Abstract: Data fusion systems are applied greatly in the militaries industry, medical equipments and other multi-sensors systems. Here, the practical approaches of data fusion like Kalman filter (KF), support vector machine (SVM) and data fusion are surveyed for the noisy multi-sensors systems.The angular velocity quantum is one of the practical parameters in the different systems in which the data fusion problem is suggested for the measuring of them. For this purpose, two gyroscopes with a same structure of dynamic model and different parameters are utilized that the Gussian noises with zero-mean and different variances are applied to both of them to assessment the gyroscope sensors data fusion problem. The gyroscope outputs are estimated through the Kalman filter approach. This suggested structure of the sensors data fusion is evaluated for the systems’ outputs. The convergence rate of Kalman filter coefficients and the covariance error are compared among three suggested structures of sensors data fusion. The simulation results survey the effectiveness of gyroscope sensors data fusion such that the obtained data by using multi-sensors is more applicable than a single-sensor.

Emerging and classical pollutants, such as antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dyes and heavy metals derived from human activity, currently pose serious threats to the environment and human health. Despite the grave danger posed by these pollutants, there is still no adequate monitoring of their presence in the environment. The regular determination of these contaminants in the environment can play a crucial role in the protection of human health and the preservation of ecosystems. New analytical techniques allow the reproducible quantification of analytes at very low concentration levels. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), with selective recognition, have also been combined with quantum dots (QDs) and suggested as valuable materials in the construction of optical sensors. Several strategies have been proposed for the selective detection of these pollutants in recent years. Rather than employing expensive, time-consuming standard analytical methods, fluorescent quantum dots coupled with molecularly imprinted polymers can be used for developing simple, rapid and highly selective analytical methods for the detection of these pollutants. This review presents a brief discussion on the application of tailor-made polymeric materials in tandem with quantum dots for the rational construction of efficient sensors capable of determining the presence of these pollutants in aquatic environments. antibiotics pharmaceuticals pesticides activity ecosystems levels MIPs, MIPs , (MIPs) recognition QDs (QDs years expensive timeconsuming time consuming simple tailormade tailor made environments (MIPs

ABSTRACT The use of mechanistic plant growth models relies on the availability of high-quality inputs to reduce uncertainty in estimates. Measurements of photosynthetically active radiation inside a protected environment are either more expensive to obtain or dependent on assumptions regarding external measurements. This study aimed to reduce the influence of uncertainty in the measurements of low-cost lux meters by using a data assimilation strategy. We first determined, by simulation, the impact of different sensors on the estimates. We then used the Ensemble Kalman Filter to assimilate artificial observations of tomato growth in the Reduced-State Tomgro model, in simulations for which the solar radiation inputs were obtained from a low-cost lux meter. We compared the assimilated estimates to the simulations that used solar radiation obtained with a scientific-grade quantum sensor. For periods of larger radiation intensity, in which the differences in measurements from both instruments are larger, assimilation of observations with low errors lead to estimates that are closer to the ones obtained by scientific grade sensors. These results suggest that low-cost sensors could be used to obtain inputs for growth models in protected environments, provided there are also imperfect observations of the state. highquality high quality lowcost cost strategy determined simulation ReducedState Reduced State model meter scientificgrade sensor intensity environments state

Abstract The concept of a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) device is based on the emission of radio waves produced by the protons of the hydrogen atoms in water molecules when placed in a constant magnetic field after they interact with a pulsed radio frequency (RF) current. When the RF field is turned on, the protons are brought to a spin excited state. When the RF field is turned off, the MRI sensors are able to detect the energy released as the protons realign their spins with the magnetic field. In this work we provide a simple model to describe the basic physical mechanism responsible for the operation of MRI devices. We model the water molecule in terms of a central force problem, where the protons move around the (unstructured) doubly negatively charged oxygen atom. First, we employ an analytical treatment to obtain the system’s wave function as well as its energy levels, which we show are degenerate. Next, the energy levels from the water molecule are studied in the presence of a uniform external magnetic field. As a result, they get shifted and the degeneration is lifted. We provide numerical results for a magnetic field strength commonly used in MRI devices.

Abstract One of the most significant nanobiotechnology and nanomaterial science areas today is the production of novel sensors and biosensors with applications in the food industry. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a new generation of carbon nanoparticles with a lot of potential for food analysis. CQDs with robust physicochemical properties are one of the most recently researched carbon nanomaterials. This material has outstanding optical properties such as light persistence, photobleaching tolerance, photoluminescence, and the advantages of fast functionalization and strong biocompatibility, rendering it an excellent raw material for sensing devices. Thanks to its considerable features such as fast result outputs, low expense, ease of service, and high sensitivity, fluorescence analysis has tremendous potential for food protection. The aim of this article is to familiarise yourself with carbon points, their synthesis methods, and their optical properties. Finally, fluorescence sensors can be used to detect food additives, heavy metals, bacteria, insecticide residues, antibiotics, and nutritional components in food samples. CQDs' problems and opportunities in the area of food safety were also addressed.

ABSTRACT Phytoplankton is a sentinel group of organisms of climate change due to their capacity to respond to multiple stressors, so studies documenting the optimal optical conditions within the water column affecting their growth and production are imperative. As a contribution to this topic, this study report selected optical properties in deep-waters of the Gulf of Mexico by in situ measurements during summertime. A multidisciplinary research cruise was carried during August/September of 2018. A CTD instrument configured with underwater quantum and fluorescence sensors were used to acquire data of temperature, conductivity, depth, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and fluorescence of chlorophyll-a, which were used to determine selected optical coefficients, including the light extinction (k), the compensation light intensity (Ec), the compensation depth (Zc), the critical depth (Zcr), and the incident irradiance (E0). The Brunt-Väisälä frequency calculated from CTD data was used as a magnitude indicator of the water column stratification. The results showed a pycnocline located between 23 and 68 m depth, and favorable conditions for phytoplankton production with high values of E0 reaching 1523.4 μmol m−2 s−1, Ec values ranging from 3 to 8 μmol m−2 s−1, values of Zcr greater than Zc and maximum records of k values of 0.06. Based on multivariate statistical techniques, two zones were clearly defined. These results represent the first observational report on the optical properties in the deep region of the Gulf of Mexico. Studies on the ideal optical conditions for carrying out phytoplankton photosynthesis and their possible seasonal and interannual variability are essential to understand the processes that support the phytoplankton production, especially in regions that are characterized by their high biodiversity.

In this paper, Cu-doped carbon quantum dots (Cu-CQDs) were prepared by carrying out thermolysis of Na2[Cu(EDTA)] and hydroxylamine hydrochloride at 300 ºC for 2 h. The as-prepared Cu-CQDs were characterized by UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Cu-CQDs exhibited good fluorescence property, high stability, excitation-dependent emission behavior and a quantum yield of 9.8%. More significantly, the synthesized Cu-CQDs were developed for sensing rutin (RT) based on the fluorescence quenching of the prepared Cu-CQDs. A good linear relationship between the fluorescence quenching of Cu-CQDs and different concentrations of RT was obtained in the range of 0.1-15 µg mL-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9959. The detection limit was as low as 0.05 µg mL-1 (signal-to-noise ratio, S/N = 3). The possible mechanism of fluorescence quenching was explored, which was proved to be inner filter effect. Importantly, the proposed method was successfully applied in the detection of RT tablet samples and with satisfactory results, showing the practical applications.

High rates of primary production support the great animal biodiversity of the Gulf of California. One of the main limitations to estimate total (P T) and new (P NEW) primary production by 14C and 15N bottle incubations, respectively, is the small number of point samples generated for a particular area, and with very poor time coverage. Satellite ocean color sensors offer an alternative to estimate phytoplankton production rates in the oceans with an ample spatial-temporal variability that is not possible to cover with research vessels. With ocean color sensors in orbit, scientific expectations remain to improve ocean primary production models. Parameters used by these algorithms fall into three categories: environmental, ecological, and physiological. A review is given on studies that have generated information on these parameters for Gulf of California waters, and opportunities for new research are highlighted. Satellite surface pigment (Chl s) and irradiance data (PARsat) need to be associated to vertical profiles (Chl z and PARz) generated with a Gaussian distribution function and Lambert-Beer's law, respectively. A detailed description is given of the parameters that characterize this Gaussian function and a vertical attenuation coefficient of PAR variable with z, for different seasons and regions within the Gulf of California. The weakest part of modeling primary production are the photosynthesis-ir-radiance (P-E) curve parameters: the initial slope, assimilation number, and quantum efficiency, and these give us an opportunity for new research. Summer data to characterize all the set of parameters needed for modeling primary production based on satellite data are the scarcest.

La gran biodiversidad animal del Golfo de California es producto de su elevada producción primaria. Una de las principales limitaciones para estimar la producción primaria total (P T) y nueva (P NUEVA) mediante incubaciones con 14C y 15N, respectivamente, es el pequeño número de muestras puntuales generadas para un área en particular, y con cobertura temporal muy pobre. Los datos de satélite ofrecen una alternativa para estimar la producción fitoplanctónica del océano con una variabilidad espacio-temporal grande que no es posible cubrir con barcos oceanográficos. Con sensores de color del océano en órbita, se tienen altas expectativas científicas de mejorar los modelos de producción primaria oceánica. Los parámetros usados por estos algoritmos son de tres tipos: ambientales, ecológicos y fisiológicos. Se hizo una revisión de los estudios que han generado información sobre estos parámetros para las aguas del Golfo de California, y se indican las oportunidades de nuevos proyectos de investigación. Se requiere asociar los datos superficiales de satélite de pigmentos (Chl s) e irradiación (PARsat) con los perfiles verticales (Chl z y PARz) generados con una distribución Gausiana y la ley de Lambert-Beer, respectivamente. Se da una descripción detallada de los parámetros que caracterizan esta función Gausiana y de un coeficiente de atenuación vertical de PAR variable con z, para diferentes estaciones y regiones del Golfo de California. La parte más débil del modelado de la producción primaria son los parámetros de la curva fotosíntesis-irradiancia (P-E): la pendiente inicial, el número de asimilación y la eficiencia cuántica, lo cual representa una oportunidad para nuevos proyectos de investigación. Los datos más escasos son los que caracterizan todo el conjunto de parámetros para modelar la producción primaria basada en las imágenes de satélite de verano.

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different population densities and corn foliage structure in the penetration of photosynthetically active radiation, and its relationship to some yield parameters. The work was developed in the spring-summer cycle 2000 at the Ranch Hill Water, located in the kilometer 154 in the highway Saltillo - Matehuala. The Prime Time maize hybrid was established in a 3x2 factorial arrengement under a completely randomized block design and three replications. Two factors were studied: as factor a, three population densities (5.5, 7.4 and 11.1 plants m-2), and as factor b, different foliage inclinations to light interception. This was achieved by placement of agricultural meshes at both sides of the furrows. Penetration of the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), was measured using a quantum sensor line, with 10 sensors instaled in a bar of 70 cm length. Measurements were taken at a second scale, and averaged every minute. Extinction coefficients in each treatments were calculated using the Lambert Beer equation. The extinction coefficients were -0.9, -1.9 and -2.44 without mesh and -0.63, -0.95 and -1.74 with mesh in the densities of 5.5, 7.4 and 11.1 plants m-2, respectively. The higher penetration of solar radiation in the lowest crop stratas in the treatments with mesh produced taller plants, of bigger diameter and weight ear.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar el efecto de la densidad de población y la estructura del follaje del maíz en la penetración de la radiación solar fotosintéticamente activa y su relación con algunas características del rendimiento. El trabajo se desarrolló durante el ciclo Primavera-Verano del 2000 en el Rancho "Cerro del Agua" ubicado en el kilómetro 154 de la carretera Saltillo - Matehuala. Se estableció el híbrido de maíz Prime Time en un arreglo factorial de tres por dos, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo en franjas y tres repeticiones. Como factor "a" se usaron tres densidades de población (5.5, 7.4 y 11.1 plantas m-2) y como factor "b" se utilizaron diferentes inclinaciones del follaje mediante la colocación de una malla de polietileno a ambos lados de los surcos. La penetración de la radiación fotosintética activa (RFA) se midió utilizando una línea con 10 sensores cuánticos, de 70 cm de longitud. Las mediciones se realizaron sobre el dosel y en cuatro posiciones verticales dentro del follaje, realizando una lectura por segundo y promedios de un minuto en cada posición. Para evaluar la penetración de la RFA, se obtuvieron los coeficientes de extinción (K) en los diferentes tratamientos utilizando la ecuación de Lambert Beer. Los coeficientes de extinción obtenidos fueron -0.9, -1.9 y -2.44 sin malla y -0.63, -0.95 y -1.74 con malla en las densidades de 5.5, 7.4 y 11.1 plantas m-2 respectivamente. Estos resultados indican que a mayor densidad de plantas hay menor penetración de la RFA. Sin embargo, la malla indujo un menor valor de K en las densidades de población que representó una mayor penetración de la RFA. Esta mayor penetración por efecto de la malla tuvo un efecto estadístico significativo en la altura de planta, diámetro y peso del elote.

Large area p-i-n image sensors deposited on plastic substrates were produced at low temperatures (110 °C) by PE-CVD and compared with similar sensors deposited on glass substrates. The same sensing element structure ZnO:Al/p(SiC:H)/i(Si:H)/n(SiC:H)/Al was used for both devices. In this work, the efforts are focused mainly on the optimization of the output characteristics of the sensor when fabricated on plastic substrates. The role of the sensor configuration and readout parameters on the image acquisition process is analyzed. The opticaltoelectrical transfer characteristics show a reasonable quantum efficiency under a red light pattern, broad spectral response, and reciprocity between light and image signal. First results show that the sensors deposited on a flexible substrate present smaller light to dark sensitivity than those deposited on glass. In both, the non-ohmic behavior of the transparent conductive oxide front contact blocks the carrier collection and leads to a surprising linear dependence of the image signal with the applied voltage.

Sensores de imagen de gran área con estructuras p-i-n se han depositado en substratos de plástico a baja temperatura (110 °C) por PE-CVD y se han comparado con sensores semejantes depositados en substratos de vidrio. Se ha utilizado en ambos los dispositivos en el mismo elemento sensor con la estructura: ZnO:Al/p(SiC:H)/i(Si:H)/n(SiC:H)/Al. En este trabajo se intenta optimizar las características de salida del sensor fabricado en el substrato de plástico. Se analiza la configuración del sensor y de los parámetros de lectura en el proceso de adquisición. Las características de transferencia óptica-eléctrica revelan una eficiencia cuántica razonable cuando se utiliza un padrón de luz en la región roja del espectro, una respuesta espectral alargada, y buena reciprocidad entre la señal de la imagen óptica y eléctrica. Los primeros resultados muestran que los sensores depositados en substratos de plástico presentan una menor sensibilidad al claro-oscuro que los depositados sobre vidrio. En ambos, el comportamiento no óhmico del óxido conductor transparente que constituye el contacto frontal limita la colección de portadores y traduce en una sorprendente dependencia linear entre la señal de la imagen y la tensión aplicada.

Current progress in applying nanoparticles as labels in electrochemical DNA detection systems will be shown. Some aspects of the synthesis of nanoparticles are described, especially the applications of gold nanoparticles or QDs as quantitation tags or electrochemical hosts for DNA detection so as to design what are known as 'chips in solution'.

Se demuestra el progreso en la aplicación de nanopartíeulas como marcas en sistemas de detección electroquímica de ADN. Se describen algunos aspectos de síntesis y más en detalles los de aplicación de nanopartíeulas de oro o de quantum dots como elementos de cuantificación o de identificación para el análisis de ADN para el diseño de los llamados 'chips' en solución.