Abstract Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma have led to the modification of diagnostic criteria and initiation of therapy, incorporating myeloma-defining events into the CRAB criteria. Imaging has evolved from radiographic study to whole-body techniques, including low-dose computed tomography (LDCT), 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET/CT), and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), being an important part of the evaluation of myeloma precursors, the staging of the disease and the evaluation of treatment response. LDCT has greater sensitivity in the detection of bone lesions compared to the radiographic study, MRI has the greatest sensitivity in the evaluation of bone marrow infiltration and PET/CT is the method of choice in the evaluation of treatment response. The radiologist must know the morphological characteristics of the lesions originating from myeloma in the different techniques and recognize the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of study.

Resumen Los avances en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento del mieloma múltiple han llevado a la modificación de los criterios diagnósticos y de inicio de terapia, incorporándose a los criterios CRAB los eventos definitorios de mieloma. Las imágenes han evolucionado desde el estudio radiográfico hasta las modalidades de cuerpo completo, incluyendo la tomografía computada de baja dosis (TCBD), la tomografía computada por emisión de positrones (PET/CT) con 18F-fluorodesoxiglucosa y la resonancia magnética (RM) de cuerpo completo, siendo parte importante de la evaluación de los precursores del mieloma, de la estadificación de la enfermedad y de la evaluación de la respuesta a tratamiento. La TCBD posee mayor sensibilidad en la detección de lesiones óseas en comparación con el estudio radiográfico, la RM la mayor sensibilidad en la evaluación de la infiltración de la médula ósea y la PET/CT es la modalidad de elección en la valoración de la respuesta al tratamiento. El radiólogo debe conocer las características morfológicas de las lesiones originadas del mieloma en las distintas modalidades y reconocer las ventajas y desventajas de los diferentes tipos de estudio.

RESUMEN La hiperostosis cortical infantil (HIC) o enfermedad de Caffey es un trastorno óseo autolimitado que se caracteriza por fiebre, irritabilidad, inflamación de los tejidos blandos y engrosamiento cortical de uno o más huesos. Es más común en el primer semestre de vida. Se informa el caso de un lactante de 3 meses con las características clínico-radiográficas propias de la enfermedad y los hallazgos de laboratorio más comunes que permitieron un acertado diagnóstico y seguir una conducta adecuada. El cuadro agudo se mantuvo durante pocos días y se observó resolución total del edema en cuatro semanas. El reconocimiento de esta rara infección evitará adoptar métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos invasivos para el paciente.

ABSTRACT Infantile cortical hyperostosis (ICH) or Caffey disease is a self-limiting bone disorder characterized by fever, irritability, soft tissue swelling and cortical bone thickening. It is more common in infants < 6 months of age. We report the case of a 3-month-old infant with the clinical and radiographic characteristics of the disease and the most common laboratory findings which enabled an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. The acute episode persisted for several days, followed by a complete resolution of the edema within four weeks. Identifying this rare infection will help avoid invasive diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

RESUMEN: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la utilidad del fémur proximal en la estimación forense de la edad mediante la evaluación de cambios en las densidades óseas a través de radiografías. Utilizando el umbral de Otsu, la densidad ósea se cuantificó contando todos los valores de pixeles blancos dentro de regiones de interés seleccionadas, que incluyen la cabeza femoral (CF), el cuello femoral (CF), el triángulo de Ward (WT) y el trocánter mayor (TM) de 354 fémures izquierdos de ascendencia del norte de Tailandia. También se estimó el ancho de pixeles de la cavidad medular (CM). Además, el estudio evaluó el rendimiento de modelos de regresión lineal (RL) para la estimación de la edad a partir de imágenes radiográficas de fémur proximal. Se observaron correlaciones negativas entre la intensidad de los pixeles CF, CF, WT y TM con la edad de muerte, y las mujeres exhibieron correlaciones más fuertes que los hombres. Además, se encontró una correlación positiva entre la edad y el ancho del CM en muestras de mujeres, mientras que el ancho del CM del hombre no mostró ninguna relación con el aumento de la edad. Los resultados mostraron una ligera diferencia entre el modelo RL aplicado a ambos sexos, que integraba todas las variables, y la configuración alternativa que sólo utilizaba atributos relevantes. Ambos modelos mostraron un rendimiento similar, con un rango estrecho de valores del error cuadrático medio (RMSE), que oscilaba entre 12,67 y 12,71 años, y un rango de coeficiente de correlación de 0,51 a 0,52. Para las mujeres, el modelo RL con CF y WT como atributos seleccionados (RMSE = 11,85 años, coeficiente de correlación = 0,65) tuvo un desempeño satisfactorio, mientras que para los hombres, el modelo RL con todas las variables mostró un RMSE de 12,52 años y un coeficiente de correlación de 0,46. Este estudio mostró la posible aplicación de la intensidad de los pixeles en la predicción de la edad.

SUMMARY: The present study aimed to investigate the utility of the proximal femur in the forensic age estimation by assessing changes in bone densities through radiographs. Using Otsu’s threshold, bone density was quantified by counting all white pixel values within selected regions of interest, which include femoral head (FH), femoral neck (FN), Ward’s triangle (WT), and greater trochanter (GT) from 354 left femora of Northern Thai descent. The pixel width of medullary cavity (MC) was also estimated. Furthermore, the study evaluated the performance of linear regression (LR) models for age estimation from radiographic images of proximal femora. Negative correlations were observed between FH, FN, WT, and GT pixel intensity with the age-at-death of the samples, with females exhibiting stronger correlations than males. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between age and MC width in female samples, while male MC widths did not show any relationship with increasing age. The results showed a slight difference between the LR model applied to both sexes, which integrated all variables, and the alternative configuration that only utilized relevant attributes. Both models exhibited similar performance, with a narrow range of root mean square error (RMSE) values, ranging from 12.67 to 12.71 years, and a correlation coefficient range of 0.51 to 0.52. For females, the LR model with FN and WT as selected attributes (RMSE = 11.85 years, correlation coefficient = 0.65) performed decently, while for males, the LR model with all variables showed RMSE of 12.52 years and correlation coefficient of 0.46. This study showcased the potential application of pixel intensity in predicting age.

BACKGROUND: Gardner's Syndrome represents an autosomal dominant variant of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis in which affected individuals have a 100% risk of developing colorectal carcinoma. The extra-intestinal manifestations in the head and neck region allow for the early recognition and diagnosis of this rare syndrome. The defining triad of features includes intestinal polyposis, dento-osseous anomalies and soft tissue lesions METHODS: A 20-year-old female patient presented with a main complaint of swelling involving the left side of her nose, at which time a panoramic radiograph was obtained RESULTS: Radiographic findings showed multiple osteomas, odontomas, missing teeth as well as unerupted and impacted teeth, the features of which are highly suggestive of Gardner's Syndrome CONCLUSION: Early recognition of the extra-intestinal features of Gardner's Syndrome warrants patient referral for further investigation including colonoscopy and genetic testing

RESUMEN Introducción: El procedimiento terapéutico con células mononucleares autólogas ha abierto una alternativa dentro del arsenal con que se cuenta para la reparación y regeneración de los defectos óseos máxilo-mandibulares derivados de procederes quirúrgicos, que se asocian con discapacidad y detrimento de la calidad de vida. Objetivo: Evaluar la evolución de los pacientes tratados con células mononucleares autólogas como terapia regenerativa ante defectos óseos máxilo-mandibulares. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en los Servicios de Cirugía Máxilo-facial de la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente y los Hospitales Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora Torres, General Docente Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso, Clinicoquirúrgico Docente Joaquín Castillo Duany de Santiago de Cuba, en el periodo de enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2019. Los pacientes incluidos en el estudio fueron sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos por enfermedades que afectaban la arquitectura ósea, implantándose células madre movilizadas con factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos al finalizar el acto quirúrgico. Las variables investigadas fueron enfermedades quirúrgicas, complicaciones posquirúrgicas, tamaño del defecto óseo, evidencia radiográfica y evolución del tratamiento. Resultados: Entre los 6 y 12 meses posteriores a la cirugía y la terapia celular, todas las variables de respuesta al tratamiento probaron mejoras clínicas y radiológicas, observándose hueso de neoformación y aumento de la densidad ósea. Conclusiones: La regeneración de los defectos óseos, asociados a intervenciones quirúrgicas, mediante el implante de células mononucleares autólogas de sangre periférica suspendidas en plasma rico en plaquetas quedó evidenciada clínica y radiográficamente de forma satisfactoria.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The therapeutic procedure with autologous mononuclear cells has opened an alternative within the arsenal available for repair and regeneration of the maxillomandibular bone defects derived from surgical procederes which are associated with disability and detriment to life quality. Objective: To evaluate the clinical course of patients treated with autologous mononuclear cells as regenerative therapy for maxillofacial bone defects. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the Maxillo Facial Surgery Services of the Teaching Provincial Dentistry Clinic and the Provincial Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospitals Saturnino Lora Torres, Teaching General Juan Bruno Zayas, Teaching Clinical Surgical Joaquin Castillo Duany, in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2017 to December, 2019. The patients included in the study underwent surgical procedures due to diseases that affected bone architecture, implanting mobilized stem cells with granulocyte colony stimulating factor at the end of the surgical procedure. The variables investigated were surgical diseases, post-surgical complications, size of the bone defect, radiographic evidence and treatment evolution. Results: Six to 12 months after the surgery and cell therapy, all the response variables to the treatment proved clinical and radiological improvements, being observed bone neoformation and increase of bone density. Conclusions: Regeneration of bone defects, associated with surgical interventions, implanting autologous mononuclear cells of peripheral blood suspended in plasm rich in platelets was clinic and radiographically evidenced in a satisfactory way.

RESUMEN Introducción: las lesiones resultantes de la interacción entre la enfermedad pulpar y la periodontal son conocidas como lesiones endoperiodontales. El diagnóstico y el tratamiento son complejos y el pronóstico es reservado y depende del diagnóstico oportuno y preciso. Información del paciente: paciente de 12 años de edad, con dolor pulsátil, aumento de volumen, fístula, antecedentes de tratamiento pulporadicular y traumatismo incisal de hace cuatro años en incisivo central superior izquierdo. La radiografía periapical informó una lesión que involucra los tercios medios apicales de los incisivos superiores izquierdos. Diagnóstico definitivo: proceso endoperiodontal combinado, una lesión endodóntica primaria con afección periodontal secundaria en incisivo central superior izquierdo y lesión periodontal primaria con afección endodóntica secundaria en incisivo lateral izquierdo. Conclusiones: se aplicó terapia láser, luego del tratamiento endodóntico y periodontal realizado. Se logró un resultado satisfactorio clínico-radiográfico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: lesions resulting from the interaction between pulp and periodontal disease are known as endoperiodontal lesions. Diagnosis and treatment are complex and prognosis is guarded and depends on timely and accurate diagnosis. Patient information: 12-year-old patient with throbbing pain, increased volume, fistula, history of pulpo-radicular treatment, and incisal trauma four years ago to the upper left central incisor. The periapical radiograph reported a lesion involving the apical middle thirds of the left upper incisors. Definitive diagnosis: combined endoperiodontal process, a primary endodontic lesion with secondary periodontal involvement in the upper left central incisor and primary periodontal lesion with secondary endodontic involvement in the left lateral incisor. Conclusions: laser therapy was applied after the endodontic and periodontal treatment carried out. A satisfactory clinical-radiographic result was achieved.

INTRODUCTION: Age assessment of human remains is essential in forensic and anthropological settings, based on age-related alterations in bones and teeth. Teeth are crucial for identification, especially in decayed or charred corpses. Gustafson's approach, frequently employed in the Western Cape, South Africa, has demonstrated inaccuracies among the local population. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to provide a more accurate and easy-to-use approach for estimating the dental age of adults. The goals were to calculate pulp-to-dentine size ratios from periapical radiographs and to establish their relationship with chronological age. DESIGN AND METHODS: The study performed radiographic measurements on 74 mandibular central incisors and 72 mandibular lateral incisors from 45 cadavers aged 21-95 years, in both mesiodistal and buccolingual orientations. RESULTS: Stronger relationships were seen between measurements in buccolingual-orientated radiographs and age than in mesiodistal ones. This novel strategy was found to be superior when compared with Gustafson's method. CONCLUSION: This method demonstrates superior accuracy in estimating the age of the tooth samples compared to Gustafson's method. This development has the potential to have a major impact on forensic and anthropological practices, especially in populations where Gustafson's method has proven to be inadequate.

Abstract Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a successful surgery in the treatment of hip pain, but there are potential complications, of which dislocation is one of the most common. Dislocation management is a challenging problem that requires a multimodal approach, and the use of dual mobility implants is an option. We present a patient with a history of femoral neck fracture who underwent THA with a double mobility implant. On the 18th postoperative day, after a fall to the ground, she developed prosthesis dislocation and had a complication after closed reduction, a subsequent intraprosthetic dislocation. After a radiographic diagnosis, the patient presented mechanical signs of hip flexion caused by a disassociated double mobility implant. The revision surgery was indicated, but the patient chose not to perform the necessary surgical procedure. A careful postoperative study of the radiographs revealed an eccentric femoral head and evidence of disassociated implantation in the surrounding soft tissues. Radiographs after closed reduction of intraprosthetic dislocations should be examined thoroughly. (THA pain complications common approach option implant th day ground diagnosis indicated procedure tissues thoroughly

Resumo A artroplastia total do quadril (ATQ) é uma cirurgia bem-sucedida no tratamento da dor no quadril, mas existem complicações potenciais, das quais a luxação é uma das mais comuns. O gerenciamento das luxações é um problema desafiador que requer uma abordagem multimodal, e o uso de implantes de mobilidade dupla é uma opção. Apresentamos uma paciente com história de fratura do colo do fêmur que foi submetida a ATQ com um implante de dupla mobilidade. No 18° dia pós-operatório, após queda ao solo, a paciente evoluiu com luxação da prótese e teve uma complicação após redução fechada, uma luxação intraprotética subsequente. Após um diagnóstico radiográfico, a paciente apresentou sinais mecânicos na flexão do quadril causados por um implante de mobilidade dupla desassociado. A cirurgia de revisão foi indicada, mas a paciente optou por não realizar o procedimento cirúrgico necessário. O estudo pós-operatório cuidadoso das radiografias revelou uma cabeça femoral excêntrica e evidências do implante desassociado nos tecidos moles circundantes. As radiografias após a redução fechada das luxações intraprotéticas devem ser examinadas minunciosamente. (ATQ bemsucedida bem sucedida potenciais comuns multimodal opção 18 pósoperatório, pósoperatório pós operatório, operatório solo subsequente radiográfico indicada necessário circundantes minunciosamente 1

Abstract Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is an inflammatory and degenerative condition resulting in articular cartilage destruction and functional loss. Its prevalence has grown considerably due to increased life expectancy and obesity, and its diagnosis relies on evaluation, medical examination, and confirmation by supplementary radiographic images. Knee OA is multifactorial and influenced by several local, systemic, and external aspects. In addition, its progress and therapeutic responses highly depend on the characteristics of each subject. The initial recommendation is drug treatment and alternative therapies to improve quality of life. However, if these treatments are unsuccessful, one must consider surgical treatment. Surgical options include arthroscopies, osteotomies, and partial and total arthroplasties, while non-surgical treatments include medications and alternative therapies such as infiltrations, acupuncture, and physical exercise. It is worth highlighting that biomarkers can be a significant strategy for early disease detection, assessment of disease activity, prediction of prognosis, and monitoring a better response to therapy. Nevertheless, this topic must be the focus of further research to confirm its findings. (OA loss obesity evaluation examination images local systemic aspects addition subject However unsuccessful arthroscopies osteotomies arthroplasties nonsurgical non infiltrations acupuncture exercise detection activity prognosis therapy Nevertheless findings

Resumo A osteoartrite (OA) do joelho é uma doença inflamatória e degenerativa que ocasiona a destruição da cartilagem articular e leva à perda de funções. Sua prevalência vem crescendo consideravelmente devido ao aumento da expectativa de vida e da obesidade, e o diagnóstico pode ser feito por meio de avaliação e exames médicos, e é confirmado em imagens radiográficas complementares. Uma condição multifatorial, a OA do joelho pode ser influenciada por diversos aspectos locais, sistêmicos e externos; além disso, a sua evolução e as respostas aos tratamentos dependem muito das características de cada indivíduo. Inicialmente, recomenda-se proceder a um tratamento medicamentoso e a terapias alternativas que melhorem a qualidade de vida do paciente; mas, a partir do momento em que se verifica que tais terapias não estão proporcionando resultados satisfatórios, um tratamento cirúrgico deve ser considerado. Entre os tratamentos cirúrgicos, as artroscopias, as osteotomias e as artroplastias parciais e totais são destacadas; os métodos não cirúrgicos incluem o uso de medicamentos e de terapias alternativas, como infiltrações, acupuntura e prática de exercícios físicos. Vale ressaltar ainda que a utilização de biomarcadores pode ser uma importante estratégia para detectar precocemente a doença, avaliar sua atividade, prever um prognóstico e monitorar uma melhor resposta à terapia; porém, esse tema ainda deve ser foco de mais estudos para que os seus resultados sejam comprovados. (OA funções obesidade médicos complementares multifatorial locais externos disso indivíduo Inicialmente recomendase recomenda paciente mas satisfatórios considerado artroscopias destacadas infiltrações físicos atividade terapia porém comprovados

Abstract Objective To describe the clinical and radiographic outcomes of a cohort of patients with acetabular fractures treated with the modified Stoppa approach. Methods We conducted a prospective analysis of adult patients with acetabular fractures treated using the modified Stoppa approach from June 2020 to June 2021, with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. The analysis included demographic, epidemiological, and perioperative data, as well as postoperative radiographic and functional outcomes. Results The study included 15 cases, with 14 men (93.3%) and 1 woman (6.67%). A postoperative tomographic evaluation revealed an anatomical reduction in 50%, an imperfect reduction in 13.6%, and a poor reduction in 36.4% of the subjects. Regarding the functional scores, the Harris Hip Score ranged from 56 to 100, with a mean value of 92.5. The Majeed Pelvic Score classified the functional outcome as excellent in 36.5%, good in 40.6%, moderate in 18.7%, and poor in 4.2% of the cases. Conclusion The present case series study demonstrated positive statistical relevance between reduction quality and functional outcomes and between the time until surgery and the reduction quality. The functional outcomes at a one-year of follow-up demonstrate that this approach can be an excellent alternative for anterior acetabulum fractures. 202 2021 followup follow up months demographic epidemiological data cases 93.3% 933 93 3 (93.3% 6.67%. 667 6.67% . 6 67 (6.67%) 50 50% 136 13 13.6% 364 36 4 36.4 subjects scores 5 100 925 92 92.5 365 36.5% 406 40 40.6% 187 18 7 18.7% 42 2 4.2 oneyear one year 20 93.3 9 (93.3 66 6.67 (6.67% 13.6 36. 10 92. 36.5 40.6 18.7 4. 93. (93. 6.6 (6.67 13. 40. 18. (93 6. (6.6 (9 (6. ( (6

Resumo Objetivo Descrever os resultados clínicos e radiográficos de uma coorte de pacientes com fraturas de acetábulo tratados com o acesso de Stoppa modificado. Métodos Foi realizada uma análise prospectiva de pacientes adultos com fraturas de acetábulo tratados pela via de Stoppa modificada de junho de 2020 a junho de 2021 e com seguimento mínimo de 12 meses. Foram analisados dados demográficos, epidemiológicos e perioperatórios, e resultados radiográficos e funcionais pós-operatórios. Resultados Foram estudados 15 casos, sendo 14 homens (93,3%) e 1 mulher (6,67%). Na avaliação tomográfica pós-operatória, redução anatômica foi observada em 50% dos casos, imperfeita, em 13,6%, e ruim, em 36,4%. Nos escores funcionais, encontramos uma variação de 56 a 100, com média de 92,5 no Harris Hip Score. No Majeed Pelvic Score, o resultado funcional foi excelente em 36,5% dos casos, bom, em 40,6%, moderado, em 18,7%, e ruim, em 4,2%. Conclusão O estudo da série de casos demonstrou relevância estatística positiva entre a qualidade da redução e os desfechos funcionais, assim como entre o tempo até a cirurgia e a qualidade da redução. Os resultados funcionais no seguimento de um ano demonstram que o uso dessa via pode ser uma excelente alternativa para as fraturas anteriores do acetábulo. modificado 202 meses demográficos perioperatórios pósoperatórios. pósoperatórios pós operatórios. operatórios pós-operatórios 93,3% 933 93 3 (93,3% 6,67%. 667 6,67% . 6 67 (6,67%) pósoperatória, pósoperatória operatória, operatória pós-operatória 50 imperfeita 136 13 13,6% ruim 364 36 4 36,4% 5 100 925 92 92, Score 365 36,5 bom 406 40 40,6% moderado 187 18 7 18,7% 42 2 4,2% 20 93,3 9 (93,3 66 6,67 (6,67% 13,6 36,4 10 36, 40,6 18,7 4,2 93, (93, 6,6 (6,67 13, 40, 18, 4, (93 6, (6,6 (9 (6, ( (6

Abstract Osteoma is a benign osteogenic neoplasm characterized by gradual growth. Commonly, it manifests in the craniofacial region, marked by the proliferation of compact and/or cancellous bone. Despite its frequent occurrence, peripheral osteoma’s precise etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown. Post-surgical excision recurrence is rare, and malignant transformation has yet to be documented. This study aims to detail an unusual case of na 11-year-old male patient presenting with a solitary peripheral osteoma in the right retromolar trigone region, a previously unreported site. The patient was initially asymptomatic, but after one month, the lesion induced facial asymmetry and discomfort while chewing. Successful surgical intervention resulted in the lesion's removal, and after 1 year of monitoring, no signs of recurrence were observed. This paper also highlights the peripheral osteoma’s clinical, radiographic, surgical, and histopathological features, as well as its differential diagnoses

Resumo O osteoma é uma neoplasia osteogénica benigna de crescimento lento que ocorre comumente na região craniofacial e é caracterizada pela proliferação de osso compacto e/ou esponjoso. Apesar da sua ocorrência frequente, a etiologia e a patogénese do osteoma periférico permanecem desconhecidas. A recorrência pós-excisão cirúrgica é rara, e a transformação maligna ainda não foi documentada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever um caso incomum de paciente do sexo masculino de 11 anos que apresentava um osteoma periférico solitário na região do trígono retromolar direito, um local previamente não relatado. O paciente estava inicialmente assintomático, mas após um mês, a lesão induziu assimetria facial e desconforto ao mastigar. Uma intervenção cirúrgica bem-sucedida resultou na remoção cirúrgica da lesão, e após 1 ano de monitoramento não foram observados sinais de recidiva. Este artigo também destaca as características clínicas, radiográficas, cirúrgicas e histopatológicas do osteoma periférico, assim como o diagnóstico diferencial

Abstracy Achieving a favorable outcome after endodontic treatment depends on a clear understanding of tooth anatomy, identification of variations, and precise root canal location. Multi-rooted mandibular molars often deviate from the expected configuration, sometimes featuring additional roots, such as radix entomolaris (RE) and radix paramolaris (RP), posing challenges during treatment. Detecting these variations is challenging due to their proximity to the distal root, and overlooking them can lead to complications. This study presents three cases involving RE and RP and offers insights into their clinical management, encompassing thorough clinical assessment, diagnosis, and root canal treatment. At follow-up examinations, patients were asymptomatic with no radiographic evidence of persistent infection. Therefore, clinicians must be aware and informed about the potential presence of additional roots in mandibular molars during root canal procedures, as understanding and addressing anatomical variations like RE and RP is crucial for achieving favorable outcomes in root canal treatments.

Resumo Abordagem endodôntica de raízes adicionais dos molares mandibulares: relato de casos de radix entomolaris e radix paramolaris A obtenção de prognósticos favoráveis em tratamentos endodônticos está muito relacionada com um correto conhecimento da anatomia dentária. Molares mandibulares podem apresentar inúmeras variações da anatomia, sendo a presença de raízes adicionais uma possibilidade, como é o caso do radix entomolaris (RE) e do radix paramolaris (RP). A identificação destas variações pode tornar-se um desafio devido à sua proximidade com a raiz distal, o que pode levar a complicações no caso de serem ignoradas. O presente estudo apresenta três casos envolvendo RE e RP e descreve a sua abordagem clínica, que envolveu análise clínica, diagnóstico e tratamento endodôntico. Os controlos demonstraram que os pacientes estavam assintomáticos e sem sinais de infeção persistente. Os clínicos devem estar informados sobre a potencial presença de raízes adicionais durante os tratamentos endodônticos, uma vez que conhecer essas variações anatómicas, como o RE e RP, é crucial para alcançar um prognóstico mais favorável nos tratamentos.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la concordancia entre docentes de diferentes cátedras de Endodoncia de facultades de odontología de universidades de la República Argentina en la evaluación radiográfica de tratamientos endodónticos realizados ex vivo por alumnos de grado. Materiales y métodos Se envió a 13 docentes de diferentes cátedras de Endodoncia de facultades de odontología de universidades públicas y privadas de la República Argentina un email que contenía 54 tratamientos endodónticos realizados por alumnos de grado en dientes ex vivo para su evaluación radiográfica. Para uniformar la muestra, se seleccionaron la mitad como correctos y la otra mitad incorrectos. Se solicitó a cada docente que determine cada tratamiento como correcto o incorrecto, sin ninguna rúbrica o pauta previa. Se obtuvieron 13 respuestas que fueron incluidas en una planilla Excel. La evaluación estadística fue realizada teniendo en consideración el índice de concordancia expresado por el coeficiente de kappa. Resultados El valor registrado para el índice kappa fue 0,28, con un intervalo de confianza de (95%) 0,20 - 0,37 (p<0,001). Conclusiones Puede considerarse que existe un nivel de concordancia aceptable con tendencia a leve entre los participantes del estudio.

Abstract Aim To analize the agreement between teachers from different departments of Endodontics from dentistry faculties of universities in the Argentine Republic in the radiographic evaluation of endodontic treatments performed ex vivo by undergraduate students. Materials and methods An email containing 54 endodontic treatments performed by undergraduate students on ex vivo teeth for radiographic evaluation was sent to 13 professors from different Endodontic departments of dental faculties of public and private universities in the Argentine Republic. To standardize the sample, half were selected as correct and the other half as incorrect. Each teacher was asked to determine each treatment as correct or incorrect, without any prior rubric or guideline. 13 responses were obtained that were included in an Excel spreadsheet. The statistical evaluation was carried out taking into consideration the concordance index expressed by kappa’s coefficient. Results The value recorded for the kappa index was 0.28, with a confidence interval of (95%) 0.20 - 0.37 (p<0.001). Conclusions It can be considered that there is an acceptable level of agreement with a tendency towards slight agreement among the study participants.

INTRODUCTION: The mandibular foramen (MF) is located bilaterally just above the centre of internal surface of ramus of mandible, however, its exact position varies amongst different population groups. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the exact location of mandibular foramen among black South African population using a possible correlation of radiographic and morphometric analysis. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 253 adult dry human mandible specimens at Raymond A Dart Bone collection in the School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, and twenty-four adult cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) records of patients in Maxillofacial and Oral Radiology Unit, situated in Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital. The length, height, and distance of MF in relation to anterior and posterior border of ramus of mandible; superior and inferior border of mandible as well as distance in relation to coronoid and condyle were measured. Descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation and frequency was used to summarize the data. RESULTS: For both radiographic and morphometric analyses, distance of MF to posterior region of ramus was smaller than that of MF to anterior region. Mandibular foramen was found to be situated more towards posterior region of ramus for both radiographic and morphometric analyses in all age cohorts. Males generally showed greater readings than females in all parameters, except mandibular foramen to posterior region (MF-P) measurement. No significant difference was noted amongst different age groups. CONCLUSION: The position of MF was constantly observed towards the posterior region of ramus of mandible for both radiographic and morphometric analyses which suggested that the chances of finding MF in the anterior border of ramus of mandible are limited. The anterior border of mandible can therefore be regarded as "safety zone" in a black South African population.

A male patient presented at the University of Witwatersrand with a rapidly growing mass on the palate extending across to the buccal aspect. The growth had a history of three months and presented with symptoms of pain together with spontaneous bleeding. Examination revealed that the patient was a smoker and tested seropositive for HIV despite being unaware of the condition. Radiographic bone loss is evident on a panoramic radiograph and clinically corelated by grade three mobility of involved teeth. The biopsy revealed a definitive diagnosis of plasmablastic lymphoma which is linked to oncogenesis potential of Epstein Barr virus. Presented in this paper is a case study of an HIV positive male who developed plasmablastic lymphoma.