Resumen Presentamos un paciente con una rara enfermedad autoinflamatoria sistémica (deficiencia de mevalonato quinasa -DMQ-) con la identificación de dos variantes heterocigotas (c.1129G>A y c.32C>T) en el gen Meval onato Quinasa, detectadas por secuenciación masiva en paralelo y una glomerulonefritis de alta prevalencia (nefropatía por IgA). El paciente presentó un cuadro de fiebre periódica recurrente mensual desde los 12 días de vida, acompañada de lesiones mucocutáneas (rash maculopapular en extremidades, estomatitis aftosa), compromiso articular (artralgias en tobillos, muñecas y rodillas), linfoideo (linfoadenopatía cervical, esplenome galia), gastrointestinal (diarrea, dolor abdominal) y renal (hematuria y proteinuria) con repetidas biospias most rando nefropatía por IgA alternando actividad y cronic idad. Durante el seguimiento, tuvo una pobre respuesta terapéutica a múltiples esquemas inmunosupresores utilizados durante 7 años (corticoides, azatrioprina, micofenolato, ciclofosfamida, rituximab y tocilizumab), y buena respuesta finalmente a canakinumab. Cuatro años posteriores al inicio de canakinumab, durante el curso de una infección por un absceso muscular, el cuadro clínico se complica con un evento microvascular renal grave (necrosis cortical renal -NCR-) con fallo renal agudo y necesidad de diálisis. Los episodios recurrentes de inflamación por la DMQ podrían actuar como gatil los para la reactivación de su glomerulonefritis (lo que explicaría la escasa respuesta a inmunosupresores y la progresión rápida a cronicidad histológica) y para gen erar un microambiente que predisponga el desarrollo de una NCR ante una infección no grave. En la DMQ se ha descripto un defecto en las moléculas de IgA, fenómeno también observado en la nefropatía por IgA. Esto plantea la desafiante hipótesis de un vínculo patogénico común entre todas las manifestaciones clínicas del paciente.

Abstract We present a patient with a rare systemic autoinflam matory disease (mevalonate kinase deficiency -MKD-) with the identification of two heterozygous variants (c.1129G>A and c.32C>T) in the Mevalonate Kinase gene, detected by next generation sequencing and a highly prevalent glomerulonephritis (IgA nephropathy). The patient presents clinically with a monthly recurrent periodic fever from 12 days of age, accompanied by mucocutaneous lesions (maculopapular rash in ex tremities, aphthous stomatitis), joint (arthralgias in ankles, wrists and knees), lymphoid (cervical lymph adenopathy, splenomegaly), gastrointestinal (diarrhea, abdominal pain) and kidney (hematuria and protei-nuria) with repeated biopsies showing IgA nephropathy alternating activity with chronicity. During follow-up. The patients presented a poor therapeutic response to multiple immunosuppressive regimens used for 7 years (corticosteroids, azathioprine, mycophenolate, cyclo phosphamide, rituximab and tocilizumab), and finally a good response to canakinumab. Four years after starting canakinumab, during the course of an infection due to a muscle abscess, the clinical presentation is complicated by a severe renal microvascular event (renal cortical necrosis -RCN-) with acute kidney injury and dialysis requirement. Therecurrent episodes of inflammation due to MKD could act as triggers for the reactivation of glomerulonephritis (which would explain the poor response to immunosuppressants and the rapid pro gression to histological chronicity) and to generate a microenvironment that predisposes the development of RCN in the face of a non-serious infection. A defect in IgA molecules has been described in MKD, a phenom enon also observed in IgA nephropathy. This raises the challenging hypothesis of a common pathogenetic link between all the patient’s clinical manifestations.

Abstract The economic contraction shows the restrictions in the markets for goods, services and employment, which, boosted by pandemic events such as covid-19, becomes a short and medium-term crisis, with marked long-term uncertainty. However, there are alternatives to deal with these, such as the inclusive reactivation of financial credit through Popular and Solidarity Economy. This research aims to explore the performance of the Ecuadorian popular and solidarity financial sector in periods of recession, and thus present evidence of its potential participation as an active agent in financing exit strategies from covid-19.

Resumen La contracción económica evidencia las restricciones en los mercados de bienes, servicios y empleo, lo cual, potenciado por el evento pandémico del covid-19, se transforma en crisis de corto y mediano plazo, con una marcada incertidumbre a largo plazo. No obstante, existen alternativas para afrontar la situación, tal como la reactivación inclusiva del crédito financiero a través de la Economía Popular y Solidaria (EPS). En esta investigación se explora el desempeño del crédito del sector financiero popular y solidario ecuatoriano en periodos de recesión y su potencial participación como agente activo en el financiamiento de estrategias de salida del covid-19.

ABSTRACT The agricultural frontier in the Semiarid Pampas Region of Argentina has expanded into marginal environments, resulting in the current reactivation of wind erosion hotspots and desertification processes. Zoning based on soil quality indicators (SQI) reveals differences in soil degradation. The aim of this study was to define zones based on the susceptibility of sandy soils to wind erosion in a 1,4 million hectare plain in the Pampa Medanosa at the south of Cordoba province, Argentina. Soil quality indicators related to wind erosion (erodible fraction (FE), organic carbon (CO) and clay and silt contents, and dry structural stability) were analyzed in samples from 0-5 cm depth at 283 sites. Spatial principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were performed to group sites with similar characteristics and define subregions based on erosion susceptibility. Four subregions (SR) with different susceptibility were identified: SR-I, with the highest potential wind erosion rate (EEP) (65 t. ha-1. year-1), the lowest CO values (10.95 g.kg-1), and the highest FE, 41%, which is above the permissible threshold (40%); SR-II, the largest in extension, with an EEP of 51 t. ha-1. year-1, showed a FE of 36% and 12.47 g.kg-1 of CO; SR-III, with an EEP of 35 t. ha-1. year-1, 31% FE, and 13 g.kg-1 of CO; SR-VI, with an EEP of 20 t. ha-1. year-1, 30% more CO than SR-I, 14.26 g.kg-1, and a FE of 27%. The results have allowed understanding that the Pampa Medanosa is a heterogeneous region where it is necessary to implement wind erosion mitigation techniques and respect the soil’s potential use in each subregion to achieve sustainable agricultural production systems.

RESUMEN La frontera agrícola en la Región Pampeana Semiárida Argentina ha avanzado sobre ambientes marginales observándose como consecuencia la reactivación de focos de erosión eólica y de procesos de desertificación. La zonificación a través del estudio de indicadores de la calidad de suelo refleja diferencias en cuanto a la degradación. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue definir zonas por susceptibilidad a la erosión eólica en la Pampa Medanosa. Esta es una planicie arenosa ubicada al sur de Córdoba con 1,4 MM de hectáreas. Se analizaron indicadores de calidad del suelo (ICS) relacionados con la erosión eólica (fracción erosionable (FE), carbono orgánico (CO), arcilla más limo y estabilidad estructural en seco) en muestras de 0-5 cm de profundidad de 283 sitios. Se realizó un análisis de componentes principales espaciales (ACPe) y un análisis de clústeres para agrupar sitios con características similares y definir subregiones por susceptibilidad a la erosión. Se identificaron cuatro subregiones (SR) con distinta susceptibilidad: la SR-I de mayor tasa de erosión eólica potencial (EEP), 65 t. ha-1. año-1, con los menores valores de CO (10,95 g.kg-1) y la mayor FE, 41%, sobre umbral admisible (40%). La SR-II de mayor extensión, con una EEP de 51 t. ha-1. año-1 presentó una FE de 36% y 12,47 g.kg-1 de CO. La SR-III, con una EEP de 35 t. ha-1. año-1, 31% de FE y 13 g.kg-1 de CO. Y la SR- VI, con una EEP de 20 t. ha-1. año-1 y un 30% más de CO que la SR-I, 14,26 g.kg-1, con una FE de 27%. Los resultados han permitido comprender que la Pampa Medanosa es una región heterogénea en la que para alcanzar sistemas de producción agropecuarios sustentables es necesario implementar técnicas de mitigación de la erosión eólica y respetar el potencial de uso de los suelos de cada subregión.

Resumen Los pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV-2 presentan un curso clínico variable, desde asintomáticos o con síntomas respiratorios leves hasta una evolución grave con gran reacción inflamatoria e inmune. La aparición de un componente monoclonal como manifestación de este estado inflamatorio e inmune está poco descrito. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 74 años que inicia en 2020 con síndrome anémico, livedo reticularis y acrocianosis, gatillados por frío y aliviados por calor. El laboratorio evidencia anemia hemolítica por anticuerpos fríos y su estudio complementario es compatible con enfermedad por crioaglutininas. Se trata con rituximab sin respuesta, posteriormente recibe rituximab-bendamustina resolviendo síntomas, disminuyendo el título de crioaglutininas, mejorando la anemia y normalizando el perfil bioquímico. En febrero de 2022 presenta neumonía multifocal por SARS COV 2, requiriendo hospitalización por 19 días, con reactivación mínima de su enfermedad de base. En esta etapa se detecta en electroforesis e inmunofijación en suero dos componentes monoclonales IgG kappa e IgG lambda, sumados a su IgM kappa conocido por su enfermedad por crioaglutininas. El seguimiento muestra que dichos componentes persisten detectables por 4 meses, pero un control posterior evidencia la persistencia de sólo IgM kappa en inmunofijación, con desaparición de los nuevos componentes. La electroforesis es también negativa. Usualmente las infecciones virales generan hipergammaglobulinemias policlonales, en contraste mostramos como en este caso la infección por SARS-CoV-2 se asocia a gammapatía biclonal transitoria, la que planteamos como manifestación de la intensa reacción inmune generada por el virus.

Abstract Patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 present a variable clinical course, from asymptomatic or mild respiratory symptoms to a severe evolution with a major inflammatory and immune reaction. The appearance of a monoclonal component as a manifestation of this inflammatory and immune state is poorly described. We present the case of a 74-year-old male patient, who began in 2020 with anemic syndrome, livedo reticularis and acrocyanosis triggered by cold and relieved by heat. The laboratory showed hemolytic anemia due to cold antibodies and its complementary study was compatible with cold agglutinin disease. He was treated with rituximab without response, subsequently receiving rituximab-bendamustine, resolving symptoms, decreasing cold agglutinin titer, improving anemia and normalizing biochemical profile. In February 2022, he presented multifocal pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2, requiring hospitalization for 19 days, with minimal reactivation of his underlying disease. At this stage, two monoclonal components IgG kappa and IgG lambda are detected in electrophoresis and immunofixation in serum, added to their IgM kappa known for cold agglutinin disease. The follow-up shows that these components remain detectable for 4 months, a subsequent control shows the persistence of only IgM kappa in immunofixation, with the disappearance of the new components. The electrophoresis is also negative. Usually viral infections generate polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemias, in contrast we show how in this case the SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with transient biclonal gammopathy, which we propose as a manifestation of the intense immune reaction generated by the virus.

Abstract COVID-19 led to a reformulation of policies in the tourism sector, as the fall in international flows led to a renewed focus on domestic tourism. Argentina is an example of this phenomenon. During the pandemic, it promoted a local tourism agenda that had not been seen for decades. Foreign promotion and inbound (international) tourism, which used to play a leading role in the sector’s agenda, gave way to the strengthening of domestic tourism. This article analyzes the reformulation of the Argentine tourism agenda during the pandemic and its socio-territorial implications. For this purpose, we use policy analysis as a theoretical-methodological approach, particularly evaluation studies based on quantitative-qualitative methods. The three policies implemented (assistance to the national tourism sector, coordination and adaptation to the new normality, and stimulus to demand) are described and then linked to a context characterized by the lifting of restrictions and the progress of the vaccination process, features that drove tourism recovery rates from the second half of 2021. It is shown that, although in this reactivation there is evidence of a revival of domestic tourism, international tourism remains well below pre-pandemic levels. The text concludes with a series of reflections on the impact of the policies implemented in Argentina.

Resumen La covid-19 provocó una reformulación de las políticas en el sector turístico, pues ante la caída de los flujos internacionales se volvió a apostar por el turismo nacional. Argentina es un ejemplo de este fenómeno: durante la pandemia impulsó una agenda turística local como no sucedía desde hace décadas. La promoción externa y el turismo receptivo (internacional), que ocupaban un lugar protagónico en la agenda del sector, dejaron lugar al fortalecimiento del turismo doméstico. En este artículo se analiza la reformulación de la agenda turística argentina durante la pandemia y sus implicaciones socioterritoriales. Para ello, se utiliza como enfoque teórico-metodológico al análisis de políticas, particularmente los estudios de evaluación que parten de estrategias cuanti-cualitativas. Se describen las tres políticas implementadas (asistencia al sector turístico nacional, coordinación y adaptación a la nueva normalidad y estímulo a la demanda) para luego vincularlas a un contexto caracterizado por el levantamiento de las restricciones y por el avance del proceso de vacunación, rasgos que motorizaron los índices de recuperación turística a partir del segundo semestre de 2021. Se demuestra que, aunque en esta reactivación se evidencia el reimpulso del turismo doméstico, el internacional continúa muy por debajo de los niveles prepandémicos. El texto concluye con una serie de discusiones acerca del impacto de las políticas implementadas en Argentina.

Resumen La histoplasmosis diseminada es una micosis oportunista producida por el hongo Histopíasma capsulatum, con manifestaciones clínicas variadas y con una relación con el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana. Los pacientes con reciente inicio de terapia antiretroviral tienen mayor riesgo de agravamiento de infecciones oportunistas subyacentes o reactivación de infecciones enmascaradas secundario al desarrollo del Síndrome Inflamatorio de Reconstitución Inmune. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el caso de un paciente de 25 años con antecedente de VIH con reciente inicio de terapia antiretroviral, quien presenta síntomas constitucionales, compromiso respiratorio y lesiones cutáneas generalizadas, con aislamiento en muestra de lavado alveolar y biopsia cutánea de estructuras micóticas compatibles con histoplasma; configurando así un caso de histoplasmosis diseminada en contexto del Síndrome Inflamatorio de Reconstitución Inmune, con manifestaciones cutáneas inusuales. Se resalta la importancia de identificar esta entidad poco frecuente y sus manifestaciones, las cuales pueden resultar atípicas y severas.

Abstract The disseminated form of histoplasmosis stands as an opportunistic mycosis produced by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, with varied clinical manifestations and also with a widely studied relationship with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Patients with recent initiation of antiretroviral therapy are at greater risk of experiencing aggravation of underlying opportunistic infections or reactivation of masked infections secondary to the development of Inflammatory Immune Reconstitution Syndrome. The objective of this article is present the case of a 25-year-old patient with a history of HIV with recent initiation of antiretroviral therapy, who presents general symptoms, respiratory compromise and multiple generalized dermatological lesions, with isolation of fungal structures compatible with histoplasma in alveolar lavage and skin biopsy; thus configuring a case of disseminated histoplasmosis in the context of Inflammatory Immune Reconstitution Syndrome, with unusual skin manifestations. The importance of identifying this rare entity and its manifestations, which can be both atypical and severe, is highlighted.

Resumo A reativação da doença de Chagas crônica é condição rara e ocorre apenas em pacientes imunossuprimidos. O envolvimento da pele foi reportado em pacientes com doença de Chagas crônica e transplante hepático e cardíaco com reativação da tripanossomíase. Em todos os casos cutâneos foi detectada a forma amastigota do Trypanosoma cruzi. Nosso caso traz paciente feminina de 51 anos com história de transplante cardíaco devido à doença de Chagas e imunodepressão. A equipe dermatológica foi chamada devido ao aparecimento de nódulos eritematosos dolorosos, após 30 dias de hospitalização. Primeiramente, a biópsia de pele foi compatível com hipótese de leishmaniose cutânea. Depois da imuno-histoquímica, confirmou-se a presença de T. cruzi, sendo decidido tratar reativação da doença de Chagas. O desenvolvimento de paniculite não é usualmente associado à doença de Chagas. Assim, ressalta-se a importância de não excluir tal diagnóstico e refere a necessidade da análise anatomopatológica e imuno-histoquímica para complementação diagnóstica.

Abstract Reactivation of chronic Chagas disease is a rare condition, occurring solely in immunosuppressed patients. Skin involvement has been reported in patients with chronic Chagas disease and heart or kidney transplantation who reactivated the trypanosomiasis. In all cases involving the skin, amastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi are detected. Our case focuses on a 51-year-old female with a history of cardiac transplantation due to Chagas disease and immunodepression. The dermatology team was consulted due to the presence of painful erythematous nodules, after 30 days of hospitalization. Initially, a skin biopsy suggested cutaneous leishmaniasis as a hypothesis. However, subsequent immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of T. cruzi, leading to the decision to treat for Chagas disease reactivation. The development of panniculitis is not commonly associated with Chagas disease. This case underscores the importance of not disregarding such possibilities and highlights the necessity for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses to complement the diagnostic process.

Fistulotomy is the best surgical technique to treat a simple anal fistula with success in more than 95% of the cases and minor damage of anal continence. Complex anal fistula is a challenging problem due to higher recurrence rates and incontinence associated to surgical procedures. New methods have been developed for the management of complex anal fistula and some of them include complex procedure and/or the use of sophisticated instruments. Relapses are caused by reactivation of the infection at the internal fistula orifice. This is left untreated by some technique including LIFT, a promising conservative technique that has shown success rates between 20% to 86%. We analyze the probably causes of the failure of LIFT and some variations proposed, including the alternative techniques of intersphincteric approach plus treatment of the pathological anal glands with immediate section of the internal sphincter. In the experience of the author over 15 years, the intersphincteric approach to the fistulous tract, the treatment of the internal fistula orifice with a loose seton and a small cutaneous drainage is the safest technique to cure the complex fistula anal with no damage to anal continence. The benefits of conservative techniques like LIFT must be counterbalanced with the relative high recurrence rates. The quality of current evidence is not good enough to consider LIFT as the gold standard in the treatment of complex anal fistula.

Resumen La fistulotomía es aceptada como la técnica ideal en el tratamiento de la fístula anorrectal (FA) simple con porcentajes de curación superiores al 95% y mínimo daño al aparato esfinteriano, a pesar de que la técnica, por definición, incluye la sección inmediata de la porción distal del esfínter interno. En la FA compleja, el daño potencial a la continencia es una secuela temida, lo que ha motivado la búsqueda de múltiples alternativas terapéuticas, algunas dificultosas y/o que requieren instrumentos sofisticados. La ligadura del trayecto fistuloso interesfintérico (LIFT) es una técnica conservadora que ha sido investigada en forma exhaustiva en los últimos 13 años con resultados variables. Se analiza las posibles causas de las fallas del LIFT (40% como promedio) y las variantes propuestas, incluyendo la técnica preferida del autor en los últimos 15 años, que se caracteriza por un abordaje interesfinteriano del trayecto fistuloso que permite tratar tanto el foco interesfintérico como el orificio fistuloso interno y las glándulas afectadas mediante una setón interesfintérico ajustado, más un pequeño drenaje cutáneo externo. Es un procedimiento simple, reproducible y con óptimos resultados en cuanto a curación, sin sección inmediata del esfínter interno y sin alteración de la continencia. A pesar de ser una técnica promisoria, con la información disponible, el LIFT no cumple con los requisitos para ser considerada como la técnica de elección en el tratamiento de la FA compleja.

Resumen La miocarditis es una enfermedad inflamatoria del tejido cardíaco de etiología variable, infecciosa o no in fecciosa. Su presentación va desde formas asintomáticas hasta fulminantes. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 24 años, con antecedente de hepatitis autoinmune, en fase cirrótica compensada. Consultó por disnea de 15 días de evolu ción. Presentó cuadro gastrointestinal un mes previo a la consulta. El examen físico reveló signos de sobrecarga hídrica. El laboratorio informó elevación de biomar cadores cardiacos, insuficiencia hepática aguda sobre crónica y graves trastornos de coagulación. Se realizó un ecocardiograma transtorácico que evidenció disfunción biventricular grave global, con adelgazamiento de las paredes. Las hipótesis diagnósticas fueron compromiso cardíaco por reactivación de enfermedad autoinmu ne versus miocarditis viral. Se realizó una resonancia magnética que confirmó la disfunción ventricular grave en la que se observó realce tardío de gadolinio suges tivo de miocarditis. Se indicó tratamiento con pulsos de metilprednisolona. El primer día de la internación evolucionó con signos de shock cardiogénico y arritmia ventricular refractaria al tratamiento. Posteriormente a una evaluación multidisciplinaria exhaustiva y dificulto sa por el estado clínico, se planteó la posibilidad de un trasplante cardiaco. Se instauró soporte con membrana de oxigenación extracorpórea (ECMO) como puente al trasplante. Al séptimo día de colocado el ECMO, y luego de gran mejoría de los parámetros del hepatograma, recibió un trasplante cardíaco. Tuvo buena evolución postoperatoria, sin embargo, a los dos meses falleció por una infección oportunista. Los resultados de la biopsia del órgano explantado confirmaron el diagnóstico de miocarditis linfocítica.

Abstract Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the cardiac tissue of variable etiology, both infectious and non-in fectious. Its presentation can range from asymptomatic to fulminant forms. We present the case of a 24-year-old male patient with a history of autoimmune hepatitis in compensated cirrhotic phase. He consulted for dyspnea of 15 days evolution. He had presented gastrointestinal symptoms one month prior to the consultation. Physical examina tion revealed signs of heart failure. Laboratory examina tion showed elevated cardiac biomarkers and acute on chronic hepatic insufficiency. A transthoracic echocar diogram showed severe global biventricular dysfunction. The diagnostic hypotheses were cardiac involvement due to reactivation of autoimmune disease versus viral myocarditis. An MRI was performed which confirmed very severe ventricular dysfunction and late gadolinium enhancement suggestive of myocarditis. It was indicated treatment with methylprednisolone pulses. On the first day of hospitalization he evolved with clear signs of car diogenic shock and ventricular arrhythmia refractory to medical treatment. After an exhaustive multidisciplinary evaluation, which was difficult due to his clinical condi tion, the possibility of a heart transplant was considered. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support was established as a bridge to transplantation. On the seventh day after ECMO, and after great improvement of the hepatogram parameters, the patient received a heart transplant. He had good postoperative evolution. However, he died two months after the transplant due to an opportunistic infection. The results of the biopsy of the explanted organ confirmed the diagnosis of lym phocytic myocarditis.

ABSTRACT Multiple myeloma (MM) associated with Chagas disease is rarely described. This disease and its therapy suppress T cell and macrophage functions and increase regulatory T cell function, allowing the increase of parasitemia and the risk of Chagas Disease Reactivation (CDR). We aimed to analyze the role of conventional (cPCR) and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) for prospective monitoring of T. cruzi parasitemia, searching for markers of preemptive antiparasitic therapy in MM patients with Chagas disease. Moreover, we investigated the incidence and management of hematological diseases and CDR both inside and outside the transplant setting in the MEDLINE database. We found 293 studies and included 31 of them. Around 1.9–2.0% of patients with Chagas disease were reported in patients undergoing Stem Cell Transplantation. One case of CDR was described in eight cases of MM and Chagas disease. We monitored nine MM and Chagas disease patients, seven under Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation (ASCT), during 44.56±32.10 months (mean±SD) using parasitological methods, cPCR, and qPCR. From these patients, three had parasitemia. In the first, up to 256 par Eq/mL were detected, starting from 28 months after ASCT. The second patient dropped out and died soon after the detection of 161.0 par Eq/mL. The third patient had a positive blood culture. Benznidazole induced fast negativity in two cases; followed by notably lower levels in one of them. Increased T. cruzi parasitemia was related to the severity of the underlying disease. We recommend parasitemia monitoring by qPCR for early introduction of preemptive antiparasitic therapy to avoid CDR. (MM function . (CDR) cPCR (cPCR (qPCR Moreover database 29 3 them 1920 1 9 2 0 1.9–2.0 ASCT, ASCT , (ASCT) 44563210 44 56 32 10 44.56±32.1 mean±SD meanSD mean SD (mean±SD methods first 25 EqmL Eq mL detected 1610 161 161. culture (CDR 192 1.9–2. (ASCT 4456321 4 5 44.56±32. 16 19 1.9–2 445632 44.56±32 1.9– 44563 44.56±3 1.9 4456 44.56± 1. 445 44.56 44.5 44.

Abstract The transport capacity of the slurry pipelines is related to the internal roughness of the pipe. Thus, the application of corrosion protection methods is of fundamental importance, both in the operational phase and in times of temporary shutdown. In addition, corrosion also affects the service life of the duct. The studied pipeline was hibernated with nitrogen using the ABNT NBR 15280-2 standard as a reference and remained hibernated for 3.5 years. Chemical, mineralogical, and microstructural analyses were carried out on samples of materials removed from the pipeline interior during the hibernation period. The most striking phase found was magnetite, with botrioidal morphology, formed by the oxidation of steel in the pipeline. After reactivation, the pipeline was inspected by smart pigs with ultrasound and MFL technologies. It was found that the corroded regions are more concentrated in the initial kilometers of the sections, where important depths of corrosion were also observed, as well as higher rates of corrosion and erosion, which show the influence of the operational phase in the development of the pipeline corrosive process and wear. Thus, the application of the nitrogen hibernation process in long-distance pipelines proved to be feasible for long periods of time. However, improvements are suggested in this article to make the process more robust. pipe Thus importance shutdown addition duct 152802 15280 2 15280- 35 3 5 3. years Chemical mineralogical period magnetite morphology reactivation technologies sections observed erosion wear longdistance distance time However robust 1528 152 15 1

Abstract Formed during marine regression periods, shelf valleys (SVs) are preterit river flows on the exposed continental shelf. This study investigates the influence of tectonic activity on forming these important morphological features. This research combines bathymetric, magnetometry, and seismic data to analyze the role of tectonic events in SV genesis and positioning. The bathymetric dataset provides information on SV locations and geometries along the continental shelf, whereas the 2D seismic sections illustrate that SVs formed above post-rift faults that reached Quaternary deposits. Aeromagnetic data indicates that the shallow and deep structures of the basement and sedimentary column-controlled SV locations and evolution. The multi-data integration demonstrates a strong correlation between neotectonic structures and SV location and geometries from the inner shelf (−25 m) to the shelf break (−55 m). The analysis of the 2D seismic data indicated that high-angle faults, formed under a strike-slip tectonic regime, primarily affected the Middle Miocene deposits beneath the shelf valleys. The formation of “negative flower pattern structures” was identified as a primary structural mechanism that contributed to SV formation. Reactivation events that occurred from the Late Cretaceous onwards, gave rise to these faults, which control SV formation and the capture of preterit drainage on the exposed continental shelf. The SV geometries display straight patterns and abrupt changes in direction (90°) due to the interplay of the NE-SW and NW-SE aligned faults. The results reinforce the importance of considering tectonic activity in the formation and evolution of shelf valleys. periods (SVs features magnetometry positioning D postrift post rift columncontrolled column controlled multidata multi −25 25 (−2 m −55 55 (−5 m. . highangle high angle strikeslip strike slip regime negative onwards 90° 90 (90° NESW NE SW NWSE NW SE −2 2 (− −5 5 9 (90 − ( (9

ABSTRACT A substantial number of zoonotic diseases are caused by viral pathogens, representing a significant menace to public health, particularly to susceptible populations, such as pregnant women, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Individuals who have undergone solid organ transplantation frequently experience immunosuppression, to prevent organ rejection, and, thus are more prone to opportunistic infections. Furthermore, the reactivation of dormant viruses can threaten transplant recipients and organ viability. This mini-review examines the up-to-date literature covering potential zoonotic and organ rejection-relevant viruses in solid organ transplant recipients. A comprehensive list of viruses with zoonotic potential is highlighted and the most important clinical outcomes in patients undergoing transplantation are described. Moreover, this mini-review calls attention to complex multifactorial events predisposing viral coinfections and the need for continuous health surveillance and research to understand better viral pathogens’ transmission and pathophysiology dynamics in transplanted individuals. pathogens populations women elderly individuals immunosuppression rejection infections Furthermore viability minireview mini review uptodate up date rejectionrelevant relevant described Moreover

ABSTRACT Objective: Many biologic agents cause some degree of immunosuppression, which can increase the risk of reactivation of tuberculosis infection (TBI). This risk is variable between individual biologics. We aimed to assess current (and recommended) clinical practice of TBI screening and treatment among patients initiating treatment with biologic agents. Methods: An online questionnaire was distributed via email to members of the Global Tuberculosis Network and associated professional organisations to seek insights into the screening for and treatment of TBI in patients treated with biologics. Results: A total of 163 respondents in 27 countries answered at least one question. For all biologics described in the questionnaire, respondents advised increasing screening relative to current practice. Observed and supported TBI screening rates in patients treated with TNF-a inhibitors were high, especially for older TNF-a inhibitors. Most participants supported TBI screening in patients treated with B- or T-cell inhibitors but not in those treated with interleukin inhibitors. Guideline awareness was higher for TNF-a inhibitors than for other biologic classes (79% vs. 34%). Conclusions: Although respondents stated that TBI screening rates are lower than what they consider ideal, there was a tendency to recommend TBI screening in patients treated with biologics not known to be associated with an increased risk of TBI. As a result, there is a potential risk of over-screening and over-treatment of TBI, potentially causing harm, in patients treated with biologics other than TNF-a inhibitors. There is a need to research the risk of TBI associated with biologics and for guidelines to address the spectrum of TBI risk across all types of biologics. Objective immunosuppression . (TBI) recommended Methods Results 16 2 question TNFa TNF high B Tcell T cell 79% 79 (79 vs 34%. 34 34% 34%) Conclusions ideal result overscreening over overtreatment harm (TBI 1 7 (7 3 (