Resumo Esta análise evolutiva é dirigida a entender os processos para cumprir com a institucionalização de direitos fundamentais, dado que é preciso compreender a concepção digital que se apresentou no caso mexicano desde as instituições públicas e poder reconhecer as áreas de oportunidade que se podem gerar com respeito às Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) no geral, e fundamentalmente no que diz respeito à cibersegurança e segurança da informação em particular, isso é como política pública desde o enfoque da planificação nacional aplicada ao reconhecimento do direito fundamental de acesso a las TIC. Isso conlleva la hipótesis de determinar se em cuanto a la planeación nacional, o Executivo Federal mexicano tem contribuído para estabelecer as condições para assegurar o direito de acesso a las TIC a la población mexicana. A metodologia utilizada é a diacrônica evolutiva e a análise institucional desde a ótica da avaliação do desempenho. Os resultados nos fornecem uma ideia geral de como se situa a evolução e atualização da Estratégia Digital Nacional para desenvolver o potencial das TIC no governo digital, bem como no cumprimento do direito fundamental de acesso às tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) de parte do estado mexicano. Embora a determinação não seja totalmente conclusiva, o que sim é que nos brindam com uma visão panorâmica da evolução do direito fundamental estabelecido em relação ao planejamento nacional e aos resultados obtidos. Com isso se confirma a necessidade de reconhecer no Estado de Direito o trânsito institucional que se deve à cibersegurança e a segurança da informação, desde a ótica programática, pressuposta e de avaliação do design, para fundamentar novas análises comparativas no mundo e no región latinoamericana, conform a los compromisos internacionales acaecidos en cuanto a desarrollo sostenible.

Abstract This evolutionary analysis is aimed at understanding the processes to comply with the institutionalization of fundamental rights, given which it is necessary to understand the digital conception that has been presented in the Mexican case from public institutions and to be able to recognize the areas of opportunity that can be generated with regarding Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in general, and fundamentally in relation to cybersecurity and information security in particular, these as public policy from the approach of national planning applied to the recognition of the fundamental right of access to ICT. This entails the hypothesis of determining whether, in terms of national planning, the Mexican Federal Executive has contributed to establishing the conditions to ensure the right of access to ICTs for the Mexican population. The methodology used is evolutionary diachronic and institutional analysis from the perspective of performance evaluation. The results provide us with a general idea of how the evolution and current situation of the National Digital Strategy is situated to develop the potential of ICT in digital government, as well as in compliance with the fundamental right of access to information and communication technologies. (TIC) on behalf of the Mexican state. Although the determination is not very conclusive, what it does provide us with a panoramic vision of the evolution of the fundamental right established in relation to national planning and the results obtained. This confirms the need to recognize in the Rule of Law the institutional transit that becomes cybersecurity and information security, from the programmatic, budgetary and performance evaluation perspective, to base new comparative analyzes in the world and the Latin American region, in accordance with international commitments regarding sustainable development.

Resumo. Esta abordagem visa descobrir se existe uma relação entre o progresso do Estado de Direito das nações latino-americanas, a implementação do orçamento baseado em resultados nas instituições judiciais, determinando a influência e discernindo a análise acompanhada pela percepção da Regra do Direito na América Latina. Essa noção traz a hipótese de discernir globalmente se, após a análise empírica, os resultados esperados foram alcançados, complementados pelos mecanismos de percepção do Estado de Direito. A metodologia utilizada é a diacrônica regressiva e a análise do direito comparado. Os resultados confirmam reconhecer o Estado de Direito como um elemento significativo e importante para localizar o setor da justiça e, por sua vez, a sua componente orçamentária em termos de resultados específicos, sendo informativo na medida em que são observados na prática para os responsáveis por influenciar o setor. Apesar de poder haver avanços na institucionalização dos elementos observados, o preocupante é observar que houve um retrocesso na percepção do Estado de Direito existente na região, pois são poucos os países avaliados que apresentam avanços após o limite de tempo decorrido. Essa abordagem contribui para contribuir com o mosaico de pesquisas empíricas sobre a atuação do sistema de justiça ao identificar e analisar o comportamento das instituições judiciárias em relação à sua função orçamentária, quantitativamente em relação ao seu progresso em relação ao Estado de Direito e qualitativamente em relação à a percepção das instituições judiciárias.

Abstract. This approach is aimed at finding out if there is a relationship between the progress of the rule of law of Latin American nations, the implementation of results-based budgeting in judicial institutions, determining the influence and discerning the analysis accompanied by the perception of the Rule of Law in Latin America. This notion entails the hypothesis of discerning globally if, after the empirical analysis, the expected results have been achieved, complemented by the mechanisms of perception of the Rule of Law. The methodology used are regressive diachronic and comparative law analysis. The results confirm recognizing the Rule of Law as a significant and important element to locate the justice sector and, in turn, its budget component in terms of specific results, being informative to the extent that they are observed in the practice for those responsible for influencing the sector. Despite the fact that there may be progress in the institutionalization of the elements observed, what is worrying is observing that there has been a setback in the perception of the Rule of Law that exists in the region, since there are few countries evaluated that have progress after the elapsed time threshold. This approach adds to contribute to the mosaic of empirical research on the performance of the justice system by identifying and analyzing the behavior of judicial institutions related to their budgetary function, quantitatively with respect to their progress in relation to the Rule of Law and qualitatively related to the perception of the judicial institutions.

RESUMEN Es importante sumar al profesional comprometido con su labor docente el contar con diferentes recursos, lo que permitan brindar un mejor servicio educativo ante ello el objetivo planteado es proponer un sistema de control administrativo para mejorar la eficiencia de los compromisos de desempeño de la UGEL de Perú, 2020; tomando como referencia el fundamento teórico del control administrativo, el marco legal y normativo de los Compromisos de Desempeño y el enfoque cuantitativo. El tipo de la investigación es no experimental, propositiva, de diseño descriptivo; aplicada a una población de 74 servidores administrativos y 374 directores de instituciones educativas del ámbito de la UGEL de Perú. La técnica que se usó para la recolección de datos fue la encuesta. Los resultados que se obtuvo en la investigación concluyen que, la UGEL de Perú, en el periodo 2014 - 2019 no logró cumplir al 100% los compromisos de desempeño. Ante los resultados se propuso un sistema de control administrativo para mejorar la eficiencia de los compromisos de desempeño, que contempla el fortalecimiento organizacional, socialización de los compromisos de desempeño, plan de capacitaciones, identificación de deficiencias y dificultades, Plan de desarrollo personal, incentivos y reconocimientos.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research work was to propose an administrative control system to improve the efficiency of the performance commitments of the UGEL of Perú, 2020; taking as reference the theoretical foundation of administrative control, the legal and regulatory framework of the Performance Commitments and the quantitative approach. The type of research is non-experimental, purposeful, descriptive design; applied to a population of 74 administrative servants and 374 directors of educational institutions in the field of UGEL in Perú. The technique used for data collection was the survey. The results obtained in the investigation conclude that the UGEL of Perú, in the period 2014 - 2019, did not manage to fulfill 100% of the performance commitments. Given the results, an administrative control system was proposed to improve the efficiency of performance commitments, which includes organizational strengthening, socialization of performance commitments, training plan, identification of deficiencies and difficulties, personal development plan, incentives and acknowledgments.

Abstract During the last years, Ecuador has shown great interest in implementing techniques, instruments and methodologies that have been of great help in neighboring countries such as Chile and Peru to confront difficult fiscal situations and accelerate their development, improving public services and using them effectively and efficient available resources. One of the instruments is the budget based on results considered one of the most important pillars within the new public management; this aims to link National Planning at all levels with the General State Budget. Currently, budgetary management shows that the quality of public expenditure is inefficient and in most public sector entities the destination of the resources the State invests to achieve the objectives aimed at improving the quality of life of the public sector is not clarified. population; reason why the actions that the Ministry of Economy and Finance as the governing body of Public Finance has executed to implement the results-based budgeting model were analyzed. For the development of this research, a qualitative approach was used in trying to understand the surrounding reality in its specific character, and it was based on data collection without having a numerical measurement to carry out such research; Finally, it was concluded that the PbR Budget for Results constitutes an important challenge to improve the quality of public spending and that it requires the integral commitment of all financial management actors in order to optimize scarce resources, prioritize the needs that they are innumerable and improve the quality of the expense.

Resumen El presente trabajo de investigación pretende mostrar las ventajas de la utilización de la presupuestación por resultados en el manejo de los recursos fiscales por ello se analizó el caso del Ecuador mismo que durante los últimos años el Ecuador ha mostrado gran interés por implementar técnicas, instrumentos y metodologías que han sido de gran ayuda en países vecinos como Chile y Perú para afrontar las difíciles situaciones fiscales y acelerar su desarrollo, mejorando los servicios públicos y usando de manera eficaz y eficiente los recursos disponibles. Uno de los instrumentos es el presupuesto basado en resultados considerado como uno de los pilares más importante dentro de la nueva gestión pública; este pretende vincular la Planificación Nacional en todos sus niveles con el Presupuesto General del Estado. Actualmente el manejo presupuestario evidencia que la calidad del gasto público es ineficiente y en la mayoría de las entidades del sector público no se clarifica el destino de los recursos que el Estado invierte para la consecución de los objetivos orientados a mejorar la calidad de vida de la población; razón por la cual se analizó las acciones que el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas como ente rector de las Finanzas Públicas ha ejecutado para implementar el modelo de presupuesto basado en resultados. Para el desarrollo de esta investigación se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo al tratar de comprender la realidad circundante en su carácter específico, y se basó en la recolección de datos sin contar con una medición numérica para realizar dicha investigación; finalmente se concluyó que el Presupuesto por Resultados PpR constituye un reto importante para mejorar la calidad del gasto público y que se requiere del compromiso integral de todos los actores de la gestión financiera en el sentido de optimizar los recursos que son escasos, priorizar las necesidades que son innumerables y mejorar la calidad del gasto.

RESUMEN Este artículo describe la experiencia en la gestión de evaluaciones de impacto del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) como uno de los instrumentos del presupuesto por resultados, y documenta el diseño de las evaluaciones de impacto a tres programas sociales emblemáticos y los resultados obtenidos, haciendo énfasis en aquellos vinculados a la salud de su población objetivo. Estos son el Servicio de Acompañamiento a Familias (SAF) del Programa Nacional Cuna Más, el Programa Nacional de Apoyo Directo a los Más Pobres JUNTOS y el Programa Nacional de Asistencia Solidaria Pensión 65. Los resultados muestran que el SAF generó mejoras en el desarrollo cognitivo y de lenguaje en los niños mas no en las prácticas de cuidado infantil de las madres, ni en el estado nutricional de los niños. JUNTOS logró incrementos en el gasto per cápita, gasto en alimentos, disminución de la severidad de pobreza y mejoras en el logro educativo. Sin embargo, no se encontraron resultados significativos en la mayoría de indicadores de salud prenatal ni estado nutricional infantil. Pensión 65 mejoró la salud emocional del adulto mayor (depresión, autovaloración), pero no se evidenció aumentos en el uso de servicios de salud por parte de los adultos mayores ni mejoras en su salud física. Se recomienda que dichos programas fortalezcan sus diseños y acciones de articulación con el Ministerio de Salud y entre diferentes niveles de Gobierno, cuando corresponda, a fin de mejorar la oferta y contenidos de las prácticas saludables y optimizar la prestación de los servicios de salud.

ABSTRACT This article describes the experience of the MEF’s impact evaluation management as one of the RBB instruments and documents the design and results obtained from three impact evaluations of the most emblematic government social programs. The Service of Visiting Families (SAF) of the National Program "Cuna Mas", conditional cash transfer Program "JUNTOS" and National Program "Pension 65" focusing on objective population’s health the outcomes. Among the main results, it was found the SAF generated improvements in cognitive and communication development in children, but had no impact on mothers’ child care practices or children’s nutritional status. In the case of JUNTOS, there were increases in per capita spending, food expenditure, decreases in severity and poverty gap, increases in school attendance and reductions of school dropout. However, no significant results were found in most indicators of prenatal health, child health, or chronic malnutrition. In the case of Pension 65, there were increases in household consumption and improvements in elderly’s emotional health (depression, self valoration); but there was no evidence of increases in the use of health services by the elderly or improvements in their physical health. Therefore, it is recommended that such programs boost their designs and inter-sectoral coordination with MINSA and subnational institutions, in order to improve contents of healthy practices and child care, and optimize the provision of health and education services, in order to meet the demands of their users.

Este artículo describe la experiencia en la gestión de evaluaciones de impacto del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) como uno de los instrumentos del presupuesto por resultados, y documenta el diseño de las evaluaciones de impacto a tres programas sociales emblemáticos y los resultados obtenidos, haciendo énfasis en aquellos vinculados a la salud de su población objetivo. Estos son el Servicio de Acompañamiento a Familias (SAF) del Programa Nacional Cuna Más, el Programa Nacional de Apoyo Directo a los Más Pobres JUNTOS y el Programa Nacional de Asistencia Solidaria Pensión 65. Los resultados muestran que el SAF generó mejoras en el desarrollo cognitivo y de lenguaje en los niños mas no en las prácticas de cuidado infantil de las madres, ni en el estado nutricional de los niños. JUNTOS logró incrementos en el gasto per cápita, gasto en alimentos, disminución de la severidad de pobreza y mejoras en el logro educativo. Sin embargo, no se encontraron resultados significativos en la mayoría de indicadores de salud prenatal ni estado nutricional infantil. Pensión 65 mejoró la salud emocional del adulto mayor (depresión, autovaloración), pero no se evidenció aumentos en el uso de servicios de salud por parte de los adultos mayores ni mejoras en su salud física. Se recomienda que dichos programas fortalezcan sus diseños y acciones de articulación con el Ministerio de Salud y entre diferentes niveles de Gobierno, cuando corresponda, a fin de mejorar la oferta y contenidos de las prácticas saludables y optimizar la prestación de los servicios de salud.

This article describes the experience of the MEF’s impact evaluation management as one of the RBB instruments and documents the design and results obtained from three impact evaluations of the most emblematic government social programs. The Service of Visiting Families (SAF) of the National Program "Cuna Mas", conditional cash transfer Program "JUNTOS" and National Program "Pension 65" focusing on objective population’s health the outcomes. Among the main results, it was found the SAF generated improvements in cognitive and communication development in children, but had no impact on mothers’ child care practices or children’s nutritional status. In the case of JUNTOS, there were increases in per capita spending, food expenditure, decreases in severity and poverty gap, increases in school attendance and reductions of school dropout. However, no significant results were found in most indicators of prenatal health, child health, or chronic malnutrition. In the case of Pension 65, there were increases in household consumption and improvements in elderly’s emotional health (depression, self valoration); but there was no evidence of increases in the use of health services by the elderly or improvements in their physical health. Therefore, it is recommended that such programs boost their designs and inter-sectoral coordination with MINSA and subnational institutions, in order to improve contents of healthy practices and child care, and optimize the provision of health and education services, in order to meet the demands of their users.

Resumen Este artículo analiza la evolución de los métodos presupuestarios en México. Se asume que el presupuesto es una de las herramientas más importantes del desarrollo, puesto que concentra un conjunto de programas productivos y sociales para atender los problemas nacionales. Con una breve revisión de las técnicas presupuestarias seguidas en México entre 1935 y 2015, se llega hasta el actual Presupuesto Basado en Resultados (PBR), producto de la búsqueda de una mayor eficiencia en el diseño y ejercicio del gasto público. El análisis destaca que junto a esta técnica subyace la forma inercial de gastar (incrementalista) que nunca cuestiona los resultados de los programas, y que tampoco tiene un procedimiento para evaluar los impactos de los mismos. Ese escenario determina el modelo de gasto seguido en materia rural, su eficiencia y sus resultados de desarrollo; la reciente propuesta del Gobierno Federal de implementar el Presupuesto Base Cero (PBC) para el ejercicio fiscal 2016, abre la posibilidad de explorar las implicaciones del nuevo método para el diseño y ejercicio del gasto destinado al desarrollo rural. Ello, en razón de la desigualdad social, la pobreza y el estancamiento económico prevaleciente en ese territorio que se muestran como los justificantes más importantes para la reorientación del modo de gastar.

Abstract This article analyzes the evolution of budgetary methods in Mexico. It is assumed that the budget is one of the most important tools of development, since it concentrates a set of productive and social programs to address national problems. With a brief review of budgeting techniques followed in Mexico between 1935 and 2015, you reach the current results-based budgeting (RBB), a product of the search for greater efficiency in the design of public expenditure. The analysis shows that this technique lies with how to spend inertial (incrementalism) that never questions the results of the programs, nor has a procedure for assessing the impacts thereof. That scenario determines the expense model followed in rural area, their efficiency and development results; the recent proposal by the Federal Government to implement the Zero Base Budget (ZBB) for fiscal year 2016, opens the possibility of exploring the implications of the new method for the design and execution of spending for rural development. This, because of social inequality, poverty and economic stagnation prevailing in that territory shown as the most important justifications for redirecting spending mode.