N45W/55NE attitude, whereas the Sn mylonitic foliation is defined by the presence of mineral flattening or stretching and by the orientation of amphibole and biotite shapes, with a maximum plane of N45E/85NW. The observed faults and fractures strike in the NE-SW and NW-SE main directions. The paleostress study provided the recognition of a NE-SW sigma 1 associated with a NW-SE-striking sigma 3 for the left-lateral strike-slip faults and an E-W compressive SHMAX and an N-S distensive SHMIN for the right-lateral strike-slip faults. State Belt Terrane petrography microtectonics analysis granulites granitoids quartzites phyllonites schists amphibolites cataclasites dikes pseudotachylites epidote carbonate veins phases processes feldspars phase dehydration waterfluxed. waterfluxed water fluxed. fluxed water-fluxed foliations Sn1 Sn- Dn1 Dn (Dn- phase. . compositional banding N45W55NE NWNE N45W 55NE N W NE attitude shapes N45E85NW NENW N45E 85NW E NW N45E/85NW NESW SW NWSE SE directions NWSEstriking striking leftlateral left lateral strikeslip slip EW NS S rightlateral right

ABSTRACT Currently in Brazil, large grain cultivation projects on Plinthosols are a reality, however, there is little or no knowledge of the real mechanism of formation of the plinthite feature, in addition to what is reported in the literature as being a product of oxidation-reduction processes of iron element. This study evaluates iron redoximorphic features and investigates their chemical and mineralogical composition in two profiles of Plinthosols from the Araguaia River plain (P1 and P2). The study strengthens the understanding of the pedogenetic processes involved in the formation of mottles and plinthite. In this sense, it assesses whether the formation mechanisms corroborate the literature. Soil features were sampled in the upper right and left position at the initial plinthic horizon, upper right and left position at the main plinthic horizon, and lower right position at the base horizon of the plinthite zone in the profile. Separated samples comprising the soil matrix, mottles, and plinthite under natural moisture conditions were ground into powder form for chemical determinations by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), sulfuric acid attack (H2SO4), sodium dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB), and ammonium acid oxalate; and mineralogical determinations by X-ray diffraction. Iron contents in all determined forms were always higher in the plinthite feature, intermediate in the mottle feature, and lower in the soil matrix feature. Most of the Fe in all redoximorphic features is included in the structure of primary minerals and their derivatives (vermiculite, illite, and VHEs). Only part of the iron present (about 35.40 % in P1 and 41.98 % in P2) is detected in the form of oxides such as goethite and hematite, which could be formed in redox processes. The mottle and plinthite features under study are not the product of the classic process of segregation, mobilization, and accumulation of iron as a consequence of redox processes. These features were formed or emerged as a result of a relatively slow and constant weathering process of their source material, which is gradually decomposed in an aqueous medium, releasing most of its components. These components include iron and more mobile elements such as bases and silicon, which leave the system through drainage water, and of which a small part may eventually recombine to form new less complex minerals such as kaolinite and oxides. Brazil reality however feature oxidationreduction oxidation reduction element P (P P2. P2 . sense profile Xray X ray XRF, XRF , (XRF) H2SO4, H2SO4 HSO H SO (H2SO4) dithionitecitratebicarbonate dithionite citrate bicarbonate DCB, DCB (DCB) oxalate diffraction vermiculite, vermiculite (vermiculite illite VHEs. VHEs VHEs) about 3540 35 40 35.4 4198 41 98 41.9 hematite segregation mobilization material medium silicon water (XRF H2SO (H2SO4 (DCB 354 3 4 35. 419 9 41. (H2SO

RESUMEN Esta reflexión emerge de un proyecto educativo orientado a mejorar algunos aspectos relacionados con el acceso y manejo del agua en tres barrios informales. El objetivo es reflexionar acerca de las nociones de territorio que se construyen en el contexto de proyectos educativos en comunidades que habitan barrios informales. El proyecto inició con la conformación de un grupo de participantes quienes realizaron la cartografía social de sus barrios para identificar aspectos críticos sobre agua y saneamiento. La validación de los mapas y los recorridos por cada sector aportaron elementos para los talleres relacionados con acceso, manejo, cuidado y derecho al agua, que posteriormente fueron multiplicados en cada comunidad. Este proceso permitió reconocer situaciones relacionadas con la negación del derecho al agua, el malestar, la tensión entre ilegalidad e informalidad, las maneras en que las comunidades resuelven sus necesidades y las relaciones que establecen con su territorio, en medio de grandes inequidades. En conclusión, existe una relación profunda entre salud y territorio, que se hace más evidente en comunidades en condiciones críticas. Los proyectos de educación para la salud requieren hacer un trabajo situado y establecer una mirada interdisciplinaria, que reconozca la complejidad e interdependencia de las dinámicas sociales y ambientales.

ABSTRACT This reflection derives from an educational project focused on raising awareness about some aspects related to the access and management of water in three disadvantaged neighborhoods. The objective is to reflect on the notions of territory build in the context of educational projects in communities inhabiting disadvantaged neighborhoods. The project began with the formation of a group of participants who carried out social mapping of their neighborhoods to identify critical aspects of water and sanitation. Map validation and the paths followed in each sector provided the input to design the workshops, related to access, management, care and the right to water, which were subsequently multiplied in each community. This process allowed us to understand the situations derived from the denial of access to water, discomfort, and tension between illegality and informality as the modes people in these communities have chosen to address their needs, and the relationships they establish with their territory in the midst of huge inequalities. In conclusion, there is a deep relationship between health and territory which is blatant in communities that face critical life conditions. The projects on health education require situated work and to define an interdisciplinary perspective that acknowledges the complexity and interdependence of social and environmental dynamics.

Resumo: Este artigo analisa a governança da água no Uruguai à luz da sua pior crise hídrica, registrada em 2023, e a partir de uma abordagem de economia política. Para o efeito, reúne dados primários, analisa a regulamentação ambiental e sistematiza os conflitos socioambientais associados aos recursos hídricos. O artigo argumenta que, apesar de a Constituição e a lei consagrarem o direito à água potável e institucionalizarem a participação dos cidadãos na sua gestão, a política hídrica não foi priorizada durante os sucessivos governos. Também argumenta que o fraco funcionamento dos espaços formais de governançã, as dificuldades de ação coletiva dos atores sociais dentro deles e os fracos vínculos entre eles e os partidos políticos, resultam no peso da participação não institucionalizada sobre a participação institucionalizada na canalização dos conflitos socioambientais.

Abstract: This paper analyzes water governance in Uruguay in light of the country’s worst water crisis, registered in 2023, and from a political economy approach. To this end, it gathers primary data, reviews environmental regulations and systematizes socio-environmental conflicts associated with water resources. The paper argues that, although the Constitution and the law enshrine the right to drinking water and institutionalize citizen participation in its management, water policy has not been prioritized during successive governments. It also argues that the weak performance of formal governance bodies, the collective action problems of social stakeholders, and the weak links between them and political parties result in the weighting of non-institutionalized participation over institutionalized participation to channel socio-environmental conflicts.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la gobernanza del agua en Uruguay a la luz de la peor crisis hídrica registrada en el país, en 2023, y desde un abordaje de economía política. Para ello, recoge información primaria, revisa la normativa ambiental y sistematiza los conflictos socioambientales asociados con los recursos hídricos. El trabajo plantea que, aunque la Constitución y la ley consagran el derecho al agua potable e institucionalizan la participación ciudadana en su gestión, la política hídrica no ha sido priorizada durante sucesivos gobiernos. Asimismo, discute que el débil funcionamiento de los espacios formales de gobernanza, las dificultades de acción colectiva de los actores sociales allí insertos y los endebles vínculos entre estos y los partidos políticos derivan en la ponderación de la participación no institucionalizada sobre la institucionalizada para canalizar conflictos socioambientales.

Resumen La injusticia ambiental trastoca los derechos humanos de las poblaciones. Este artículo se centra en el estado de Jalisco, México, territorio en el que se registraron el 70 % de las violaciones a los derechos humanos en materia ambiental entre 2016 y 2019. El objetivo es analizar las recomendaciones emitidas por la Comisión Estatal de Derechos Humanos de Jalisco en términos de violación de los derechos a un medioambiente sano, desde el 2000 al 2022. Para ello, se realizó un análisis cualitativo a través de datos hemerográficos de esta institución, los cuales se sistematizaron en categorías analíticas según el tipo de injusticia ambiental. Aunado a esto, se presentaron tres casos emblemáticos de violación a los derechos humanos en la materia. Los hallazgos muestran que las recomendaciones se vinculan con situaciones de contaminación de los cuerpos de agua y con la falta de suministro y su privatización; con la pérdida de la biodiversidad o con afectaciones a esta; y con el mal manejo de los residuos sólidos urbanos. Estos problemas se dan particularmente a través de procesos de distribución desigual de los impactos ambientales y de la exclusión de las personas afectadas en la toma de decisiones. Los resultados evidencian el lento proceso de reconocimiento a nivel institucional para señalar la transgresión al derecho a tener un ambiente sano en Jalisco.

Abstract Environmental injustice disrupts the human rights of populations. This article focuses on the state of Jalisco, Mexico, a territory in which 70% of human rights violations were recorded in environmental matters between 2016 and 2019. The objective is to analyze the recommendations issued by the Jalisco State Human Rights Commission in terms of violation of the rights to a healthy environment from 2000 to 2022. For this purpose, a qualitative analysis was carried out through newspaper data from this institution, which were systematized in analytical categories according to types of environmental injustice. In addition, three emblematic cases of human rights violations in this area were presented. The findings show that recommendations are linked to situations of contamination of water bodies, lack of water supply, and water privatization; with the loss of biodiversity or with related affectations; and with the poor management of urban solid waste. These problems occur particularly through processes of unequal distribution of environmental impacts and the exclusion of affected people from decision-making. The results show the slow process of recognition at the institutional level to point out the transgression of the right to a healthy environment in Jalisco.