Abstract. The first part of this paper explains the praxeological interpretation of the noological concept of act. The second part describes Antonio González Fernández’s criticisms of that notion. His objection consists in pointing out that acts cannot be considered real things, but only the arising of these. From this observation on noology, González Fernández not only gives rise to his praxeology (also known as hiparqueology), but also his philosophical system begins to be questioned for not explaining what acts are, in the world of facts, beyond the assumption that they are there, despite being invisible. In the third and last section, some hypotheses are presented to address objections to the praxeological concept of act, such as the one mentioned above and the apparent circularities and possible contradictions within the praxeological system.

Resumen. La primera parte de este artículo expone la interpretación praxeológica del concepto noológico de “acto”. En la segunda, se muestra la crítica que Antonio González Fernández hace de esta. Su objeción consiste en que los actos no pueden ser considerados cosas reales, sino solo el surgir de estas. A partir de dicha observación a la noología, González Fernández no solo da surgimiento a su praxeología (también conocida como hiparqueología), sino que su sistema filosófico comienza a ser cuestionado por no explicar qué son, en el mundo de los hechos, los actos, más allá de la suposición de que ellos están ahí a pesar de ser invisibles. En la tercera y última sección se presentan algunas hipótesis para procurar solucionar ciertas objeciones al concepto praxeológico de “acto”, tales como el anteriormente mencionado y las aparentes circularidades y posibles contradicciones que hay al interior del sistema praxeológico.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo es exhibir la tendencia en la utilización de mujeres en la comisión de delitos económicos, con particular referencia al delito de evasión fiscal en la República Argentina. Para ello, metodológicamente, se recurre a la doctrina que ha analizado el problema, que aún es escasa, y principalmente a la jurisprudencia reciente de los Tribunales de dicho país. En los últimos años, los tribunales especializados en materia tributaria, penal tributaria y contenciosa tributaria destacan uno de los patrones socioculturales más perniciosos que existe, el uso de mujeres para delictivos en sentencias que se proponen ver los hechos con perspectiva de género. En general, estas maniobras se cometen con mujeres vulnerables y de bajos recursos, aunque también se advierte en mujeres sin esa condición, familiares -madres, esposas e hijas- de los autores materiales de los diferentes delitos. A modo de conclusión, en el trabajo se destaca que el fenómeno conocido como feminización de la pobreza lleva a mujeres a ser parte de maniobras delictivas que otros cometen en las que son utilizadas como accionistas o como presidentas de empresas creadas al único efecto de delinquir.

Resumo O objetivo do trabalho é exibir a tendência de utilização de mulheres na comissão de delitos econômicos, com referência particular ao delito de evasão fiscal na República Argentina. Para isso, metodologicamente, recorre-se à doutrina que analisou o problema, que ainda é escassa, e principalmente à jurisprudência recente dos Tribunais de dicho país. Com efeito, nos últimos anos os tribunais especializados em matéria tributária, tanto tributários penais como tributários de conteúdo, em sentenças que se propuseram uma visão dos hechos com perspectiva de gênero se destacam especialmente um dos patronos socioculturais mais perniciosos que existem que são o uso de mulheres com multas delitivas. Geralmente, se ele for levado a cabo com mulheres vulneráveis e de baixos recursos, mas também se aconselhará a mulheres sem suas condições, em geral familiares - mães, esposas e hijas - dos verdadeiros autores materiais dos diferentes delitos. Para concluir, no trabalho se destaca que o fenômeno conhecido como feminização da pobreza leva as mulheres a ser parte de maniobras delictivas que outras ocorrem nas que são utilizadas como acionistas ou como presidentes de empresas criadas como único efeito de delinquência.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to show the trend in the use of women in the commission of economic crimes, with particular reference to tax evasion in Argentina. To this end, methodologically, we resort to the doctrine that has analysed the problem, which is still scarce, and mainly to the recent jurisprudence of the Courts of that country. In fact, in recent years, the courts specialized in tax matters, both tax criminal and tax litigation, in judgments that have proposed a vision of the facts with a gender perspective, especially highlight one of the most pernicious socio-cultural patterns that exists, which is the use of women for criminal purposes. Generally, it is carried out with vulnerable and low-income women, although it is also observed in women without this condition, generally relatives - mothers, wives and daughters - of the real perpetrators of the different crimes.By way of conclusion, the paper highlights that the phenomenon known as the feminization of poverty leads women to be part of criminal maneuvers that other actors commit in which they are used as shareholders or as presidents of companies created for the sole purpose of committing crimes typical of economic crime.

RESUMEN Al imitar formatos periodísticos y mezclar hechos reales con fabricados, con la intención deliberada de engañar, las noticias falsas afectan la confianza en los medios y perjudican el debate democrático. Así, identificar las características de las noticias falsas, cómo se distinguen de las noticias verdaderas y su diseminación permite informar las políticas de alfabetización digital y mediática. Este artículo representa una revisión de la literatura en este dominio. Inicialmente, presenta una clarificación de los conceptos principales, luego discute los determinantes de la susceptibilidad y diseminación de noticias falsas más abordados por la comunidad científica, es decir, factores individuales, sociales y contextuales.

RÉSUMÉ En imitant les formats journalistiques et en mélangeant des faits réels avec des faits fabriqués, avec l'intention délibérée de tromper, les fake news affectent la confiance dans les médias et nuisent au débat démocratique. Ainsi, identifier les caractéristiques des fake news, comment elles se distinguent des vraies nouvelles et leur diffusion permet d'informer les politiques de littératie numérique et médiatique. Cet article représente une revue de la littérature dans ce domaine. Initialement, il présente une clarification des concepts principaux, puis discute les déterminants de la susceptibilité et de la diffusion des fake news les plus abordés par la communauté scientifique, à savoir les facteurs individuels, sociaux et contextuels.

RESUMO Ao imitarem o formato jornalístico e misturarem factos reais com fabricados, com a intenção deliberada de enganar, as fake news afetam a confiança nos media e prejudicam o debate democrático. Desta forma, identificar as caraterísticas das fake news, a forma como se distinguem das notícias verdadeiras e a sua disseminação permite informar as políticas de literacia digital e mediática. O presente artigo representa uma revisão da literatura neste domínio. Inicialmente, apresenta uma clarificação dos conceitos principais, discutindo, depois, os determinantes da suscetibilidade e disseminação de fake news mais abordados pela comunidade científica, nomeadamente individuais, sociais e contextuais.

ABSTRACT By mimicking journalistic formats and blending real facts with fabricated ones, with the deliberate intention of deceiving, fake news affects trust in the media and harms democratic debate. Thus, identifying the characteristics of fake news, how they differ from true news, and their dissemination enables the informing of policies on digital and media literacy. This article represents a review of the literature in this domain. Initially, it presents a clarification of the main concepts, then discusses the determinants of susceptibility and dissemination of fake news most addressed by the scientific community, namely individual, social, and contextual factors.

The political and social environments in which learners with disabilities live often cause more limitation on the individual abilities of these learners than the disability itself (Capri et al., 2018:2). Likewise, mathematical thinking for learners who are severely mentally disabled is often limited to concretisation or memorisation, which tends to undermine mathematical number sense. This study was undertaken against the background of a lack of methodological guidelines for the teaching of mathematics in the new adapted curriculum for learners who are severely intellectually disabled. Context-rich mathematics tasks for the development of mathematical thinking in learners who are severely intellectually disabled were used during the study. A qualitative research approach was followed in which empirical data were generated through three action research cycles. Data were collected through in-depth discussions, field notes, a literature review and learner work. Vygotsky's (1978:6) sociocultural theory was used as a theoretical framework because it highlights the importance of social interactions and mediated learning. The Reality, Abstraction, Mathematics and Reflection (RAMR) framework of Cooper and Carter (2016:177) is used as a didactic framework for a practical approach to mathematics education in the study. According to the data from in-depth discussions with five educators, learners with intellectual disability are perceived to have limited number sense knowledge. These educators also indicated that their choice of learning tasks only included number facts, arithmetic fluency, memorisation, and teaching with concrete apparatus. Data from the in-depth discussions with two mathematics subject advisors working in special education pointed out educators'limited didactical knowledge for teaching mathematics to learners who are severely intellectually disabled. Based on these data, a teaching intervention was designed and implemented for six months. The purpose was to investigate the effect on participation and learning of changing the researcher's practice to focus on mathematical reasoning in context rich tasks. The lived experiences of the ten learners who were involved in the teaching intervention were included as a background to mathematics problems to design context-rich tasks. The guidelines from the research entail that real-life contexts in which mathematical problem types are embedded are conducive to learning experiences that are rich in discussion for learners who are severely intellectually disabled. Such an approach has the potential to make mathematics more meaningful to learners who are severely intellectually disabled, improve their mastery of contexts, and develop critical thinking. Findings from the action research process can be adapted to similar mathematics teaching practices.

Die politiese en sosiale omgewings waarin leerders met gestremdhede leef, veroorsaak dikwels meer beperking van die individuele vermoëns van dié leerders as die gestremdheid self (Capri et al., 2018:2). Eweneens word wiskundige denke vir leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is dikwels tot konkretisering en memorisering beperk, wat neig om begrip te ondermyn. Hierdie studie is onderneem teen die agtergrond van 'n tekort aan metodologiese riglyne vir die onderrig van wiskunde in die nuwe aangepaste kurrikulum vir leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is. Konteksryke wiskundetake ter ontwikkeling van wiskundige denke by leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is, is tydens die studie gebruik. 'n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenadering is gevolg waarin empiriese data gegenereer is deur middel van drie aksienavorsingsiklusse. Data is deur semi-gestruktureerde fokusgroep-onderhoude, veldnotas, 'n literatuuroorsig en leerderwerk ingesamel. Die literatuuroorsig is onderneem om 'n onderrig- en teoretiese raamwerk vir die studie te skep. Vygotsky (1978:6) se sosiokulturele teorie is as teoretiese raamwerk gebruik omdat dit die belangrikheid van sosiale interaksies en bemiddelde leer uitlig. Die Realiteit, Abstraksie, Wiskunde en Refleksie (RAWR)-onderrigraamwerk van Cooper en Carter (2016:177) word as didaktiese raamwerk vir 'n praktiese aanslag tot wiskundeonderrig in die studie aangewend. Volgens die data van die fokusgroeponderhoud met vyf opvoeders, beskik leerders met intellektuele gestremdheid oor beperkte getalbegripkennis. Dié opvoeders het ook aangedui dat hul keuse van leertake slegs getalfeite, rekenvlotheid, memorisering en onderrig met konkrete apparaat insluit. Data uit die fokusgroeponderhoud met twee wiskundespesialiste wat in spesiale onderwys werksaam is, het opvoeders in die navorsingskool se beperkte didaktiese kennis vir wiskundeonderrig aan leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is, uitgewys. Gebaseer op hierdie data is 'n onderrigingreep ontwerp en vir ses maande geïmplementeer. Die tien leerders wat by die onderrigingreep betrek is, se geleefde ervaringe is as agtergrond by wiskundeprobleme ingesluit om konteksryke take te ontwerp. Die riglyne wat uit die navorsing spruit, het tot gevolg dat lewensegte kontekste waarin wiskundige probleemtipes ingebed is, nuttig gebruik kan word in gespreksryke leerervarings vir leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is. Só 'n benadering het die potensiaal om wiskunde vir leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is meer betekenisvol te maak, hulle beheersing van kontekste te verbeter, en kritiese denke te ontwikkel. Bevindinge uit die aksienavorsingsproses kan aangepas word vir soortgelyke wiskundeonderrigpraktyke.

RESUMEN La Licencia Social para Operar (LSO) es un concepto utilizado como mecanismo estratégico para que las empresas logren la aceptación de sus compromisos, y también como elemento de reivindicación de movimientos sociales que los confrontan. Este trabajo analiza los posicionamientos públicos realizadas sobre el proyecto Mina Guaíba, en Rio Grande Sul. Se identificaron posicionamientos en proceso de licenciamiento y en audiencias públicas, y se analizaron 36 textos de portales de internet y 8 trabajos académicos. Los textos fueron analizados según elementos encontrados en la literatura, trazando paralelismos con los argumentos expuestas y los hechos descritos sobre la Mina Guaíba. Fue posible concluir que existen relaciones importantes entre las posiciones públicas sobre el proyecto Mina Guaíba y las cuestiones analizadas en los estudios empíricos sobre la obtención de la LSO a nivel internacional. Problemas como el economicismo retórico a favor de las empresas, la manipulación de los espacios de consulta, las omisiones sobre los impactos ambientales reales de los proyectos y la crisis de confianza que vive el sector minero son constantes en ambos casos. El artículo contribuye al debate sobre LSO al señalar la relevancia de las acciones organizadas por movimientos sociales y organizaciones ambientalistas en el sentido de la conciencia social. (LSO compromisos confrontan Sul 3 académicos literatura internacional consulta casos social

RESUMO Licença Social para Operar - LSO é um conceito utilizado tanto como mecanismo estratégico de empresas, para obter aceitação de seus empreendimentos, quanto como elemento de reivindicação por parte de movimentos sociais que os confrontam. Este trabalho analisa posicionamentos públicos feitos sobre o projeto Mina Guaíba, no Rio Grande Sul. Foram identificados os posicionamentos no processo de licenciamento e em audiências públicas, e analisados 36 textos de portais da internet e 8 trabalhos acadêmicos. Os posicionamentos foram analisados de acordo com elementos encontrados na literatura, traçando paralelos com os posicionamentos expostos e os fatos descritos sobre a Mina Guaíba. Foi possível concluir que existem importantes relações entre os posicionamentos públicos sobre o projeto da Mina Guaíba e as questões analisadas em estudos empíricos sobre a obtenção da LSO em nível internacional. Problemas como o economicismo retórico em prol dos empreendimentos, a manipulação dos espaços de consulta, as omissões em relação aos reais impactos ambientais dos projetos e a crise de confiança vivenciada pelo setor de mineração se fazem constantes em ambos os casos. O artigo contribui com o debate sobre LSO ao apontar a relevância das ações organizadas por movimentos sociais e organizações ambientalistas no sentido de conscientização social. empresas empreendimentos confrontam Sul públicas 3 acadêmicos literatura internacional consulta casos social

ABSTRACT Social License to Operate (LSO) is a concept used both as a strategic mechanism for companies to obtain acceptance of their undertakings and as an element of claim by social movements that confront them. This work analyzes public positions made about the Guaíba Mine project, in Rio Grande Sul. Positions in the licensing process and in public hearings were identified, and 36 texts from internet portals and 8 academic works were analyzed. The positions were analyzed according to elements found in the literature, drawing parallels with the exposed positions and the facts described about the Guaíba Mine. It was possible to conclude that there are important relationships between public positions on the Guaíba Mine project and the issues analyzed in empirical studies on obtaining the LSO. Problems such as rhetorical economicism in favour of corporations, manipulation of hearings, omissions regarding the real environmental impacts of projects and the crisis of confidence experienced by the mining sector are constant in both cases. The article contributes to the debate on LSO by pointing out the relevance of actions organized by social movements and environmental organizations in the sense of social awareness. (LSO them Sul identified 3 literature corporations cases awareness

RESUMEN El relato de los hechos del auto de apertura a juicio describe, con proposiciones fácticas, el hecho histórico supuestamente acaecido en el mundo real y conjeturado por la acusación fiscal como lo ocurrido en la realidad. Se desarrolló este estudio con el objetivo de analizar la construcción del relato de los hechos en los autos de apertura a juicio oral, dictados por los Juzgados Penales de Garantía de Salto del Guairá entre febrero de 2019 y febrero de 2020. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo de diseño documental. Fueron sometidos a análisis temático todos los relatos de los hechos de todas las resoluciones emitidas por los mencionados juzgados en el lapso comprendido entre febrero de 2019 y febrero del 2020, sobre la base de criterios preestablecidos. Los análisis permitieron generar categorías descriptivas de los aspectos discursivos de los relatos de hechos que afectan o impiden la refutabilidad de los mismos. De 70 relatos analizados, solo uno cumplió con todos los criterios. El estudio muestra patrones recurrentes de prácticas aberrantes de construcción de los relatos. El análisis pone de manifiesto la vulneración del derecho a la defensa y la consecuente degradación de garantías consagradas en la Constitución de la República del Paraguay.

ABSTRACT The account of the facts describes, with factual propositions, the historical event that supposedly occurred in the real world and conjectured by the prosecution as what actually happened. This study was developed with the objective of analyzing the propriety of the construction of the account of the facts in the opening proceedings of a public trial, issued by the Criminal Guarantee Courts of Salto del Guairá between February 2019 and February of 2020. A qualitative study was carried out. All the accounts of the facts of all the resolutions issued by the aforementioned courts in the period between February 2019 and February 2020 were subjected to thematic analysis based on pre-established criteria. The analysis allowed the generation of descriptive categories of the discursive aspects of the account of the facts, that affect or impede their refutation. Of 70 accounts analyzed, only one met all the criteria for propriety. The study shows recurrent patterns of aberrant practices in the construction of accounts. The analysis highlights the violation of the right to defense and the consequent degradation of guarantees expressly enshrined in the National Constitution of Paraguay.

Resumen El principal objetivo del artículo es comprobar empíricamente, para el caso de México en el periodo 1998-2020, la hipótesis central del enfoque neoestructuralista que sostiene la existencia de una relación positiva entre el tipo de cambio real y el crecimiento económico. Utilizamos un modelo de cointegración del tipo Engle y Granger. Exponemos hechos estilizados sobre los flujos comerciales que muestran algunas características de dichos flujos, los cuales permiten entender por qué en la economía mexicana no se registraron las derramas de la difusión tecnológica (spillovers from technology difussion) que, según la nueva teoría del comercio internacional, son inducidas por la liberalización comercial, más concretamente por las exportaciones de mercancías. Estos hechos estilizados contribuyen a la interpretación de los resultados del modelo de cointegración, así como a identificar algunos de los factores de la restricción externa al crecimiento en la economía mexicana (Thirlwall, 1979).

Abstract The main objective of this article is to empirically test, for the case of Mexico over the period 1998-2020, the central hypothesis of the Neostructuralist approach, namely the existence of a positive relationship between the real exchange rate and economic growth. To this purpose, a cointegration model of the Engle and Granger type is used. Stylized facts about trade flows are presented showing some characteristics of the said flows, which allow us to understand why in the Mexican economy the spillovers of technological diffusion are not seen, spillovers which, according to the new international trade theory, are induced by trade liberalization, more specifically by merchandise exports. These stylized facts contribute to the interpretation of the results of the cointegration model as well as to identify some of the factors involved in the external constraints on the growth rate of the Mexican economy (Thirlwall, 1979).

Résumé Annie Ernaux s'impose de plus en plus dans le paysage éditorial brésilien, notamment après le Nobel de littérature 2022 et les récentes traductions de cinq de ses livres, publiées par la maison d’édition Fósforo. J'ai l'intention d'explorer dans cet essai la place apparemment contradictoire que la fiction occupe dans son œuvre : dans une série d'entretiens (ERNAUX, 2011), l'auteure soutient que sa production littéraire implique, à la fois, l'incorporation et la mise en question du fictionnel. Pour ce faire, j'examinerai deux longs extraits de Les années (2008), en proposant un dialogue avec Wolfgang Iser, Ivan Jablonka, Luiz Costa Lima et Pierre Bourdieu. Mon objectif sera de montrer que le projet d'une phrase "pleine de choses réelles" ne peut se détacher d'une certaine élaboration fictionnelle, après tout, c'est la mise en perspective par la fiction qui permet de mettre la vie et les faits entre parenthèses pour mieux les approcher et mieux les penser. simpose s impose brésilien 202 livres dédition d édition Fósforo Jai J ai lintention l intention dexplorer explorer dentretiens entretiens ERNAUX, ERNAUX (ERNAUX 2011, 2011 , 2011) lauteure auteure implique fois lincorporation incorporation fictionnel faire jexaminerai j examinerai 2008, 2008 (2008) Iser Jablonka Bourdieu dune pleine réelles fictionnelle tout cest c est penser 20 201 200 (2008 2 (200 (20 (2 (

Resumo Annie Ernaux vem ganhando um destaque cada vez maior na paisagem editorial brasileira, sobretudo após o Nobel de Literatura 2022 e as recentes traduções de cinco de seus livros pela editora Fósforo. Pretendo explorar, neste ensaio, o lugar aparentemente contraditório que a ficção ocupa em sua obra: em uma série de entrevistas (ERNAUX, 2011), a autora defende que sua produção literária implica, a um só tempo, a incorporação e o questionamento do ficcional. Para dar corpo ao meu argumento, examinarei dois longos trechos de um livro de Ernaux, Os anos (2008), propondo um diálogo com Wolfgang Iser, Ivan Jablonka, Luiz Costa Lima e Pierre Bourdieu. Meu objetivo é mostrar que o projeto de uma frase “cheia de coisas reais” não consegue se desvencilhar de certa elaboração ficcional, afinal, é a perspectivação pela via da ficção que permite colocar a vida e os fatos entre parênteses para melhor se aproximar deles e melhor pensá-los. brasileira 202 Fósforo explorar ensaio obra ERNAUX, ERNAUX (ERNAUX 2011, 2011 , 2011) implica tempo ficcional argumento 2008, 2008 (2008) Iser Jablonka Bourdieu cheia reais afinal pensálos. pensálos pensá los. los pensá-los 20 201 200 (2008 2 (200 (20 (2 (

Abstract Annie Ernaux has been the subject of considerable attention in the Brazilian publishing landscape, especially after her 2022 Nobel Prize in Literature and the recent translations of five of her books published by Fósforo. In this essay, I intend to explore the apparently contradictory place that fiction occupies in her work: in a series of interviews (ERNAUX, 2011), Ernaux argues that her literary production involves, at the same time, the incorporation and the questioning of the fictional. To flesh out my argument, I will examine two long excerpts from The Years (2008), proposing a dialogue with Wolfgang Iser, Ivan Jablonka, Luiz Costa Lima, and Pierre Bourdieu. My goal will be to show that the project of a sentence "full of real things" cannot be detached from a certain fictional elaboration; after all, it is the perspectivation through fiction that allows putting life and facts in parentheses in order to better approach them and better think of them. landscape 202 Fósforo essay work ERNAUX, ERNAUX (ERNAUX 2011, 2011 , 2011) involves time argument 2008, 2008 (2008) Iser Jablonka Lima Bourdieu full things elaboration all 20 201 200 (2008 2 (200 (20 (2 (

Resumen El presente artículo académico tiene por objeto analizar el concepto de esclavitud sexual en el derecho uruguayo e internacional, a la luz de los hechos que surgen de la película “Sonido de libertad”. Se estudiarán los principales instrumentos jurídicos –uruguayos e internacionales–, así como los leading cases en la materia, a los efectos de descifrar qué se entiende por esclavitud sexual. Y este análisis se realizará utilizando la plataforma fáctica desarrollada en el filme más taquillero del 2023, el cual está basado en una historia real, en la historia de una persona que ha decidido enfrentarse a uno de los peores fenómenos criminales de nuestro siglo y que ha inspirado el presente ensayo académico.

Abstract This academic article aims at analyzing the concept of sexual slavery under Uruguayan and International Law, as seen in the facts laid out in the film “Sound of Freedom”. We will look at the main -Uruguayan and international- legal instruments, as well as leading cases in the matter, in order to find out what is understood as sexual slavery. This analysis will be carried out using the facts developed in this 2023 blockbuster based on a true story: the story of a person who has decided to face one of the worst criminal phenomena in our times and who has inspired this academic essay.

Abstract In this text, I problematize critical literacy and the narratives of truth(s) through which people define the interactions in certain cultures. As a didactic-methodological resource for literacy instruction, I suggest the principle of truth absence, the principle of truth presence, and the principle of critical transgression. Each of those three principles is developed based on the conceptions of discourse, reason, criticism, praxis, intersectionality, and transgression. Throughout the text, I discuss the categories derived from psychoanalytic studies of real, symbolic, and imaginary, as well as those of categorical truth, discursive statements, and multiculturalities. Based on the strategic, flexible, interactive, and inferential processes of inference and understanding, I propose critical literacy as a counter-hegemonic practice of inclusion of a multiplicity of discourses, which take into account culturally and linguistically diverse contexts, to establish an epistemic and methodological change of the critical analysis of the facts in order to generate a concrete action, a praxis. text truths s truth(s cultures didacticmethodological didactic instruction absence presence transgression discourse reason criticism praxis intersectionality real symbolic imaginary statements multiculturalities strategic flexible interactive understanding counterhegemonic counter hegemonic discourses contexts action

Resumo Neste texto, problematiza-se letramento crítico e narrativas de verdade(s) por que são atravessadas as interações em determinadas culturas. Apresentam-se, como recurso didático-metodológico para o trabalho com o letramento, três princípios: princípio da ausência de verdade, princípio da presença de verdade e princípio da transgressão crítica. Cada um desses princípios é desenvolvido com base nas concepções de discurso, razão, crítica, práxis, interseccionalidade, transgressão. No ensaio, discutem-se as categorias de real, simbólico e imaginário, oriundas dos estudos psicanalíticos, bem como as de verdade categórica, enunciados discursivos e multiculturalidades. Com base nos processos de inferência e compreensão - estratégico, flexível, interativo e inferencial, propõe-se o letramento crítico como uma prática contra-hegemônica de inclusão de multiplicidade de discursos, que levem em conta os contextos culturais e linguisticamente diversos, a fim de haver uma mudança epistêmica e metodológica de análise crítica dos fatos para que se gere uma ação concreta, uma práxis. texto problematizase problematiza verdades s verdade(s culturas Apresentamse, Apresentamse Apresentam se, Apresentam-se didáticometodológico didático metodológico discurso razão práxis interseccionalidade ensaio discutemse discutem real imaginário psicanalíticos categórica multiculturalidades estratégico flexível inferencial propõese propõe contrahegemônica contra hegemônica discursos diversos concreta

Resumen En este texto, se problematiza el letramiento crítico y las narrativas de verdad por las cuales están atravesadas las interacciones en determinadas culturas. Se presentan tres principios como recursos didáctico-metodológicos para trabajar con el letramiento: el principio de la ausencia de verdad, el principio de la presencia de verdad y el principio de la transgresión crítica. Cada uno de ellos se desarrolla con base en las concepciones de discurso, razón, crítica, praxis, interseccionalidades y transgresión. En el ensayo, se discuten las categorías de real, simbólico e imaginario, provenientes de los estudios psicoanalíticos, así como las de verdad categórica, enunciados discursivos y multiculturalidades. Con base en los procesos de inferencia y comprensión, estratégicos, flexibles, interactivos e inferenciales, se propone el letramiento crítico como una práctica contrahegemónica para incluir una multiplicidad de discursos, teniendo en cuenta los contextos culturales y lingüísticamente diversos, con el fin de lograr un cambio epistémico y metodológico en el análisis crítico de los hechos, generando así una acción concreta, una praxis. texto culturas didácticometodológicos didáctico metodológicos crítica discurso razón praxis ensayo real imaginario psicoanalíticos categórica multiculturalidades comprensión estratégicos flexibles inferenciales discursos diversos hechos concreta

A general notarial bond registered over movable property grants the bondholder a real security right enforceable against third parties only if the bond has been perfected by transferring possession of the property to the bondholder. Based on the facts and judgment in Absa Bank Limited v Go On Supermarket (Pty) Limited, this analysis revisits the basic principles of and requirements for the perfection of a general bond. We ultimately criticise the judgment on three scores. Firstly, the court regarded the form of delivery (transfer of possession) applicable in this matter as symbolic delivery, but we point out that it amounted to constitutum possessorium - meaning that the attempted perfection of the bond was ineffective. Secondly, the parties conceded and the court accepted that the general bond could not be perfected over property subject to the special notarial bond of another creditor. We reason that this is incorrect. It is indeed possible to attach property subject to the security right of another creditor, although the first creditor's rights will be preferred over those of the creditor who subsequently attached the property. Thirdly, the court rejected the argument that the general bond could not be perfected over property owned by another creditor in terms of a reservation-of-ownership clause in a sale agreement. However, the court should not have rejected this argument, since it was correct. A general bond indeed cannot cover property belonging to someone other than the debtor, unless the person agreed, and thus it was not possible in this case to attach the property belonging to someone other than the debtor.

Resumo Neste artigo, pretendemos reavaliar a querela tradutória em torno do Trieb freudiano. Primeiro, destacamos trechos em que Freud, ao citar Frazer, Trotter e Le Bon, traduz o termo “instinct” ora por “Instinkt”, ora por “Trieb”, de forma indiferenciada. Também retomamos a tradução que Freud fez de livros de Bernheim, em que emprega “Instinct” para traduzir o “instinct” francês. Na segunda seção do artigo, abordamos criticamente a opção tradutória hoje mais aceita no Brasil: “pulsão”. Esboçamos uma pequena história dessa escolha tradutória, tendo em vista que, enquanto Freud era vivo, ele jamais se opôs ao uso de “instinto”. A escolha por “pulsion” (arcaísmo obsoleto por séculos) ocorreu primeiramente na França, porém não somente por motivos etimológicos ou semânticos, pois também fez parte de toda uma reinterpretação (antinaturalista) da teoria freudiana. O termo “pulsion” - de certa forma o epicentro vocabular dessa releitura francesa - disseminou-se, tornando-se uma verdadeira visão consolidada, aceita tacitamente por boa parte dos tradutores de Freud não só na França, como no Brasil, na Argentina, na Itália. A partir de considerações teóricas sobre o estatuto do Trieb na teoria freudiana, e munidos dos fatos tradutórios discutidos na primeira seção do artigo, esboçamos então uma crítica ao uso de “pulsão”.

Abstract In this article, we aim to reopen the translational quarrel around the Freudian concept of Trieb. Firstly, we highlight extracts in which Freud, when citing Frazer, Trotter and Le Bon, translates the term “instinct” either by “Instinkt” or by “Trieb”, in an undifferentiated fashion. We also return to Freud’s translation of Bernheim’s books, in which he employs “Instinct” to translate the French “instinct”. In the second section of the article, we critically approach the translational option that is currently the most accepted in Brazil: “pulsão”. We sketch a brief history of this translational choice, considering that, while alive, Freud never opposed the use of “instinct”. The choice of “pulsion” (an archaism, obsolete for centuries) occurred firstly in France, but not exclusively for etymological or semantic reasons, for it was also part in a whole (antinaturalist) reinterpretation of Freudian theory. The term “pulsion” - in a certain way the lexical epicentre of this French rereading - has spread, becoming a real consolidated vision, tacitly accepted by most of Freud’s translators not only in France, but also in Brazil, Argentina, and Italy. By considering theoretically the status of Trieb in Freudian theory, and armed with the translational facts discussed in the first section of the article, we then criticise the use of “pulsão”.

Abstract: The way of thinking of german philosopher, looks controversial and with many contradictions. However, the problematic that it´s supported can be developed by hermeneutics and analogies. This ideology gives a new perspective and open up the current moral philosophy of Nietzsche. This new perspective made for Olvera and Beuchot, synthesizes the real problematic on posmodernism and also, take a stance of latinoamericans philosophers.

Resumen: El ideario filosófico del filólogo alemán, parecería ser controvertido e incluso contradictorio. No obstante, la problemática que se presenta se desenvuelve bajo la metodología de la hermenéutica analógica que ha brindado un panorama de apertura a una perspectiva al dar pulimento a la fuerza del pensamiento moral y existencial de Nietzsche. Esta perspectiva de dos autores corre en una reflexión paralela, que culmina con una síntesis de suma importancia para los tiempos actuales. Una síntesis que supera a la misma posmodernidad, esta es la perspectiva de una racionalidad analogizante.

Abstract This paper has the purpose to analyze to what extent TV series produced nowadays mostly on digital streaming platforms, and whose main topics focus on drug dealers’ lives (narcoseries), have constituted one of the most ‘fashionable’ trends on TV production lately, both in terms of viewer figures and audiences’ perceptions. Most of them, especially in Mexico, are linked to a group of political and social facts which, undeniably, lead many audiences to perceive a transposition of roles in these productions over the traditional duo villain-hero. Thus, viewers tend to relate the figure of a corrupted State to the villain one, while criminals are identified as heroes. Nonetheless, such perceptions find historical roots in Mexico´s and Latin America’s questionable governmental policies, which have direct effects on the State’s condition of anomie. All these aspects together could lead, not just viewers but actual citizens, to lessen -and ultimately justify- real and patent criminal acts.

Resumen Este texto se propone reflexionar acerca de en qué medida las narcoseries, contenidos actuales de moda en plataformas de streaming, hacen acopio de los fenómenos de la transgresión y la violencia para constituirse en elementos simbólicos de la narcocultura en México, fomentando su espectacularización. En estas producciones, aduzco, los espectadores perciben la normalización de la violencia sobredimensionada así como la no-punición de hechos transgresores como la criminalidad y el narcotráfico, que son despojados de su condición innata de ilegalidad en aras de ‘destacar’ los beneficios, tanto económicos como simbólicos, que suponen para quienes los ejecutan. Así, las audiencias tienden a recolocar los roles arquetípicos villano-héroe perfilando la figura del Estado como la del villano -dada su inoperancia y anomia- frente a la del criminal, que se ve alimentada por un estereotipo hiperbolizado de poder y valentía, que sedimenta progresivamente como modelo aspiracional en ciertos grupos sociales que la impulsan como la de un nuevo héroe.

Resumen Este artículo se propone retomar el problema de la muerte propia, aquella que Freud consideró como imposible de representar. Este trabajo apunta a mostrar que, aunque sea irrepresentable, el análisis puede y debe producir un cierto saber sobre la muerte. Se toma como base la idea lacaniana de que una ética del deseo obliga al sujeto a entrar en ese lugar que el autor llamó “entre dos muertes” y que hace de la muerte simbólica un dato previo a la muerte real. Se revisan los aportes de Sócrates y Heidegger sobre la posición ética frente a la muerte propia, con el propósito de mostrar las convergencias y divergencias entre estos autores y Lacan. Finalmente, con el objetivo de mostrar que existen observables clínicos de que el análisis produce un cambio de posición a este respecto, se examinan los sueños de varios psicoanalistas que han publicado el relato de su experiencia de análisis. Se concluye que los indicadores de este cambio de posición son principalmente el planteo del tema de los asuntos pendientes y la necesidad de los actos resolutivos.

Abstract This article approaches the issue of one's own death, the one considered by Freud as something impossible to represent. This paper has as a purpose to show that, although unrepresentable, analysis can and should generate certain knowledge about death. The Lacanian idea is taken as a basis that an ethic of desire forces the subject to enter that place called by the author "between two deaths" that turns symbolic death a prior data to real death. The contributions of Socrates and Heidegger on the ethical position towards one's own death are reviewed, in order to show the convergences and divergences between these authors and Lacan. Finally, aiming at showing there are clinical facts that indicate that the analysis produces a change of position in this regard, the dreams of several psychoanalysts who have published their experience of analysis are examined. It is concluded that the indicators for this change of position are mainly the issue statement of unresolved matters and the need for resolutive acts.