Resumen (Objetivo). Se evaluó el manglar de Chacarita en el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, a través de la composición florística y las poblaciones de moluscos asociados de interés comercial, con el fin de proponer actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables en el manglar. (Metodología). Mensualmente y durante un año, se realizaron visitas al área de estudio, con el propósito de establecer una base florística de árboles de mangle y medir el almacenamiento de carbono en el lugar, además, de recolectar moluscos bivalvos para analizar el estado de las poblaciones, con base en las abundancias de organismos hallados y otras características como las longitudes y la masa de estos. En los mangles, se obtuvo el diámetro de la altura de pecho (DAP en cm), la altura (m), el índice de valor de importancia (IVI) y las reservas de carbono (Mg C·ha-1). En cuanto a los moluscos, se examinaron cuatro especies de interés comercial, evaluando la longitud (cm), la masa (g) y el índice gonadosomático. Finalmente, se realizaron valoraciones económicas de los datos obtenidos en el manglar, del turismo e información histórica de pesca para el acopio de Chacarita. (Resultados). Se hallaron cinco especies de mangles, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans y Pelliciera rhizophorae; P. rhizophorae fue la de mayor índice de valor de importancia. Se obtuvo un almacenamiento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. Se contabilizaron 357 organismos, de los cuales el 18 % correspondió a Anadara similis, 37.5 % a Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46 % a Leukoma spp. y 3.08 % a Mytella guyanensis. Tomando en cuenta el valor económico de las reservas de carbono y los moluscos bivalvos presentes en los muestreos, se obtuvieron valoraciones económicas de 9812.63 USD·ha-1 y 28 USD·ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusiones). Las bajas densidades poblacionales de moluscos, especialmente del género Anadara, hacen necesario establecer medidas de gestión que permitan recuperar las poblaciones de estos. La presente investigación propone actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables, como turismo comunitario con fines educativos y culturales.

Resumo (Objetivo). O mangue de Chacarita, no Pacífico Central da Costa Rica, foi avaliado por meio da composição florística e das populações de moluscos associados de interesse comercial, com o objetivo de propor atividades de uso sustentável no mangue. (Metodologia). Foram feitas visitas mensais à área de estudo durante um ano para estabelecer uma base florística de árvores do mangue e medir o armazenamento de carbono no local, bem como para coletar moluscos bivalves para analisar o status das populações, com base na abundância de organismos encontrados e em outras características, como comprimento e massa de tais organismos. Nos manguezais, foram obtidos o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP em cm), a altura (m), o índice de valor de importância (IVI) e as reservas de carbono (Mg C-ha-1). No que diz respeito aos moluscos, foram examinadas quatro espécies de interesse comercial., avaliando o comprimento (cm), a massa (g) e o índice gonadossomático. Por fim, foram feitas avaliações econômicas de dados de mangue, turismo e informações históricas de pesca para a coleção Chacarita. (Resultados). Foram encontradas cinco espécies de mangue, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans e Pelliciera rhizophorae; a P. rhizophorae apresentou o índice de valor de importância mais alto. Foi obtido um armazenamento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C-ha-1. Foram calculados um total de 357 organismos, dos quais 18% correspondeu a Anadara similis, 37.5% Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46% Leukoma spp. e 3.08% Mytella guyanensis. Levando em conta o valor econômico das reservas de carbono e dos moluscos bivalves presentes nas amostras, foram obtidas avaliações econômicas de US$ 9812.63 ha-1 e US$ 28 ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusões). As baixas densidades populacionais de moluscos, especialmente do gênero Anadara tornam necessário o estabelecimento de medidas de manejo para permitir a recuperação dessas populações. Esta pesquisa propõe atividades de uso sustentável, como o turismo comunitário para fins educacionais e culturais.

Abstract (Objective). The floristic composition and populations of associated molluscs of commercial interest of the Chacarita mangrove forest on the Central Pacific of Costa Rica were evaluated to guide proposals for sustainable exploitation activities in the mangrove forest. (Methodology). Monthly visits to the study area were conducted for one year to establish a floristic baseline of mangrove trees and measure carbon storage. Additionally, bivalve molluscs were collected to analyze the state of their populations based on the abundances of organisms found, as well as other characteristics such as length and mass. Data regarding the mangrove trees included their diameter at breast height (DBH, cm), height (m), importance value index (IVI), and carbon reserves (Mg C·ha-1). Four mollusc species of commercial interest were analyzed, using data on their length (cm), weight (g), and gonodosomatic index. Economic evaluations were also conducted using data obtained from the mangrove forest, as well as tourism and historical fishing data for the collection of Chacarita. (Results). Five species of mangroves were identified: Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avice germinans, and Pelliciera rhizophorae, while P. rhizophorae had the highest importance value index. The study revealed a carbon storage equivalent to 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. A total of 357 organisms were counted, with Anadara similis accounting for 18% of the total count, followed by Anadara tuberculosa (37.5%), Leukoma spp. (41.46%), and Mytella guyanensis (3.08%). When considering the economic value of carbon stocks and the bivalve molluscs obtained from the samples, economic valuations of 9,812.63 USD·ha-1 and 28 USD·ha-1 were determined, respectively. (Conclusions). The low population densities of molluscs, particularly those belonging to the Anadara genus, necessitate the establishment of management measures to facilitate the recovery of these mollusk populations. This research proposes sustainable use activities such as community tourism for educational and cultural purposes.

Resumen. Los datos de campo obtenidos de los inventarios forestales, principalmente área basal y densidad de fustes, son relevantes para el análisis de la biomasa aérea y la fragmentación forestal. Debido al suelo inundado, el trabajo de campo en los bosques de manglar requiere mucho tiempo y es complicado. Dado que los manglares son sensibles a los efectos del cambio climático, la selección de un método de campo ideal es de suma importancia. Con este fin, analizamos 4 clases de manglares: Rhizophora mangle (RM), Laguncularia racemosa (LR), Avicennia germinans (AG) y AG arbustivo. Georreferenciamos y contamos todos los fustes de mangle dentro de 4 parcelas cuadradas de 0.04 ha (20 × 20 m). Analizamos 3 áreas circulares y el método del punto cuadrante central (PCQM) basado en las parcelas cuadradas originales. Dependiendo de la clase de mangle, el PCQM sobreestimó el área basal hasta en un 34% y la densidad de fustes en un 21%. Los 3 muestreos en parcelas circulares subestimaron el área basal entre -1% y -29% y la densidad de fustes entre -3% y -25%. Basándonos en los resultados, sugerimos utilizar una parcela circular de 0.04 ha (r = 11.28 m) en bosques menos densos (RM y AG) y una parcela circular de 0.015 ha (r = 6.9 m) en densidades superiores a 3,500 fustes/ha (LR y AG arbustivo). Las ventajas de utilizar las parcelas circulares sobre el método PCQM son que los inventarios de mangle pueden cuantificarse rápidamente y no requieren un número mínimo de puntos de muestreo.

Abstract. The data obtained from field-based forest inventories, mainly basal area and stem density, are relevant for the analysis of aboveground biomass and forest fragmentation. Due to its persistently flooded ground, fieldwork in mangrove forests is time-consuming and complicated. Since mangroves are sensitive to the effects of climate change, selecting a reliable field method is of utmost importance. To this end, we analyzed 4 mangrove classes: Rhizophora mangle (RM), Laguncularia racemosa (LR), Avicennia germinans (AG), and AG shrub. We georeferenced and counted all mangrove stems within four 0.04 ha (20 × 20 m square). We analyzed data from 3 circular area plots and the plotless point-centered quarter method (PCQM) based on the original square plots. Depending on the mangrove class, PCQM overestimated basal area by up to 34% and stem density by 21%. The 3 circular plot surveys underestimated basal area from -1% to -29% and stem density from -3 to -25%. Based on the results, we suggest using a circular plot of 0.04 ha (r = 11.28 m) in less dense forests (RM and AG) and a circular plot of 0.015 ha (r = 6.9 m) with forest densities greater than 3,500 stems/ha (LR and AG shrub). The advantages of using the circular plot approach over PCQM are that mangrove inventories can be quantified quickly and do not require a minimum number of sampling points.

Abstract Introduction: Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are bioessential micronutrients for plants but can impair the energetic metabolism when present at high levels. Objective: To assess the photosynthetic performance and oxidative damages in Rhizophora mangle L. leaf tissues at low and high concentrations of Fe (74 and 195 mg kg-1; Feleaf) and Mn (65 and 414 mg kg-1; Mnleaf). Methods: Photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a fluorescence, leaf CO2 assimilation and gas exchange and DPPH• radical scavenging capacity were sampled in R. mangle growing in estuarine forests in the North region of Espírito Santo State and the extreme South of Bahia State (Brazil) showing low and high Feleaf and Mnleaf. Results: Effects of high Fe and Mn were not identified on pigment levels. The increase in Feleaf and Mnleaf at the levels observed in this assessment had a positive effect on the number of reaction centers and on the efficiency of the oxygen-evolving complex, evaluated as K-band, while no changes were found in the parameters related to the excitation trapping efficiency at the active center of photosystem II. Distinct interference patterns of Fe and Mn on the functional processes of photosynthesis were identified, especially on CO2 assimilation and reactive oxygen species metabolism, with major effects on CO2 assimilation and carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco at high Mnleaf. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the efficiency of R. mangle in positively regulating the electron transport chain in response to high Fe and Mn, at least in terms of the preservation of structure and functionality of the plant photosynthetic apparatus. Moreover, interference of high Mnleaf in R. mangle occurs at non-stomatal and biochemical levels. There is an antagonistic interference of these trace elements with the physiology of R. mangle, which is a dominant species in Brazilian mangroves.

Resumen Introducción: El hierro (Fe) y el manganeso (Mn) son micronutrientes bioesenciales para las plantas, pero pueden afectar el metabolismo energético cuando están presentes en niveles altos. Objetivo: Evaluar el desempeño fotosintético y los daños oxidativos en tejidos foliares de Rhizophora mangle L. a bajas y altas concentraciones de Fe (74 y 195 mg kg-1; Feleaf) y Mn (65 y 414 mg kg-1; Mnleaf). Métodos: Se muestrearon pigmentos fotosintéticos, fluorescencia de clorofila a, asimilación e intercambio de gases de CO2 foliar y capacidad de eliminación de radicales DPPH• en R. mangle que crece en bosques de estuarios en la región Norte del estado de Espírito Santo y el extremo Sur del Estado de Bahía (Brasil) mostrando Feleaf y Mnleaf bajos y altos. Resultados: No se identificaron efectos de niveles elevados de Fe y Mn en los niveles de pigmento. El aumento de Feleaf y Mnleaf en los niveles observados en esta evaluación tuvo un efecto positivo en el número de centros de reacción y en la eficiencia del complejo generador de oxígeno, evaluado como banda K, mientras que no se encontraron cambios en los parámetros relacionados con la eficiencia de atrapamiento de excitación en el centro activo del fotosistema II. Se identificaron distintos patrones de interferencia de Fe y Mn en los procesos funcionales de la fotosíntesis, especialmente en la asimilación de CO2 y el metabolismo de las especies reactivas de oxígeno, con efectos importantes en la asimilación de CO2 y la eficiencia de carboxilación de Rubisco a niveles altos de Mnleaf. Conclusión: Los hallazgos demuestran la eficiencia de R. mangle en la regulación positiva de la cadena de transporte de electrones en respuesta a los altos niveles de Fe y Mn, al menos en términos de preservación de la estructura y funcionalidad del aparato fotosintético de la planta. Además, la interferencia de Mnleaf alto en R. mangle se presenta a niveles no estomáticos y bioquímicos. Hay interferencia antagónica de estos oligoelementos con la fisiología de R. mangle, que es una especie dominante en los manglares brasileños.

Abstract The Puerto Pizarro mangrove is part of the Tumbes mangrove, the largest in Peru; it is also the mangrove with the greatest anthropic impact in the region; in this area, no studies have been carried out on the status of its population of Rhizophora mangle, the most important mangrove species in the Peruvian mangroves. The objective of this research was to establish the structural characteristics of R. mangle in the Puerto Pizarro mangrove. The study was carried out by subdividing the research area into three zones (A, B and C), in which 41 plots of 1 ha each were selected, in each plot a sub-area of 0.25 ha (50 m x 50 m) was taken). In these sub-areas, mangrove trees of the species Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and Avicennia germinans were evaluated regarding their structural characteristics: diameter at breast height (DBH), height, basal area, density, frequency, dominance and index value of ecological importance (IVI). It was found that R. mangle had a greater DAP, height and basal area than the other species; also, higher density, frequency, dominance and relative IVI (adjusted to 100%) than the other species with values of 51.5%, 100%, 82.6% and 53.3%, respectively. The research findings allow us to conclude that the population of R. mangle in the Puerto Pizarro mangrove is a mature population, with a predominance of stems and latizales. However, its structural characteristics are not homogeneous throughout the Puerto Pizarro area, since zone A, with less anthropic impact and lower salinity, has R. mangle trees with better structural characteristics than those in zones B and C in which there is greater anthropic activity and greater salinity.

Resumen El manglar de Puerto Pizarro forma parte del manglar de Tumbes, el más grande del Perú; es también el manglar con mayor impacto antrópico en la región; en este no se han realizado estudios sobre el estado de su población de Rhizophora mangle, la especie de mangle más importante de los manglares peruanos. Esta investigación buscaba establecer las características estructurales de R. mangle en el manglar de Puerto Pizarro. El estudio se realizó subdividiendo el área de investigación en tres zonas (A, B y C), en las cuales se seleccionaron 41 parcelas de 1 ha cada una, en cada parcela se tomó una sub-área de 0,25 ha (50 m x 50 m). En estas sub-áreas se evaluaron los árboles de mangle de las especies Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa y Avicennia germinans respecto a sus características estructurales diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP), altura, área basal, densidad, frecuencia, dominancia e índice de valor de importancia ecológica (IVI). Se encontró que R. mangle presentó un mayor DAP, altura y área basal que las otras especies; así también, mayor densidad, frecuencia, dominancia e IVI relativos (ajustados al 100%) que las otras especies con valores de 51,5%, 100%, 82,6% y 53,3%, respectivamente. Los hallazgos de la investigación permiten concluir que la población de R. mangle del manglar de Puerto Pizarro es una población madura, con predominancia de fustales y latizales. En Puerto Pizarro, sus características estructurales no son homogéneas, ya que la zona A, con menor impacto antrópico y menor salinidad, presenta árboles de R. mangle con mejores características estructurales que los de las zonas B y C, donde hay mayor actividad antrópica y mayor salinidad.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to determine the alpha and beta diversity of mangrove trees in the Tumbes mangrove forest. The mangrove forest area was divided into three zones: A, B and C, in which 41 sampling points (PM) were taken. Mangrove trees were counted and measured, and the alpha diversity indices were determined: Shannon-Wiener (H'), Simpson (DS) and Pielou (J’), as well as the similarity of the PM. Beta diversity is determined with the indices: Jackard (IJ) and quantitative Sorensen (S). It is considered that the alpha diversity of the mangrove forest was low (H'=1.0260, SD =0.6158 and J’=0.9339), with zone A being the one with the lowest diversity (H'=0.3048, SD=0.8531 and J’=0.2774), due to its less anthropic impact and due to the dominance of Rhizophora mangle over the other species, it was observed that the PM were very similar within each zone, with lower diversity in zone A. The beta diversity evaluated using IJ was 1, indicating that the diversity of species does not change between the zones, while the S index showed that there is a greater change in diversity between zone A and the remaining zones. These results can allow local and regional authorities to make decisions to protect said mangrove forest. On the other hand, it would also be advisable to carry out research to determine the impact that alterations in mangrove species biodiversity may have on the organisms that inhabit this mangrove forest.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la diversidad alfa y beta de los árboles de mangle en el manglar de Tumbes. El área del manglar se dividió en tres zonas: A, B y C, en ellas se tomaron 41 puntos de muestreo (PM). Se contaron y midieron los árboles de mangle y se determinaron los índices de diversidad alfa: Shannon-Wiener (H’), Simpson (DS) y Pielou (J’), así como la similitud de los PM. La diversidad beta se determinó con los índices: de Jackard (IJ) y cuantitativo de Sorensen (S). Se determinó que la diversidad alfa del manglar fue baja (H’=1,0260, DS=0,6158 y J’=0,9339), siendo la zona A la de menor diversidad (H’=0,3048, DS=0,8531 y J’=0,2774), por su menor impacto antrópico y por el dominio de Rhizophora mangle sobre las otras especies, se observó que los PM fueron muy similares dentro de cada zona, con menor diversidad en la zona A. La diversidad beta evaluada mediante IJ fue de 1, indicando que la diversidad de especies no cambia entre las zonas, en tanto que el índice S mostró que hay un mayor cambio en diversidad entre la zona A y las restantes zonas. Estos resultados pueden permitir a las autoridades locales y regionales tomar decisiones a fin de poder proteger a dicho manglar. Por otro lado, también sería conveniente realizar investigación para determinar el impacto que la alteración de la biodiversidad de las especies de mangles pueda tener en los organismos que habitan en este manglar.

Abstract Plants used in traditional medicine offer an affordable new alternative in tissue repair therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the 5% Rhizophora mangle cream compared to the 5% dexpanthenol cream in healing open surgical wounds on the upper eyelid. A total of 18 patients were submitted to the experiment and divided into 2 groups with 9 patients each who used topically and daily 5% dexpanthenol cream (control group) or 5% R.mangle cream (intervention group) for 7 days. Clinical, morphometric and histomorphometric analyses of wounds and surgical procedures for skin removal were performed. In the morphometric analysis, all wounds treated with R.mangle and dexpanthenol creams showed complete macroscopic scars, without inflammatory signs and infection free. The skin hydration values in pre and post application periods of the cream were 43.82 ± 43.93 and 62.12 ± 67.40 respectively. The histomorphometric study showed lower values of epithelium distance in R. mangle group and higher in dexpanthenol group with significant difference between groups (p < 0.05). The R.mangle 5% cream proved to be effective in healing wounds of human upper eyelid skin with a significant improvement in epithelization compared to dexpanthenol 5% cream. therapy 5 1 control Rmangle R intervention days Clinical performed analysis scars free 4382 43 82 43.8 4393 93 43.9 6212 62 12 62.1 6740 67 40 67.4 respectively p 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) 438 4 8 43. 439 621 6 62. 674 67. 00 0.0 0.

Abstract Mangroves buffer metals transfer to coastal areas though strong accumulation in sediments making necessary to investigate metals’ bioavailability to plants at the rhizosphere. This work evaluates the effect of mangrove root activity, through iron plaque formation, on the mobility of iron and copper its influence on metals’ uptake, and translocation through simultaneous histochemical analysis. The Fe2+ and Fe3+ contents in porewaters ranged from 0.02 to 0.11 µM and 1.0 to 18.3 µg.l-1, respectively, whereas Cu concentrations were below the method’s detection limit (<0.1 µM). In sediments, metal concentrations ranged from 12,800 to 39,500 µg.g-1 for total Fe and from 10 to 24 µg.g-1 for Cu. In iron plaques, Cu concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 160 µg.g-1, and from 19.4 to 316 µg.g-1 in roots. Fe concentrations were between 605 to 36,000 µg.g-1 in the iron plaques and from 2,100 to 62,400 µg.g-1 in roots. Histochemical characterization showed Fe3+ predominance at the tip of roots and Fe2+ in more internal tissues. A. schaueriana showed significant amounts of Fe in pneumatophores and evident translocation of this metal to leaves and excretion through salt glands. Iron plaques formation was essential to the Fe and Cu regulation and translocation in tissues of mangrove plants. rhizosphere activity uptake analysis Fe2 Fe3 002 0 02 0.0 011 11 0.1 1 1. 183 18 3 18. µg.l1, µgl1 µgl µg.l 1, µg l µg.l-1 respectively methods method s <0.1 01 (<0. µM. . µM) 12800 12 800 12,80 39500 39 500 39,50 µg.g1 µgg1 µgg µg.g g µg.g- 2 16 µg.g1, 194 19 4 19. 31 60 36000 36 000 36,00 2100 100 2,10 62400 62 400 62,40 A glands 00 0. l1 µg.l1 µg.l- <0. (<0 1280 80 12,8 3950 50 39,5 g1 6 3600 36,0 210 2,1 6240 40 62,4 <0 (< 128 8 12, 395 5 39, 360 36, 21 2, 624 62, < (

Resumen Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la variación espacio-temporal de los macrocrustáceos de la laguna Morales (LM), Tamaulipas. Se recolectaron muestras en mangle rojo (Rhizophora mangle) y pastos marinos (Halodule wrightii) de 4 sitios y en cada uno se determinaron parámetros fisicoquímicos. Se identificaron en total 22 especies entre ambas comunidades. La diversidad de especies fue de 18 en pastos marinos mientras que en mangle fue de 17. Las especies más abundantes y comunes fueron los anfípodos Orchestia gammarella, Gammarus mucronatus y el camarón carideo Palaemon pugio. La abundancia de organismos fue mayor en pastos marinos con 1,481 ejemplares a diferencia del manglar con 379. Por temporada, la abundancia fue mayor en secas con 1,395 ejemplares, seguido de lluvias (262) y nortes con 181. Índices de riqueza y diversidad fueron utilizados para evaluar la diversidad y abundancia. Se estimó una curva de acumulación de especies para ambas comunidades resultando una eficiencia de muestreo mayor del 90%. La importancia de este estudio radica en que existen pocos estudios taxonómicos y ecológicos de crustáceos en este sitio, siendo prácticamente nulos aquellos de variación espacio temporal.

Abstract The aim of this study is to analyze the spatio-temporal variation of macrocrustaceans from Morales Lagoon (LM), Tamaulipas. Samples were collected among red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) and seagrass (Halodule wrightii) from 4 sites. In each community physicochemical parameters were determined. A total of 22 species were identified among both communities. The maximum species diversity was 18 for seagrasses while in mangrove it was 17 species. The most abundant and common species were the amphipods Orchestia gammarella, Gammarus mucronatus and the caridean shrimp Palaemon pugio. The abundance of organisms was greater in seagrass with 1,481 while in the mangrove was 379 specimens. The abundance was greater in dry season with 1,395 specimens, followed by rainy season (262) and “nortes” season (181). Richness and diversity indices were used to assess species diversity and abundance. A species accumulation curve was estimated for both communities resulting in a sampling efficiency greater than 90%. The importance of this study lies in the fact that there are few taxonomic and ecological studies of crustaceans in this site, being those which deal with the spatial and temporal variation of taxa practically nonexistant.

Abstract A dense estuarine aggregation of Diadumene paranaensis Beneti, Stampar, Maronna, Morandini & Da Silveira, 2015 associated with Rhizophora mangle L. was found at the Arpoeiras Beach, mouth of Acaraú River, Ceará, Brazilian semi-arid coast. Here, we compare biological and taxonomical traits with the type material, collected from the portuary zone of Paranaguá Bay, and propose modifications in the diagnosis of the species, as well as of the family Diadumenidae and genus Diadumene, to align with the description of our specimens. In addition, we discuss its tolerance to high salinity and predict a much broader geographic range for this sea anemone in Brazil. Beneti Stampar Maronna Silveira 201 L Beach River Ceará semiarid semi arid coast Here material Bay species specimens addition Brazil 20 2

Resumen Introducción: Rhizophora mangle se considera un nicho para microorganismos con enzimas degradantes potencialmente novedosas y complejas. Objetivo: Caracterizar poblaciones de Vibrio con métodos dependientes de cultivo, provenientes de muestras de sedimentos y de agua recolectadas a lo largo de un transecto de R. mangle compuesto por tres sitios. Métodos: Las cepas se caracterizaron según su distribución, diversidad, degradación de materia orgánica y parámetros ambientales. Resultados: Las densidades bacterianas estuvieron fuertemente asociadas con la temperatura y la salinidad. Un total de 87 secuencias de buena calidad que representan los aislamientos de los tres sitios se agruparon en 8 OTUs (Unidad taxonómica operativa). La asignación taxonómica indicó que los miembros dominantes eran Vibrionaceae. Los análisis de diversidad beta mostraron que las comunidades bacterianas se agruparon por fuente de la muestra en lugar de distribución espacial, y se encontró que la diversidad alfa era mayor en el agua que en los sedimentos. El 3 % de las cepas de muestras de agua fueron capaces de degradar carboxi-metilcelulosa con índices enzimáticos más bajos en comparación con el 4 % de las cepas de muestras de sedimentos que mostraron los índices enzimáticos más altos. Dos cepas identificadas como Vibrio agarivorans degradaron celulosa y agarosa, produciendo los índices enzimáticos más altos. Conclusiones: Encontramos mayor densidad bacteriana y diversidad en comunidades bacterianas de muestras de agua que en las de sedimento, con diferentes OTUs, incluyendo aquellos similares a Ferrimonas, Providencia, o Shewanella, que no fueron aislados en el sedimento. OTUs de Vibrio degradaron celulosa en ambos tipos de muestras. Los resultados del estudio resaltan la importancia de mangle rojo como hábitat de Vibrio y reservorio de fuentes potenciales de enzimas con aplicaciones biotecnológicas.

Abstract Introduction: Rhizophora mangle is considered an ecological niche for microorganisms with potentially novel and complex degrading enzymes. Objective: To characterize Vibrio populations using culture-dependent methods, using samples collected from sediments and water along a red mangrove transect composed of three sites. Methods: Strains were characterized according to their distribution, capacity to degrade of organic matter and other environmental parameters. Additionally the sequence diversity was assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: Bacterial densities were strongly associated with temperature and salinity. A total of 87 good-quality sequences representing the isolates from the three sites, were binned into eight OTUs (Operational taxonomic units). Taxonomic assignment indicated that the dominant members were Vibrionaceae. Beta diversity analyses showed that bacterial communities clustered by sample source rather than spatial distribution, and that alpha diversity was found to be higher in water than in sediment. Three percent of the strains from water samples could degrade carboxyl-methyl cellulose with the smallest enzymatic indexes compared to 4 % of the strains from sediment samples that showed the highest enzymatic indexes. Two strains identified as Vibrio agarivorans degraded cellulose and agarose, producing the highest enzymatic indexes. Conclusions: We found higher bacterial densities and diversity in the bacterial communities of the water samples compared to the sediment, with different OTUs including those similar to Ferrimonas, Providencia, or Shewanella which were not isolated in the sediment. Vibrio OTUs were shown to degrade cellulose in both sample types. The results of this study highlight the importance of red mangroves as Vibrio habitats and as reservoirs of potential enzyme sources with biotechnological applications.

ABSTRACT The biological importance of rhizosphere sediment-associated fungi in mangroves is poorly understood, especially when they are affected by high salinity and anaerobiosis in disturbed areas. This study evaluated the fungal diversity in the rhizosphere sediments of three mangrove species associated with three conservation conditions of mangrove forests in preserved, semi-preserved, and deteriorated areas. In addition, fungal bioactivity was correlated to the fungal diversity found in mangrove species from each area. We isolated 50 fungal strains belonging to three phyla, seven classes, and 10 orders. The fungal diversity was higher in the preserved area (H’ = 2.22) than in the semi-preserved (H’ = 1.73) and deteriorated areas (H’ = 1.68); the redundancy analysis showed a tendency of fungal accumulation towards the rhizosphere of Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans in the preserved and semi-preserved areas. In addition, the redundancy analysis showed that 10 bioactive fungi genera tended to accumulate on the rhizosphere of R. mangle and A. germinans in the preserved and semi-preserved areas. The preserved area is related to the semi-preserved area, with a 28% Jaccard similarity coefficient. The diversity and bioactivity of the isolated fungi encourage the need to conserve and restore mangrove ecosystems considering their current and potential services, such as bioprospecting new pharmacological compounds.

Abstract This study assessed the diversity, structure, composition, and carbon storage in a chronosequence of mangroves, in Níspero and San Buenaventura-Colorado Wetlands, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Rhizophora mangle was the most important species in mangroves without impact in the past, while Laguncularia racemosa was the most important in age ranges from 1 to 10 years and from 11 to 20 years. Mean basal area in mangroves with no impact was 19,01 m2/ha, 0,35 m2/ha in mangroves from 1 to 10 years, and 0,16 m2/ha for mangroves from 11 to 20 years. Carbon stocks were higher in mangroves without impact in the past, and soil was the component with more carbon stored. The results from this study indicate that recovery of mangroves in these sites occurs differently in each one of them. Also, the time since impacted mangroves were abandoned does not determine their species composition, but the degradation levels of the sites after abandonment and land cover changes.

Resumen Este estudio evaluó en una cronosecuencia la diversidad, estructura, composición florística y contenido de carbono en los manglares de los Humedales Níspero y San Buenaventura-Colorado, en el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica. En el manglar de referencia la especie más importante fue Rhizophora mangle, mientras que en los rangos de edad de 1 a 10 años y de 11 a 20 años fue Laguncularia racemosa. El área basal promedio en el manglar de referencia fue de 19,01 m2/ha, en el rango de edad de 1 a 10 años de 0,35 m2/ha y de 11 a 20 años fue de 0,16 m2/ha. El contenido de carbono fue mayor en el manglar de referencia y el componente que más cantidad de carbono aporta al ecosistema es el suelo. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la regeneración de estos sitios está ocurriendo de forma distinta en cada uno de ellos y la edad de abandono de estos no determina su composición, si no las condiciones de degradación en las que quedan estos sitios.

ABSTRACT: In the present research, satellite images have been used, which with the appropriate processing have allowed to evaluate the existing vegetation cover in the territorial space of the protected natural area The Mangroves of Tumbes National Sanctuary - Peru and that was verified with a face-to-face tour. It was possible to determine the presence of 7 types of areas inside, 2 without water cover bodies and salty zones - sandbanks; and 5 with vegetation cover such as semi-dense dry forest, dense dry forest, low strip mangrove, middle strip mangrove and high strip mangrove. Mangrove covers occupy most of the interior of the natural area. Likewise, in the mangrove ecosystem the species with the highest value of index of importance (IVI) is the species Rhizophora mangle and in the dry forest ecosystem it is the species Caesalpinia paipai.

RESUMEN: En la presente investigación se ha utilizado imágenes satelitales, que con el adecuado procesamiento han permitido evaluar la cobertura vegetal existente el espacio territorial del área natural protegida Santuario Nacional Los Manglares de Tumbes - Perú y que se verificó con recorrido presencial. Se pudo determinar la presencia de 7 tipos de áreas en su interior, 2 sin cobertura cuerpos de agua y zonas salitrosas - bancos de arena; y 5 con cobertura vegetal como bosque seco semidenso, bosque seco denso, manglar de franja baja, manglar de franja media y manglar de franja alta. Las coberturas de manglar ocupan la mayor parte del interior del área natural. Así mismo, en el ecosistema manglar la especie con mayor valor de índice de importancia (IVI) es la especie Rhizophora mangle y en el ecosistema bosque seco lo es la especie Caesalpinia paipai.

Abstract Polyphenolics from Rhizophora mangle (R. mangle) have shown wound healing and anti- inflammatory effects that may be potentiated by being associated with ascorbic acid, an important substance for collagen and elastin synthesis that plays a role in tissue repair. In our study, we aimed to formulate an association of R. mangle and ascorbic acid in hydrogels and evaluate the association’s cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects. In a pre-formulation study, three gelling polymers (i.e.xanthan gum, poloxamer and hydroxyethyl cellulose) were tested. The selected polymer (i.e. xanthan gum) was used to evaluate cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects using flow cytometry. Xanthan gum (1.5%) had a homogeneous appearance, an orange colour, a smooth surface, intense brightness and the typical odour, as well as non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behaviour. With a pH of 5.0-5.3 and a non-cytotoxic profile, xanthan gum induced the proliferation and activation of CD4 +, CD8+ and NK T lymphocytes and the production of IL- 2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and TNF-α cytokines in stimulated splenocytes. The results suggest that the association of R. mangle and ascorbic acid in 1.5% xanthan gum hydrogel may be promising in preparations for wound-healing processes. R (R anti repair study associations s preformulation pre formulation i.e.xanthan iexanthan i e cellulose tested i.e. ie (i.e cytometry 15 1 5 (1.5% appearance colour surface odour nonNewtonian non Newtonian behaviour 5.05.3 5053 5.0 5.3 0 3 5.0-5. noncytotoxic profile CD + CD8 IL 2 IL4, IL4 4, 4 IL-4 IL10, IL10 10, 10 IL-10 IL17 17 IL-1 TNFα TNF α splenocytes 1.5 woundhealing processes i.e (1.5 05 5.05. 505 50 5. 53 5.0-5 IL1 1. (1. 5.05 5.0- (1 (

Abstract Studies in the long-term recruitment and mortality of mangrove seedlings can help to understand mangrove demography and its relationship with climatic variables, environmental restoration and advances in the ecology of this ecosystem. A seven-year population dynamics study of seedling recruitment and mortality in cohorts of Rhizophora mangle L. was carried out to identify expansion processes and patterns of survival in the understory of mangrove forests on the Atlantic coast of Brazil. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between recruitment and mortality R. mangle seedlings at the population level, salinity, and climatic variables (precipitation, temperature and humidity). On an annual scale, seedling recruitment was positively correlated with mean temperature. Seedling density was negatively correlated with the number of recruits and positively with the number of deaths. The number of recruits was associated with dead seedlings, temperature and precipitation considering a population scale, without grouping the data. The seedling density in the stands increased with the number of dead seedlings. Our findings described the relationship between climate variability (durability and magnitude of the dry/rainy season) and the long-term population dynamics of R. mangle seedlings in a poorly studied region and from what moment, on a monthly and annual time scale, did this relationship become significant and changes occur. The findings of this study provide information on the population dynamics of the species that will help in understanding mangrove demography. These results have important implications for projections about the recruitment and survival of the species thinking about to long-term climate change that will modify current weather patterns and mangrove conservation efforts. longterm long term ecosystem sevenyear seven year L Brazil R level salinity precipitation, (precipitation humidity. humidity . humidity) scale deaths data durability dryrainy dry rainy season moment occur efforts

Resumo Estudos sobre o recrutamento e mortalidade de plântulas de mangue em longo prazo podem ajudar a compreender a demografia dos manguezais e sua relação com variáveis climáticas, restauração ambiental e avanços na ecologia deste ecossistema. Um estudo de dinâmica populacional de sete anos sobre recrutamento e mortalidade de plântulas em coortes de Rhizophora mangle L. foi realizado para identificar processos de expansão e padrões de sobrevivência no sub-bosque de manguezais na costa atlântica do Brasil. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre recrutamento e mortalidade de plântulas de R. mangle em nível populacional, salinidade e variáveis climáticas (precipitação, temperatura e umidade). Em escala anual, o recrutamento de plântulas correlacionou-se positivamente com a temperatura média. A densidade de plântulas correlacionou-se negativamente com o número de recrutas e positivamente com o número de mortes. O número de recrutas foi associado a plântulas mortas, temperatura e precipitação considerando escala uma populacional, sem agrupamento dos dados. A densidade de plântulas nos bosques aumentou com o número de plântulas mortas. Nossos resultados descreveram a relação entre a variabilidade climática (durabilidade e magnitude da estação seca/chuvosa) e a dinâmica populacional em longo prazo de plântulas de R. mangle em uma região pouco estudada e a partir de qual momento, em uma escala de tempo mensal e annual, essa relação tornou-se significativa e as mudanças ocorrem. As descobertas deste estudo fornecem informações sobre a dinâmica populacional da espécie que ajudarão na compreensão da demografia dos manguezais. Estes resultados tem implicações importantes para as projeções sobre o recrutamento e sobrevivência da espécie, considerando as alterações climáticas em longo prazo que modificarão os atuais padrões climáticos, e os esforços de conservação dos manguezais. ecossistema L subbosque sub bosque Brasil R precipitação, (precipitação umidade. umidade . umidade) anual correlacionouse correlacionou se média mortes mortas dados durabilidade seca/chuvosa secachuvosa seca chuvosa momento annual tornouse tornou ocorrem climáticos