ABSTRACT Salinity stress immensely inhibits rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth, development, and productivity. Hence, two rice introgression lines, Morkho60-2 and BC4F4 132-12-61, were previously developed from ‘RD6’ rice via marker-assisted backcrossing and their adaptive salt-tolerant mechanisms were characterized in this study. Their seedling physiological and transcriptional responses to salinity stress were observed in comparison to the parental ‘RD6’ and ‘Pokkali’. The salt stress responses were assessed under 150 mM NaCl treatment for 9 d. Interestingly, like ‘Pokkali’, salinity did not affect the growth parameters of the new rice genotypes. ‘Pokkali’, Morkho60-2, and BC4F4 132-12-61 also showed lower shoot Na+ content (0.91-1.05 vs. 2.83 mg g-1 DW), and higher selective transport of K+ over Na+ (i.e., ST value of 6.57-10.98 vs. 2.65) than RD6 genotype under salinity stress. Accordingly, the partial least squares-discriminant analysis of all physiological parameters suggested shoot Na+ accumulation and ST value as the key discriminating parameters between ‘RD6’ and the new genotypes. Transcriptional responses of Na+ homeostasis-related genes further supported the findings. In comparison to the salt susceptible ‘RD6’ rice, Na+ vacuolar compartmentalization was suggested in Morkho60-2 roots due to the higher abundance of OsNHX1 (i.e., relative expression of 2.65 vs. 1.59) and OsNHX2 (2.42 vs. 1.29) transcripts. Morkho60-2 also displayed a significant upregulation of root OsSOS1 (2.02 vs. 1.18), which may contribute to root Na+ exclusion. Therefore, we suggest that selective transport of K+ over Na+ and Na+ exclusion enhanced ion homeostasis in the newly improved rice genotypes, allowing the seedlings to adapt to the saline condition.

ABSTRACT The feeding habits of the bonito Euthynnus alletteratus and the albacore Thunnus alalunga were assessed by analyzing the contents of 85 stomachs (50 from bonito and 35 from albacore) collected between March 2018 and April 2019. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the prey found in the stomach contents was conducted, as well as of the trophic spectrum between species and climatic seasons. Climatic information was obtained through satellite images, analyzing variables such as sea surface temperature, salinity, and winds. In terms of abundance, the most representative prey were the fish Sardinella aurita (42.48 %) and Teleostei remains (27.45 %) for E. alletteratus, and Megalopa larvae (56.89 %) and Teleostei remains (10.26 %) for T. alalunga. The relative importance index indicates that the main prey for E. alletteratus were Teleostei remains (IRI = 1460.65) and Sardinella aurita (IRI = 1179.70), while, for T. alalunga they were megalopa larvae (IRI = 1367.19) and Teleostei remains (IRI = 840.94). These large pelagic predators were classified as generalists, with a low prey diversity in their stomach content. No trophic overlap was observed between the two species.

RESUMEN Se evaluaron los hábitos alimentarios del bonito Euthynnus alletteratus y la albacora Thunnus alalunga a partir del análisis de los contenidos de 85 estómagos (50 de bonito y 35 de albacora) recolectados entre marzo de 2018 y abril de 2019. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de las presas encontradas en dichos estómagos, así como del espectro trófico entre especies y temporadas climáticas. La información climática se obtuvo a través de imágenes satelitales, analizando variables como la temperatura superficial del mar, la salinidad y los vientos. En términos de abundancia, las presas más representativas fueron el pez Sardinella aurita (42.48 %) y restos de Teleostei (27.45 %) para E. alletteratus, y larvas megalopa (56.89 %) y restos de Teleostei (10.26 %) para T. alalunga. El índice de importancia relativa indica, como presas principales, a restos de Teleostei (IRI = 1460.65) y Sardinella aurita (IRI = 1179.70) para E. alletteratus, y a larvas megalopa (IRI = 1367.19) y restos de Teleostei (IRI = 840.94) para T. alalunga. Estos grandes depredadores pelágicos fueron catalogados como generalistas, con baja diversidad de presas en el contenido estomacal, y no se observó solapamiento trófico entre las dos especies.

Abstract Introduction: Aquatic birds (AB) are usually associated with wetlands, which provide refuge, food, and/or nesting sites for resident and migratory species. Despite their ecological importance, there is little knowledge on AB in some tropical environments, such as those found on the Colima coast. Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal composition of the AB community in Juluapan Lagoon, Colima, Central Mexican Pacific. Methods: Monthly counts were conducted between June 2017 and May 2018 during low-tide conditions to record habitat use by AB. Species richness and bird counts were obtained to compare sampling areas; mean richness and number of individuals were compared between seasons. Results: We detected 53 species and 5 750 individuals. The highest species richness and relative abundance values were obtained in winter at the lagoon area farthest from the connection with the marine system, where anthropogenic activity is lower. Diversity was greater in zones 2 and 3 in spring, summer, and fall. Muddy flats were the most used environment, and the most frequent activity was resting. Nesting activity was only recorded in the middle of the lagoon at the mangrove during spring. “Shorebirds” and “waders” were the most dominant groups in the bird community of the Juluapan lagoon. Conclusions: This coastal wetland is a site of great biological importance for aquatic birds; thus, conservation measures should be implemented, and there should be a continuous study of the effects of anthropogenic pressure.

Resumen Introducción: Las aves acuáticas (AA) son usualmente relacionadas a los humedales debido a que éstos funcionan como sitios de refugio, alimentación y anidación de diferentes especies residentes y migratorias. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre las aves acuáticas en algunos humedales es nulo. Objetivo: Investigar la composición espacio-temporal de la comunidad de AA en la laguna Juluapan, Colima, en el Pacífico Central Mexicano. Métodos: Entre junio de 2017 y mayo de 2018 se llevaron a cabo conteos mensuales en condiciones de marea baja para registrar el uso de hábitat de las AA. Se obtuvieron valores de riqueza de especies y número de individuos para realizar comparaciones entre zonas de muestreo, así como el promedio del número de especies y número de individuos para comparaciones entre temporadas. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 53 especies y 5 750 individuos. Los valores de riqueza de especies y densidad de individuos fueron más altos durante invierno, en la zona más alejada al ambiente marino, donde la actividad antropogénica es menor. La diversidad tuvo valores más altos en la zona 2 y 3, durante primavera, verano y otoño. El ambiente más explotado por las aves fueron las planicies lodosas; y el descanso fue la actividad más frecuente. Asimismo, la actividad de anidación sólo se registró en el manglar de la zona media durante primavera. Las “aves playeras” y “aves zancudas” fueron los grupos más predominantes en la comunidad de aves de la laguna Juluapan. Conclusiones: Este humedal costero es un sitio de gran importancia biológica para aves acuáticas, por lo que resulta necesario la implementación de medidas de conservación, así como el estudio de los efectos por la presión antropogénica.

Abstract The present study addresses the identification and estimation of siliceous diagnostic microremains of maize (Zea mays) in archaeological contexts of North-east Argentina, contributing to the understanding of pre-Hispanic agricultural expansion in the region. The methodology involved the application of processing protocols for current and archaeological plants and sediments, establishing correlations between samples. The result of this process allowed us to calculate the number of cross-shaped morphotypes per gram of dry material in contemporary maize leaves, key information to estimate the relative abundance of diagnostic elements in archaeological cultivation areas, providing an estimation index applicable to other contexts. This analysis not only reveals the ubiquity of Zea mays at sites, but also provides a measure to estimate the approximate volume of its production at archaeological sites, addressing outstanding questions about exchange routes, horticultural modalities and needs of human groups in the past.

Resumen El presente estudio aborda la identificación y estimación de microrrestos silíceos diagnósticos de maíz (Zea mays) en plantas actuales y sitios arqueológicos del Noreste argentino, contribuyendo a la comprensión de la expansión agrícola prehispánica en la región. La metodología involucró la aplicación de protocolos de procesamiento para plantas y sedimentos actuales y arqueológicos, estableciendo correlaciones entre las muestras. El resultado de este proceso permitió calcular la cantidad de morfotipos en forma de cruz por gramo de material seco en hojas de maíz actual, información clave para estimar la abundancia relativa de elementos diagnósticos en áreas de cultivo arqueológicas, proporcionando un índice de estimación aplicable a otros contextos. Este análisis no solo revela la ubicuidad de Zea mays en los sitios, sino que también ofrece una medida para calcular el volumen aproximado de su producción en sitios arqueológicos, abordando preguntas pendientes sobre rutas de intercambio, modalidades hortícolas y necesidades y demandas de los grupos humanos en el pasado.

Abstract Orchidaceae is one of the most numerous families in the world contributing to tropical forests diversity. In this study, we assessed two permanent sampling plots (PSP), in which five 20 x 20 m subplots were chosen: the four corner plots and one in the center; two 10 x 200 m linear transects (one at each study site) were also monitored. The total sampling area was 0,4 ha per PSP, to assess the presence of orchids and their preference for particular tree species as phorophytes. Data from host tree and orchids found were gathered as orchid density per hectare, IVI based on relative frequency and abundance; specific abundance according to phorophyte, bark type, bark thickness and the associativity degree of the species with the specific host plant were all quantified using RStudio software version 4.1.1. The species Swietenia macrophylla, Rehedera trinervisu, Quercus oleoides and Semialarium mexicanum were found as phorophytes with the presence of the following orchid species; Brassavola nodosa; Encyclia cordigera, Laelia rubescens, Oncidium spp., Prosthechea fragrans and Stilifolium ascendens. The species Sacoila lanceolata was found growing on the forest floor, in the phenological flowering stage. Phorophytes with longitudinally fissured bark, greater thickness and little exfoliation, were those with the highest affinity for orchids, which managed to establish in the upper canopy part.

Resumen La familia Orchidaceae es una de las más numerosas en el mundo contribuyendo a la diversidad de los bosques tropicales. En el presente trabajo se realizaron estudios en dos parcelas permanentes de muestreo (PPM), en las cuales se escogieron cinco subparcelas de 20 x 20 m: las cuatro de las esquinas y una al centro; también se monitorearon dos transectos lineales de 10 x 200 m (uno en cada sitio de estudio), para un total de muestreo de 0,4 ha por PPM, con el objetivo de conocer la presencia de orquídeas y su preferencia por algunas especies arbóreas en particular como forófitos. Se registraron los datos del árbol hospedero y de las orquídeas encontradas. Utilizando el software RStudio versión 4.1.1, se cuantifico la densidad de orquídeas por hectárea, el IVI con base en la frecuencia y abundancia relativas; la abundancia específica según el forófito, tipo de corteza, espesor de corteza y el grado de asociatividad de las especies con la planta hospedera específica. Se encontró como forófitos las especies Swietenia macrophylla, Rehedera trinervisu, Quercus oleoides y Semialarium mexicanum con la presencia de las siguientes especies de orquídeas; Brassavola nodosa; Encyclia cordigera, Laelia rubescens, Oncidium spp., Prosthechea fragrans y Stilifolium ascendens. La especie Sacoila lanceolata fue encontrada creciendo en el piso del bosque, en estado fenológico de floración. Los forófitos con corteza fisurada longitudinalmente, de mayor grosor y poca exfoliación, fueron las de mayor afinidad por parte de las orquídeas, donde se lograron establecer en la parte superior de dosel.

Abstract A group of rock paintings discovered in three sites of the Sierra Pie de Palo is presented. These paintings are the first ones located in the central zone of San Juan and their discovery constitutes a quantitatively significant contribution to the provincial record of sites with this type of materiality. The production of these images is interpreted in terms of a possible performance of rituals related to the protection of camelids herds, their abundance or some other aspect linked to this key element in the diet of the local inhabitants. The process of finding two of these works is described, based on a hypothetical-deductive approach elaborated to explain the discovery of the first one. In addition, the relative chronology of this record is discussed for the numerous petroglyphs present in two of the sites analyzed, as well as their possible production by hunter-gatherer groups prior to their authors.

Resumen Se presenta un conjunto de pinturas rupestres descubiertas en tres sitios de la sierra Pie de Palo. Estas pinturas son las primeras localizadas en la zona central de San Juan y su hallazgo constituye un aporte cuantitativamente significativo para el registro provincial de sitios con este tipo de materialidades. La producción de estas imágenes se interpreta en función de una posible realización de rituales vinculados con la protección de las manadas de camélidos, su abundancia o algún otro aspecto asociado con este elemento clave en la dieta de los pobladores locales. Se describe el proceso de hallazgo de dos paneles con pinturas en función de un planteo hipotético-deductivo elaborado para explicar el descubrimiento de otro anterior. Además, se discute la posible realización de estas pinturas por parte de cazadores-recolectores anteriores a los grupos que posteriormente ocuparon la zona y produjeron numerosos petroglifos en dos de los sitios analizados.

RESUMEN Las investigaciones sobre cianobacterias bentónicas en reservorios de alta montaña en regiones tropicales aún son limitadas, debido a su complejidad y vacíos de conocimiento en relación con su ecología. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar la composición, diversidad y potencial tóxico de estas cianobacterias en sedimentos superiores de dos embalses colombianos, empleando múltiples metodologías, como experimentos de germinación para evaluar su presencia y viabilidad en sedimentos, ensayos de ELISA competitivo para cuantificar toxinas en cultivo, análisis de Unidades Taxonómicas Operativas (OTUs) a partir de submuestras de los cultivos para evaluar su diversidad y riqueza entre los diferentes phylum procarióticos, y análisis filogenético de cianobacterias cultivables. Se confirmó la presencia de poblaciones viables de cianobacterias en los sedimentos mediante mediciones de clorofila-a y la identificación microscópica demostró su capacidad de crecimiento en condiciones controladas de laboratorio. A pesar de los bajos niveles de microcistina en cultivo, la detección previa de genes mcy en muestras directas de sedimento, sugiere un potencial tóxico en las cianobacterias presentes. El análisis de la comunidad reveló una notable diversidad microbiana en los sedimentos de ambos embalses, con una mayor abundancia relativa de cianobacterias en comparación con otros phylum procarióticos. Estos hallazgos respaldan la hipótesis de que los sedimentos superficiales desempeñan un papel fundamental como depósito de cianobacterias que pueden plantear riesgos inherentes a la salud del ecosistema. En conclusión, esta investigación subraya la necesidad de realizar más estudios para lograr una comprensión holística de la dinámica de las cianobacterias bentónicas en reservorios tropicales de alta montaña.

ABSTRACT Benthic cyanobacteria research in high mountain reservoirs remains limited, mainly due to their complexity and knowledge gaps that persist in relation to their ecology in tropical regions. This study aimed to explore the composition, diversity, and toxic potential of cyanobacterial in the upper sediment of two Colombian reservoirs. Our investigation involved multiple methodologies, such as germination experiments, that allowed us to assess the presence and viability of cyanobacteria in upper sediment samples, while the competitive ELISA assay allowed for the quantification of toxins within the cultures. The molecular analysis of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) from subsamples of sediment cultures focused on evaluating cyanobacterial diversity and richness among prokaryotic phyla, and the Phylogenetic analysis of culturable cyanobacteria. Chlorophyll-a measurements confirmed the presence of viable populations in sediment cultures, while microscopic identification demonstrated the growth capacity of cyanobacteria from the orders Nostocales, Chroococcales, Oscillatoriales, and Synechococcales under controlled laboratory conditions. Despite low microcystin levels in culture, the prior detection of mcy genes in direct sediment samples suggests a possible toxic potential of cyanobacterial inhabiting the upper sediments. Community analysis, based on the OTUs abundance, revealed a notably diverse microbial community in both reservoir sediments, with a higher relative abundance of cyanobacteria compared to other prokaryotic phyla. These findings support the hypothesis that surface sediments play a fundamental role as a repository for cyanobacteria that may pose inherent risks to ecosystem health. In conclusion, this research underscores the necessity of further studies to achieve a holistic comprehension of benthic cyanobacteria dynamics in high-mountain tropical reservoirs.

ABSTRACT: The zooplankton species present in Argopecten purpuratus “fan shell” culture areas were determined in Vichayo, Sechura, Piura; The physical and chemical parameters were related to the composition of the zooplankton; The sampling unit was 100 ml of water, in which zooplankton, temperature, pH, oxygen and salinity were evaluated. 180 samples were collected from 5 sampling points, chosen at random, using drag and vertical sampling, for six months. ; species are determined using taxonomic keys and the appropriate equipment to evaluate physical and chemical factors. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with decisions of 95% confidence. The results indicate that the phyllum Arthropoda predominates in the zooplankton and within it, the Copepoda class; The physical and chemical values were within the established ranges. Concluding that of 100% of individuals of the zooplankton species community present in the evaluated areas, 69.84% of them belong to the Phylum Arthropoda; and that the zooplankton community remains in dynamic equilibrium due to low dominance and high values of species richness, diversity and equitability.

RESUMEN: Se determinaron las especies de zooplancton presentes en áreas de cultivo de Argopecten purpuratus “concha de abanico” Vichayo, Sechura, Piura; se relacionaron los parámetros físicos y químicos con la composición del zooplancton; la unidad muestral fue de 100 ml de agua, en la que se evaluó zooplancton, temperatura, pH, oxígeno y salinidad, fueron colectadas 180 muestras en 5 puntos de muestreo elegidos al azar, muestreos por arrastre y vertical durante seis meses; determinándose las especies con el uso de claves taxonómicas y oxímetro, peachímetro y refractómetro para evaluar factores físicos y químicos. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial, con decisiones de 95% de confianza. Los resultados indican que en el zooplancton predomina el phyllum Arthropoda y dentro de él, la clase Copepoda; los valores físicos y químicos se hallaron dentro de los rangos establecidos. Concluyéndose que del 100% de las especies de zooplancton presentes en las áreas evaluadas, el 69,84% pertenecen al phylum Arthropoda; y que, la comunidad de zooplancton se mantiene en equilibrio dinámico debido a una baja dominancia y valores elevados de riqueza de especies, diversidad y equitabilidad.

Abstract The fragmentation of natural ecosystems has become a serious global problem caused by the construction of conventional infrastructure. While this development has contributed to the economic growth of large cities, its installation and operation have socio-economic impacts on various rural populations, creating conditions and feelings of marginalization and poverty among them. Therefore, an evaluation has been conducted using landscape ecology and specialized software to assess whether the infrastructure built since 1975 in the highlands of the Tacna Department has had ecological effects on its ecosystems and high Andean societies. It has been determined that 267.3 km2 of conventional infrastructure (5.51% of the total surface) has caused a barrier effect on the Suri and an area effect on various wild plant species, reducing their abundance, diversity, and coverage. Additionally, there is evidence of the edge effect, as indicated by changes in relative humidity and soil and ambient temperatures. The interaction of rural people with their natural environment fulfills their human needs, and it has been observed that the partial or total replacement of ecosystems has limited essential development conditions, such as access to resources and exclusion from decision-making about them. This replacements have generated a climate of exclusion and injustice, leading to protests and opposition in past social conflicts that still linger. Therefore, implementing better mechanisms for environmental impact assessment, territorial management, restoration, and rural development based on the conservation of ecosystems and adequate compensation for ecosystem services will ensure the development and social peace in the high Andean societies of the Puna ecoregion.

Resumen La fragmentación de los ecosistemas naturales viene siendo un grave problema mundial, ocasionado por la construcción de infraestructura convencional, que, si bien ha contribuido al desarrollo económico de las grandes ciudades, su instalación y funcionamiento afecta socioeconómicamente a diferentes poblaciones rurales, creando en ellas condiciones y sensaciones de marginalidad y pobreza. Por ello, se ha evaluado mediante la ecología del paisaje y un software especializado, si aquella construida desde el año 1975 en la puna del Departamento de Tacna, ha provocado efectos ecológicos sobre sus ecosistemas y sociedades altoandinas, determinándose que 267,3 km2 de infraestructura convencional (5.51% de la superficie total) ha provocado el efecto barrera sobre el Suri y el efecto área en diversas especies de flora silvestre, reduciendo su abundancia, diversidad y cobertura, pero también del efecto borde, evidenciado por cambios en la humedad relativa y temperaturas del suelo y ambiente encontradas. La interacción del hombre rural con su entorno natural satisface sus necesidades humanas, comprobándose .- que el reemplazo parcial o total de los ecosistemas, ha limitado las condiciones básicas de desarrollo, como el acceso a recursos y la exclusión 110 en las decisiones sobre ellos, generando un clima de injusticia, provocando reclamos y oposiciones durante los conflictos sociales pasados que aún son latentes, por lo que la implementación de mejores mecanismos de evaluación del impacto ambiental, de gestión territorial, de restauración y desarrollo rural, basado en la conservación de sus ecosistemas y las compensaciones o retribuciones efectivas por servicios ecosistémicos, garantizaran el desarrollo y la paz social en las sociedades altoandinas de la ecorregión Puna.

Abstract We analysed the relationship between crop yield (quantity and quality) and the abundance and diversity of both weed communities and soil microbiota in 26 wheat fields managed conventionally or organically. In each field, we measured the cover of each weed species in 10 quadrats (1m2) and the crop yield in the same quadrats and in four other that were kept weed-free as controls throughout the field season. We also collected soil samples in every quadrat to obtain the abundance of fungi and bacteria amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). These data enabled us to compute the diversity of weed, fungi and bacteria communities (expH’). We also obtain crop yield and the relative crop yield comparing quadrats with and without weeds. Organic management led to higher weed diversity and cover and to higher diversity of fungi genera. Crop yield was higher in conventional fields and was related to weed cover and to the diversity of fungi genera. However, these effects depended on field management. Crop yield in organic fields was less negatively impacted by weed cover and positively related to fungi diversity. Relative crop yield was positively related to weed diversity under both types of management. Protein concentration in wheat grains (yield quality) was negatively related to crop grain weight and this negative effect was stronger in organic fields.

Resumen En este trabajo analizamos la relación entre la abundancia y diversidad de especies arvenses, la microbiota del suelo y el rendimiento del cultivo en 26 campos de trigo con manejo ecológico o convencional. En cada campo, se registró la cobertura de cada una de las especies arvenses en 10 marcos (1m2), y el rendimiento del cultivo en esos mismos marcos y en otros cuatro controles que se habían mantenido sin hierbas. En todos los marcos se tomaron también muestras de suelo para obtener la abundancia de amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) de hongos y bacterias. Con estos datos se calculó la diversidad de especies arvenses y de géneros de hongos y bacterias (expH’). Además, se obtuvo el rendimiento relativo del cultivo comparando marcos con y sin arvenses. Los campos ecológicos registraron mayor abundancia y diversidad de especies arvenses y de géneros de hongos. El rendimiento del cultivo se relacionó con la abundancia de plantas arvenses y con la diversidad fúngica, pero el efecto de estos factores difirió en función del tipo de manejo. En los campos ecológicos el rendimiento estuvo asociado positivamente a una mayor diversidad fúngica, mientras que lo contrario sucedió en campos convencionales. Por otra parte, el rendimiento en los campos convencionales disminuyó conforme la abundancia de vegetación arvense fue mayor, pero esta reducción fue menor en los campos ecológicos. El rendimiento relativo del cultivo se relacionó positivamente con la diversidad de las comunidades arvenses tanto en campos ecológicos como en campos convencionales. La concentración de proteína en el grano estuvo negativamente relacionada con el rendimiento del trigo, un efecto más acusado en los campos ecológicos.

Abstract Sustainable forest management requires the integration of better practices for the conservation of biological diversity. Therefore, it is necessary to know the composition and richness of wild communities in sites where different forest management practices are applied. To this end, the fauna of managed forests in the Chignahuapan region of Puebla State was sampled for four years. A total of 112 species were recorded: 13 medium and large mammals, 83 birds, four amphibians and 12 reptiles. The abundances of these observed species were used to calculate the expected richness with the non-parametric Chao1 estimator. The management method with the highest expected richness was the Silvicultural Development Method (MDS) with 113, followed by Successive Cutting (CS) with 97, and the lowest was observed in the Mexican Method for the Management of Irregular Forests (MMOBI) with 71. Sampling completeness ranged from 92 % in amphibians to 99 % in mammals. Sixteen species are in some risk category in the official Mexican standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and 25 are endemic to Mexico. Taxonomic lists contain information on conservation status, endemism and relative abundance. Intensive forest management methods, such as MDS, have a richer mammal and bird community than MMOBI and CS but are similar to protected areas. The richness and abundance of amphibians and reptiles, most of them in some risk category, are low, especially in MMOBI and CS, and almost absent in protected areas.

Resumen El manejo forestal sustentable requiere de la integración de mejores prácticas de conservación de la diversidad biológica. Para esto, es necesario conocer la composición y riqueza de las comunidades silvestres en los sitios donde se aplican diferentes prácticas silvícolas. Con esta finalidad, se muestreó durante cuatro años la fauna de bosques productivos de la región de Chignahuapan, Puebla. Se registraron 112 especies: 13 de mamíferos medianos y grandes, 83 de aves, cuatro de anfibios y 12 de reptiles. A partir de la abundancia de estas especies observadas, se determinó la riqueza esperada con el estimador no paramétrico Chao1. El método de manejo con mayor riqueza esperada fue el Método de Desarrollo Silvícola (MDS) con 113, seguido por Cortas Sucesivas (CS) con 97, y la menor se observó en el Método Mexicano de Ordenación de Bosques Irregulares (MMOBI) con 71. La completitud de los muestreos varió del 92 % en anfibios al 99 % en mamíferos. Dieciséis especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo en la norma oficial mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, y 25 son endémicas de México. Se presentan listas taxonómicas con información sobre la situación de conservación, endemismo y abundancia relativa. Los métodos intensivos de manejo forestal, como MDS, tienen una comunidad de mamíferos y aves más rica que el MMOBI y CS, pero similar a las de áreas bajo protección. La riqueza y abundancia de anfibios y reptiles, la mayoría en alguna categoría de riesgo, son bajas, especialmente en el MMOBI y CS, y casi ausentes en zonas de protección.

Abstract To determine the species composition, relative abundance and seasonal variation of different mosquitoes Genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex, and Culiseta) in different habitats the present research work was carried out in Entomology Research Laboratory of The University of Peshawar. Sampling performed from variety of permanent and temporary breeding habitats was carried out on monthly basis from targeted breeding sites for two consecutive years through dipping method. Species diversity in the survey sites was noted. Collection from these seventeen various types of potential larval habitats, yielded a total of 42,430 immature constituting 41,556 larvae and 874 pupae. Among these only 19,651 adult mosquitoes emerged comprising 11,512 female and 8,139 male mosquitoes. 78% (n= 15333) of mosquito larvae were from permanent and 22% (n=4318) were from temporary breeding sites. This study showed that Peshawar valley harbours 15 species from the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex and Culiseta. When the density of each species was examined, Culex quinquifasciatus was found to be dominant (79%) and constant in distribution. Among the temporary habitats Aedes albopictus was found as the most prevalent species particularly from tree holes and water cisterns. The highest intensity of mosquitoes was in June (2243 emerged adults) and November (2667 emerged adults) while the lowest was in January (203 emerged adults). A perfect positive correlation (r = +0.8) was found between temperature and population of mosquitoes (df 10 and α 0.05). The species diversity index for mosquitoes remained between 0.12 and 1.76. The Margalef’s richness components was noticeably low for bamboo traps (0.2) and fairly high for rice fields, Percolating water and Animal tracks (1.3) which shows the abundance of mosquito species in these habitats. Similarly Pielou’s Evenness was highest for bamboo traps (E=1) showing species uniform distribution. Animal tracks were presumed not only the diverse habitat rather also possessed high value for species richness and species evenness. Temperature, rainfall, humidity and other related attributes responsible for species variation and abundance need to be analysed further to pave way for controlling vector species in their oviposition targeted sites. composition (Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Culiseta method noted 42430 42 430 42,43 41556 41 556 41,55 87 pupae 19651 19 651 19,65 11512 11 512 11,51 8139 8 139 8,13 78 n= n (n 15333 22 n=4318 n4318 4318 (n=4318 1 examined 79% 79 (79% distribution cisterns 2243 (224 adults 2667 (266 203 (20 adults. . r +0.8 08 0 df 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) 012 12 0.1 176 76 1.76 Margalefs Margalef s 0.2 02 2 (0.2 fields 1.3 13 3 (1.3 Pielous Pielou E=1 E1 E (E=1 evenness Temperature rainfall 4243 4 43 42,4 4155 55 41,5 1965 65 19,6 1151 51 11,5 813 8,1 7 1533 n=431 n431 431 (n=431 (79 224 (22 266 (26 20 (2 +0. 00 0.0 01 0. 17 1.7 (0. 1. (1. E= (E= 424 42, 415 5 41, 196 6 19, 115 11, 81 8, 153 n=43 n43 (n=43 (7 26 ( +0 (0 (1 (E n=4 n4 (n=4 +

Resumo Para determinar a composição de espécies, abundância relativa e variação sazonal de diferentes gêneros de mosquitos (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta) em diferentes habitats, o presente trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Entomologia da Universidade de Peshawar. A amostragem coletada a partir de uma variedade de habitats de reprodução permanentes e temporários foi realizada mensalmente a partir de locais de reprodução alvo por 2 anos consecutivos através do método de imersão. A diversidade de espécies nos locais de pesquisa foi anotada. A coleta desses 17 tipos diferentes de habitats larvais potenciais rendeu um total de 42.430 imaturos, constituindo 41.556 larvas e 874 pupas. Destes, emergiram apenas 19.651 mosquitos adultos, sendo 11.512 fêmeas e 8.139 machos. 78% (n = 15333) das larvas do mosquito eram de criadouros permanentes e 22% (n = 4318) de criadouros temporários. Este estudo mostrou que o vale de Peshawar abriga 15 espécies dos gêneros Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta. Quando a densidade de cada espécie foi examinada, Culex quinquifasciatus foi considerado dominante (79%) e constante na distribuição. Entre os habitats temporários, o Aedes albopictus foi encontrado como a espécie mais prevalente, principalmente em ocos de árvores e cisternas de água. A maior intensidade de mosquitos foi em junho (2.243 adultos emergidos) e novembro (2.667 adultos emergidos), enquanto a menor foi em janeiro (203 adultos emergidos). Uma correlação positiva perfeita (r = +0,8) foi encontrada entre temperatura e população de mosquitos (DF 10 e α 0,05). O índice de diversidade de espécies de mosquitos permaneceu entre 0,12 e 1,76. Os componentes de riqueza de Margalef foram visivelmente baixos para armadilhas de bambu (0,2) e razoavelmente altos para campos de arroz, água percolada e rastros de animais (1,3), o que mostra a abundância de espécies de mosquitos nesses habitats. Da mesma forma, a uniformidade de Pielou foi maior para armadilhas de bambu (E = 1), mostrando distribuição uniforme das espécies. As pegadas de animais foram presumidas não apenas como habitat diverso, mas também possuíam alto valor para riqueza e uniformidade de espécies. Temperatura, chuva, umidade e outros atributos relacionados responsáveis pela variação e abundância das espécies precisam ser analisados mais a fundo para abrir caminho para o controle de espécies de vetores em seus locais de oviposição alvo. (Aedes Anopheles Armigeres Culiseta imersão anotada 1 42430 42 430 42.43 imaturos 41556 41 556 41.55 87 pupas Destes 19651 19 651 19.65 11512 11 512 11.51 8139 8 139 8.13 machos 78 n 15333 22 4318 examinada 79% 79 (79% prevalente 2.243 2243 243 (2.24 emergidos 2.667 2667 667 (2.66 emergidos, , 203 (20 emergidos. . r +0,8 08 0 DF 0,05. 005 0,05 05 0,05) 012 12 0,1 176 76 1,76 0,2 02 (0,2 arroz 1,3, 13 1,3 3 (1,3) forma E 1, 1) diverso Temperatura chuva 4243 4 43 42.4 4155 55 41.5 1965 65 19.6 1151 51 11.5 813 8.1 7 1533 431 (79 2.24 224 24 (2.2 2.66 266 66 (2.6 20 (2 +0, 00 0,0 01 0, 1,7 (0, (1,3 424 42. 415 5 41. 196 6 19. 115 11. 81 8. 153 (7 2.2 (2. 2.6 26 ( +0 (0 (1, 2. + (1

Solid and liquid fractions of hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were simultaneously used as substrate of a novel continuous compartmentalized reactor. The effect of four (56, 42, 28, and 14 h) hydraulic retention time (HRT) and three (0.5, 3.0, and 9.0 g L-1) chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels were evaluated on hydrogen (H2) and organic acids production. Higher H2 production and yield (686 mL and 1.63 mol mol-1 carbohydrate, respectively) were obtained under an HRT of 28 h, probably due to the Clostridium and Thermoanaerobacterium metabolisms, which accounted for almost 60% of the microbial relative abundance. Under lower and higher HRT (14 and 56 h, respectively) lactic acid prevailed without hydrogen production. Other value-added chemicals such as citric, valeric and caproic acids were also obtained according to the HRT. From the functional point of view, enzymes from the glycoside hydrolases group (GHs) potentially performed important roles in the lignocellulosic biomass bioconversion. SCB (SCB reactor 56, (56 42 1 h (HRT 0.5, 05 0 5 (0.5 30 3 3.0 90 9 9. L1 L L-1 COD (COD H (H2 686 (68 163 63 1.6 mol1 mol- carbohydrate respectively 2 metabolisms 60 abundance (1 valueadded value added citric view GHs (GHs bioconversion (5 4 0.5 (0. 3. L- (H 68 (6 16 6 1. ( 0. (0

ABSTRACT In this study, a mixture of estradiol benzoate, progesterone, and testosterone propionate was injected into Diannan small-ear sows to induce estrus. The 16S rRNA technology was used to comparatively analyze the differences in fecal microbial composition and diversity between induced and spontaneous estrus in Diannan small-ear sows. The most abundant phylum in the sows in estrus were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. There was a significant negative correlation between Firmicutes and Bacteroide and a significant positive correlation between Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium. The relative abundance of Stenotrophomonas, Neisseria, Anaerofustis, and Terrisporobacter in the sows during induced estrus was significantly higher than that during spontaneous estrus. Taken together, induced estrus affects the relative abundance of specific microbes in the feces of Diannan small-ear sows, but it does not affect the overall composition and diversity. These results provide fundamental knowledge about the gut microbiota of sows with induced estrus. study benzoate progesterone smallear small ear S Bacteroidetes Actinobacteria Proteobacteria Bifidobacterium Stenotrophomonas Neisseria Anaerofustis together

Abstract Epiphytes are considered indicators of forest ecological integrity, but the factors that explain their abundance are still not well understood. We here evaluated tree colonization by epiphytes in old-growth monospecific reforestation stands of Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) and Eucalyptus saligna Sm. (Myrtaceae), in comparison to a neighbor seasonal tropical forest fragment under similar environmental conditions. In each forest type, we identified and measured all trees (planted and colonizers) from 5-cm stem diameter in five 200 m² plots and quantified all vascular epiphytes per tree. Tree species were categorized by bark roughness, canopy deciduousness and growth rate. The abundance of epiphytes and the frequency of host trees were higher in the A. urundeuva plantation than in the native forest, with the E. saligna stand in an intermediate position. Also, we found that host traits influenced the abundance of epiphytes in their trunks. Host trees had average stem perimeter and height both higher than non-hosts, which indicates that colonization is more likely to occur in older trees. The average abundance of epiphytes per tree was higher in species with rough bark, but no relationship was found with canopy deciduousness or tree growth rate. We evidenced, therefore, that forest plantations, even if monospecific, can provide habitat for epiphytes. However, at community level, colonization success, either in native or restored forest, depends on the relative abundance of species whose bark type favors epiphytes establishment. integrity understood oldgrowth old M.Allemão MAllemão M Allemão (M.Allemão Engl Anacardiaceae (Anacardiaceae Sm Myrtaceae, Myrtaceae , (Myrtaceae) conditions planted colonizers 5cm cm 5 20 m roughness rate A E position Also trunks nonhosts, nonhosts non hosts, hosts non-hosts evidenced therefore plantations However level success establishment (Myrtaceae 2

Resumo Epífitas são consideradas indicadores de integridade ecológica em florestas, mas os fatores que explicam sua abundância ainda não são bem compreendidos. Neste estudo, avaliamos a colonização por epífitas em antigos talhões monoespecíficos de Astronium urundeuva (M.Allemão) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) e Eucalyptus saligna Sm. (Myrtaceae), em comparação com um fragmento vizinho de floresta estacional semidecidual sob condições ambientais semelhantes. Em cada tipologia florestal, identificamos e medimos todas as árvores (plantadas e que colonizaram os locais) a partir de 5 cm de diâmetro à altura padrão, em cinco parcelas de 200 m². Nelas, também quantificamos todas as epífitas vasculares por árvore. Em busca de uma explicação funcional para as diferenças entre espécies, utilizamos rugosidade da casca, deciduidade da copa e taxa de crescimento como atributos potencialmente relevantes. A abundância das epífitas e a frequência de forófitos foi maior no talhão de A. urundeuva do que na floresta nativa, com o talhão de E. saligna ocupando uma posição intermediária. Encontramos evidências, também, de que os atributos dos forófitos influenciaram a abundância de epífitas em seus troncos. Os forófitos apresentaram maior perímetro médio e altura que as árvores não hospedeiras, o que indica que a colonização é mais provável de ocorrer em árvores mais velhas. A abundância média de epífitas por árvore foi maior em espécies com casca rugosa, mas nem a deciduidade da copa, nem a velocidade de crescimento exerceram efeito neste aspecto. Evidenciamos, portanto que, plantações florestais, ainda que monoespecíficas, podem prover habitat para epífitas. Contudo, em nível de comunidade, o sucesso da colonização, seja em florestas nativas ou restauradas, depende da abundância relativa de espécies cujo tipo de casca favorece o estabelecimento de epífitas. compreendidos estudo M.Allemão MAllemão M Allemão (M.Allemão Engl Anacardiaceae (Anacardiaceae Sm Myrtaceae, Myrtaceae , (Myrtaceae) semelhantes florestal plantadas locais padrão 20 m² m Nelas relevantes nativa E intermediária evidências troncos hospedeiras velhas rugosa aspecto Evidenciamos florestais monoespecíficas Contudo comunidade restauradas (Myrtaceae 2