Abstract The Sierra de Guadalupe is the last forest redoubt north of Mexico City. In order to restore its vegetation cover, or at least manage it, it is necessary to understand its development. It is a system with unity through which energy transits in different forms depending on the vegetation, which is the most evident result of lithological, edaphological, climatic, geographical and historical conditions with different types of human intervention. The behaviour of vegetation cover in the Sierra de Guadalupe in recent decades is described by comparing the area and perimeter of the mosaics. Four landscape indices were also applied: a matrix-patch-corridor approach (Puyravaud, 2003), which expresses the change in vegetation cover based on the equation of compound interest (Mikels, 2003), the detection of fragmentation by the proximity between the centres of the mosaics of each vegetation type; the relationship of the dissection of a landscape, based on the similarity of the mosaics, with circles of the same area (Bowen and Burgess, 1981), expressed by the possibility of an organism encountering another of its species at random sites in the landscape (Jaeger, 2000). The Markov transition matrix analysis shows the ecological succession of some mosaics and also the change from forest to urban land use in most of the Sierra. Moran’s autocorrelation index allows us to assess how clustered the patches are, or, in other words, how constant the energy flow across the landscape is. To determine the mosaics, 1994 and 2019 images of the Sierra de Guadalupe were compared and the perimeter of each mosaic was drawn freehand. Field visits were made to the study area to relate the texture and position of each mosaic. The Sierra de Guadalupe was defined as a set of microwatersheds with an extension of 16 813 ha. In 1994, 8698 ha were urbanised, by 2019 concrete had covered a further 1741 ha. 540 ha of forest and plantations have been established, in addition to the 1670 ha that already existed. The oak forest has spread along the ravines over 74 ha. The most important plant community in terms of extent in 1994 was xerophytic scrub, when it represented 16.8% of the Sierra. In 2019, xerophytic scrub with grassland had an extension of 12.7% of the total. Closed or open oak woodland, the most conserved and mature growing ecosystem, covered 334 ha in 1994 and by 2019 it reached 410 ha. As for artificial forest stands, eucalyptus plantations have been the most widespread, accounting for 3.7% in 1994, but 5.2% in 2019. The Puyvaraud index (2003) revealed an increase in forest mass of 1.05% per year. Of course, the forest stand canopy does not actually increase at that rate, rather forest stands became established until they were visible on satellite imagery as established canopy. Jaeger’s (2000) cohesion index indicates zero probability (both in 1994 and 2019) of encountering two organisms of the same species hypothetically randomly arranged in the landscape. The dissection index (Bowen and Burgess, 1981) yields a value of 5.84% in 1994 and 8.42% in 2019, indicating that the landscape has become more sparse by 3.42% with respect to the similarity of a circle of the same area as all patches, i.e. it has become finer grained. The Markov matrix reveals the most representative transitions (discarding transitions to urbanisation). Grasslands became xerophytic scrubland; scrubland became heterogeneous forest and oak woodland; xerophytic scrubland became eucalyptus plantations, scrubland and grassland became stands of pirul, and scrubland and grassland became artificial copses of pine, casuarina and white cedar. A correlation of 0.5 was found for 1994 and 0.06 for 2019. In general, vegetation cover has been almost entirely affected by human causes, either with negative environmental impact, such as the construction of colonies, or positive impact, such as reforestations. Landscape indices indicate that, with the exception of eucalyptus plantations, most forest communities have become small, scattered mosaics with little core area, forming a fine-grained landscape, and the retraction of the forest frontier has promoted further fragmentation.

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RESUMEN En este trabajo nos proponemos abordar los modos de relación entre las prácticas productivas, su registro material y, en particular, la manera en la que éste se recupera a lo largo de la historia en un contexto andino. En esa línea, se presenta la propuesta teórico-metodológica desarrollada para las quebradas de Pajchela y Huayatayoc (Cusi Cusi, Puna de Jujuy), donde la evidencia agrícola corresponde desde, al menos, ocho siglos atrás hasta la actualidad. Tras un análisis de planimetrías, arquitectura y entrevistas a pobladores locales, se concluye que los muros de los campos de cultivo operan como indicadores identitarios y temporales, retomándose y manteniéndose conscientemente elementos del pasado para su construcción. Dichos muros son interpretados como producto de un gesto o actitud ontológica versada en el tejer, que es compartida y puesta en acción en diferentes ámbitos del mundo andino.

ABSTRACT In this paper we propose to address the modes of relationship between productive practices, their material record and the way in which this is recovered throughout history in an Andean context. According to this, we present the theoretical-methodologicalproposal developedfor the Pajchela and Huayatayoc ravines (Cusi Cusi, Puna de Jujuy), where the agricultural evidence corresponds from at least eight centuries ago to the present. After an analysis of planimetries, architecture and interviews with local inhabitants, it is concluded that the walls of the agricultural fields operate as identity and temporal indicators, consciously retaking and maintaining elements of the past for their construction. These walls are interpreted as the product of a gesture or ontological attitude based on weaving, which is shared and put into action in different areas of the Andean world.

RESUMEN Investigaciones históricas, etnográficas y arqueológicas dan cuenta de una intensa interacción entre los valles calchaquíes y la Puna, en el noroeste de Argentina, al menos desde el primer milenio hasta mediados del siglo XX. En esta ocasión, se aborda el estudio de las vinculaciones entre estos espacios durante los siglos X a XVI centrándonos en un conjunto de materialidades tomadas como indicadores para construir hipótesis sobre la vinculación entre los valles calcha-quíes y la Puna, a partir de la circulación de objetos y materias primas. Esto nos lleva a sostener que durante el Tardío las poblaciones de las quebradas altas del valle Calchaquí establecieron fluidas interacciones con la Puna; las cuales, con la expansión inca en la región se mantuvieron y ampliaron permitiendo la circulación de materialidades a lo largo de diversos circuitos.

ABSTRACT Historical, ethnographic and archaeological investigations show an intense interaction between the Calchaquíes valleys and the Puna, in northwestern Argentina, at least from the first millennium to the mid-twentieth century. On this occasion, the study of the links between these spaces during the 10th to 16th centuries is addressed, focusing on a set of materialities taken as indicators to build hypotheses about the link between the Calchaquíes valleys and the Puna, based on the circulation of objects and materials. This leads us to maintain that during the Late Period, the populations of the upper ravines of the Calchaquí Valley maintained fluid interactions with the Puna; which, with the Inca expansion in the region, were maintained and expanded, allowing the circulation of materials along various circuits.

RESUMEN La investigación arqueológica en el valle Calchaquíresulta dispar respecto al conocimiento que se tiene de las sociedades que lo habitaron en el pasado. Mientras que en el sector de Cachi existe una larga trayectoria de investigaciones, en la localidad de La Poma fueron escasas las intervenciones arqueológicas. En este trabajo damos a conocer el relevamiento parcial de sitios localizados en las quebradas Peñas Blancas y La Paya, ubicadas en el segmento septentrional del valle Calchaquí en la provincia de Salta. Brindaremos una breve descripción, así como también un panorama general de las condiciones de conservación de los sitios relevados. Dado que el enfoque conceptual se sustenta en la arqueología del paisaje, nos interesa enfatizar los cambios a lo largo de intervalos temporales. Utilizamos el soporte QGIS con la finalidad de sistematizar la información y generar diferentes hipótesis que permitan dar cuenta de las modificaciones y configuraciones que tuvieron lugar.

ABSTRACT Archaeological research in the Calchaquí Valley is uneven with respect to the knowledge of the societies that inhabited it in the past. While in the Cachi sector there is a long history of research, in the locality of La Poma archaeological interventions have been scarce. In this paper we present the partial survey of sites located in Peñas Blancas and La Paya ravines, located in the northern segment of the Calchaquí valley in the province of Salta. We will provide a brief description, as well as an overview of the conservation conditions of the sites surveyed. Since the conceptual approach is basedon landscape archaeology, we are interested in emphasizing changes over time intervals. We used QGIS software to systematize the information and generate different hypotheses that allow us to account for the modifications and configurations that took place.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar las estructuras agrícolas prehispánicas halladas mediante sensores remotos y prospecciones pedestres en la cuenca hidrográfica del Río Negro. Asimismo, el estudio de la arquitectura productiva en combinación con el análisis de las condiciones de humedad actuales de la zona nos lleva a preguntarnos sobre la elección de las quebradas tributarias del Río Negro para la producción agrícola. Los estudios aquí presentados forman parte de una investigación sistemática sobre los paisajes agropastoriles del área sur de la localidad de Casabindo (Jujuy, Argentina), que busca indagar además sobre la relación de las áreas productivas identificadas con el poblado-pukara de Pueblo Viejo de Tucute, y los cambios y continuidades en el uso del espacio con la presencia del incanato en la región. Al momento hemos podido identificar 24 áreas con andenería en diversos sectores de las quebradas tributarias del Río Negro. La instalación de los andenes en esta topografía escarpada y protegida donde se emplaza Pueblo Viejo de Tucute, nos lleva proponer la pertenencia cultural de las estructuras a los habitantes de dicho poblado, y el carácter beneficioso en términos de humedad relativa del ambiente de este sistema de quebradas para la práctica agrícola frente a las condiciones áridas imperantes en la región. Por otro lado, la presencia en algunos sectores de andenes de grandes dimensiones sobreimpuestos a un sustrato arquitectónico previo, y el hallazgo de las figuras de dos llamas representadas en cuarzo blanco en un muro de andén, nos permite sostener que esta cuenca fue posteriormente ocupada por los incas.

Abstract This work presents the pre-Hispanic agricultural areas found by remote sensing and pedestrian survey in the Rio Negro hydrographic basin. In addition, the study of the productive architecture in combination with the analysis of the current humidity conditions of the area leads us to consider the selection of this system of tributary ravines of Rio Negro for agricultural production. The studies presented here are part of a systematic investigation of the agropastoral landscapes of the southern area of Casabindo (Jujuy, Argentina), which also seeks to inquire about the relationship of the productive areas with the pukara-town of Pueblo Viejo de Tucute, and the changes and continuities in the use of space with the appearance of the Inca Empire in the region. Currently, we have been able to identify 24 areas with terraces in various sectors of the tributary ravines of the Rio Negro. The installation of the agricultural terraces in this steep and protected topography where Pueblo Viejo de Tucute is located, allows us to propose the ownership of the structures to the inhabitants of the town and the beneficial character in terms of relative humidity of the environment of this system of streams for agricultural practice in the face of arid conditions. On the other hand, the presence in some sectors of large large bench terraces superimposed on a previous architectural substrate, and the discovery of the figures of two llamas represented in white quartz on a terrace wall allow us to assert that this micro-basin was later occupied by the Inca.

Abstract The extensive coverage of 3-D seismic data on the Santos Basin deep water offered an integrated vision of the local physiography and medium- to small-scale geomorphological features, which enhances the understanding of its constructive/deconstructive natural processes and their interrelations. The Santos Basin is a divergent marginal basin composed of three main physiographic provinces: its continental shelf, continental slope, and the São Paulo Plateau, whose dimensions, orientation, gradients, and relief interact with oceanographic, biological, and geological processes. This study geologically contextualized environmental data related to the Regional Environmental Characterization Project of the Santos Basin (hereinafter referred to as PCR-BS), especially regarding the regional physiographical architecture and deep-water geomorphological provinces as a background for the benthic communities and the distribution of several of its geochemical parameters. The integrated analysis of 3-D seismic and multibeam bathymetric data and its derivatives (gradient and edge maps) — calibrated by 108 piston cores — aimed to evaluate its seafloor physiographic features and geological processes. Edge detection seismic attributes enhance gradient contrast, which, in turn, can map innumerous medium- to small-scale geomorphic features (features solved in maps at a 1:1,000,000 scale or larger), such as canyons, channels, ravines, pockmark units, pockmark fields, lineaments, carbonate and coral mounds, salt-related features (crests, minibasins, and crestal grabens), scars and rugous relief associated with mass-transport deposits, and bottom current-related features (depressions and furrows). The slope and the gently dipping plateau (São Paulo Plateau) that follow it eastward show four geomorphological domains based on their direction, profile, average gradient, shelf break isobath, distribution of its medium-small scale geomorphic features, and the presence or absence of evaporites at subsurface. The central-northern São Paulo Plateau contains salt-related topographic elevations (salt diapirs and walls) and depressions (minibasins) that give a rough aspect to the seafloor relief. 3D D 3 medium smallscale small constructivedeconstructive constructive deconstructive interrelations dimensions orientation gradients oceanographic biological hereinafter PCRBS, PCRBS PCR BS , PCR-BS) deepwater parameters 10 contrast turn 11,000,000 11000000 1 1,000,000 000 1:1,000,00 larger, larger larger) canyons channels ravines units fields lineaments mounds saltrelated salt crests, crests (crests minibasins grabens, grabens grabens) masstransport mass transport deposits currentrelated current furrows. furrows . furrows) direction profile isobath mediumsmall subsurface centralnorthern central northern walls (minibasins PCR-BS 11 11,000,00 1100000 1000000 1,000,00 00 1:1,000,0 11,000,0 110000 100000 1,000,0 0 1:1,000, 11,000, 11000 10000 1,000, 1:1,000 11,000 1100 1000 1,000 1:1,00 11,00 110 100 1,00 1:1,0 11,0 1,0 1:1, 11, 1, 1:1 1:

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the incidence of perioperative delirium (POD) at the Hospital nacioanl Arzobispo Loayza, from October to December 2021. Methods: Qualitative and prospective observational study, carried out in a population of 910 patients, in which the AMT Test Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) and the Pfeiffer questionnaire (Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, SPMSQ) were applied. We used Chi2 to demonstrate the existence of association and Cramer's V and Phi tests to quantify the intensity of said relationship if it existed. Results: Of the total of patients (910), 18.46% presented perioperative delirium. Sex and religion do not inuence this. Age does inuence the presentation of POD since 50% (145) of the patients 61 years of age or older presented it, unlike those between 36 -60 years of age only 5.31% and those of 18 - 35 only 0.88% presented POD. According to the level of education: 100% with no education, 73.1% with primary education, 18.5% with secondary education and 5.8% with higher education, presented DPO. According to the anesthetic technique, POD was found in 28.9% (60) of the spinal type with sedation, 22.4% (11) of the epidural type with sedation, 16.7% (83) of the General TIVA TCI type, 12.9% (4) of the Block type with sedation, 9.5% (10) of the General balanced type; for the types of general anesthesia manual TIVA, General Multimodal and Spinal anesthesia without sedation there were no cases of POD. According to the operative time: 100% (9) of the patients with more than 6 hours of operative time, 27.1% (38) of the patients who have 3 to 6 hours of operative time and 16.5% (121) of the patients who have 1 to 3 hours of operative time presented cases of POD. According to hospitalization time prior to surgery: 48% (36) of patients with hospitalization time of 16 to 30 days, 20.5% (26) of patients with hospitalization time of 8 to 15 days and 16% (97) of the patients with hospitalization time of 3 to 7 days presented POD. According to the presence of comorbidities: 51.6% (16) with AHT and RD, 41.7% (30) with Diabetes and 40.8% (20) with AHT and DM2 present POD. According to the presence of dementia: 100% (6) of the patients with a history of dementia and 17.9% (162) of the patients with no history of dementia presented POD. According to psychiatric history, 68.4% (13) of those who did have a history of psychiatric disorder and 17.4% (155) of those who did not have a history of psychiatric disorder presented POD. According to history of psychiatric treatment: 100% (6) of those who do have a history of treatment and 17.9% (162) of those who do not have a history of psychiatric treatment presented POD. According to the pre-surgical and post-surgical PFEIFFER questionnaire: 100% of those with mild, moderate or severe cognitive impairment according to the PFEIFFER PRE QX questionnaire presented POD. According to diagnosis of pre-surgical and post-surgical delirium: 100% presented POD. Conclusions: There is no association between sex and religion and the presentation of POD. If there is an association between age, educational level, type of anesthesia, operative time, hospitalization time prior to surgery, comorbidities, history of dementia, history of psychiatric disorder, history of psychiatric treatment, pre-, post-surgical Pfeiffer questionnaire, pre-surgical delirium and post-surgical delirium and the presentation of POD.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de delirium perioperatorio (DPO) en el Hospital Nacional “Arzobispo Loayza”, de octubre a diciembre del 2021. Métodos: Estudio observacional cualicuantitativo y prospectivo, realizado en una población de 910 pacientes, en los que se aplicó: AMT Test Confussion Assessment Method (CAM) y el cuestionario de Pfeiffer (Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, SPMSQ). Utilizamos Chi2 para demostrar la existencia de asociación y las pruebas de V de Cramer y Phi para cuantificar la intensidad de dicha relación en caso existiera. Resultados: Del total de pacientes (910) el 18,46% presentaron de delirium perioperatorio. El sexo y la religión no influye en esta. La edad si influye en la presentación del DPO puesto que el 50% (145) de los pacientes de 61 años o más la presentaron, a diferencia de los que tenían entre 36 -60 años solo el 5,31 % y los de 18 - 35 solo el 0,88 % presentaron DPO. Según el nivel de instrucción: el 100% sin instrucción presentaron DPO, el 73,1 con primaria presentaron DPO, el 18,5 con secundaria presentaron DPO y el 5,8 % con educación superior presentaron DPO. Según la técnica anestésica se encontró DPO en el 28,9% (60) del tipo raquídea con sedación, el 22,4% (11) del tipo epidural con sedación, el 16,7% (83) del tipo General TIVA TCI, el 12,9% (4) del tipo Bloqueo con sedación, el 9,5% (10) del tipo General balanceada; para los tipos de anestesia General TIVA manual, General Multimodal y Raquídea sin sedación no se presentaron casos de DPO. Según el tiempo operatorio: el 100% (9) de los pacientes con más de 6 horas de tiempo operatorio, el 27,1% (38) de los pacientes que tienen de 3 a 6 horas de tiempo operatorio y el 16,5% (121) de los pacientes que tienen de 1 a 3 horas de tiempo operatorio presentaron casos de DPO. Según el tiempo de hospitalización previo a la cirugía: el 48% (36) de los pacientes con tiempo de hospitalización de 16 a 30 días, el 20,5% (26) de los pacientes con tiempo de hospitalización de 8 a 15 días y el 16% (97) de los pacientes con tiempo de hospitalización de 3 a 7 días presentaron casos de DPO. Según la presencia de comorbilidades: el 51,6% (16) que tienen HTA y ER, el 41,7% (30) que tienen Diabetes y el 40,8% (20) que tienen HTA y DM2 presentan casos de DPO. Según presencia de demencia: el 100% (6) de los pacientes que tienen historia de demencia y el 17,9% (162) de los pacientes que no tienen historia de demencia presentaron DPO. según historia de antecedentes psiquiátricos, el 68,4% (13) de los que si tienen historia de trastorno psiquiátrico y el 17,4% (155) de los que no tienen historia de trastorno psiquiátrico presentaron DPO. Según historia de tratamiento psiquiátrico: el 100% (6) de los que si tienen historia de tratamiento y el 17,9% (162) de los que no tienen historia de tratamiento psiquiátrico presentaron DPO. Según cuestionario PFEIFFER pre-quirúrgico y post-quirúrgico: el 100% de los que tienen deterioro cognitivo leve, moderado o severo según el cuestionario PFEIFFER PRE QX presentaron DPO. Según diagnóstico de delirio pre-quirúrgico y post-quirúrgico: el 100% presentaron DPO. Conclusiones: No existe una asociación entre el sexo y la religión y la presentación de DPO. Si existe una asociación entre la edad, grado de instrucción, tipo de anestesia, tiempo operatorio, tiempo de hospitalización previo a la cirugía, comorbilidades, historia de demencia, historia de trastorno psiquiátrico, historia de tratamiento psiquiátrico, cuestionario Pfeiffer pre, post quirúrgico, delirio pre quirúrgico y delirio post quirúrgico y la presentación de DPO.

Resumen En este artículo se presentan los primeros trabajos de prospección arqueológica para la localidad de las Piedras Blancas, en el Departamento Ambato, Catamarca. Ubicado en las estribaciones finales de la cumbre del Ambato, esta localidad apenas fue nombrada en la arqueología regional, por lo que nuestros objetivos estuvieron guiados para dar un primer panorama sobre los asentamientos de las poblaciones prehispánicas, teniendo como objetivo primario empezar a entender la lógica del uso del paisaje en las cumbres del Ambato. La metodología de campo fue guiada por la técnica de prospección por sendas, recorriendo las quebradas desde el fondo de valle hasta punta de cumbre, utilizando además sistemas de información geográfico. Tomando como marco teórico la arqueología del paisaje y la antropología reflexiva, consideramos que estas aportan herramientas importantes para entender el paisaje desde una perspectiva local. En cuanto a los resultados obtenidos, logramos relevar 38 sitios arqueológicos hasta niveles altitudinales elevados (superando los 3800 msnm), lo que nos permite pensar en que esta zona de la cumbre del Ambato estuvo ampliamente habitada para el primer milenio de la era.

Abstract This article presents the first archaeological surveys for the hamlet of Las Piedras Blancas, in the Ambato Department, Catamarca, Argentina. Located in the final foothills of the Ambato summit, this hamlet has barely been mentioned in the regional archaeology, so our aim included establishing a panorama of the settlements of the prehispanic populations with the primary objective of initiating the understanding of the logic of the use of the landscape in the summits of Ambato mountains. The field methodology was guided by a path prospecting technique, covering the ravines from the bottom of the valley to the top of the summit, combined with using geographic information systems. We applied landscape archaeology and reflexive anthropology as a theoretical framework, which we consider is an important tool to understand the landscape from a local perspective. Regarding the results obtained, we were able to survey 38 archaeological sites up to high altitude levels (exceeding 3800 masl), which allows us to propose that this area of the Ambato summit was widely inhabited in the first millennium of the era.

Resumen En este artículo se sintetizan algunos de los aportes del análisis de isótopos estables al conocimiento de las estrategias en el consumo de alimentos de las sociedades prehispánicas que ocuparon el Noroeste argentino. Se hizo principal hincapié en cómo se interpretó la información isotópica para abordar la intensificación del maíz (Zea mays) en diferentes ecorregiones: la Puna, principalmente en la microrregión de Antofagasta de la Sierra (Catamarca) y en la provincia de Jujuy; en la ecorregión de Monte de sierras y bolsones, tanto en los valles mesotermales y altos de las provincias de Catamarca y Tucumán, como en la Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy; y por último en las Yungas, en la cuenca del río San Francisco, Jujuy. Los resultados hasta ahora obtenidos muestran trayectorias históricas diferentes en los sistemas económicos que tuvieron lugar en el macrorregión, antes que tendencias lineales y unívocas a lo largo del tiempo.

Resumo Este artigo sintetiza algumas das contribuições da análise de isótopos estáveis para o conhecimento das estratégias de consumo alimentar das sociedades pré-hispânicas que ocuparam o Noroeste argentino. A ênfase principal foi colocada em como as informações isotópicas foram interpretadas para abordar a intensificação do milho (Zea mays) em diferentes ecorregiões: a Puna, principalmente na microrregião de Antofagasta de la Sierra (Catamarca) e na Província de Jujuy; na ecorregião Monte de Sierras y Bolsones, tanto nos vales mesotérmicos e altos das províncias de Catamarca e Tucumán, quanto na Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy; e finalmente nas Yungas, na bacia do rio São Francisco, Jujuy. Os resultados obtidos até o momento mostram diferentes trajetórias históricas dos sistemas econômicos ocorridas na macrorregião, ao invés de tendências lineares e unívocas ao longo do tempo.

Abstract This article summarizes some of the contributions of the stable isotope analysis to the knowledge about the strategies in food consumption of the pre-Hispanic societies that occupied Northwest Argentina. The main emphasis was placed on how the isotopic information was interpreted to understand the intensification of maize (Zea mays) in different ecoregions: the Puna, mainly in the micro-region of Antofagasta de la Sierra (Catamarca) and the province of Jujuy; in the ecoregion of Monte de sierras y bolsones (hills and ravines monte), both in the mesothermal and high valleys of Catamarca and Tucumán provinces and in the Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy; and finally, in the Yungas, San Francisco River basin, Jujuy. The results obtained show different historical trajectories in the economic systems that took place in the macro-region, rather than linear and univocal trends over time.

Resumen Este artículo indaga cómo las prácticas de ocio generan apropiaciones del espacio urbano, en el caso de mujeres habitantes del Cerro Cordillera en la ciudad de Valparaíso, Chile. A partir de una aproximación etnográfica de situaciones de la vida cotidiana de un grupo de mujeres del cerro, se develan tres grupos de prácticas socioespaciales vinculadas al ocio: las comunitarias, las personales y las colectivas. Las primeras abordan la participación de mujeres en el trabajo de recuperación de espacios descartados de la ciudad, como sitios eriazos, quebradas y lugares deteriorados, para ser utilizados como espacio público para el barrio. Las segundas, corresponden a prácticas personales en donde se exploran relaciones más íntimas entre el ocio y la ciudad; como el paseo o la utilización de calles como miradores. Finalmente, las practicas colectivas son aquellas donde las mujeres crean redes de amistad y cuidado a través del ocio. El artículo expone otras vías de análisis para la producción social del espacio público, mostrando cómo las esferas de lo personal y lo comunitario se vinculan a través del ocio, reivindicando a su vez, las prácticas y estrategias de apropiación espacial de las mujeres.

Abstract This article looks at the ways in which leisure practices create appropriation of urban space in the case of women from Cerro Cordillera in Valparaíso, Chile. Using an ethnographic approach, we focus on the everyday life of a group of women to find three types of socio spatial leisure practices: communitarian, personal and collective. The first type corresponds to women participation and work in the recovery of unused space in the city like empty sites, ravines and ran down places that are being used as public space in the neighbourhood. The second type is personal practices that explore more intimate relationships between leisure activities and the city, as for example, walking or using streets as viewpoints. Finally, collective practices are those in which women create networks of friendship and care through leisure. The article analyses the social production of public space by looking at how the personal and communitarian spheres are linked through leisure and it claims for the importance of women practices and strategies of spatial appropriation.

Résumé Cet article explorer comment les pratiques de loisirs génèrent des appropriations de l'espace urbain, dans le cas des femmes habitantes de Cerro Cordillera dans la ville de Valparaíso, Chili. A partir d'une approche ethnographique de situations de la vie quotidienne d'un groupe de femmes du Cerro, se révèlent trois grands groupes de pratiques socio-spatiales liées au loisir: les communautaires, les personnelles et les collectives. Les premières, abordent la participation de ces femmes dans le travail de récupération d'espaces abandonnés de la ville, tels que les lieux vides, ravins et endroits dégradés, à utiliser comme espace public pour le quartier. Les secondes correspondent à des pratiques personnelles où sont explorées des relations plus intimes entre les loisirs et la ville; comme la promenade ou l'utilisation des rues comme points de vue. Enfin, les pratiques collectives sont celles dans lesquelles les femmes créent des réseaux d'amitié et de soins par le loisir. L'article expose d'autres voies analytiques pour la production sociale d'espace public, en montrant comment les sphères de l'intime et du communautaire se lient à travers le loisir, tout en revendiquant les pratiques et les strategies d'appropriation spatiale des femmes.

Resumo Este artigo investiga como as práticas de lazer geram apropriações do espaço urbano, no caso das moradoras de Cerro Cordillera, na cidade de Valparaíso, Chile. A partir de uma abordagem etnográfica de situações do cotidiano de um grupo de mulheres do Cerro, revelam-se três grupos de práticas socioespaciais relacionadas ao lazer: comunitária, pessoal e coletiva. As primeiras tratam da participação das mulheres no trabalho de recuperação de espaços descartados na cidade, como lugares vazios, quebradas e locais degradados, para serem utilizados como espaço público para o bairro. O segundo corresponde a práticas pessoais onde são exploradas relações mais íntimas entre o lazer e a cidade; como a caminhada ou o uso das ruas como mirantes. Por fim, práticas coletivas são aquelas em que as mulheres criam redes de amizade e cuidado por meio do lazer. O artigo expõe outras vias de análise para a produção social do espaço público, mostrando como as esferas do pessoal e do comunitário se articulam atraés do lazer, reivindicando, ao mesmo tempo, as práticas e estratégias de apropriação espacial das mulheres.

Resumen El análisis de los anillos de crecimiento de árboles se ha usado para reconstruir espacial y temporalmente procesos geomorfológicos del pasado reciente en diferentes ambientes. Los árboles, han demostrado ser una fuente confiable de información en sitios de difícil acceso donde los datos son escasos o nulos, como en el caso de varias barrancas volcánicas del centro de México. Esta investigación se realizó en las barrancas Seca y Ojo Salado localizadas al noreste del volcán Pico de Orizaba, donde se analizaron procesos de remoción en masa (deslizamientos y caída de rocas) y lahares a partir de muestras de tres coníferas: Pinus hartwegii, Pinus patula y Abies religiosa. El número de disturbios en los árboles por procesos de remoción en masa fue 29 y los más comunes fueron: cicatrices de impacto (45%) y Filas Tangenciales de Ductos de Resina Traumáticos o TRD (21%). En el caso de los lahares, el total de disturbios fue 70, y los más frecuentes fueron: TRD (61%) y cicatrices de impacto (20%). La reconstrucción de procesos geomorfológicos se realizó de 1983 al 2018 en los sectores A y B. En el sector A se dataron 11 eventos por caída de rocas y en el sector B se identificaron 6 procesos de remoción en masa y 11 lahares. Los datos históricos de huracanes y tormentas tropicales, permitieron identificar los posibles detonadores de los procesos geomorfológicos estudiados. Los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación, aportan información que puede ser relevante para la gestión del Parque Nacional el Pico de Orizaba.

Abstract Tree growth ring analysis has been used to spatially and temporally reconstruct geomorphological processes of the recent past in different geomorphic settings. In areas where there is forest, it is common for trees to be damaged by geomorphological processes, and these trees respond by disturbing the growth rings. The analysis of these disturbances provides information on the year of occurrence, dynamics, frequency and distribution of these processes. In such a way that trees are important natural archives and a reliable source of information, especially in places of difficult access where data is scarce or null, as in the case of several volcanic ravines in central Mexico. This research was carried out in the Seca and Ojo Salado ravines located northeast of the Pico de Orizaba volcano, where dendrogeomorphological methods were applied to analyze mass removal processes (landslides, rock falls) and lahars, using Pinus hartwegii , Pinus patula trees . and religious Abies. On the other hand, photogrammetric surveys were made in two sectors of the ravine with which high-resolution DEMs were built, which allowed the precise location of the sampled trees and a geomorphological interpretation of the study sites. Regarding the results of the work, we identified that the number of disturbances in the trees due to mass removal processes was 29 and the most common were: impact scars (45%) and Tangential Rows of Traumatic Resin Ducts or TRD (21 %). In the case of lahars, the total number of disturbances was 70, and the most frequent were: TRD (61%) and impact scars (20%). The reconstruction of geomorphological processes was carried out from 1983 to 2018. In sector A, located at ~2800 masl, a landslide and the frequency of rock falls were analyzed. In sector B, located between 3,410-3,460 masl, slope processes were also studied, although special emphasis was placed on the reconstruction of lahars. In this altitudinal sector, lahars were also analyzed in the Ojo Salado ravine, which is a tributary of the main ravine. In sector A, 11 rockfall events were dated in the years: 1987, 1995, 2002, 2004-2007, 2011, 2014-2016. In sector B, six mass removal processes (1983, 2000-2001, 2003, 2015 and 2017) and 11 lahars (1983, 1988, 1991, 2000-2001, 2003, 2006, 2012, 2014-2015 and 2017) were identified. ). All the mass removal events in sector B coincide with the lahars in that same sector. In contrast, only three geomorphological processes coincided between sectors A and B in the years: 2006, 2014 and 2015. In addition, some lahars dated in the Barranca Seca (1983, 1991, 2000 and 2012) were also identified in its tributary the Barranca Salty eye. The results obtained confirmed the potential of Pinus hartwegii and Abies religiosa to carry out dendrogeomorphological analyses, and for the first time the potential of Pinus patula to study geomorphological processes was tested with satisfactory results, despite the growth problems it presented, since several fake rings. On the other hand, the events dated in this research coincide with the occurrence of other geomorphological processes dated in other volcanoes in central Mexico, which suggests that some of them could be triggered by regional factors such as hydrometeorological phenomena. For example, hurricanes and tropical storms that entered the Mexican territory along the Atlantic Ocean coast were identified as the possible triggers of five events (2005, 2011, 2014, 2012, 2017). In this way we conclude that dendrogeomorphology is a useful method to analyze geomorphological processes in forested areas, which represent a danger for human settlements, since in many cases they are exposed to phenomena controlled by climatic and/or geological forcing. Knowledge about the dynamics of the ravines and the frequency with which the analyzed geomorphological processes occur can contribute to the construction of natural hazard prevention plans in the area, taking into account that some communities such as Cuiyachapa and Cuiyachapa are located a few kilometers away. Tetelzingo. Also, this research can support the management of the Pico de Orizaba National Park and the next updates of the Management Program.

ABSTRACT: Based on formal and compositional analyses of the rock art sequence of the Real Grande 3 (rg3) rock shelter, the authors propose that the site was used recurrently between ca. 5000 and1500 b . Taking into consideration its location in an area of highland ravines (4000 masl), its proximity to a freshwater spring and year-round watercourse, its relationship to nearby sites with different functions, and the absence of occupations in the stratigraphic record, the rock art representations are interpreted in light of a series of Andean ethnographic sources associated with pastoralist practices and ceremonies propitiating camelid fertility.

RESUMEN: Basándose en el análisis formal y compositivo de la secuencia de arte rupestre del alero Real Grande 3 (rg3), se propone una recurrencia de uso del sitio entre los 5000-1500 años ap. Tomando en cuenta su emplazamiento en el sector de quebradas de altura (4000 msnm), su cercanía a una vertiente y curso permanente de agua, su relación con sitios próximos de distinta funcionalidad y la ausencia de ocupaciones en estratigrafía, la temática de las representaciones se interpreta a la luz de un conjunto de fuentes etnográficas andinas, relacionadas con prácticas pastoriles y ceremonias propiciatorias de fertilidad ganadera.

Abstract At present the field of environmental management and its control impose new challenges, this includes actions from and for society. The concrete participation and discussion to find collective solutions to problems such as: the high degradation of soils, forest fires, the uncontrolled exploitation of resources such as water and energy, liquid waste when being dumped crude into ditches, rivers, ravines in some areas, among others, make possible the contamination of the environment. These elements favor the transmission of diseases for the inhabitants, which is why it is necessary to apply a methodology for community environmental management, which contributes to environmental quality and the transformation of environments. The implementation of adequate community environmental management, as a high priority in its application, allows, together with the increase in disasters caused by climate and meteorological change, to resolve these deficiencies in an interactive process that is consistently taxed with procedures, monitoring tools and gets better. The application of this methodology, together with the potential offered by the active participation of all the subjects naturally involved, will be decisive to improve the quality of life of the inhabitants, based on the available resources.

Resumen En la actualidad el campo de la gestión ambiental y su control imponen nuevos retos, esta comprende acciones desde y para la sociedad. La participación concreta y discusión para encontrar soluciones colectivas a problemas tales como: la elevada degradación de los suelos, los incendios forestales, la explotación no controlada de los recursos como el agua y la energía, los residuales líquidos al verterse crudos hacia zanjas, ríos, cañadas en algunas zonas, entre otras, hacen posible la contaminación del medio. Estos elementos favorecen la transmisión de enfermedades para los pobladores, por lo que se hace necesario aplicar una metodología para la gestión ambiental comunitaria, que contribuya a la calidad ambiental y la transformación de los entornos. La implementación de una adecuada gestión ambiental comunitaria, como una alta prioridad en su aplicación, permite, unido al incremento de los desastres originados por el cambio climático y meteorológico resolver estas insuficiencias en un proceso interactivo que tribute coherentemente con procedimientos, herramientas en el seguimiento y mejora. La aplicación de esta metodología unida a las potencialidades que brinda la participación activa de todos los sujetos naturalmente involucrados, serán determinantes para mejorar la calidad de vida de los habitantes, a partir de los recursos disponibles.

Resumen La formación de una Depresión Aislada en Niveles Altos en el sureste peninsular supuso la génesis de un episodio de precipitaciones torrenciales. Grandes acumulados de lluvia se recogieron en un periodo de tiempo corto, lo que dio lugar a una fuerte escorrentía que elevó el caudal de ramblas y barrancos provocando avenidas en la Vega Baja alicantina y en el Campo de Cartagena. El potencial de estas inundaciones y de sus consecuencias podría haberse agravado debido a un aumento considerable de la superficie impermeable, en concreto de espacios urbanos, fruto de las notables transformaciones realizadas en estas áreas, en las últimas décadas.

Resumo A formação de uma Depressão Isolada em Níveis Altos no sudeste peninsular supôs a génese de um episódio de precipitações torrenciais. Grandes acumulações de chuva ocorreram num curto período de tempo, o que deu origem a uma forte escorrência que elevou o fluxo de ravinas e barrancos, provocando inundações fluviais na Vega Baja alicantina e no Campo de Cartagena. O potencial destas inundações e das suas consequências poderá ter-se agravado devido a um aumento considerável da superfície impermeável, nomeadamente de espaços urbanos, resultado das notáveis transformações realizadas nestas áreas nas últimas décadas.

Résumé La formation d’une Dépression Isolée à des Niveaux Élevés dans le sud-est de la péninsule a été à l’origine d’un épisode de précipitations torrentielles. De grandes précipitations accumulées ont été recueillies dans un bref laps de temps, ce qui a donné lieu à un fort ruissellement, qui a augmenté le débit des ravins et a provoqué des inondations fluviales dans la Vega Baja Alicantina et dans le Campo de Cartagena. Le potentiel de ces inondations et de ses conséquences aurait pu être aggravé par l’augmentation considérable de la surface imperméable, notamment d‘espaces urbains, en résultat de transformations notables dans ces zones au cours des dernières décennies.

Abstract The formation of a Cutoff low in the southeast of the peninsula was the genesis of an episode of torrential rainfall. Large accumulations of rain were collected in a short period of time, which resulted in a strong runoff that raised the flow of ravines and wadis causing floods in the Vega Baja and Campo de Cartagena. The potential of these floods and their consequences could have been aggravated by a considerable increase in the impermeable surface, in particular of urban spaces, as a result of the remarkable transformations made in these areas in recent decades.

The expansion of Tawantinsuyu involved the annexation and establishment of new political-administrative jurisdictions. For the current Argentine territory, five provinces are suggested; one of them is Chicoana, a key point during the first Spanish advances towards the current Argentine northwest. Studies from fields of history and archaeology have offered various proposals on its location. In this work, we reflect on the Inca province of Chicoana by crossing written and material sources. It is proposed that the landscape described in the early documents that refer to Chicoana reveal a scenario configured from a space associated with agricultural and mining production. As a hypothesis, it is suggested that this landscape formed a network that included towns and spaces of ravines and high valleys of the Calchaquí, as well as other landscapes associated with Valle de Lerma and the puna.

La expansión del Tawantinsuyu implicó la anexión y el establecimiento de nuevas jurisdicciones político-administrativas. Para el actual territorio argentino se han sugerido cinco provincias; una de ellas denominada Chicoana, punto clave durante los primeros avances españoles al actual noroeste argentino. Estudios planteados desde la historia y la arqueología, han ofrecido diversas pro puestas de su localización. En el presente trabajo se reflexiona acerca de la provincia inca de Chicoana a partir del cruce de fuentes escritas y materiales. Se plantea que el paisaje descripto en los documentos tempranos que hacen referencia a Chicoana, relatan un escenario configurado a partir de un espacio agrícola y minero asociado a la producción. Se sugiere, a manera de hipótesis, que dicho paisaje conformaba una red que incluía poblaciones y espacios de quebradas y valles altos del Calchaquí, además de otros paisajes asociados al valle de Lerma y, quizás la puna.