Abstract: NATO enlargement in the post-Cold War period has been one of the great bones of contention between Russia and the West in the Yeltsin and Putin periods. This article analyzes the roots of these disagreements at the time of negotiations between Gorbachev and Western leaders about what should be allowed in Eastern Europe in the event of German reunification. There are several controversies and different points of view about this, and an investigation of the primary source documents released over the last few years can help shed light on what really happened in these so crucial negotiations to understand the current positions of different countries in this intricate international chess game. Abstract postCold post Cold periods reunification game

Resumo: A expansão da Otan no período pós-Guerra Fria tem sido um dos grandes pomos de discórdia entre a Rússia e o Ocidente desde o período Yeltsin até a era Putin. O presente artigo se propõe a analisar as raízes dessas desavenças ainda na época das negociações entre Gorbachev e os líderes ocidentais sobre o que deveria ser permitido no Leste Europeu em caso de reunificação das Alemanhas. Há diversas controvérsias sobre isso, e uma investigação dos documentos primários liberados ao longo dos últimos anos pode ajudar a lançar luz sobre o que realmente se passou nessas tratativas tão cruciais para entender os posicionamentos atuais dos diferentes países neste intricado xadrez internacional. Resumo pósGuerra pós Guerra Putin Alemanhas isso internacional

In the Republic of South Africa care-leavers are faced with numerous challenges after being discharged in terms of the provisions of the Children's Act 38 of 2005, Section 175 (Republic of South Africa [RSA], 2006). The aim of this study was to explore the challenges and barriers experienced by youths leaving the foster care system in South Africa. The researcher adopted a qualitative research approach to achieve the aim of this study. The findings revealed that youths leaving the foster care system are faced with social challenges, including a lack of communication with their foster parents or caregivers, little cooperation from parents or caregivers, few re-unification services, a lack of housing, and disconnection from other foster children. In addition, youths leaving care experience financial challenges such as unemployment and the abuse of the foster child grant by their foster parents. They also experience educational challenges, with many dropping out of school. Furthermore, youths leaving care face sexual challenges, including sexual abuse, prostitution and teenage pregnancy. For these reasons it is crucial for policymakers, social workers and all social service practitioners to work together to deliver a more expansive safety net for youths leaving care, and to address the fundamental challenges they face.

According to Maldidier (2003), Michel Pêcheux (1995) postulated the discontinuity between ideology and science, stating that the appearance of reunification between them would reside in the fact that ideology simulates science by mobilizing discursive processes that share the same functioning as verbal materiality. With this study, I seek to reflect on how this simulation takes place, based on what the French philosopher designates as the third element, in order to theorize it and observe it, especially with regard to the use of the conditional connective “if” in the film “Forgotten Love” on Netflix.

Para Maldidier (2003), Michel Pêcheux (1995) postulava a descontinuidade entre a ideologia e a ciência, afirmando que a aparência de reunificação entre elas residiria no fato de a primeira se simular como a segunda, por mobilizar processos discursivos que partilham o mesmo funcionamento enquanto materialidade verbal. Com este estudo, busco refletir sobre como se dá esta simulação, valendo-me do que o filósofo francês designa como terceiro elemento, buscando teorizá-lo e observá-lo, sobretudo, no que diz respeito ao uso do conectivo condicional “se” no filme “Amor Esquecido” da Netflix.

Resumen En esta investigación se caracteriza la migración venezolana hacia Colombia, según sexo, nivel educativo, actividad laboral y por área geográfica de los migrantes y los tiempos de reunificación de los hogares. A partir de los resultados del Censo de Población y Vivienda de Colombia 2018 (CNPV-2018) se analiza el perfil demográfico de los migrantes y se examinan las formas características de reagrupación de los hogares de venezolanos en Colombia en función de los tiempos de migración mediante estimadores de Kaplan-Meier y se utilizan modelos de Cox, los cuales permiten identificar que factores como la edad, el nivel educativo, el año de llegada y la actividad económica son determinantes de dichos tiempos de reunificación. En la investigación se identicó que el aumento de la migración desde Venezuela ha sido determinante en la transición reciente de la estructura de la población colombiana según edad y sexo, al estar concentrado en edades intermedias y con un perfil diferenciado en las principales ciudades. Asimismo, fue posible identificar que el patrón de migración venezolana reciente se puede clasificar como de tipo familiar, con énfasis en edades productivas y reproductivas, y alta presencia de menores de edad y que los vínculos todavía activos con conyuges, hijos y en general parientes que fueron pioneros en el proceso migratorio corresponden a un factor fundamental en las diferencias en las propensiones a migrar por parte de los hogares y sus integrantes.

Abstract This research characterizes Venezuelan migration to Colombia, according to sex, educational level, work activity and by geographical area of the migrants and the times of household reunification. Based on the results of the Colombian Population and Housing Census 2018 (CNPV-2018), the demographic profile of migrants is analyzed, and the characteristic forms of household reunification of Venezuelans in Colombia are examined based on migration times using estimators. Kaplan-Meier and Cox models are used, which allow us to identify that factor such as age, educational level, year of arrival and economic activity are determinants of said reunification times. The research identified that the increase in migration from Venezuela has been decisive in the recent transition of the structure of the Colombian population according to age and sex, as it is concentrated in intermediate ages and with a differentiated profile in the main cities. Likewise, it was possible to identify that the recent Venezuelan migration pattern can be classified as family-type, with emphasis on productive and reproductive ages, and a high presence of minors, and that the still active ties with spouses, children and, in general, relatives who were pioneers in the migratory process is a factor that plays a fundamental role in the differences in the propensities to migrate by households and their members.

Abstract This paper analyzes the legal requests for family reunification filed by Haitian nationals residing in Brazil. This phenomenon reveals a new phase in the dynamics of this migration, accompanying the reconfiguration of bilateral relations between the two countries. If, at the beginning of the flow, the possibilities for migratory regularization reflected the role played by Brazil in MINUSTAH, today the bureaucratic obstacles imposed on this movement demonstrate the intensification of the migratory crisis at the destination, expressed especially in the regulations and constraints established by the Brazilian state. In this context, the country takes on another meaning for the Haitian migrations: from buffer country to human rights frontier country. Therefore, exploring the disputes and contradictions that mark this process constitutes the central question of this investigation. migration countries If flow MINUSTAH destination state context migrations Therefore investigation

Resumo Esse trabalho analisa os pedidos judiciais de reunião familiar realizados por nacionais do Haiti residentes no Brasil. Esse fenômeno evidencia uma nova fase na dinâmica dessa migração, acompanhando as reconfigurações das relações bilaterais entre ambos os países. Se, no começo do fluxo, as possibilidades de regularização migratória refletiam o papel desempenhado pelo Brasil na MINUSTAH, atualmente, os entraves burocráticos impostos a essa mobilidade demonstram o recrudescimento da crise migratória no destino, expressa sobretudo na regulamentação e nos constrangimentos estabelecidos pelo Estado brasileiro. Nesse contexto, o Brasil assume outro sentido para as migrações haitianas: de país tampão, para país fronteira dos direitos humanos. A partir disso, explorar as disputas e contradições que marcam esse processo constitui a questão do artigo. migração países Se fluxo MINUSTAH atualmente destino brasileiro contexto haitianas tampão humanos disso artigo

Resumen El artículo analiza documentos curriculares elaborados en los contextos brasileño y alemán, centrándose en contenidos de geografía para la educación básica y busca comprender cómo aparece el concepto de desarrollo en cada uno de ellos. En el caso brasileño, se seleccionaron tres documentos, uno de los cuales era de ámbito estatal (São Paulo) y dos de ámbito nacional. En el caso alemán, se seleccionaron tres documentos del estado federal de Berlín, dos de los cuales se implementaron antes y uno después de la reunificación alemana. En el análisis se buscó analizar el contexto en el que se creó cada uno de ellos, así como las concepciones predominantes sobre geografía y desarrollo. El estudio permitió comprender cómo, en ambos contextos, la geografía escolar y académica se relacionan, indicando similitudes y diferencias en el abordaje del concepto de desarrollo. Entre los resultados, hubo una mayor influencia de las perspectivas críticas de la geografía en el caso brasileño, lo que resultó en la presencia más evidente del concepto de desarrollo desigual y combinado en dos de los tres currículos analizados. En el caso alemán, se destaca el papel que ha ganado el concepto de desarrollo sostenible en las últimas décadas, con implicaciones para la Educación para el desarrollo sostenible, lo que contrasta con lo visto en el caso brasileño, donde este tema rara vez aparece. alemán ellos São Paulo nacional Berlín alemana relacionan resultados analizados décadas

Abstract This paper analyzes content featured in Brazilian and German Geography curricula with the aim to explore how they handle the concept of development. The Brazilian sub-sample consisted of three curricula, namely one valid in the state of São Paulo and two across the nation. In contrast, the German sub-sample entailed three documents approved in the Federal State of Berlin. Given the federal education system in Germany, the validity of all curricula is restricted to the states. For this study, we considered two documents that regulated Geography in West Berlin and one document approved in the aftermath of German reunification. Our analysis first looked into each curriculum’s overall framework condition, always setting an emphasis on the prevailing conceptions of Geography and development. The results uncovered synergies between academic and school Geography in the two countries, but also found a number of differences in the approach to the concept of development. For example, critical perspectives originating from academic Geography had a stronger impact on school Geography in Brazil, leading to the more evident presence of the concept of uneven and combined development in two of the three curricula. In the German case, the role that the concept of sustainable development has gained in recent decades stands out, with implications for Education for Sustainable Development. subsample sub sample nation contrast Germany states study reunification curriculums curriculum s condition countries example Brazil case out Development

Resumo O artigo analisa documentos curriculares elaborados no contexto brasileiro e no alemão, especialmente os conteúdos de geografia para a educação básica, e procura compreender como o conceito de desenvolvimento aparece em cada uma delas. No caso brasileiro, foram selecionados três documentos, sendo um de abrangência estadual (São Paulo) e dois de alcance nacional. No caso alemão, foram selecionados três documentos do estado federal de Berlim, sendo dois implementados antes e um depois da reunificação alemã. Na análise, consideraram-se o contexto de elaboração de cada um deles, bem como as concepções de geografia e desenvolvimento predominantes. O estudo mostrou em cada contexto como se relacionam a geografia escolar e a acadêmica, indicando semelhanças e diferenças na abordagem do conceito de desenvolvimento. Entre os resultados, verificou-se maior influência das perspectivas críticas da geografia no caso brasileiro, o que resultou na presença mais evidente do conceito de desenvolvimento desigual e combinado em dois dos três currículos analisados. No caso alemão, destaca-se o papel que o conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável tem ganhado nas últimas décadas, com implicações na Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, o que contrasta com o verificado no caso brasileiro, no qual esse tema mal aparece. alemão básica delas São Paulo nacional Berlim alemã análise consideraramse consideraram deles predominantes acadêmica resultados verificouse verificou analisados destacase destaca décadas Sustentável

The concept, 'people', could in fact be a driving force behind the authorship of the Judith narrative. On this particular theme, many insightful contributions that have already been made by various scholars are applauded. The theme and concept of people still remain a topic that needs further exploration. In this article, the use and significance of the concept 'people' in the Judith narrative, is explored. The aim is not only to identify and describe the concept, but aspires to further demonstrate its distinct function in view of the reader. The analysis will be done from both the figurative and the thematic level of analysis of the Greimassian semiotic approach to literary texts. It is asserted that the utilisation of the concept 'people', is possibly an intentional literary strategy by the author, to encourage the reader (first and implied) to embrace the idea of Jewish reunification in the second temple period. CONTRIBUTION: This is a literary analysis of the occurrence, use and significance of the concept, 'people', in the book of Judith, particularly chapter 5:1-24. The study focuses on the distinctiveness of the people of Israel and its possible function regarding the readers. The values making the people of Israel unique are studied and the suggestion made that this could have been the impetus behind the authorship of the story. The study is intuitive and does contribute towards the understanding of the religious dynamics of the book of Judith

Resumen Este artículo analiza factores relacionados con la intención emprendedora en una muestra de 4 157 venezolanos mayores de edad que emigraron en 2019. Es un estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, con muestreo no probabilístico, en el que se aplicó una encuesta estructurada. Se hizo un análisis bivariado entre la variable dependiente “intención de emprender su propio negocio” respecto de las variables independientes relacionadas con información sociodemográfica, así como con las causas psicosociales y económicas de la emigración. Se empleó la prueba Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y las variables se ajustaron a un modelo de Regresión Logística Binaria (RLB). Los hallazgos revelan que la intención emprendedora está asociada a la reagrupación familiar y a la violencia e inseguridad en Venezuela (push factors), así como a la indagación sobre las oportunidades y normativas laborales (pull factor). Así mismo, se subraya la importancia del apoyo institucional para el fomento del autoempleo y del empleo formal.

Abstract This article analyzes the factors related to entrepreneurial intention in a sample of 4,157 Venezuelans of legal age who emigrated in 2019. It is a quantitative, non-experimental study with non-probability sampling in which a structured survey was applied. A bivariate analysis was made between the dependent variable “the intention to undertake their own business” with respect to the independent variables that relate to sociodemographic information, psychosocial and economic causes of emigration. Pearson’s chi- square test was used, and the variables were adjusted to a binary logistic regression model. Among others, the findings reveal that entrepreneurial intention is associated with family reunification and violence and insecurity in Venezuela (push factors), as well as research on opportunities and labor regulations (pull factor). Likewise, the importance of institutional support for the promotion of self-employment and formal employment is underlined.

Resumen Tomando como punto de partida su trabajo Cardenio, el artículo explora el concepto de “obra” en Roger Chartier, pero con el objetivo de analizar la circulación de su extensa bibliografía la cual no solo incluye libros, artículos, entrevistas, reseñas y distintas instancias paratextuales, sino también numerosas recopilaciones de textos que, tras una labor de edición muy minuciosa, compone y recompone en diferentes lenguas con nuevos títulos y editoriales. Entre la diseminación de los textos y su reunificación sistemática en recueils se produce, en definitiva, una tensión entre la idea de “libro” y “obra”. Si, como el propio Chartier afirma respecto de los estudios de caso que ha investigado, “los autores no escriben libros”, sino “obras, discursos que otros -editores, impresores, tipógrafos- transforman en libros”, surge la cuestión de lo que sucede con su propia “obra”: ¿es acaso Cardenio su primer y único libro?

Abstract Taking as a starting point his work Cardenio, the article explores the concept of “work” in Roger Chartier, with the aim of analyzing the circulation of his extensive bibliography. This includes not only books, articles, interviews, reviews and different paratextual instances, but also numerous compilations of texts that, after a very meticulous editing work, he composes and recomposes in different languages with new titles and publishers. Between the dissemination of texts and their systematic reunification in recueils, there is, in short, a tension between the idea of “book” and “work”. If, as Chartier himself states with regard to the case studies he has investigated, “authors do not write books”, but “works, discourses that others -publishers, printers, typographers- transform into books”, the question arises as to what happens to his own “work”: is Cardenio his first and only book?

Resumen El presente artículo analiza cómo uno de los cambios más importantes en el gobierno de Donald Trump fue la restricción del ingreso por vía familiar en todas las dimensiones de la política migratoria: permanente, temporal, sin documentos y humanitaria. Basada en el modelo de FitzGerald y Cook-Martín (2014), la selección de la población migrante se llevó a cabo mediante la aplicación de diversas órdenes ejecutivas y cambios administrativos. Específicamente, se elevaron los costos (económicos y humanitarios) para los migrantes y sus familias con la finalidad de desincentivarlos a continuar con su proyecto migratorio (llegada, estadía y/o para la eventual reunificación de más familiares) según fuese el caso, en aras de cumplir uno de los idearios de dicha administración: detener el crecimiento de la población no blanca en Estados Unidos. La aplicación de esta política tuvo un particular impacto negativo en los mexicanos y centroamericanos.

Abstract This article analyzes how one of the most important changes during the Trump administration was the restriction of entry for family reunification in all forms of immigration policy: permanent, temporary, undocumented, and humanitarian. Based on the FitzGerald and Cook-Martín model (2014), the immigrant population was selected by applying diverse executive orders and administrative changes. Specifically, economic and humanitarian costs rose for migrants and their families in order to deincentivize their continuing to migrate (arrival, stay, and/or eventual reunification with more relatives), depending on the case. This had the aim of fulfilling one of the administration’s principles: stopping the growth of the non-white population in the United States. This policy had a particularly negative impact on Mexicans and Central Americans.

Abstract: The growing phenomenon of migratory processes in Chile has been accompanied by an increase in family migration of the population under 18 years of age, which increased their situation of vulnerability due to age and their migratory status. This complexity increases with respect to the precarious situation of families experienced in the migratory processes. This article presents the results of a qualitative study, based on group interviews with adolescents, from countries in the Andean region and the Caribbean. The participants were aged between 13 and 15 years and attended a municipal school in the Municipality of Recoleta in Santiago. Among the main findings, the importance of involving adolescents in decision-making within migration processes is highlighted, as well as their being taken into account in family reunification practices, as these will be a determining factor in the reconstruction processes of their socio-family environments.

Resumen: El creciente fenómeno de los procesos migratorios en Chile ha venido acompañado del aumento de la migración familiar de población menor de 18 años, lo que profundiza su situación de vulnerabilidad, propia de la edad, con su condición migratoria. Esta complejidad se acrecienta frente a la fragilización familiar experimentada en los procesos migratorios. Este artículo muestra los resultados de un estudio cualitativo, basado en entrevistas grupales realizadas a adolescentes, provenientes de países de la región andina y del Caribe, cuyas edades fluctúan entre los 13 y 15 años, y que asisten a escuelas municipales de la Municipalidad de Recoleta en Santiago. Entre los principales hallazgos del estudio se subraya la importancia de involucrar a los adolescentes en la toma de decisiones dentro de los procesos migratorios, así como su consideración en las prácticas de reunificación familiar, ya que estas se convierten en procesos de reconstrucción de sus entornos sociofamiliares.

Placement of children in alternative care is supposed to be a temporary and not a permanent arrangement. In the absence of a family reunification model in South Africa, most children stay for longer periods in alternative care than necessary. This article concludes that family reunification services should be holistic in order to be effective, which is possible in the framework of a developmental approach.

Abstract> In the last decade seventeen Western countries have adopted “sponsorship schemes” as a response to the so called “refugee crisis”. The review and systematization of forty-three publications on such initiatives allow us to identify important differences in their design and scope in each of the World regions in which they have been implemented (North America, Oceania, Europe and Latin America). Additionally, we observe that there are more authors in favour of this type of strategies that those who question it, regardless of it being a privatized route of resettlement, a family reunification mechanism, a humanitarian admission stream or, simply, an amateur support project. The analysis enables us to recognize two principles different from the principle of additionality that characterizes the original model of refugee sponsorship. This suggests that economistic and humanitarian readings are eclipsing political and human rights-centered interpretations.

Resumen En la última década diecisiete países occidentales han adoptado “esquemas de patrocinio” como respuesta a la denominada “crisis de los refugiados”. La revisión y sistematización de cuarenta y tres textos publicados sobre tales iniciativas permite detectar importantes diferencias en el diseño y alcance de las mismas en cada una de las regiones del mundo en que se han implementado (Norteamérica, Oceanía, Europa y América Latina). Se advierte, asimismo, que son más los autores partidarios de este tipo de propuestas que aquellos que lo cuestionan, ya sea éste una vía privatizada de reasentamiento, un mecanismo de reunificación familiar, un canal de admisión humanitaria y/o, simplemente, un proyecto de acompañamiento lego. A través del análisis se identifican dos principios diferentes al principio de adicionalidad que caracterizó al modelo original de patrocinio canadiense y ello sugiere que las lecturas economicistas y/o humanitarias estarían eclipsando las interpretaciones políticas y centradas en un enfoque de derechos.

Abstract The status of Taiwan is the most crucial security issue in the Asia Pacific region. This article aims to analyze the political and economic relations between the United States, Taiwan and the People's Republic of China (PRC) between 2008-2018 (the pivotal period in the re-establishment of relations across the Strait of Taiwan), and how these relations have changed with the new DPP government in Taipei. The main conclusion is that for PRC the reunification with Taiwan represents a vital point of its geopolitical projection, and a symbolic act of the rejuvenation of the nation. Nevertheless, it affects the relations with the United States on many different levels. However, the use of political and economic instruments to achieve that goal is viewed with great suspicion in both Taipei and Washington.

Resumo O status de Taiwan é o problema de segurança crucial na região Ásia-Pacífico. Este artigo visa analisar as relações políticas e económicas entre os Estados Unidos, Taiwan e da la República Popular da China entre 2008-2018 (período crucial para o restabelecimento das relações através do estreito de Taiwan) e como estes mudaram com a novo governo DPP em Taipei. A principal conclusão é que para PRC a reunificação com Taiwan representa um ponto crucial de sua projeção geopolítica, e um ato simbólico do rejuvenescimento da nação. No entanto, isso afeta as relações com os Estados Unidos em muitos níveis. O uso de instrumentos políticos e económicos para alcançar esse objetivo é vista com grande desconfiança em Taipei e Washington.

Resumen La condición de la República de China (ROC)-Taiwán es el asunto clave de la seguridad en la región Asia-Pacífico. Este artículo tiene por objetivo analizar las relaciones políticas y económicas entre Estados Unidos, Taiwán y la República Popular de China (RPC) entre 2008 y 2018 (el período crucial para el reestablecimiento de las relaciones a través del estrecho de Taiwán), y cómo estas se han modificado con los cambios políticos en Taipéi, representados por el nuevo gobierno del Partido Progresista Democrático. Las relaciones entre estas tres entidades se revisan desde el punto de vista del realismo ofensivo. La principal conclusión es que, para la República Popular de China, la reunificación con Taiwán representa un punto esencial de su proyección geopolítica y un acto simbólico del rejuvenecimiento de la nación. Ello afecta además las relaciones a escala global con Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, el uso de los instrumentos políticos y económicos para lograr ese objetivo es visto con mucha sospecha tanto en Taipéi como en Washington.

Abstract The medieval Hospitaller priory of Bohemia was riven by ethnic divisions and mutually unintelligible languages. The prior’s lieutenant for Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, who often resided at the important commandery of Mailberg, could have been a nucleus for Austrian independence from Bohemia. The paper edits and discusses a document from 1392 where the prioral chapter deals with a quarrel between Hospitallers in Austria and Styria; their fellow-Hospitallers from the lands of the Bohemian crown (Bohemia proper, Moravia, Silesia) carefully avoided to be offend Duke Albert III of Austria. In the following decades tensions between two rival Habsburg lines in Austria and Styria weakened the position of the Hospitaller lieutenants for the Habsburg lands, especially during the Hussite wars. After the reunification of the Habsburg lands in the early 1460s the commandery of Mailberg was given by Emperor Frederick III and his son Maximilian to their courtiers and creditors, some of whom were not even Hospitallers. With papal support Frederick III tried to transfer Mailberg to his newly-founded military-religious order of St. George at Millstatt in Carinthia. But when the Habsburg rulers became kings of Bohemia and Hungary in 1526, they ceased to be interested in splitting up the Hospitaller priory of Bohemia. In the early modern period this proved to be more important for the future of the priory than “proto-national” identities.

Resumo O Priorado do Hospital na Boémia medieval, com sede em Praga, estava fragmentado por divisões étnicas e por línguas mutuamente ininteligíveis. O lugar-tenente do prior para a Áustria, Estíria, Caríntia e Carniola, que muitas vezes residia na importante comenda de Mailberg, poderia ter constituído o núcleo para a separação da Áustria relativamente à Boémia. Neste artigo edita-se e discute-se um diploma de 1392, com a resolução do capítulo do Priorado sobre a disputa entre os Hospitalários da Áustria e da Estíria, no qual os hospitalários das terras da coroa da Boémia (Boémia propriamente dita, Morávia, Silésia) evitaram cuidadosamente ofender o duque Alberto III da Áustria. Nas décadas seguintes, as tensões entre as linhas rivais dos Habsburgos na Áustria e na Estíria enfraqueceram a posição dos lugares-tenentes do Hospital, em particular durante as guerras hussitas. Após a reunificação das terras dos Habsburgos no início da década de 1460, Mailberg foi dada pelo imperador Frederico III e pelo seu filho Maximiliano a cortesãos e a credores, alguns dos quais nem sequer eram freires do Hospital. Com o apoio papal, Frederico III tentou transferir Mailberg para sua recém-fundada Ordem religiosa-militar de São Jorge, sediada em Millstatt, na Caríntia. Mas quando os Habsburgos se tornaram reis da Boémia e da Hungria em 1526, deixaram de se interessar pela divisão do Priorado do Hospital da Boémia. No início da época moderna, isso seria mais importante para o futuro do Priorado do que as identidades "protonacionais".