RESUMEN Introducción: La actividad del ser humano no puede ser ajena a las interrelaciones hombre-trabajo y entorno, pues estas relaciones pueden traer consigo condiciones disergonómicas que pueden tener un impacto negativo en la salud. Objetivo: Evaluar las condiciones disergonómicas en una unidad de procesamiento logístico durante el mes de julio de 2021. Métodos: El estudio se enmarcó dentro el paradigma cuantitativo, con un diseño no experimental, de campo, de nivel descriptivo y corte transversal, con enfoque ergonómico, la población estuvo conformada por 9 trabajadores. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Cuestionario Nórdico estandarizado, el método REBA y la ecuación de la NIOHS. El análisis de datos se realizó a través de Microsoft Excel 2010®. Resultados: El 31 % de los trabajadores manifestó dolor de espalda baja. A partir del análisis del método REBA se evidenció que, en la actividad de selección de gaveras, existen posturas con un nivel de riesgo medio y alto. La actividad selección y reparación de estibas posee puntuaciones REBA entre 9 y 12 puntos, con niveles de riesgos alto y muy alto. La aplicación de la ecuación de NIOSH en la actividad selección de gaveras mostró el índice de levantamiento compuesto igual a 1,4 interpretado como un incremento moderado del riesgo. Conclusiones: Las actividades ejecutadas en la unidad de procesamiento logístico poseen un factor de riesgo importante para el desarrollo de trastornos musculoesqueléticos. Además, las dolencias manifestadas por los trabajadores pueden estar relacionadas con la manipulación manual de cargas y posturas incómodas presentes en la realización de estas actividades.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The human being’s activities cannot be disconnected from the interrelationships man-work and environment, since these relationships can bring about disergonomic conditions that can have a negative impact on health. Objective: To evaluate the disergonomic conditions at a logistics processing unit during the month of July 2021. Methods: The study was framed within the quantitative paradigm, with a nonexperimental, field, descriptive and cross-sectional design, as well as an ergonomic approach. The population consisted of 9 workers. The used instruments were the standardized Nordic questionnaire, the REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) method and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) equation. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2010®. Results: 31% of the workers reported low back pain. The analysis of the REBA method permitted to observe that, in the activity of selecting boxes, there are body positions with medium or high risk levels. The activity of selecting and repairing pallets has REBA scores between 9 and 12 points, with high or very high risk levels. The application of the NIOSH equation into the activity of selecting boxes showed the composite lifting index equal to 1.4, interpreted as a moderate increase in risk. Conclusions: The activities carried out in the logistics processing unit present an important risk factor for the development of musculoskeletal disorders. In addition, the ailments reported by the workers may be related to the manual handling of loads and the uncomfortable postures for carrying out these activities.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the inappropriate postures that affect the presentation of musculoskeletal disorders of fruit pickers in the company Energy&Palma in the year 2020. Material and Methods: It was a study of relational level, of observational, descriptive, prospective, and transversal type, carried out in November 2020. The postural load was evaluated with the REBA method and a qualitative analysis was carried out with the Kuorinka Nordic Questionnaire to 52 agricultural workers who carried out the oil palm lifting activity. Results: The finding was that 14.4% of the fruit lifters presented skeletal muscle injuries in different parts of the body in the last year. Of all the disorders identified, low back pain was in first place. Conclusions: The personnel in charge of African palm lifters were exposed to skeletal muscle injuries and if preventive and corrective measures are not taken, they could lead to occupational diseases.

RESUMEN. Objetivos: Determinar las posturas inadecuadas que incidan en la presentación de los trastornos músculo esqueléticos de alzadores de fruta en la empresa Energy&Palma en el año 2020. Material y Métodos: Fue un estudio de nivel relacional, de tipo observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo, y transversal, realizado en noviembre del 2020. Se evaluó la carga postural con el método REBA y se realizó un análisis cualitativo con el Cuestionario Nórdico de Kuorinka a 52 trabajadores agrícolas que realizaron la actividad de levantamiento de palma aceitera. Resultados: El hallazgo fue que el 14.4% de los alzadores de fruta presentaron lesiones músculo esqueléticas en diferentes partes del cuerpo en el último año. De todos los trastornos identificados el dolor en espalda baja ocupó el primer lugar. Conclusiones: El personal encargado del levantamiento de palma africana estuvo expuesta a lesiones músculo esqueléticas y si no se toma medidas preventivas y correctivas podrían acarrear enfermedades profesionales.

RESUMEN. Objetivos: Determinar las posturas inadecuadas que incidan en la presentación de los trastornos músculo esqueléticos de alzadores de fruta en la empresa Energy&Palma en el año 2020. Material y Métodos: Fue un estudio de nivel relacional, de tipo observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo, y transversal, realizado en noviembre del 2020. Se evaluó la carga postural con el método REBA y se realizó un análisis cualitativo con el Cuestionario Nórdico de Kuorinka a 52 trabajadores agrícolas que realizaron la actividad de levantamiento de palma aceitera. Resultados: El hallazgo fue que el 14.4% de los alzadores de fruta presentaron lesiones músculo esqueléticas en diferentes partes del cuerpo en el último año. De todos los trastornos identificados el dolor en espalda baja ocupó el primer lugar. Conclusiones: El personal encargado del levantamiento de palma africana estuvo expuesta a lesiones músculo esqueléticas y si no se toma medidas preventivas y correctivas podrían acarrear enfermedades profesionales.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the inappropriate postures that affect the presentation of musculoskeletal disorders of fruit pickers in the company Energy&Palma in the year 2020. Material and Methods: It was a study of relational level, of observational, descriptive, prospective, and transversal type, carried out in November 2020. The postural load was evaluated with the REBA method and a qualitative analysis was carried out with the Kuorinka Nordic Questionnaire to 52 agricultural workers who carried out the oil palm lifting activity. Results: The finding was that 14.4% of the fruit lifters presented skeletal muscle injuries in different parts of the body in the last year. Of all the disorders identified, low back pain was in first place. Conclusions: The personnel in charge of African palm lifters were exposed to skeletal muscle injuries and if preventive and corrective measures are not taken, they could lead to occupational diseases.

RESUMO Introdução/ enquadramento/ objetivos As Lesões Músculo-Esqueléticas Relacionadas com o Trabalho (LMERTs) são prevalentes e relevantes. Existem diversos métodos para a deteção do risco para estas surgirem, em função das tarefas executadas. Contudo, nem todos os profissionais a exercer nas equipas de Saúde Ocupacional apresentam conhecimentos bem estruturados ou experiência prática sobre a generalidade destes métodos. Metodologia Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2020, nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo Existem diversas categorias de métodos para avaliar o risco de surgirem LMERTs. De forma muito sintética poder-se-ão referir os questionários de autoavaliação (preenchidos pelos Trabalhadores), os métodos observacionais (mais ou menos complexos) e os métodos diretos. Neste trabalho descreve-se com detalhe como se podem utilizar as técnicas OWAS, RULA, REBA, Equação de NIOSH (as abreviaturas estão por extenso na primeira vez que são mencionadas no conteúdo do artigo) e Strain Index. Conclusões Facilmente se encontram artigos em bases de dados indexadas que mencionam que utilizaram alguns destes métodos, mas devido aos limites impostos pelas revistas em relação ao tamanho do documento, geralmente os autores apenas mencionam o nome do mesmo ou então fazem uma descrição muito sintética. Por sua vez, em algumas Teses de Mestrado ou Doutoramento já poderá se encontrar uma descrição metodológica mais detalhada, mas ainda assim, nem sempre se consegue perceber na prática como utilizar todos os métodos ou se encontram versões discretamente diferentes, fruto de adaptações ou mistura de métodos, efetuadas ao longo das décadas. Qualquer profissional inserido numa Equipa de Saúde Ocupacional que seja conhecedor do local de Trabalho terá uma noção razoável de quais serão as tarefas mais danosas; contudo, apresentar essa evidência, atenuando a subjetividade e fazendo uso da hierarquização que as escalas matemáticas podem oferecer, torna as avaliações mais científicas, rigorosas e mais fáceis de serem aceites como válidas pelo Empregador/ Representantes/ Trabalhadores e, consequentemente, aumentar a recetividade às medidas propostas para atenuar/ corrigir o problema e reavaliar o mesmo após a introdução das medidas corretivas. Seria desejável que todos os profissionais da área tivessem pelo menos uma ideia genérica dos métodos existentes e que saibam onde se podem socorrer para obter mais informação, de forma a executar essas técnicas, quando necessário.

ABSTRACT Introduction/ background/ objectives Work-related Musculoskeletal Injuries are prevalent and relevant. There are several methods for detecting risk, depending on the tasks performed. However, not all professionals working in the Occupational Health teams have well-structured knowledge or practical experience in most of these methods. Methodology It is a Review, initiated through a survey conducted in April 2020, in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP ”. Content There are several categories of methods for assessing the risk of Musculoskeletal Lesions Related to Work. For that we have, in a very synthetic way, the self-assessment questionnaires (completed by the workers), the observational methods (more or less complex) and the direct methods. This work describes in detail OWAS, RULA, REBA, NIOSH Equation and Strain Index. Conclusions Articles are easily found in indexed databases that mention that they used them, but due to the limitations imposed by most journals in view of the size of the document, almost all authors only mention the name of the method they used and, at most, make a description very synthetic of it. In turn, in some Master's or Doctoral Theses (where this problem does not exist), a more detailed methodological description can be found, but even so, it is not always possible to understand in practice how to use all methods or we find discreetly different versions, result of adaptations or a mixture of methods, carried out over the decades. Any professional on an Occupational Health Team will have a reasonable sense of what are the most damaging tasks; however, presenting this evidence, attenuating subjectivity and making use of the hierarchy that mathematical scales can offer, makes evaluations more scientific, rigorous and easier to be accepted as valid by the Employer/ Representatives/ Workers and, consequently, increase the receptivity to proposed measures to mitigate/ correct the problem and reassess it after this phase. It would be desirable for all professionals in the field to have at least a generic idea of the existing methods and to know where they can go to obtain more information, in order to execute these techniques, if necessary.

Resumen Se presenta una investigación descriptiva, de corte transversal, cuyo propósito es la evaluación de riesgos disergonómicos en pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) en Bogotá, valorando los factores de riesgo a lesiones músculo-esqueléticos y sus niveles de nocividad en tres empresas correspondientes a los sectores metalmecánico, plástico y maderero, evaluando a 76 trabajadores en 48 puestos, aplicando el Cuestionario Nórdico, el método del Laboratiro de Economía y Sociología del Trabajo (LEST) y el método Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Se encontró que los factores de riesgo a lesiones músculo esqueléticas comunes y con mayor prevalencia entre las empresas evaluadas son: flexión y lateralización de cuello y tronco, movimientos repetitivos, flexión/extensión de extremidades superiores y cambios bruscos de postura. Se realizó un estudio de correlación de Pearson para verificar la relación entre lo expresado por los trabajadores a través del cuestionario Nórdico y lo obtenido a partir del método REBA.

Abstract A descriptive, cross-sectional investigation is presented, whose purpose is the evaluation of disergonomic risks in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bogotá, assessing the risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries and their levels of harmfulness in three companies corresponding to the metalworking, plastic and timber sectors, evaluating 76 workers in 48 positions; Nordic Questionnaire, Laboratory of Economics and Sociology of Labor method (LEST) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment method (REBA) were applied. It was found that risk factors to common musculoskeletal injuries and with higher prevalence among the companies evaluated are: flexion and lateralization of the neck and trunk, repetitive movements, flexion / extension of upper extremities and sudden changes in posture. A Pearson correlation study was conducted to verify the relationship between what was expressed by the 76 workers through the Nordic questionnaire and that obtained through the REBA method.

Resumen Introducción: Los desórdenes musculoesqueléticos son la principal causa de ausentismo laboral, debido a factores biomecánicos por posturas mantenidas e inadecuadas. Además, existe una alta prevalencia de morbilidad sentida que afecta las condiciones laborales, por lo que es necesario estudiar dichas condiciones y sus componentes en la población de docentes universitarios, conociendo las posiciones que adoptan y sus características durante su jornada laboral. Materiales y métodos: Se condujo un estudio descriptivo, transversal, que incluyó a 70 docentes universitarios de medio tiempo y tiempo completo, quienes desempeñan funciones administrativas, de clase magistral o clase práctica. Se evaluó la percepción de morbilidad sentida con el Cuestionario Nórdico modificado, y el riesgo biomecánico por medio del método Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Se realizó análisis uni, bi y multivariado para las variables del estudio. Resultados: El riesgo biomecánico según el REBA de esta población fue medio para el 64,7 %. Se encontró que 7 de cada 10 docentes reportaron alguna condición de morbilidad, siendo más prevalente en las zonas de cuello, hombro y zona lumbar. Conclusión: El 68,5 % de los docentes universitarios participantes refieren algún tipo de morbilidad sentida (sintomatologia musculoesquelética) y, en el nivel de riesgo biomecánico, se encuentra una mayor proporción en riesgo medio y alto. Esto sugiere que se debe implementar de manera inmediata una intervención en los docentes y en sus puestos de trabajo, con el fin de mejorar su desempeño laboral y su bienestar.

Abstract Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are the principal cause of absenteeism, due to biomechanical factors such as inadequate and static prolonged postures. Also exists a high prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms that affect work conditions; based on that is necessary to study these conditions and its components in the university teacher's community, taking care of adopted postures while working. Materials and methods: A descriptive, transversal study was conducted, which involved 70 university teachers with full time and part-time jobs, who perform administrative functions, master classes, or practical classes. The perception of musculoskeletal symptoms was assessed using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and the biomechanical risk, using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment method (REBA). The study took place at a university of Medellin (Colombia); researchers used a bi and multivariate analysis for the variables of the study. Results: The biomechanical risk was on medium level for the 64.7 % of this community. Results showed that 7 of 10 professors reported any skeletal muscle symptoms with a prevalence in the neck, shoulder, and lumbar zone. Conclusion: The percentage of teachers who referred to musculoskeletal symptoms was 68,5 %; the level of biomechanical risk has a higher ratio from medium to high, which suggest the necessity of immediately incorporating interventions for teachers and their work stations, which will improve their job performance and wellness.

Resumo Introdução: As desordens musculoesqueléticas são a principal causa de absentismo laboral, devido a fatores biomecánicos por posturas mantidas e inadequadas. Para além disso, existe uma alta prevalência de mor-bidade sentida que afeta as condições laborais, pelo que é necessário estudar ditas condições e seus componentes na população de docentes universitários, conhecendo as posições que adotam e suas características durante seu horário de trabalho. Materiais e métodos: Conduzira-se um estudo descritivo transversal, que incluiu a 70 docentes universitários de tempo parcial e tempo completo, quem desempenham funções administrativas, de aula magistral ou aula prática. Avaliou-se a percepção de morbidade sentida com o Questionário Nórdico modificado, e o risco biomecânico através do método Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Realizou-se uma análise uni, bi e multivariada para as variáveis do estudo. Resultados: o risco biomecánico segundo o REBA desta população foi meio para o 64,7 %. Encontrou-se que 7 de cada 10 docentes reportaram alguma condição de morbidade sendo mais prevalente nas zonas do pescoço, ombro, e zona lombar. Conclusões: O 68,5 % dos docentes universitários participantes referem algum tipo de morbidade sentida (sintomatologia musculoesquelética) e, no nível de risco biomecánico, se encontra uma maior proporção em risco meio e alto. Isto sugere que se deve implementar de maneira imediata uma intervenção nos docentes e em seus lugares de trabalho, com o objetivo de melhorar seu desempenho laboral e seu bem-estar.

Resumen Introducción: la industria manufacturera mexicana del ramo automotor emplea en promedio 8 millones 850 mil trabajadores al año repartidos en los 32 estados, de los cuales Puebla contribuye con 465106, desarrollando, en un alto porcentaje, la verificación de piezas nuevas como parte de los procesos de manufactura. Esta actividad se apoya en el uso de dispositivos conocidos como fixtures, cuyo equipo y herramienta obliga a los operarios a levantar cargas entre los 10 y los 50 kilogramos, realizando operaciones manuales para la sujeción de piezas, presentándose dolores a nivel lumbar, por lo que es primordial medir los riesgos de lesiones en la espalda de la población en estudio. El objetivo fue identificar y medir los riesgos de lesiones en la espalda de la población en estudio. Materiales y métodos: se analiza el proceso de inspección identificando los factores de riesgo potencial. Se utilizan metodologías y herramientas ergonómicas, tales como Quick Exposure Check (QEC), la ecuación del National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), el método REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment), el sistema de análisis de posturas de trabajo de Ovako (OWAS), entre otras. Resultados: el método QEC muestra que tronco/ espalda y muñeca/mano son las partes más sensibles a la exposición de riesgo, señalando el 18 % de las posturas en un nivel de riesgo 4, con la espalda rotada y flexionada en más del 32 % del tiempo. El peso que conlleva la operación supera los 20 kilogramos en el 71,4%. Conclusión: se utilizan cuatro técnicas ergonómicas para evaluar el riesgo de lesión y se analiza el proceso de inspección de piezas fabricadas.

Abstract Introduction: The Mexican manufacturing sector in the automotive industry employs an average of 8 million 850 thousand workers per year spread across the 32 states, of which Puebla contributes with 465106, developing, in a high percentage, the verification of new parts as part of the manufacture process. This activity is supported by the use of devices known as fixtures, whose equipment and tool forces operators to lift loads between 10 and 50 kilograms by performing manual operations to hold parts, presenting pain at the lumbar level, therefore, it is essential to measure the risks of back injuries in the study population. The objective was to identify and measure the risks of back injuries in the study population. Materials and Methods: The inspection process is analyzed by identifying the potential risk factors. Ergonomic methodologies and instruments are used, such as Quick Exposure Check (QEC), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) equation, the REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) method, Ovako's Work Posture Analysis System (OWAS), among others. Results: The QEC method shows that trunk/back and wrist/hand are the most sensitive parts to risk exposure, indicating that 18 % of the postures are rated 4 in the level of risk, with the back rotated and bent in over 32 % of time. The weight of the operation exceeds 20 kilograms in 71.4 %. Conclusion: Four ergonomic techniques are used to assess the risk of injury, the inspection process of manufactured parts is analyzed.

Resumo Introdução: a indústria manufatureira mexicana do ramo automotivo emprega em média 8 milhões 850 mil trabalhadores ao ano repartidos nos 32 estados, dos quais Puebla contribui com 465106 deles, desenvolvendo, em uma alta porcentagem a verificação de peças novas como parte dos processos de manufatura. Esta atividade apoia-se no uso de dispositivos conhecidos como fixtures, cuja equipe e ferramentas abriga aos operários a levantar cargas entre os 10 e 50 quilogramas realizando operações manuais para a fixação de peças, se apresentando dores no nível lombar, pelo que é primordial medir os riscos de lesões nas costas da população em estudo. Materiais e métodos: se analisa o processo de inspeção identificando os fatores de risco potencial. Se utilizam metodologias e ferramentas ergonómicas, tais como Quick Exposure Check (QEC), a equação do National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), o método REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment), o sistema de análise de posturas de trabalho de Ovako (OWAS), entre outras. Resultados: o método QEC mostra que o torso/costas e o pulso/mão são as partes mais sensíveis à exposição de risco, assinalando o 18 % das posturas em um nível de risco 4, com as costas rotadas e curvadas em mais do 32 % do tempo. O peso que leva a operação supera os 20 quilogramas no 71.4 %. Conclusão: utilizam-se quatro técnicas ergonómicas para avaliar o risco de lesão e se analisa o processo de inspeção de peças fabricadas.

Abstract Introduction: Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDS) are injuries in the locomotor system that may have an occupational origin. Back, neck, shoulders and the upper extremities are mainly affected, making it one of the major health issues on the workplace with high economic costs. Among health professions, nursing staff is the main affected, regarding the care of the sick. From the prevention services it has been observed an increase of the consultations in connection with musculoskeletal disorders by the nursing staff of the pediatric Intensive Care Unit that could be related to the increase in the demand for care. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of MSDS among the nursing staff of the Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of the University Clinical Hospital of Valladolid (Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, HCUV). Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study, which analyzes the musculoskeletal symptoms referred in the last 12 months and identifies the exposure to ergonomic hazards applying the REBA method (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) depending on tasks. Results: Data was obtained from 17 women aged between 25 and 32 years. The 100% of female workers presented musculoskeletal discomfort. The prevalence of MSDS in neck is 94.1%, 64.7% in shoulders, and 88.2% in back lumbar region, 18.8% in the elbow or forearm and 18.8% in wrist or hands. The inferential analysis based on age, occupational category, current position and ergonomic variables does not reveal a statistically significant relationship between the variables. We only were able to find statistical significance between the musculoskeletal discomfort dorsal or lumbar level and length of service of Intensive Care Unit (p=0.051). The REBA method estimated that 11.8% of female workers perform tasks of «high-risk» and that the 88.2% perform tasks of «medium-risk». Conclusions: The results show that there is a high prevalence of MSDS in the nursing staff of the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, being both the neck and the dorsal or lumbar area the most affected areas. We have not been able to find a causal relationship between MSDS and factors such as age, occupational category, current position and ergonomic variables.

Resumen Introducción: Los trastornos musculoesqueléticos (TME) son lesiones del aparato locomotor que pueden tener un origen laboral. Afectan principalmente a la espalda, cuello, hombros y extremidades superiores. Es uno de los problemas más importantes de salud en el trabajo con elevados costes económicos. Entre las profesiones sanitarias, la enfermería es la principal afectada, en relación con la manipulación de enfermos. Desde los servicios de prevención se ha objetivado un aumento de las consultas en relación con TME por parte del personal de enfermería de la UCI pediátrica que podría estar relacionado con el aumento de la demanda asistencial. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de TME del personal de enfermería de la UCI Pediátrica y Neonatal (UCIP) del Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid (HCUV) durante el primer semestre del año 2016. Metodología: Estudio observacional transversal, en el que se registran los síntomas musculoesqueléticos referidos en los últimos 12 meses previos a la cumplimentación del cuestionario y se identifica la exposición a riesgos ergonómicos mediante la aplicación del método REBA por tareas. Resultados: Se obtuvieron datos de 17 trabajadoras con una edad entre 25 y 32 años. El 100% de trabajadoras ha presentado molestias musculoesqueléticas. La prevalencia de TME de cuello es del 94,1%, en hombros es de 64,7%, en zona dorso lumbar del 88,2%, en codo o antebrazo del 18,8% y en muñeca o manos del 18,8%. El análisis Inferencial en base a la edad, categoría ocupacional, puesto actual y variables ergonómicas no arroja relación significativamente estadística entre las variables. Sólo encontramos significación estadística entre las molestias musculoesqueléticas a nivel dorsal o lumbar y la antigüedad en el servicio de UCI (p=0,051). El método REBA estima que el 11,8% de las trabajadoras realizan tareas de riesgo «ALTO» y el 88,2% realizan tareas de riesgo «MEDIO». Conclusiones: Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que existe una alta prevalencia de TME en el personal de enfermería de la UCIP del HCUV, siendo el cuello y la zona dorsal o lumbar las más afectadas. No hemos podido encontrar una relación causal entre los TME y factores como la edad, categoría ocupacional, puesto actual y variables ergonómicas.

Los trabajadores de las áreas de fundición son expuestos a cargas de trabajo que pueden afectar su salud debido a varios factores, entre los que se destacan el peso que es manipulado, las posturas adoptadas y los recorridos realizados. Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar las posturas y la manipulación de cargas en áreas de fundición en empresas del sur del Brasil. La población estudiada fue de 35 trabajadores que voluntariamente decidieron participar de la investigación. Fue aplicado un cuestionario organizativo, entrevistas, cuestionario nórdico de síntomas osteomusculares, método REBA y método NIOSH. Se destaca que el 74,3% de la muestra estudiada presentó síntomas de molestias y dolores en diferentes partes del cuerpo, siendo la región lumbar la más afectada, así como las muñecas, manos y dedos. Los resultados del método REBA identificaron que el 78,9% de las posturas analizadas poseen niveles de riesgo entre medio y muy alto. De la misma forma, el 100% de los levantamientos de pesos investigados presentaron riesgos de lesiones en la columna y el sistema de músculos y ligamentos.

Foundry workers are exposed to health risks arising from several factors, especially weight handling, adopted postures, and taken routes. This paper aims to evaluate the postures and cargo handling in foundry areas of industries at the south region of Brazil. Data was collected from a population of 35 workers that volunteered to take part in the research. The techniques used include an organizational questionnaire, interviewing, the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire, and the REBA and NIOSH methods. It was found that 74.3% of the sample reported symptoms of discomfort and pain in different parts of the body. The lumbar region appeared as the most affected part, as well as wrists, hands and fingers. The REBA method results indicated that 78.9% of analyzed postures are between medium and very high risk levels. Likewise, 100% of shipments surveyed carried risks of injury in the spine and musculoskeletal ligament system.

Introducción: Para la realización de eslingas se demanda alto nivel físico y adopción de diferentes posturas en largas jornadas laborales. Los desórdenes músculo esqueléticos relacionados con el trabajo son comunes, potencialmente discapacitantes y evitables. Objetivos: Proponer un diseño de puesto de trabajo que facilite la tarea de armado de eslingas de cable de acero bajo condiciones ergonómicas para el trabajador, luego identificar las características sociodemográficas, determinar las condiciones de salud de los trabajadores, establecer las dimensiones antropométricas de los trabajadores y del puesto de trabajo y evaluar el riesgo ergonómico del puesto actual. Metodología: Estudio cuali-cuantitativo, transversal descriptivo con dos trabajadores que fabricaban eslingas de cable de acero. Criterios de inclusión: desarrollo de su labor diaria únicamente en área, más de 12 meses trabajando con la empresa. La recolección de datos se hizo a través de videos, entrevistas y fotografías. Para la evaluación del riesgo ergonómico se aplicó el método REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) y la herramienta antropométrica "Dimensiones de Puesto de Trabajo". Este fue validado por expertos. Posteriormente se realizó la propuesta del diseño de puesto de trabajo en AutoCad®. Resultados: La puntuación total de REBA para el grupo A fue 9, del grupo B fue 9, para una puntuación final de 11. Conclusiones: La manipulación del cable de acero es un factor de riesgo mecánico. Para la implementación del puesto de trabajo se debería realizar: definición del modelo de prueba, documentación del proceso productivo, capacitación a los trabajadores, seguimiento permanente y ajustes al proceso.

Introduction: Slings fabrication requires optimal fitness, specific postures adoption and long working shifts among workers. Musculoeskletical disordes related with work are common, potentially disabling and avoidable. Objective: To propose a workstation design that facilitates iron wired-slings fabrication based on ergonomic condition for workers. Besides, to stablish workers' health condition, anthropometrical sizes of workers and workstation and the real ergonomic risk. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional quali-quantitative study with two slings fabrication exclusive workers who have been working in that area for at least a year. Data collection was performed with videos, interviews and pictures. For the evaluation of the biomechanical risk, the REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) method was applied; and for the anthropometric evaluation it was used an instrument called Working Station Sizes. Those were validated by experts. Afterwards the proposal of working station design was made in Autocad®. Results: Total scores of REBA assessment for group A and B, were nine with a final score of 11. Conclusion: Handling of iron wires is a mechanical risk factor. For the implementation of the working station, it is need: test model definition, productive process documentation, workers' training, constant following and process adjustments.

La integración de los principios ergonómicos en el diseño de los procesos propios de la ingeniería de fabricación es una práctica cada vez más habitual en las empresas. En este sentido, las lesiones músculo-esqueléticas tiene una repercusión muy importarte en el puesto de trabajo. La evaluación y medición de los factores de riesgo para este tipo de lesiones es un paso importante para conseguir un puesto de trabajo de excelencia. Este trabajo expone los métodos de evaluación postural más utilizados, y la aplicación de los métodos "Rapid Upper Limb Assessment" (RULA) y "Rapid Entire Body Assessment" (REBA) en una empresa del sector metal para evaluación y mejora de un puesto de trabajo, utilizando herramienta de simulación virtual 3D. Los métodos han sido integrados vía programación externa. Este trabajo tiene como objetivos mostrar las ventajas de utilizar estas herramientas, así como de implementar un método de observación adecuado en dicho entorno.

The ergonomic principles integration into manufacturing engineering processes design and development is becoming a common practice in companies. In this regard muscle-skeletal injuries have an important impact in workplaces. The evaluation and measurement of risk factors is an important step towards workplace Excellency. In this work they are described the evaluation methods most commonly used, and it is showed the application of RULA "Rapid Upper Limb Assessment" and REBA "Rapid Entire Body Assessment" methods in a metal sector company with the help of virtual simulation tool in which are integrated both methods via external programming. The entire production process is evaluated and improvements suggested in order to eliminate those ergonomic risks and to improve the production system. It is the objective of this paper to show the advantages of using these tools, as well as to implement an adequate observation method in this field.

Os auxiliares de enfermagem estão expostos a cargas de trabalho prejudiciais à saúde devido a vários fatores, dentre eles o peso a ser manipulado, as posturas assumidas e as condições físicas do ambiente hospitalar. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os resultados da aplicação de três métodos, dois relacionados com carregamento de carga e outro de análise postural, a fim de verificar a existência de riscos de problemas dorsolombares em auxiliares de enfermagem na manipulação e carregamento de pacientes. Para atingir o objetivo do trabalho, foi aplicado o Método NIOSH, o "Guia Técnico para Avaliação e Prevenção dos Riscos Relativos à Manipulação Manual de Cargas" e o método REBA. Os resultados mostraram a existência de sintomas de fatiga e dores no corpo, principalmente na região lombar, dorsal e cervical dos auxiliares de enfermagem e que o peso manipulado está acima do valor recomendado pelos dois métodos aplicados, caracterizando alto risco dorsolombar.

Nursing auxiliaries are exposed to harmful workloads due to several factors, such as: the weight to be manipulated, the postures assumed and the physical conditions of hospitals. The aim of this paper was to present the results of the application of three methods - two related to lifting and another to postural analysis - to verify the existence of risks of lumbar back problems in nursing auxiliaries when manipulating and lifting patients. The NIOSH method and the "Technical Guide for Evaluation and Prevention of Relative Risks to Manual Manipulation of Loads" were used to analyze the manipulation of loads, while the Reba method was used for the postural analysis of these professionals. In general, results show symptoms of fatigue and body aches, especially in the lumbar, dorsal and cervical areas. It was demonstrated that the manipulated weight is above the recommended value, characterizing high risk to the lumbar back. Some procedures are proposed in order to improve the analyzed working conditions.

Con el objeto de valorar la demanda biomecánica del ensamblaje de un vehículo compacto, se realiza un estudio de corte transversal que utiliza las metodologías Suzanne Rodgers y REBA para identificar situaciones críticas y paralelamente, establecer cuál de estas herramientas resulta más apropiada para la realidad de la empresa. La evaluación multitarea de la carga física se emplea para estimar el nivel de riesgo ponderado del conjunto de actividades que ejecutan los trabajadores. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de las operaciones tienen un moderado nivel de riesgo a lesiones del sistema osteomuscular. Hay evidencia estadística para afirmar con una significancia del 1%, que existe diferencia significativa entre Rodgers y REBA y se concluye que éste último debe utilizarse para la evaluación biomecánica por ser sensible a los factores de riesgo presentes en la ejecución de las tareas. Finalmente se plantean recomendaciones técnicas y administrativas a las disconformidades detectadas.

To assess the biomechanical demand on compact vehicle assemblies, a transversal study was carried out using Suzanne Rodgers and REBA methodologies to identify critical situations while establishing which of these tools is more appropriate for the company’s needs. Multibody assessment of physical load is employed for estimating weighed risk levels on the set of tasks performed by workers. Results show that most tasks pose moderate risk levels in causing lesions on the osteomuscular system. Statistically significant existing evidence of 1% confirms there is a significantly difference between Rodgers and REBA, and thus it can be concluded that the latter should be implemented for assessing biomechanics since it is sensitive to risk factors in task execution. Finally, technical and administrative recommendations are proposed for the detected disagreements.

Os trabalhadores em serrarias estão sujeitos a riscos biomecânicos advindos das posturas adotadas durante suas atividades laborais. Este trabalho visou avaliar as posturas adotadas por esses trabalhadores por meio do método de avaliação rápida do corpo inteiro (REBA, rapid entire body assessment), buscando detectar e classificar os riscos biomecânicos. Participaram 15 trabalhadores do setor de produção de uma serraria em João Pessoa, PB, do sexo masculino, com idade média de 44±10,9), avaliando-se quatro posturas: flexão anterior do tronco com levantamento de carga, agachamento profundo, flexão ântero-lateral do tronco e corpo estendido para mover uma prensa. Sintomas musculoesqueléticos foram identificados no mapa corporal de Corlett. Um questionário semi-estruturado levantou os dados demográficos, ambientais e as funções executadas. Pelo REBA, a flexão anterior de tronco apresentou nível de risco muito alto e as posturas de agachamento profundo, flexão ântero-lateral do tronco e movimento do corpo em extensão, nível de risco alto. Uma alta proporção (73,3%) deles queixaram-se de dor ou desconforto na coluna e 26,8% na região dos ombros. Considerando os níveis de riscos apresentados, requerem-se intervenções ergonômicas preventivas no posto de trabalho para adoção de posturas que melhor propiciem a execução das atividades com menor risco à saúde do trabalhador.

Workers in sawmills are exposed to biomechanical risks due to the postures adopted during their activities. The purpose here was to assess postures adopted by these workers by using the rapid entire body assessment (REBA), in order to detect and classify possible biomechanical risks. Fifteen male workers from the production section of a sawmill in João Pessoa, PB (mean age 44±10.9 years old) were assessed as to the postures adopted at work. A semi-structured questionnaire collected demographic and environmental data as well as functions in the workplace. Musculoskeletal symptoms were identified using Corlett's body map. Four postures were evaluated: anterior trunk flexion with weight lifting, deep crouching, anterior trunk flexion with lateral inclination and extended body to move a press. The REBA method showed a very high risk level for the anterior trunk flexion; the other postures - deep crouching, anterior trunk flexion with lateral inclination, and extended body to move a press - were shown to bear a high risk level. Accordingly, 73.3% of the workers complained of back pain or discomfort and 26.8% of pain in the shoulder area. Considering the risk levels assessed, there is a need for ergonomic and preventive interventions in the workplace so that workers adopt postures that best suit their work activities with lesser risk to their health.

El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la postura y el riesgo de lesión músculo esquelética en una plataforma de perforación petrolera lacustre, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 55 trabajadores masculinos con edad promedio 40,00 ± 07,74 años y antigüedad laboral de 07,45 ± 03,18 años, en los diferentes puestos de trabajo de la referida plataforma, mediante la aplicación del método REBA (Rápida Evaluación de Cuerpo Entero). Los resultados de las puntuaciones REBA obtenidas revelaron muy alto porcentajes de niveles de riesgo en los puestos de trabajo de obrero de taladro y primera; 23 trabajadores (41,82%) y 6 trabajadores (10,91%) a diferencia de 13 supervisores (23,64%) y 3 operadores de tablero (9,09%) que estuvieron en la categoría de nivel REBA bajo. La Correlación de la puntuación REBA por segmentos corporales con riesgo de lesiones Musculoesqueléticas permitió determinar que existe diferencia estadísticamente significante (p<0,05), para rodilla. Así mismo, se encontró correlación positiva estadísticamente significativa, entre las LME totales y LME relativas de pies (p<0,05) y codos (p<0,01). Además, el análisis por segmentos corporales determinó hallazgos similares en codos con pies (p<0,05); hombros con rodillas (p<0,05); espalda inferior con rodillas (p<0,05) y hombros (p<0,01) y espalda superior con manos (p<0,01). En conclusión, existe un alto riesgo de padecer lesiones músculo esqueléticas en la mayoría de los trabajadores, particularmente para obrero de taladro y de primera, seguido del recibidor de tubos. Se evidencia que la edad y la antigüedad en el puesto de trabajo están relacionadas significativamente con el referido riesgo.

The goal of this study was to evaluate postural and skeletal muscle damage in workers of an oil platform placed at the Maracaibo Lake . 55 male workers with mean age 40 ± 7.74 and labor experience 7,45 ± 3.18 years, who carry out in several areas of platform were evaluated through REBA method (whole body rapid evaluation). The results showed a high percent of risk between drill crew 23 workers (41.82%) and 6 workers (10.91%) when compared with 13 supervisors (23.64%) and 3 room operators (9.09%) who showed a low degree of REBA. The correlation between REBA score of different parts of the body demonstrated a highly significative risk of skeletal muscle damage specially in knees. A positive correlation was also founded between total and feet LME (p 0.05) as well as elbows LME (p 0.01). Besides, similar results were observed when compared different parts of the body, like elbows and feet (p 0.05), elbows and knees (p 0.05), low part of the back with knees (p 0.05) and elbows (p 0.01), high part of the back and hands (p 0.01). According to our results we can conclude that there is a high risk of skeletal muscle damage in a high percent of oil platform workers especially in those of drill crew and mud engineers. Age and experience in the working place are highly related with risk of postural and skeletal muscle damage.