Abstract This article emphasizes the need for transformation that schools must undergo in countries going through a post-conflict stage, such as Colombia. One essential aspect of this transformation involves the very approach to administering justice in the educational context. In this regard, we propose a reflection on two streams of justice: retributive justice and restorative justice within the school setting, with a particular emphasis on the latter. We maintain that in a country like ours, where the armed conflict has been denied for decades and has, to some extent, permeated our way of relating to others, it is crucial for schools and teachers to be involved in this transformation. The transition from one model of justice to another has not been easy in Colombia; however, through the commitment of teachers, successful experiences of implementing restorative justice in schools have been achieved. We contend that the role of teachers is essential for building a culture of peace.

Resumen En este artículo resaltamos la necesidad de transformación de la escuela en países que transitan por una etapa de posconflicto, como Colombia. Uno de los aspectos esenciales de dicha transformación atraviesa la forma misma en que ejercemos la justicia en el contexto educativo. En ese sentido, proponemos una reflexión sobre dos corrientes de justicia: la justicia retributiva y la justicia restaurativa en el contexto escolar, haciendo énfasis en esta última. Sostenemos que, en un país como el nuestro, donde el conflicto armado ha sido negado por décadas y hasta cierto punto ha permeado nuestra forma de relacionarnos con el otro, es fundamental que la escuela y el docente se impliquen en esta transformación. El paso de un modelo de justicia a otro en el contexto escolar no ha sido fácil en Colombia. Sin embargo, a través del compromiso de los docentes se ha logrado concretar experiencias exitosas de implementación de la justicia escolar restaurativa. Concluimos que la figura del docente es esencial para la construcción de una cultura de paz.

RESUMEN El presente artículo se centra en el enfoque étnico aplicado a las comunidades indígenas y afrodescendientes en el contexto de las afectaciones territoriales por parte del conflicto armado colombiano. A través de la materialización de dicho enfoque en el marco de la justicia transicional colombiana, se reflexiona sobre la inclusión del Derecho Propio como fundamento de las decisiones judiciales a la hora de reconocer al territorio como víctima del conflicto armado y como estrategia crucial para fomentar la reparación, sanación y reconciliación de las comunidades afectadas.

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the ethnic approach applied to Indigenous and Afro-descendant communities in the context of the territorial affectations caused by the Colombian armed conflict. Through the materialization of this approach in the framework of Colombian transitional justice, it reflects on the inclusion of ancestral knowledge as a basis for judicial decisions when recognizing the territory as an armed conflict victim and as a crucial strategy to promote reparation, healing, and reconciliation of the affected communities.

RESUMO Este artigo centra-se na abordagem étnica aplicada às comunidades indígenas e afrodescendentes no contexto dos efeitos territoriais do conflito armado colombiano. Através da materialização desta abordagem no âmbito da justiça transicional colombiana, refletimos sobre a inclusão do direito próprio como base para as decisões judiciais, ao reconhecer o território como vítima do conflito armado, e, como uma estratégia crucial para promover a reparação, a cura e a reconciliação das comunidades afetadas.

Alternative dispute resolution, anti-discrimination, anti-bullying, diversity and inclusion in higher education has been the focus of my work over the past four years. Spaces in which I have immersed myself include transformation at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) with multiple stakeholders, transformation engagement across the South African higher education system with academics, leaders, and managers and the most recent and perhaps most prominent has been my participation in the University of Cape Town (UCT) Panel which was appointed by its Council at the end of 2022 to investigate governance failures at the university as well as my facilitation engagements in transformation at Stellenbosch University since 2023. These experiences have at times been disruptive, disturbing and about learning "to be comfortable with discomfort", an idea I discuss elsewhere in 'Doing transformation: Building transformative practices from the bottom-up' (Johnson et al., 2024). Consistent with this work, this piece is a reflection about sense-making after a series of interactions of deeply challenging and disturbing yet rewarding experiences. In some ways it takes this work forward by thinking more deeply about going deeper into inter-personal transformative practice beyond the blunt instrument of employment equity. My autoethnographic reflections in this piece are part of my larger body of work on change theory or what we may encounter as activists, professionals, leaders, and managers in doing change. In this article, I consider what doing deep transformative work may entail, what it reveals, how we may come to understand it and what we may consider as tools and ways to engage with our woundedness as expressed within the self, interpersonal relations and systemic relations or, put differently, our engagement with the expressions of the systemic within the self. This work is a reminder that even the most advanced, highly acclaimed, and esteemed colleagues and scholars do not levitate above society, nor do our institutions, as we all carry our humanness and fallibility. It is also a reminder that all scholars are not necessarily leaders. The task however is to confront ourselves in terms of how we can make better contributions in how we lead change.

La résolution alternative des conflits, la lutte contre la discrimination et le harcèlement, la diversité et l'inclusion dans l'enseignement supérieur ont été au centre de mon travail au cours des quatre dernières années. Les espaces dans lesquels je me suis immergée comprennent le processus de transformation à l'Université de Witwatersrand (Wits) avec de multiples parties prenantes, le travail de transformation à travers le système d'enseignement supérieur sud-africain avec les membres du corps académique, les dirigeants et les gestionnaires, et plus récemment, et peut-être le plus important, ma participation au Panel de l'Université du Cap (UCT) qui a été nommé par son Conseil à la fin de 2022 pour enquêter sur les échecs de la gouvernance à l'université, ainsi que mon travail de facilitation dans le cadre du processus de transformation à l'Université de Stellenbosch depuis 2023. Ces expériences ont parfois été bouleversantes, dérangeantes et m'ont permis d'apprendre à «être à l'aise avec l'inconfort», une idée que j'aborde ailleurs dans «Doing Transformation : Building Transformative Practices from the Bottom-up». Dans la droite ligne de ce travail, cette pièce est une réflexion sur la manière de donner un sens à une série d'interactions et d'expériences profondément stimulantes et bouleversantes, mais néanmoins gratifiantes. D'une certaine manière, cet article fait progresser ce travail en réfléchissant plus attentivement à une approche plus approfondie de la pratique transformative. Mes réflexions autoethnographiques dans cet article font partie d'un ensemble plus vaste de travaux sur la théorie du changement ou sur ce que nous pouvons rencontrer en tant qu'activistes, professionnels, dirigeants et managers dans le cadre de l'action pour le changement. Dans cet article, j'examine ce que le travail de transformation en profondeur peut impliquer, ce qu'il révèle, comment nous pouvons le comprendre et ce que nous pouvons considérer comme outils et moyens d'aborder notre blessure telle qu'elle s'exprime dans le moi, les relations interpersonnelles et les relations systémiques ou, pour le dire autrement, notre engagement avec les expressions du systémique dans le moi. Ce travail nous rappelle que même les collègues et les chercheurs les plus avancés, les plus acclamés et les plus estimés ne lévitent pas au-dessus de la société, pas plus que nos institutions, car nous portons tous notre part d'humanité et de faillibilité. C'est aussi un rappel que tous les experts et chercheurs ne sont pas nécessairement des leaders. Nous devons cependant nous confronter à la manière dont nous pouvons apporter de meilleures contributions à la conduite du changement.

Abstract Restorative justice programs originally began in criminal matters, serving the needs of perpetrators, victims, and the community. In appearance, these issues do not concern the business environment, however, with regard to family businesses where members and managers are familiar, conflicts occur and even situations of violence between spouses or siblings, between parents and children and other family members, violating the stability of family dynamics and business. The use of restorative practices in family businesses is a means to take responsibility among partners, which implies repairing the reworkable, respecting commitments, provides the opportunity to restore interpersonal relationships and reintegrate Socially to the members in the business and family dynamics. Restorative practices involve processes other than an alternative dispute resolution mechanism, such as mediation, conciliation or arbitration.

Resumen Las practicas restaurativas inicialmente fueron aplicadas en la materia penal, atendían a los victimarios según sus necesidades al igual que el de las víctimas y la comunidad. A simple vista estás prácticas están fuera del ámbito empresarial, no obstante, en lo que refiere a las empresas familiares en donde los socios y directivos son familiares, se presentan conflictos e inclusive situaciones de violencia entre cónyuges o entre hermanos, entre padres e hijos y otros familiares, vulneran la estabilidad del negocio y dinámica familiar. El empleo de estas llamadas prácticas restaurativas, en compañías familiares es un medio para asumir responsabilidades entre los socios, lo que implica reparar lo reparable, respetar los compromisos, brinda la oportunidad de restaurar las relaciones interpersonales y reintegrar socialmente a los miembros en la dinámica empresarial y familiar. Las prácticas restaurativas implican procesos distintos a un mecanismo alternativo de solución de conflictos como la mediación, conciliación o arbitraje

This article presents the narrator's and the characters' contesting views on the "acts of God" in the Joseph story (Genesis 37, 39-50) through the interpretive framework of Ricoeurian narrative theology, along with psychoanalytic theories, such as repression and Nachträglichkeit. After presenting the different static views on the acts of God by the narrator, Joseph's butler, and Joseph's brothers, the article offers a psychoanalytic reading of the gradual change in Joseph's view on the acts of God. It argues that (1) Joseph's delayed emotional reactions to his traumatic experience of being sold into slavery by his brothers are triggered by his subsequent encounters with them, which eventually lead to his radical resignification of his past traumatic experiences and misfortunes as the saving acts of God and (2) the restorative justice achieved between Joseph and his brothers at the end culminates in another insight on the "acts of God" as a form of transformative, healing power.

In this article the Constitutional Court judgments of Justice Johan Froneman are analysed with the aim of assessing his contribution to the South African law of delict. It is argued that traditional delict scholarship in South Africa is common-law centric in the sense that the common-law rules and principles that regulate the discipline are regarded as "delict proper" while constitutional considerations, statutes, and the customary law of injuries are effectively side-lined as "delict improper". Justice Froneman's approach to adjudicating delictual (or delict adjacent) matters has the effect of de-centring the common law's hegemony in our discipline. Instead, Froneman encourages those who work with delict to: Infuse it with constitutional spirit continuously; respect the legislature's important democratic role that should not be forced into common-law categories of thinking; take up the challenge of Africanising the common law through a healthy exchange with customary law; and see delict as a discipline that has restorative-justice potential. In this contribution, it is argued that these common law de-centring principles in Justice Froneman's delictual jurisprudence is transformative and critical in nature. As such, those seeking to merge the basic tenets of transformative constitutionalism, South African critical legal studies, and legal practice, may find great value in Froneman's delictual jurisprudence.

ABSTRACT The general objective of this research was to provide a legal analysis of restorative justice and community conflict resolution. Case: Cajamarca, Peru. A quantitative approach was considered, from a non-experimental and correlational design. A sample of 30 lawyers was studied. It is concluded that a significant relationship (Rho= 0.771; Sig.=0.000<0.05) was established between restorative justice and the resolution of community conflicts in the province of Cutervo, Cajamarca 2023, demonstrating that the purpose of restorative justice is to conciliate community conflicts. Restorative justice does not reflect values for the deficient level, then for the regular level it shows 6.7% and for the efficient level it shows 93.3%.

RESUMEN El objetivo general de la presente investigación fue analizar jurídicamente la justicia restaurativa y la resolución de conflictos comunitarios. Caso: Cajamarca, Perú. Se consideró el enfoque cuantitativo, desde un diseño no experimental y correlacional. Se estudió una muestra de 30 abogados. Se concluye que se estableció relación significativa (Rho= 0.771; Sig.=0.000<0.05) entre la justicia restaurativa y la resolución de conflictos comunitarios en la provincia de Cutervo, Cajamarca 2023, demostrando que la justicia restaurativa presenta por finalidad realizar conciliación frente a los conflictos comunitarios que se presentan. La justicia restaurativa no refleja valores para el nivel deficiente, luego para el nivel regular se evidencia un 6.7% y para el nivel eficiente se presenta un 93.3%.

RESUMEN El marco normativo internacional sobre el derecho de la educación del adolescente privado de la libertad establece garantías para su cumplimiento. El artículo analiza las principales tendencias investigativas en relación con los procesos pedagógicos y legislativos en educación, referidos a los sistemas penales juveniles en países de América Latina, España y Estados Unidos. Se examinan textos producidos entre 2018 y 2022, 50 artículos resultados de investigaciones y presentes en las bases de datos Scopus, ScienceDirect, Ebsco y ProQuest. Esas investigaciones se enfocan en conceptos jurídicos y educativos enmarcados en cuestionamientos sobre el lenguaje y mediante categorías totalizantes y discriminatorias. Las investigaciones abogan por desarrollar líneas de acción enfocadas en el proceso restaurativo, por lo tanto, a pesar del gran avance en la defensa de los derechos humanos dentro de las unidades de atención socioeducativa para adolescentes judicializados, aún se presentan prácticas de violencia. Por lo tanto, se considera oportuno realizar intervenciones no solo con los jóvenes, sino con los demás implicados: sociedad, Estado, familia y otros, en aras de orientar las prácticas y el trabajo educativo.

ABSTRACT The international regulatory framework on the right to education of adolescents deprived of freedom establishes guarantees for its compliance. This paper aims to analyze the main research trends in relation to pedagogical and legislative processes in education, referred to juvenile penal systems in Latin American countries, Spain, and the United States. To that end, Texts produced between 2018 and 2022 were examined. 50 articles attestable in the Scopus, ScienceDirect, Ebsco, and ProQuest databases were also explored. These sources focus on legal and educational concepts framed within reconsiderations about language, and through totalizing and discriminatory categories. The sources advocate developing lines of action focused on the restorative process. Despite the great progress in the defense of human rights within the socio-educational care units for judicialized adolescents, violent practices are still perceivable. In consequence, interventions not only with youngsters but with the others involved are to be carried out, namely: society, State, family, and others, in order to guide educational practices and work.

Resumen Este artículo, derivado del proyecto de investigación doctoral Alcances y limitaciones de la justicia restaurativa en el abordaje de la(s) violencia(s) escolar(es) en Colombia, hace un recorrido analítico sobre la relación compleja entre emociones y prácticas de justicia en la escuela, a propósito del abordaje de las violencias escolares. Recorre, en términos generales, tanto las perspectivas epistemológicas como algunos enfoques teóricos que han abordado el lugar de las emociones en las prácticas de justicia escolar. Descubre la necesidad de trascender las miradas funcionales hacia análisis complejos de la(s) violencia(s) escolar(es) y de las emociones en la justicia escolar.

Abstract This article, derived from the doctoral research project Scope and limitations of restorative justice in the approach to school violence(s) in Colombia, makes an analytical tour of the complex relationship between emotions and practices of justice at school, focusing on school violence. In general, it covers both epistemological perspectives and some theoretical approaches that have addressed the place of emotions in school justice practices. Furthermore, it discovers the need to transcend functional views towards complex analyses of school violence(s) and emotions in school justice.

Resumo Este artigo, derivado do projeto de pesquisa de doutorado Alcance e limitações da justiça restaurativa na abordagem da(s) violência(s) escolar(es) na Colômbia, faz um percurso analítico pela complexa relação entre emoções e práticas de justiça na escola, com respeito à abordagem das violências escolares. Abrange, em linhas gerais, tanto as perspectivas epistemológicas quanto algumas abordagens teóricas que têm abordado o lugar das emoções nas práticas de justiça escolar. Revela a necessidade de transcender visões funcionais para análises complexas da(s) violência(s) escolar(es) e emoções na justiça escolar.

Abstract The article strives to carry out a critical analysis of the current criminal model, taking the restorative justice as an example of another possible model. It questions if and to what extent restorative justice presents a potential to achieve ways of conflict resolution that are more democratic and committed to the rights and human dignity and, in the long term, a step to overcoming the current punitive model. Based in an abolitionist perspective of restorative justice, it infers that it has the potential of represent an alternative in the search for a less violent logic. The research is exploratory and adopts the hypothetico-deductive method of approach. model term logic hypotheticodeductive hypothetico deductive approach

Resumo O artigo visa a realizar uma análise crítica do modelo penal vigente, tomando a justiça restaurativa como exemplo de outro modelo possível. Questiona-se se e em que medida ela apresenta um potencial para o atingimento de modos de soluções de conflitos mais democráticos e comprometidos com os direitos e dignidade humana e, a longo prazo, um passo para a superação do modelo punitivo vigente. Tendo por base uma ideia de restaurativismo em uma perspectiva abolicionista, infere-se que ela possui o potencial de representar uma alternativa na busca de uma lógica menos violenta. A pesquisa é exploratória, com o emprego do método de abordagem hipotético-dedutivo. vigente possível Questionase Questiona prazo abolicionista inferese infere violenta exploratória hipotéticodedutivo. hipotéticodedutivo hipotético dedutivo. dedutivo hipotético-dedutivo

The international regulatory framework on the right to education of adolescents deprived of freedom establishes guarantees for its compliance. This paper aims to analyze the main research trends in relation to pedagogical and legislative processes in education, referred to juvenile penal systems in Latin American countries, Spain, and the United States. To that end, Texts produced between 2018 and 2022 were examined. 50 articles attestable in the Scopus, ScienceDirect, Ebsco, and ProQuest databases were also explored. These sources focus on legal and educational concepts framed within reconsiderations about language, and through totalizing and discriminatory categories. The sources advocate developing lines of action focused on the restorative process. Despite the great progress in the defense of human rights within the socio-educational care units for judicialized adolescents, violent practices are still perceivable. In consequence, interventions not only with youngsters but with the others involved are to be carried out, namely: society, State, family, and others, in order to guide educational practices and work.

El marco normativo internacional sobre el derecho de la educación del adolescente privado de la libertad establece garantías para su cumplimiento. El artículo analiza las principales tendencias investigativas en relación con los procesos pedagógicos y legislativos en educación, referidos a los sistemas penales juveniles en países de América Latina, España y Estados Unidos. Se examinan textos producidos entre 2018 y 2022, 50 artículos resultados de investigaciones y presentes en las bases de datos Scopus, ScienceDirect, Ebsco y ProQuest. Esas investigaciones se enfocan en conceptos jurídicos y educativos enmarcados en cuestionamientos sobre el lenguaje y mediante categorías totalizantes y discriminatorias. Las investigaciones abogan por desarrollar líneas de acción enfocadas en el proceso restaurativo, por lo tanto, a pesar del gran avance en la defensa de los derechos humanos dentro de las unidades de atención socioeducativa para adolescentes judicializados, aún e presentan prácticas de violencia. Por lo tanto, se considera oportuno realizar intervenciones no solo con los jóvenes, sino con los demás implicados: sociedad, Estado, familia y otros, en aras de orientar las prácticas y el trabajo educativo.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como finalidad analizar el proceso ontológico y la permeabilidad que la cultura de paz ha tenido en la idiosincrasia del pueblo mexicano, a través de la incorporación de la justicia restaurativa en su sistema jurídico, político y social. Se analiza el contexto social y el clima coyuntural en el que el paradigma restaurativo se ha ido implementando progresivamente en la cultura jurídica mexicana. Así mismo, se hace un análisis crítico de las contradicciones que en la actualidad tienen algunas figuras jurídicas en la legislación nacional, cuyos lastres le vienen de su otrora sistema inquisitivo de naturaleza retributiva. Finalmente se plantean una serie de propuestas fácticas y jurídicas de viable implemento que coadyuvarán al fortalecimiento de la nueva ideología restaurativa que se pretende incorporar en nuestro país, para fortalecer la anhelada cultura de paz.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze the ontological process and the permeability that the culture of peace has had in the idiosyncrasy of the Mexican people, through the incorporation of restorative justice in its legal, political and social system. The social context and the conjunctural climate in which the restorative paradigm has been progressively implemented in the Mexican legal culture is analyzed. Likewise, a critical analysis is made of the contradictions that some legal figures currently have in national legislation, the latter of which come from its former inquisitive system of a remunerative nature. Finally, a series of factual and legal proposals for viable implementation are proposed that will contribute to the strengthening of the new restorative ideology that is intended to be incorporated in our country, to strengthen the long-awaited culture of peace.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the way in which feelings and the recovery of collective memory make it possible to reduce the social and political fragility of the members of the Medical Mission, making new ways of participation feasible, through the development of deliberative capacities from a bioethical perspective. Methodology: exploratory study with qualitative approach, which considers the subjectivity and intersubjectivity of the participants. With heterogeneous sources of information: focus groups, semi-structured interviews and field primers, a framework of relevant factors was constituted, which allowed processing the information, through conceptual relationships and categorizations, for its subsequent triangulation. Results: the feelings with the greatest ethical impact in Mission Medical: uncertainty, insecurity at work, anxiety due to acts of violence, sadness, fear, fear, and impotence; produce emotional effects related to the principle of maleficence. Resilience has prevented them from carrying out collective memory exercises, due to denial and fear of remembering the most significant events, which has prevented them from accessing Restorative Justice mechanisms. The absence of capacities to face the situation compromises individual autonomy, occupational health and generates unresolved legal shortcomings. Conclusions: collective feelings in the public sphere of health personnel prevail over individual feelings based on experiences, which affect the capacity for deliberation, this implies promoting exercises of historical memory on the facts of the conflict, through the development of capacities that strengthen the legitimate defense of their autonomy and the development of a beneficial professional exercise, in the face of borderline situations of confrontation.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la forma en que los sentimientos y la recuperación de la memoria colectiva, posibilitan la disminución de la fragilidad social y política de los integrantes de la Misión Médica, haciendo factible nuevas maneras de participación, mediante el desarrollo de capacidades deliberativas desde la perspectiva bioética. Metodología: estudio exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo, que toma en cuenta la subjetividad e intersubjetividad de los participantes. Con fuentes de información heterogénea: grupos focales, entrevistas semiestructuradas y cartillas de campo, se constituyó un marco de factores relevantes, que permitieron procesar la información, mediante relaciones y categorizaciones conceptuales, para su posterior triangulación. Resultados: los sentimientos con mayor impacto ético en Misión Médica: incertidumbre, inseguridad ante el trabajo, ansiedad por los hechos de violencia, tristeza, temor, miedo e impotencia; producen efectos emocionales relacionados con el principio de maleficencia. La resiliencia, ha impedido realizar ejercicios de memoria colectiva, a causa del negacionismo y temor a recordar los hechos más significativos, esto les ha impedido el acceso a los mecanismos de Justicia Restaurativa. La ausencia de capacidades para afrontar la situación compromete la autonomía individual, la salud laboral y genera carencias legales no resueltas. Conclusiones: los sentimientos colectivos en el ámbito público del personal sanitario prevalecen sobre los sentimientos individuales basados en vivencias, que afectan la capacidad de deliberación, esto implica promover ejercicios de memoria colectiva, sobre los hechos del conflicto, mediante el desarrollo de capacidades que fortalezcan la legitima defensa de su autonomía y el desarrollo de un ejercicio profesional beneficiente, ante situaciones limítrofes de confrontación.

Resum Objectiu: analitzar la manera com els sentiments i la recuperació de la memòria col·lectiva, possibiliten la disminució de la fragilitat social i política dels integrants de la Missió Mèdica, fent factible noves maneres de participació, mitjançant el desenvolupament de capacitats deliberatives des de la perspectiva bioètica. Metodologia: estudi exploratori amb enfocament qualitatiu, que té en compte la subjectivitat i la intersubjectivitat dels participants. Amb fonts d'informació heterogènia: grups focals, entrevistes semiestructurades i cartilles de camp, es va constituir un marc de factors rellevants, que van permetre processar la informació, mitjançant relacions i categoritzacions conceptuals, per triangular-les posteriorment. Resultats: els sentiments amb més impacte ètic a Missió Mèdica: incertesa, inseguretat davant la feina, ansietat pels fets de violència, tristesa, temor, por i impotència; produeixen efectes emocionals relacionats amb el principi de maleficència. La resiliència, ha impedit fer exercicis de memòria col·lectiva, a causa del negacionisme i temor de recordar els fets més significatius, això els ha impedit l'accés als mecanismes de Justícia Restaurativa. L'absència de capacitats per fer front a la situació compromet l'autonomia individual, la salut laboral i genera mancances legals no resoltes. Conclusions: els sentiments col·lectius en l'àmbit públic del personal sanitari prevalen sobre els sentiments individuals basats en vivències, que afecten la capacitat de deliberació, això implica promoure exercicis de memòria col·lectiva, sobre els fets del conflicte, mitjançant el desenvolupament de capacitats que enforteixin la legítima defensa de la seva autonomia i el desenvolupament d'un exercici professional beneficient, davant de situacions limítrofes de confrontació.

Abstract: This article, prepared according to the deductive method, seeks to identify the phenomenon of climate change protection within the scope of national constitutions, treaties, and transnational jurisprudence, concerning carbon metrics and their impacts on the economy and historicity of nations, as the colony-metropolis binomial. The objective is to reveal the justice or not of the current transnational impositions of carbon metrics. It is intended to identify the characteristics of the intergenerational climate law norm that imposes sanctions and rewards according to the carbon economy of each member state, as well as the analysis of intergenerational historical justice since future generations will suffer the impact of the actions of past generations. It also seeks to analyze how transactions and carbon metrics between exporting and importing countries of agricultural, extractive, and mineral products are processed in the new context of the Paris Agreement under the historical perspective of colony-metropolis relations, as well as what the rewards are. Historical and restorative measures would be necessary to neutralize this new climate colonialism so that progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions does not become a trap for domination by developed and historically polluting states. Abstract article method constitutions treaties jurisprudence nations colonymetropolis colony metropolis binomial state agricultural extractive relations states

Resumo: O presente artigo, elaborado de acordo com o método dedutivo, busca identificar o fenômeno da proteção às mudanças climáticas nos âmbitos das constituições nacionais, tratados e jurisprudência transnacionais, com relação à métrica de carbono e a seus impactos na economia e historicidade das nações, conforme o binômio colônia- metrópole. Objetiva-se revelar a justiça ou não das presentes imposições transnacionais das métricas de carbono. Pretende-se identificar as características da norma de direito intergeracional climático que impõe sanções e prêmios conforme a economia de carbono de cada Estado membro, bem como a análise da justiça histórica intergeracional, uma vez que gerações futuras sofrerão o impacto das ações de gerações passadas. Busca-se, também, analisar como se processam as transações e métricas de carbono entre países exportadores e importadores de produtos agrícolas, extrativistas e minerais no novo contexto do Pacto de Paris sob o olhar histórico das relações colônia-metrópole, bem como quais as recompensas históricas e restaurativas seriam necessárias para neutralizar este novo colonialismo climático a fim que o progresso na redução de emissão de gases de efeito estufa não se torne mais uma armadilha de dominação por estados desenvolvidos e historicamente poluidores. Resumo artigo dedutivo nacionais nações colônia metrópole Objetivase Objetiva Pretendese Pretende membro passadas Buscase, Buscase Busca se, Busca-se também agrícolas colôniametrópole, colôniametrópole metrópole, colônia-metrópole poluidores

Vigilantism is a persistent problem in South Africa. The problem largely emanates from people's dissatisfaction with how the police, or the criminal justice system, deals with crime. There are high levels of crime in communities and the general feeling is that little has been done to curb it. Thus, the acts of vigilantism fill the vacuum left by unsatisfactory law enforcement or the criminal justice system. Although vigilantism constitutes criminal behaviour that warrants punishment, vigilantes are often viewed as proactive citizens fighting crime. Put differently, vigilantism is seen as an attempt by community members to deal with crime. One crime-intervention strategy that involves the community legally in finding appropriate solutions is restorative justice. Accordingly, research indicates that restorative justice has the potential to reduce crime. Given that crime is what triggers vigilantism, there is a reason to believe that restorative justice might eliminate the chances of people resorting to vigilantism. The purpose of this article is to examine restorative justice as a method of dealing with vigilantism in South Africa.