Abstract From about 1412, infante Duarte, Portugal’s heir apparent, took on a large portion of the roles expected of a king, until 1433, the year he finally came to the throne. For two decades, his father, King João I - already a seasoned sovereign - had come to rely on the firstborn to assist him in the everyday management of royal administration, justice, and certain economic matters. This was to become known to historians as the prince-king “association”. This essay departs from an interrogation, of whether Duarte was able - or expected at all - to play a role of his own in diplomatic affairs. My argument takes into account Duarte’s posturing as the first in the line of succession, his position as one of several siblings in a tightly knit dynasty, and his own realisations in external politics. The documentary evidence surrounding several treaties involving Aragon, Castile and Navarre seems to point to Duarte’s restraint as a diplomatic player in his own right, even during the “association” period before he became king. For the most part, he remained subordinate to a dynastic logic, with his father firmly hanging on to the helm.

Resumo Entre 1412 e 1433, ano em que será aclamado por rei, o infante herdeiro de Portugal, D. Duarte, assume boa parte das funções régias. Ao longo de duas décadas, o pai (o veterano rei D. João I) valer-se-á do primogénito para auxiliar a governança régia no tocante à administração, à justiça, ou a certos assuntos económicos. Tal tem sido descrito pela historiografia como a “associação” de D. Duarte ao trono. O presente ensaio parte de uma interrogação: Terá tido D. Duarte um papel próprio no campo diplomático? Procurando responder a essa questão, é tida em conta a situação do infante como primeiro na linha sucessória, a sua pertença a uma dinastia que se mostra politicamente muito unida, e as suas próprias concretizações ao nível das relações externas. A documentação gerada em torno de diversos tratados, envolvendo Aragão, Castela e Navarra, parece sobretudo indicar uma postura sóbria e disciplinada por parte do herdeiro, subordinada a uma lógica dinástica em que o monarca detém a última palavra.

Abstract: Prehospital emergency healthcare employees are frequently faced with ethical problems. Moral intelligence, which is seen as a rising value in the field of health, is very important for prehospital emergency health employees to choose the best and right action ethically. This study aims to evaluate the moral intelligence of prehospital emergency healthcare employees and to determine whether moral intelligence parameters differ according to various socio-demographic characteristics. This study was conducted with 261 emergency medical personnel working in the ambulance service between November 2021 and February 2022. Participants showed high sensitivity to equality, empathy, moral intelligence, justice, tolerance, self-control, and kindness in the delivery of healthcare services. There were no significant differences between the groups in the scale dimensions in terms of gender, educational level, working hours, working systems, income level and having children. Single/widowed/divorced/separated participants had significantly higher levels of empathy (p=0.004), justice (p=0.039) and self-control (p=0.009) than married participants. The self-control levels of paramedics were found to be higher than those of health officers/nurses/midwives/others (p=0.015). The high sensitivity of employees towards moral intelligence parameters can play an effective role in solving both ethical issues and problems related to other moral intelligence parameters in the field of prehospital healthcare.

Resumen: Los empleados de sanidad prehospitalaria de urgencias se enfrentan con frecuencia a problemas éticos. La inteligencia moral, considerada un valor en alza en el ámbito de la salud, es muy importante para que los empleados sanitarios de urgencias prehospitalarias elijan, éticamente, la mejor y más correcta acción. Este estudio pretende evaluar la inteligencia moral de los empleados sanitarios de emergencias prehospitalarias y determinar si sus parámetros difieren en función de diversas características sociodemográficas. El estudio se realizó entre noviembre de 2021 y febrero de 2022, en conjunto con 261 miembros del personal médico de urgencias que trabajaban en el servicio de ambulancias. Los participantes mostraron una alta sensibilidad hacia la igualdad, la empatía, la inteligencia moral, la justicia, la tolerancia, el autocontrol y la amabilidad en la prestación de servicios sanitarios. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en las dimensiones de la escala en términos de género, nivel educativo, horas de trabajo, sistemas de trabajo, nivel de ingresos y tener hijos. Los participantes solteros/viudos/divorciados/separados tenían niveles significativamente más altos de empatía (p=0,004), justicia (p=0,039) y autocontrol (p=0,009) que los participantes casados. Se determinó que los niveles de autocontrol de los paramédicos eran superiores a los de los funcionarios sanitarios/enfermeros/parteras/otros (p=0,015). La elevada sensibilidad de los empleados hacia los parámetros de inteligencia moral desempeña un papel eficaz en la resolución tanto de cuestiones éticas como de problemas relacionados con otras referencias de inteligencia moral en el ámbito de la asistencia sanitaria prehospitalaria.

Resumo: Funcionários de cuidados à saúde de emergência pré-hospitalar são frequentemente confrontados com problemas éticos. Inteligência moral, que é vista como um valor crescente no campo da saúde, é muito importante para funcionários de cuidados à saúde de emergência pré-hospitalar escolherem a melhor e mais correta ação ética. Esse estudo objetiva avaliar a inteligência moral de funcionários de cuidados à saúde de emergência pré-hospitalar e determinar se parâmetros de inteligência moral diferem de acordo com várias características sócio-demográficas. Esse estudo foi realizado com 261 funcionários de emergência médica trabalhando no serviço de ambulâncias entre novembro de 2021 e fevereiro de 2022. Os participantes mostraram alta sensibilidade a igualdade, empatia, inteligência moral, justiça, tolerância, auto-controle e gentileza no fornecimento de serviços de cuidados à saúde. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos nas dimensões das escalas em termos de gênero, nível educacional, horas de trabalho, sistemas de trabalho, nível de receita e ter filhos. Participantes solteiros/viúvos/divorciados/separados tiveram níveis significativamente mais altos de empatia (p=0.004), justiça (p=0.039) e auto-controle (p=0.009) que participantes casados. Os níveis de auto-controle de paramédicos foram mais altos que aqueles de agentes de saúde/enfermeiras/parteiras/outros (p=0.015). A alta sensibilidade de funcionários em relação aos parâmetros de inteligência moral pode desempenhar um papel eficaz na resolução tanto de questões éticas como de problemas relacionados com outros parâmetros de inteligência moral no domínio dos cuidados à saúde pré-hospitalares.

Resumo: No sistema educacional da Costa Rica, observa-se um aumento nas opções para o ensino médio; contudo, a diversidade de ofertas e modalidades disponíveis carece de clareza. Neste manuscrito, trabalhamos com diretores de centros educativos, supervisores de circuitos educativos e funcionários administrativos dos escritórios centrais do Ministério da Educação Pública (MEP) da Costa Rica para responder às seguintes questões de pesquisa: Quais os critérios para a mudança ou abertura de modalidades e ofertas educativas no ensino secundário na Costa Rica? Quais os caminhos administrativos e de gestão curricular para aprovação de vagas ou alterações de modalidades e ofertas? e finalmente, como pode ser descrito o processo de gestão de mudanças ou abertura de modalidades ou ofertas do MEP? Foi utilizada uma metodologia descritiva/exploratória, além de entrevistas e de um análise documental. Verificou-se que a partir da gestão curricular e administrativa não existe uma classificação clara destas propostas educacionais nem um percurso único para os processos de abertura, mudança e encerramento destas opções educativas. A gestão administrativa e curricular é complexa, pois envolve diferentes instâncias do MEP, entre as quais nem sempre há coordenação. Existem diversas rotas para a criação, alteração e encerramento de modalidades e ofertas educativas, e o aspecto orçamentário desempenha um papel crucial na aprovação. Essas constatações são discutidas à luz do direito das pessoas a uma educação de qualidade e ao seu pleno desenvolvimento educacional e profissional.

Resumen: En el sistema educativo costarricense, ha existido un crecimiento en las opciones educativas para educación secundaria, sin embargo, no existe claridad sobre las distintas ofertas y modalidades disponibles. En esta investigación realizada en la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, se trabajó con personas directoras de centros educativos, personal administrativo de oficinas centrales del Ministerio de Educación Pública de Costa Rica (MEP) y supervisores de circuitos educativos, para responder las siguientes preguntas de investigación: ¿cuáles son los criterios para el cambio o apertura de modalidades y ofertas educativas en educación media en Costa Rica? ¿Cuáles son las rutas de gestión administrativa y curricular para la aprobación de aperturas o cambios de modalidades y ofertas? Y, por último, ¿cómo se puede describir el proceso de gestión de cambio o apertura de modalidades u ofertas desde el MEP? Para ello, se utilizó una metodología de tipo descriptivo/exploratorio mediante entrevistas y análisis documental. Se encontró que, desde la gestión curricular y administrativa, no hay una clara tipificación de estas propuestas educativas, tampoco existe una única ruta para los procesos de apertura, cambio y cierre de estas opciones educativas. La gestión administrativa y curricular es compleja, pues intervienen distintas instancias del MEP, entre las cuales no siempre hay coordinación, se cuenta con distintas rutas para la creación, cambio y cierre de las modalidades y ofertas educativas, además, el aspecto presupuestario juega un papel clave en la aprobación. Finalmente, se discuten estos hallazgos a la luz del derecho de las personas de tener una educación de calidad, así como su pleno desarrollo educativo y profesional.

Abstract: The Costa Rican educational system has seen an increase in the number of educational options for secondary education; however, there is a lack of clarity regarding the different offerings and modalities available. For this paper, we interviewed school principals, educational circuit supervisors, and administrative personnel from the central offices of the Costa Rican Ministry of Public Education (MEP) to answer the following research questions What are the criteria used to change or introduce educational modalities and offerings in secondary education in Costa Rica? What are the administrative and curricular management processes to approve the introduction or modification of modalities and offerings? And finally, how can we describe the process to introduce changes or new modalities or offerings in the MEP? This study used a descriptive/exploratory methodology, including interviews and documentary analysis. In terms of curricular and administrative management, the study found that there is no clear typification of these educational proposals, nor is there a clear process for the introduction, modification and closure of such educational options. The administrative and curricular management is complex, as it involves different departments within the MEP, which do not always have the necessary coordination, and that there are a number of possible processes to introduce, modify and close educational modalities and offerings, also budgets play a key role in the approval of such proposals. These findings are discussed in the light of the right of individuals to quality education and to fully develop their educational and professional potential.

Editorial |EN The latest trends in qualitative research clamor to include practices that are ever more creative, more visual, more critical, more reflective, more collaborative, and even more multimodal. Rethinking and validating qualitative research as a more integral practice revives the original celebratory feeling related to qualitative research in its most intimate dimension: humanity. Why do we undertake qualitative research? Essentially, we engage in qualitative research to understand more and to understand better. In becoming closer to our humanity and the constructivist experiences that shape us on a daily basis, we forge ourselves as qualitative researchers in the constant search for the very meaning of the social phenomena relevant to our realities. Human, ever more human. Part of this human reality must bring with it significant doses of individual and collective reflection, of closeness to other latitudes, of constant criticality, of the systematic questioning as to the what, how and why of our qualitative research. We must investigate more on upcoming future trends so that they can form part of the conversation in the present. This conversation must include discussion about the effective and ethical use of communication and information technologies. It must question our data collection and analysis processes. Are we promoting free, safe, artistic, and symbolic spaces for our participants to explore their experiences and perceptions? Should we rethink the interview as an official mechanism for the collection of in-depth data? Could we think about other data collection techniques in which the participants can become the true protagonists of their own realities? Do we dare to rethink new trends that could guide participants in representing their realities more organically? As qualitative researchers, we must open ourselves to more participatory processes at community and regional levels; we must open the door to internationalization. We must, in turn, internalize conductive practices of reflective and critical questioning to challenge our own biases. Could the ethical and conscientious driving force in our work revolve around our self-awareness, our taking into account our own positioning in qualitative research studies? Could we celebrate open mindedness, embracing difference and embodying humility as fundamental pillars for those of us who dare to do qualitative research? Humble, ever more humble. Volume 20, Issue 1, of the journal New Trends in Qualitative Research, presents an enriching collection of these trends in qualitative research. Mohd Anis and Olisa (2024) present a pilot study that uses artificial intelligence in focus group processes as a mechanism to rethink data collection in a way that guarantees depth and scalability. Along similar lines, De Almeida et al. (2024) problematize pedagogical practices for teacher training and to guarantee the right to education in Brazil. Veras Meira and Fernandes (2024) reflect on decolonization and the need to institute new beliefs for a more emancipatory education. Picolo Gimenes et al. (2024) show how the use of the Drawing-Story Procedure promotes graphic expression through therapeutic play, and humanizes the collection of qualitative data, establishing ludic-affective links between children and nursing staff. Another study seeks to identify appropriate practices and strategies to minimize risks and impacts for patients who suffered from COVID-19 (Miranda et al., 2024). From Peru, an article reflects on the semantic and conceptual distinctions between theses, thesis reporting and scientific articles as academic practices in higher education, while another reflects on effective marketing strategies along with the challenges faced by some exporting companies in this nation. A research team from the University of Aveiro conducted a bibliometric and systematized study asking what is meant by plagiarism and self-plagiarism. In addition, a study carried out in Canada exemplifies creativity in qualitative research by using teaching innovation and research on primary school Social Science teachers. The authors Araújo-Oliveira et al. (2024) used socio-spatial analysis and the evaluation of musical works to promote professional development in teachers. Similarly, considerations rethinking the training of teachers in teacher-training colleges are presented, such that teachers can learn about the ontological, epistemological, and methodological dimensions of their educational research. Summers et al. (2024) make a reflective call for the collection of qualitative data on online contexts. Finally, presentation is made of an exploratory compilation of arts-based methods to assist in understanding the experiences of people working in care provision for the elderly. Techniques found in the compilation include the visual arts, photoelicitation and storytelling, among others. Such techniques deepened understanding of the emotional, psychological, and social perspectives of caregivers, while also promoting processes of self-reflection and dialogue in these. Such arts-based methods promise to position themselves as integral processes in qualitative research. The articles presented in this issue position qualitative research as a driving force focusing on reflection and the constant rethinking of the what, how and why of what we do. We hope that on reading this issue, you find more questions than you do answers, because we all owe ourselves this constant questioning, knowing that the conversation arising from qualitative research will always lead on to more. Reflective, ever more reflective.

Editorial |PT As novas tendências na investigação qualitativa clamam pela inclusão de práticas mais criativas, visuais, críticas, reflexivas, colaborativas e até mesmo multimodais. Repensar e validar a investigação qualitativa como uma prática mais integral é reviver o sentimento original de celebrar a investigação qualitativa desde a sua dimensão mais íntima: a humanidade. Porque fazemos investigação qualitativa? Essencialmente, fazemos investigação qualitativa para entender mais e melhor. Ao estarmos mais próximos da nossa humanidade e das experiências construtivistas que nos moldam dia após dia, forjamo-nos como investigadores qualitativos em busca constante do próprio significado dos fenómenos sociais relevantes para as nossas realidades. Humanos, ainda mais humanos. Parte desta realidade humana deve trazer consigo uma dose significativa de reflexão individual e coletiva, de proximidade com outras latitudes, de uma criticidade constante, de um questionamento sistemático sobre o quê, como e porquê fazemos investigação qualitativa. Devemos explorar mais as novas tendências para o futuro, para que sejam a conversa do presente. Esta conversa deve incluir o uso efetivo e ético das tecnologias de comunicação e informação, deve levantar questões sobre os nossos processos de recolha e análise de dados. Estamos a promover, nas nossas “personas” participantes, espaços livres, seguros, artísticos e simbólicos sobre as suas experiências e perceções? Será que devemos repensar a entrevista como o mecanismo oficial para a recolha de dados aprofundados? Pensamos noutras técnicas de recolha de dados onde as participantes sejam as verdadeiras protagonistas das suas realidades? Atrevemo-nos a repensar novas tendências que guiem as participantes a representar as suas realidades de uma forma mais orgânica? Como investigadores qualitativos, devemos abrir-nos a processos mais participativos a nível comunitário e regional; devemos abrir a porta à internacionalização. Devemos, por sua vez, internalizar práticas que conduzam a questionamentos reflexivos e críticos para desafiar os nossos próprios preconceitos. Será que o motor ético e de responsabilidade gira em torno da consciência que temos, tendo em conta o nosso posicionamento nos estudos de investigação qualitativa? Será que celebramos a mente aberta, abraçamos o distintivo e incorporamos a humildade como pilares fundamentais para aqueles que se atrevem a fazer investigação qualitativa? Humildes, ainda mais humildes No volume 20, número 1, da revista New Trends in Qualitative Research, apresenta-se uma coleção enriquecedora destas tendências em investigação qualitativa. Mohd Anis e Mohd (2024) apresentam um estudo piloto que utiliza a inteligência artificial em processos de grupos focais como mecanismo para repensar a forma de recolher dados, garantindo profundidade e escalabilidade. Na mesma linha, De Almeida et al. (2024)problematizam as práticas pedagógicas iniciais para treinar docentes e garantir o direito à educação no Brasil. Veras Meira e Fernandes (2024) refletem sobre a descolonização e a necessidade de instituir novas crenças para uma educação mais emancipadora. Picolo Gimenes et al. (2024) evidenciam como o uso de desenho-história promove a expressão gráfica através do jogo terapêutico e humaniza a recolha de dados qualitativos para estabelecer vínculos lúdico-afetivos entre as crianças e o pessoal de enfermagem. Outro estudo procura identificar práticas e estratégias apropriadas para minimizar riscos e impactos em pacientes que sofreram de COVID-19 (Miranda et al., 2024). Dois artigos com contexto peruano refletem sobre as distinções semânticas e conceptuais entre tese, relatório de tese e artigo científico, como práticas académicas no ensino superior, e sobre as estratégias de marketing eficazes, bem como os desafios enfrentados por algumas empresas exportadoras no Peru. Uma equipa de investigação da Universidade de Aveiro abordou a questão do que se entende por plágio e auto-plágio através de um estudo bibliométrico e sistematizado. Além disso, um estudo realizado no Canadá exemplifica a criatividade na investigação qualitativa ao usar a inovação no ensino e na investigação de professores do ensino primário em Ciências Sociais. Os autores Araújo-Oliveira et al.(2024) utilizaram a análise socioespacial e a avaliação de obras musicais para promover o desenvolvimento profissional dos professores. De forma semelhante, são apresentadas considerações revistas na formação de professores em escolas superiores, com o objetivo de que os docentes aprendam sobre as dimensões ontológicas, epistemológicas e metodológicas das suas investigações educativas. Summers et al. (2024) fazem um apelo reflexivo sobre a recolha de dados qualitativos em contextos online. Por último, apresenta-se uma compilação exploratória sobre métodos baseados nas artes para compreender as experiências vividas por pessoas remuneradas que cuidam de idosos. Dentro das técnicas encontradas na compilação, destacam-se as artes visuais, a fotoelicitação e a narração de histórias, entre outras. Estas técnicas aprofundaram as perspetivas emocionais, psicológicas e sociais das pessoas cuidadoras, promovendo nelas processos de autorreflexão e diálogo. Estes métodos baseados nas artes mantêm a promessa de se posicionarem como processos integrais na investigação qualitativa. Os artigos apresentados neste volume posicionam a investigação qualitativa como um motor centrado na reflexão e no constante reexame do quê, como e porquê fazemos o que fazemos. Esperamos que ao ler este volume tenha mais perguntas do que respostas, porque devemos a nós mesmos essa constante inquisição, porque a conversa sobre investigação qualitativa sempre dará para mais. Reflexivos, ainda mais reflexivos.

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INTRODUCTION: Self-employment, in which individuals work for themselves in a small business or microenterprise to earn an income or generate a salary, has been encouraged to facilitate employment opportunities in South Africa. However, participation in self-employment within the community served by professionals such as occupational therapists is limited by many factors, including effective government initiatives, such as implementing the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) policies. To enable individuals and community participation in this type of work for those with occupational dysfunction, mainly persons with disabilities, professionals such as occupational therapists need to understand the structural, contextual and occupational outcomes related to self-employment. Based on the Framework for Occupational Justice, this study explored the occupation of self-employment in microenterprises in the low-resourced urban community of Alexandra Township. METHOD: A quantitative descriptive non-experimental design study was used to identify informal microenterprises in the community using a transect walk and community mapping. Structured interviews were conducted to complete a questionnaire with key informants (service providers and business owners) who provided perceptions on factors that impacted the occupational outcomes of microenterprises. RESULTS: Structural and contextual factors from the participants' experience resulted in unjust occupational outcomes, which indicates that occupational rights, particularly participation, choice and balance, were negatively affected by the lack of opportunities, such as jobs. Occupational marginalisation and imbalance were reported since many businesses lacked adequate and appropriate space for trade. Some business owners, however, reported just occupational outcomes related to the occupational right for meaningful occupation in providing a service to the community and financial income to support themselves and their families. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapists need to play various active roles in raising the consciousness of unjust occupational outcomes and support for just occupational outcomes that are achieved in engagement in self-employment in informal microenterprises. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Occupational therapists should take note of the factors and occupational outcomes of being self-employed identified in this study and consider the roles they could play in expediting success in this occupation for clients. Occupational therapists could assume: • A collaborative role, such as referring and working with various key role players or sectors in the interest of sourcing and providing opportunities for skills development for those entering self-employment, particularly in entrepreneurial training. This may include working with the government (e.g., Department of Labour and Small Enterprise Development Agency), private sector (e.g., yes4youth), other professions (social workers and industrial psychologists) and organisations for persons with disabilities (e.g., Disabled People South Africa). • A researcher role by conducting further research in this field, e.g., the development of an evidence-based framework on self-employment for occupational therapists. More research is still needed on, e.g., domains such as performance patterns, performance skills and client factors related to self-employment for persons with disabilities. • An educator's role by incorporating and teaching content on self-employment as an occupation when training occupational therapy students. • A clinical role, where they could assist with adaptations to the skills, tasks or environment to facilitate engagement in self-employment. Essential aspects to consider by the occupational therapist together with their clients during the collaborative occupational therapy process include, but are not limited to, o The client's motivation, dedication and whether self-employment is the client's primary choice. o The client's potential to be self-employed and their level of resilience in dealing with factors affecting self-employment in the informal labour sector.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

ABSTRACT Carrying out a process of quality educational inclusion in today's societies constitutes a challenge that starts from fighting discriminatory ways of exclusion in different contexts and for dissimilar causes, in which risk factors concur in parallel, the lack of preparation of those involved in the search for solutions and the assimilation of the students before the aid. In this sense the article presents a study about the preparation of provincial education methodologists for the care of students in vulnerable situations from an inclusive approach. Theoretical methods such as historical-logical analysis, induction-deduction and analysis-synthesis were used in its elaboration; empirical methods such as documentary analysis, interview and observation of methodological activities; and statistical techniques such as percentage analysis. Among the main limitations found were the insufficiencies in the projection of inclusive socio-educational practices from the methodological work system of the Provincial Directorate of Education; currently, there is no harmoniously designed system that allows converting educational systems in response to the diversity of learners and making the right to education with equal opportunities truly practical, especially those who are sometimes excluded due to being in a situation of vulnerability. It was possible to conclude that methodologists play a fundamental role in directing the process of prevention, detection, stimulation, diagnosis/evaluation and early intervention of students with barriers to learning and social participation.

RESUMEN Llevar a cabo un proceso de inclusión educativa de calidad en las sociedades actuales constituye un reto que parte de pugnar maneras discriminatorias de exclusión en diferentes contextos y por disímiles causas, en las que concurren paralelamente los factores de riesgos, la falta de preparación de los implicados en la búsqueda de soluciones y la asimilación de los educandos ante la ayuda. En tal sentido, el artículo presenta un estudio acerca de la preparación de los metodólogos provinciales de educación para la atención a educandos en situación de vulnerabilidad desde un enfoque inclusivo. Se emplearon en su elaboración métodos teóricos como el análisis histórico-lógico, la inducción-deducción y el análisis-síntesis; métodos empíricos como el análisis documental, la entrevista y la observación a actividades metodológicas; y técnicas estadísticas como el análisis porcentual. Entre las principales limitaciones encontradas estuvieron las insuficiencias en la proyección de prácticas socioeducativas inclusivas desde el sistema de trabajo metodológico de la Dirección Provincial de Educación. Actualmente, no existe un sistema armónicamente diseñado que permita convertir los sistemas educativos en respuesta a la diversidad de educandos y hacer verdaderamente práctico el derecho a la educación con igualdad de oportunidades, en especial para aquellos que por estar en situación de vulnerabilidad en ocasiones son excluidos. Se pudo concluir que los metodólogos juegan un papel fundamental en la dirección del proceso de prevención, detección, estimulación, diagnóstico/evaluación e intervención temprana de educandos con barreras para el aprendizaje y la participación social.

RESUMO Levar a cabo um processo de inclusão educativa de qualidade nas sociedades atuais constitui um desafio que parte do combate às formas discriminatórias de exclusão em contextos diversos e por causas díspares, em que concorrem em paralelo fatores de risco, a falta de preparação dos envolvidos na procura de soluções e a assimilação dos alunos perante a ajuda. Nesse sentido, o artigo apresenta um estudo sobre a preparação de metodólogos provinciais de educação para a atenção de alunos em situação de vulnerabilidade a partir de um enfoque inclusivo. Métodos teóricos como análise histórico-lógica, indução-dedução e análise-síntese foram utilizados em sua elaboração; métodos empíricos como análise documental, entrevistas e observação de atividades metodológicas; e técnicas estatísticas, como análise de porcentagem. Entre as principais limitações encontradas encontram-se as insuficiências na projeção de práticas socioeducativas inclusivas a partir do sistema metodológico de trabalho da Direcção Provincial de Educação; atualmente, não existe um sistema pensado harmoniosamente que permita converter os sistemas educativos em resposta à diversidade dos educandos e tornar verdadeiramente prático o direito à educação com igualdade de oportunidades, especialmente aqueles que por vezes são excluídos por se encontrarem em situação de vulnerabilidade. Foi possível concluir que os metodólogos desempenham um papel fundamental no direcionamento do processo de prevenção, detecção, estimulação, diagnóstico/avaliação e intervenção precoce de alunos com barreiras à aprendizagem e à participação social.

Abstract As dams play a very important role in the optimum use of water resources, it is very important to keep them stable and the water stored in the reservoir. It is particularly important to investigate how water moves through rocks and the permeability and quality of the rock mass in structures like dams. Therefore, one of the issues considered in dam stability is monitoring the quantity of leaks. In this research, the engineering geological and geotechnical parameters of the rock mass for the construction of the Kurit Dam located in the city of Tabas in eastern Iran were evaluated. Initially, following the determination of geotechnical parameters, the engineering classification of the rock mass of the study area was carried out. In addition, in order to study and trace the water evacuation routes of the dam construction, two parameters of the RQD and Lugeon were studied and modelled. Analyses have been conducted to examine the permeability and rock quality index in three parts of the left and right abutment, the dam's axis and reservoir with geostatistics and kriging methods. Three-dimensional model of the construction of the Kurit dam was presented and the results were analyzed. Based on the results, the quality of the rock mass in the right and left abutments is arguably better than the dam axis and reservoir. Additionally, as the depth increases, the permeability decreases and the permeability is higher at shallow depths. The highest level of permeability is located at the surface and near the B H 4 borehole. resources Therefore leaks research evaluated Initially out addition modelled abutment s methods Threedimensional Three dimensional analyzed Additionally increases depths borehole

Résumé Contrairement aux domaines de la santé, de l’éducation et de l’assistance sociale, les Conseils Locaux de Politique Urbaine restent peu explorés dans le champ académique. Ces instances participatives jouent un rôle central dans la promotion du droit à la ville, s’opposant au modèle historique d’urbanisation inégal au Brésil. Dans ce contexte, l’expérience d’institutionnalisation de ces conseils au Brésil et leur capacité de décision restent à être étudiées. L’objectif de cet article est d’évaluer l’impact des variables de conception institutionnelle et du cycle politique sur leur capacité de décision, à partir d’une approche longitudinale entre 2009 et 2019 dans les métropoles brésiliennes. La méthode de régression logistique binomiale a été utilisée pour analyser les enregistrements de discussions, de délibérations et de représentations dans 195 réunions, impliquant 7 759 participants. Les résultats révèlent des défis persistants dans les espaces d’institutionnalisation de la démocratie délibérative par rapport au contexte local de mise en œuvre de la politique urbaine, indiquant des orientations renouvelées pour la recherche. santé léducation l éducation lassistance assistance sociale académique ville sopposant s opposant durbanisation d urbanisation lexpérience expérience dinstitutionnalisation institutionnalisation étudiées Lobjectif L objectif dévaluer évaluer limpact impact dune une 200 201 brésiliennes discussions 19 réunions 75 participants urbaine recherche 20 1 2

Resumen A diferencia de las áreas de la salud, educación y la asistencia social, los Consejos Locales de Política Urbana aún son objetos de estudio poco explorados. Tales instancias participativas tienen un papel central en la promoción del derecho a la ciudad, en contraposición al patrón histórico de urbanización desigual brasilero. En este contexto, la experiencia de institucionalización de tales consejos en Brasil y su capacidad de toma de decisión aún deben ser investigadas. El objetivo del presente artículo es evaluar el impacto de las variables de diseño institucional y del ciclo político en la capacidad de toma de decisión, a partir de un abordaje longitudinal entre los años 2009 y 2019 en las metrópolis brasileñas. El método de regresión logística binomial es utilizado para analizar los registros de discusión, deliberación y representación en 195 reuniones, involucrando 7.759 participantes. Los resultados revelan desafíos persistentes en los espacios de institucionalización de la democracia deliberativa en relación con el escenario local de implementación de la política urbana, orientándolo para agendas renovadas de investigación. salud social explorados ciudad brasilero contexto investigadas 200 201 brasileñas discusión 19 reuniones 7759 7 759 7.75 participantes urbana investigación 20 1 775 75 7.7 2 77 7.

Abstract Unlike the health, education, and social assistance policies, Local Councils related to Urban Policy remain little explored by the field. These participatory bodies play a central role in promoting the right to the city, countering Brazil’s historically unequal pattern of urbanization. In this scenario, these councils’ institutionalization and decision-making capacity still need to be investigated. This article aims to evaluate the impact of institutional design and political cycle variables on their decision-making capacity, using a longitudinal approach from 2009 to 2019 in Brazilian metropolises. By using binomial logistic regression, we analyzed records of discussions, deliberations, and representation patterns in 195 meetings involving 7,759 participants. The results unveil persistent challenges in spaces for institutionalizing deliberative democracy, especially concerning local councils for urban policy implementation, pointing toward renewed research agendas. health education policies field city Brazils Brazil s urbanization scenario decisionmaking decision making investigated 200 201 metropolises regression discussions deliberations 19 7759 7 759 7,75 participants democracy implementation agendas 20 1 775 75 7,7 2 77 7,

Resumo Diferentemente das áreas da saúde, educação e assistência social, os Conselhos Locais de Política Urbana permanecem como objetos pouco explorados pelo campo. Tais instâncias participativas possuem papel central na promoção do direito à cidade, contrapondo-se ao padrão histórico de urbanização desigual brasileiro. Neste contexto, a experiência de institucionalização de tais conselhos no Brasil e sua capacidade decisória permanecem por serem investigadas. O objetivo do presente artigo é avaliar o impacto de variáveis de desenho institucional e de ciclo político em sua capacidade decisória, a partir de uma abordagem longitudinal entre os anos de 2009 e 2019 em metrópoles brasileiras. O método de regressão logística binomial foi utilizado para analisar os registros de discussão, deliberação e representação em 195 reuniões, envolvendo 7.759 participantes. Os resultados desvelam desafios persistentes nos espaços de institucionalização de democracia deliberativa em relação ao cenário local de implementação da política urbana apontando para agendas renovadas de pesquisa. saúde social campo cidade contrapondose contrapondo se brasileiro contexto investigadas 200 201 brasileiras discussão 19 reuniões 7759 7 759 7.75 participantes pesquisa 20 1 775 75 7.7 2 77 7.

Résumé Cet article mobilise la littérature sur l’isomorphisme institutionel et les mouvements sociaux pour expliquer la diffusion au Brésil des procédures de validation des autodéclarations des candidats à l’admission dans les universités fédérales par le biais de quotas raciaux. La diffusion de ces procédures a transformé la manière dont le droit aux actions affirmatives est compris et a produit des changements organisationnels. En analysant des documents et des entretiens, l’article identifie les mécanismes coercitifs, mimétiques et normatifs en jeu et examine leur genèse. Il montre que ceux-ci ont découlé des interactions entre les étudiants universitaires, le personnel technique-administratif et les enseignants des universités, ainsi que des organisations du mouvement noir et des agences de l’État, engagés dans l’objectif de protéger les actions affirmatives. Les implications pour l’étude du changement dans l’enseignement supérieur et des relations raciales au Brésil sont discutées. lisomorphisme l isomorphisme ladmission admission raciaux organisationnels entretiens larticle coercitifs genèse ceuxci ceux ci universitaires techniqueadministratif technique administratif lÉtat, lÉtat État, État l’État lobjectif objectif létude étude lenseignement enseignement discutées

Resumen Este artículo utiliza la literatura sobre isomorfismo institucional y movimientos sociales para explicar la difusión de procedimientos de validación de las autodeclaraciones de los candidatos a admisión en universidades federales en Brasil por medio de cuotas raciales. La difusión de esos procedimientos transformó el modo en que el derecho a las acciones afirmativas es comprendido y produjo cambios organizacionales. Por medio del análisis de documentos y entrevistas, el artículo identifica los mecanismos coercitivos, miméticos y normativos en juego y examina su génesis. Se muestra que estos mecanismos se derivaban de las interacciones entre estudiantes universitarios, funcionarios técnico-administrativos y docentes de las universidades, así como organizaciones del movimiento negro y de agencias del estado, comprometidos con el objetivo de proteger las acciones afirmativas. Se discuten las implicaciones para estudiar el cambio en la enseñanza superior y las relaciones raciales en Brasil. organizacionales entrevistas coercitivos génesis universitarios técnicoadministrativos técnico administrativos estado

Abstract This article draws insights from the literature on institutional isomorphism and social movements theory to explain the diffusion in Brazil of procedures for validating the self-identification of candidates for admission to federal universities through racial quotas. The diffusion of these procedures has transformed how the right to affirmative action is understood and how it has led to organizational challenges. By analyzing documents and interviews, this article identifies the coercive, mimetic, and normative mechanisms at play. It shows that they derived from interactions among Black university students, staff, faculty members, and organizations of the black movement and state agencies, all engaged in protecting racial affirmative action. Implications for studying change in Brazil’s higher education and race relations are also discussed. Higher education and race relations in Brazil are also discussed. selfidentification self identification quotas challenges interviews coercive mimetic play students staff members agencies Brazils s discussed

Resumo Esse artigo mobiliza a literatura sobre isomorfismo institucional e movimentos sociais para explicar a difusão no Brasil de procedimentos de validação das autodeclarações dos candidatos à admissão em universidades federais por meio de cotas raciais. A difusão desses procedimentos transformou o modo como o direito às ações afirmativas é compreendido e produziu mudanças organizacionais. Por meio da análise de documentos e entrevistas, o artigo identifica os mecanismos coercivos, miméticos e normativos em jogo e examina sua gênese. Ele mostra que esses derivaram das interações entre estudantes universitários, funcionários técnico-administrativos e docentes das universidades, assim como organizações do movimento negro e de agências do estado, engajados no objetivo de proteger as ações afirmativas. Implicações para estudar mudança no ensino superior e nas relações raciais no Brasil são discutidas. organizacionais entrevistas coercivos gênese universitários técnicoadministrativos técnico administrativos estado discutidas

Resumo: Introdução: a insuficiência aguda do ventrículo direito (VD) no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca (CCPO) constitui um desafio clínico devido à sua significativa morbidade e mortalidade. O reconhecimento da importância da função do VD no CCPO é fato recente, o que pode ser evidenciado pela ausência de parâmetros de função ventricular direita nos escores de estratificação de risco cirúrgico. Sua definição varia de acordo com diferentes autores, é difícil conhecer sua prevalência e os fatores associados ao seu desenvolvimento. Meta: analisar a prevalência, as características clínicas e ecocardiográficas e o prognóstico dos pacientes com insuficiência de VD em POCC valvular operados no Instituto Nacional de Cirurgia Cardíaca (INCC) em 2021 e estabelecer uma comparação com pacientes operados no mesmo período que não desenvolveram essa complicação. Método: estudo observacional analítico retrospectivo. Foram incluídos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia valvar no INCC durante o ano de 2021. Insuficiência aguda do VD no POCC foi considerada como evidência ecocardiográfica de disfunção ventricular direita qualitativamente definida no ecocardiograma pós-operatório. A análise estatística foi realizada com o software SPSS versão 26.0. Resultados: quarenta e cinco pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, dos quais 7 (15,6%) desenvolveram falência do VD no POCC. Não houve diferenças entre as características basais. O grupo que evoluiu com falência do VD no POCC apresentou fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) significativamente menor no ecocardiograma pré-operatório (p = 0,010). Não foram observadas diferenças nas variáveis intraoperatórias. Quanto ao prognóstico, um paciente de cada grupo faleceu no POCC imediato. Conclusões: a FEVE pré-operatória poderia desempenhar um papel na predição de insuficiência aguda do VD no CCPO valvular, achado para ser verificado em estudos prospectivos. O impacto da falência do VD na mortalidade não pôde ser definido devido ao número limitado de pacientes.

Resumen: Introducción: la falla aguda del ventrículo derecho (VD) en el posoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca (POCC) constituye un desafío clínico por su importante morbimortalidad. El reconocimiento de la importancia de la función del VD en el POCC es un hecho reciente, lo que puede evidenciarse por la ausencia de parámetros de función ventricular derecha en los scores de estratificación del riesgo quirúrgico. Su definición varía según diferentes autores; es difícil conocer su prevalencia y los factores asociados a su desarrollo. Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia, las características clínicas, ecocardiográficas y el pronóstico de los pacientes con falla del VD en el POCC valvular intervenidos en el Instituto Nacional de Cirugía Cardíaca (INCC) en el año 2021 y establecer una comparación con los pacientes intervenidos en el mismo período que no desarrollaron dicha complicación. Método: estudio observacional retrospectivo, analítico. Se incluyeron los pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardíaca valvular en el INCC durante el 2021 que no presentaban ciertos criterios de exclusión preestablecidos. Se consideró la falla aguda del VD en el POCC como la evidencia ecocardiográfica de disfunción ventricular derecha definida cualitativamente en el ecocardiograma posoperatorio. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software SPSS versión 26.0. Resultados: se incluyeron en el estudio 45 pacientes, de los cuales 7 (15,6%) desarrollaron falla del VD en el POCC. No hubo diferencias entre las características basales. El grupo que desarrolló falla del VD en el POCC presentó una fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) significativamente menor en el ecocardiograma preoperatorio (p = 0,010). No se objetivaron diferencias en las variables intraoperatorias. Respecto al pronóstico, falleció un paciente de cada grupo en el POCC inmediato. Conclusiones: la FEVI preoperatoria podría cumplir un rol predictor de falla aguda del VD en el POCC valvular, hallazgo para comprobar en estudios prospectivos. El impacto de la falla del VD en la mortalidad no pudo definirse, dado el limitado número de pacientes.

Abstract: Introduction. acute right ventricle (RV) failure in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery (POCC) constitutes a clinical challenge due to its significant morbidity and mortality. Recognition of the RV function importance in POCC is a recent fact, which can be evidenced by the absence of right ventricular function parameters in surgical risk stratification scores. Its definition varies according to different authors, it is difficult to know its prevalence and the factors associated with its development. Objective: to analyze the prevalence, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics, and prognosis of patients with RV failure in valvular POCC operated at the National Institute of Cardiac Surgery (INCC) in 2021 and to establish a comparison with patients operated on in the same period who did not develop this complication. Method: retrospective analytical observational study. Patients undergoing heart valve surgery in the INCC during 2021 were included. Acute RV failure in the POCC was considered as echocardiographic evidence of qualitatively defined right ventricular dysfunction in the postoperative echocardiogram. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0 software. Results: forty-five patients were included in the study, of which 7 (15.6%) developed RV failure in the POCC. There were no differences between baseline characteristics. The group that developed RV failure in POCC had a significantly lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on preoperative echocardiography (p = 0.010). No differences were observed in the intraoperative variables. Regarding the prognosis, one patient from each group died in the immediate POCC. Conclusions: preoperative LVEF could play a role in predicting acute RV failure in valvular POCC, a finding to be verified in prospective studies. The impact of RV failure on mortality could not be defined given the limited number of patients.

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries can involve disruption of the AC and coracoclavicular ligaments. We report a case in a professional rugby player of an isolated disruption of the conoid ligament with no injury to the AC and trapezoid ligaments. A 24-year-old professional rugby player fell onto his outstretched hand, injuring his right shoulder. The differential diagnosis was an AC joint injury, coracoid fracture, stress fracture of the coracoid process, or subtle clavicle fracture, which could not be diagnosed on plain film X-ray. An MRI confirmed an isolated rupture of the conoid ligament. No injury to the AC ligament or trapezoid was identified. Five weeks after the injury, the patient returned to full contact training and match play. This case demonstrates that in AC joint injuries, it is possible that the trapezoid ligament and conoid ligament are not simultaneously disrupted, and management is per a Grade II/III AC joint injury.

In pursuit of creating an inclusive and equitable society, the right to basic education stands as a cornerstone, serving as a catalyst for individual empowerment and social progress. It is not surprising that in Kenya's Vision 2030, education stands as one of the pillars to actualise the objectives set out in that document. The constitutional framework of Kenya recognises education as a fundamental human right, which is the basis for the development of a knowledgeable and skilled citizenry. This article examines the crucial role that strategic litigation can play in actualising the right to basic education in Kenya, exploring the constitutional provisions that underpin this legal strategy and emphasising the pivotal role of the judiciary. The article argues that the Kenyan Constitution and the entire legal framework provide a solid legal background for civil society organisations and other interested parties to deploy strategic litigation to pressure the government for the realisation of the right to basic education in the country. However, the success of such efforts is largely dependent on how the judiciary understands its crucial role in driving the transformative potential of the Constitution.

ABSTRACT The massive use of Artificial Intelligence in Content Moderation on the internet is a reality of our times. However, this raises a number of questions, such as whether the use of opaque automatic systems is pertinent, or even whether platforms alone can make decisions that used to be made by the State. In this context, the use of black box AI comes to be considered a threat to freedom of expression. On the other hand, keeping content that promotes virtual abuse is equally harmful to this fundamental right. In this scenario, this study summarizes the main problems pointed out by the literature regarding the current paradigm, evaluates the responses that new technologies bring, and proposes a path for a new moderation paradigm that is fair and ethical in which the State and social media platforms play a relevant role. That involves the adoption of Explainable AI associated with transparent and legitimate criteria defined by society. times However questions pertinent context expression hand right scenario bring role society

RESUMO O uso massivo de Inteligência Artificial na moderação de conteúdo na internet é uma realidade dos tempos atuais. No entanto, isso levanta uma série de questionamentos, seja sobre a pertinência do uso de sistemas automáticos opacos, seja se as plataformas podem sozinhas tomar decisões que antes cabiam ao Estado. Nesse contexto, o uso de IA “caixa-preta” passa a ser considerado uma ameaça à liberdade de expressão. Por outro lado, manter conteúdos que promovam abuso virtual é igualmente danoso a este direito fundamental. Nesse cenário, este estudo sumariza os principais problemas apontados pela literatura quanto ao paradigma atual, avalia as respostas que as novas tecnologias trazem, e propõe um caminho para um novo paradigma de moderação que seja justo e ético, no qual Estado e plataformas de mídias sociais têm papel relevante. Esse passa pela adoção de IA explicável associada a critérios transparentes e legítimos definidos pela sociedade. atuais entanto questionamentos opacos contexto caixapreta caixa preta “caixa-preta expressão lado fundamental cenário atual trazem ético relevante sociedade

Heterotaxy syndrome, also known as situs ambiguous, is a spectrum of pathology due to loss of the normal right-to-left asymmetry of the thoraco-abdominal organs. This report describes the case of a 39-year-old female, previously well, who presented with bowel obstruction. CT showed features of left isomerism, with malrotation and volvulus. CONTRIBUTION: Heterotaxy syndrome consists of cardiac and non-cardiac manifestations. Imaging studies play a crucial role in the individualised management of the patient.