RESUMO O pimentão, cultura de importância nutricional, destaca-se por seu valor de vitamina C. Diante da necessidade de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis, o estudo explorou o uso de biocarvões derivados de resíduos regionais como alternativa na cultura de pimentão. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de biocarvões provenientes de cama de frango, fibra de coco e palha de arroz, nas características biométricas e físico-químicas de frutos de pimentão verde, na produção de frutos por planta e na produtividade. A pesquisa foi conduzida em campo no delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 × 3 + 1, referentes a cinco doses de biocarvão (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 t ha-1) e três tipos de biocarvão (fibra de coco, cama de aviário e palha de arroz) com quatro repetições, mais um tratamento adicional (adubação mineral). Foram avaliadas variáveis biométricas (comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos, espessura da casca, número de frutos, massa do fruto) e físico-químicas dos frutos (sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, vitamina C e teor de cinzas), produção e produtividade dos frutos. A produção de frutos de pimentão verde não foi influenciada pelos biocarvões, porém as doses de biocarvões influenciaram todas as variáveis analisadas com exceção da espessura da casca. Os teores de vitamina C e de sólidos solúveis foram maiores nos tratamentos com biocarvões e menores com adubação mineral. A maior influência na acidificação dos frutos foi com o biocarvão produzido com palha de arroz. nutricional destacase destaca se sustentáveis contexto objetivouse objetivou frango arroz físicoquímicas físico químicas casualizados 1 0, 0 (0 6 ha1 ha ha-1 repetições mineral . mineral) comprimento casca fruto titulável pH cinzas, cinzas , cinzas) ( ha-

ABSTRACT Bell pepper, a crop of nutritional importance, stands out for its vitamin C content. Given the need for sustainable agricultural practices, the present study explored the use of biochars derived from regional waste as an alternative in bell pepper cultivation. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of biochars from poultry litter, coconut fiber, and rice straw on the biometric and physicochemical characteristics of bell pepper fruits, on fruit production per plant and on fruit yield. The experiment was performed in the field in a randomized block design, in a 5 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme, referring to five doses of biochar (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 t ha-1) and three types of biochar (coconut fiber, poultry litter, and rice straw) with four repetitions, plus an additional treatment (mineral fertilization). Biometric variables (fruit length and diameter, skin thickness, number of fruits, fruit mass) and physicochemical variables of the fruits (soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C, and ash content), production and yield of the fruits were evaluated. The production of bell pepper fruits was not influenced by biochars, but the doses of biochars influenced all variables analyzed with the exception of skin thickness. Vitamin C and soluble solids contents were higher in treatments with biochar and lower with mineral fertilizer. Biochar produced from rice straw had the greatest influence on fruit acidification. importance content practices cultivation context litter fiber design scheme 0, 0 (0 6 9 ha1 ha ha-1 repetitions fertilization. fertilization . fertilization) diameter thickness mass acidity pH content, , content) evaluated fertilizer acidification ( ha-

Abstract: Hybrid triticale is rich in protein content, with values around 20% higher than in wheat. Therefore, there is a need to investigate and evaluate producing spring triticale in southern Sonora, in order to incorporate this crop into the agri-food chain for the production of food and forage. The objective of this research was to evaluate forage production in advanced lines of spring-habit triticales and their chemical properties. The study was carried out in the fall-winter 2022-2023 agricultural cycle at Tecnológico Nacional de México-Valle del Yaqui, Sonora (Mexico), using a randomized block experimental design with three repetitions; each experimental unit consisted of four furrows of five meters in length. The measured variables were: green forage, dry forage, plant height and number of stems. In addition, the following chemical properties were evaluated: dry matter (MS), crude protein (PC), digestible protein (DP), fat, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), total digestible nutrients (TDN), net lactation energy (NLE), net maintenance energy (NME), net energy gain (NEG), digestible dry matter (DDM), and dry matter intake (DMI). The results showed statistical differences between lines for all the variables evaluated; the L-8 line showed a higher production of green and dry forage, as well as in the most basic chemical properties such as DDM, ADF, NDF, TDN, DM and ash. However, the Bicentenario control and the L-11, L-7, L-10, L-6, L-9, L-4 were associated with plant height, fat, DMI, CP and number of stems.

Resumen: El híbrido triticale se caracteriza por poseer un importante contenido de proteína, con alrededor de 20% más que el trigo. Por ello, surge la necesidad de investigar y evaluar la alternativa de producir triticales primaverales, de manera particular, en el sur de Sonora, e incorporarlos a la cadena agroalimentaria en la elaboración de alimentos y obtención de forraje. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la producción de forraje en líneas avanzadas de triticales y sus propiedades químicas. El estudio se realizó en el ciclo agrícola otoño-invierno 2022-2023, en el Tecnológico Nacional de México-Valle del Yaqui, Sonora (México), usando un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones; cada unidad experimental estuvo conformada por cuatro surcos de cinco metros de longitud. Las variables medidas fueron: producción de forraje verde, forraje seco, altura de planta y número de tallos. Además, se evaluaron las siguientes propiedades químicas: materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), proteína digestible (PD), grasa, fibra ácido detergente (FAD), fibra neutro detergente (FND), carbohidratos no estructurales (CNE), total de nutrientes digestibles (TND), energía neta de lactancia (ENL), energía neta de mantenimiento (ENM), energía neta de ganancia (ENG), materia seca digestible (MSD) y consumo de materia seca (CMS). Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre líneas para todas las variables evaluadas. La línea L-8 mostró mayor producción de forraje verde y seco, así como en las propiedades químicas más elementales como MS, FAD, FND, TND, MS y cenizas. Sin embargo, el testigo Bicentenario y las L-11, L-7, L-10, L-6, L-9, L-4 se asociaron a altura de planta, grasa, consumo de materia seca, proteína y número de tallos.

Resumen El estudio se realizó en el distrito de Juan Guerra, provincia y región de San Martín, Perú; se evaluaron dos conjuntos de tratamientos: (1) dosis de fertilizante nitrogenado (FN75, FN100); (2) abono verde Crotalaria juncea (CroJ), Canavalia ensiformis (CanE), y sin abono verde. Se dispuso en un diseño de parcela dividida con cuatro repeticiones. Durante el experimento observamos una fluctuación importante en los parámetros del suelo. Notablemente, hubo un decremento en los niveles de carbono y nitrógeno del suelo, comúnmente atribuidos al metabolismo microbiano. Por otra parte, observamos que CanE redujo significativamente los macollos enfermos por el “Virus de la Hoja Blanca” (RHBV) en un 2,82% en comparación con el control, y CroJ logró una fertilidad de panícula significativa (91,88%). No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en los rendimientos durante esta primera campaña; sin embargo, el mayor rendimiento reportado fue 8,36 t ha-1 con el tratamiento CanE - FN100. Además, la calidad nutricional del arroz no se vio alterada por los abonos verdes o la fertilización química nitrogenada. Estos alcances permiten ahondar en los estudios para considerar alternativas estratégicas para disminuir la dependencia de los fertilizantes inorgánicos por las comunidades más pobres.

Abstract The study was conducted in Juan Guerra district, province and region of San Martin, Peru; it assessed two treatment sets: (1) nitrogen fertilizer dose (FN75, FN100); (2) green manure Crotalaria juncea (CroJ), Canavalia ensiformis (CanE), and without green manure. It was arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. During the experiment, we observed an important fluctuation in soil parameters. Notably, there was a decrease in soil carbon and nitrogen levels, likely attributed to microorganism metabolism. On the other hand, we observed that CanE significantly reduced the diseased tillers through “White Leaf Virus” (RHBV) by 2.82% compared to the control, and significant panicle fertility was achieved by CroJ (91.88%). No significant differences were obtained in yields during this first campaign; however, the highest reported yield was 8.36 t ha-1 with the CanE - FN100 treatment. Additionally, the nutritional quality of the rice was not affected by either green manuring or the application of chemical nitrogen fertilization. These findings allow deeper studies to consider strategic alternatives to reducing dependency on inorganic fertilizers among the poorest communities.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de los días de cosecha (16, 18, 20 y 22 después de la germinación) sobre el valor nutritivo del forraje verde hidropónico (FVH) de cebada en términos de la composición química: materia seca (MS), materia orgánica (MO), proteína cruda (PC), materia mineral (MM) y fibra detergente neutro (FDN), y la determinación de los parámetros cinéticos de la degradación in situ de la MS y PC, utilizando tres bovinos con fístula ruminal. Los tiempos de incubación fueron: 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 y 72 horas. La MS y la MM fueron similares (p>0.05) en los cultivos, mientras que la mayor concentración de la PC se observó el día 16 y 18 (15.07 y 14.66%, respectivamente). La FDN disminuyó linealmente por efecto de los días de cosecha. El factor día influyó de forma cuadrática sobre la degradación de la fracción soluble (FS) de la MS y PC, estimándose 60 y 62.53% como máximas degradaciones de FS a los 17 y 15 días de cosecha, respectivamente. Contrariamente la fracción potencialmente degradable (FPD) de la MS y PC disminuyó en 15.91 y 12.88% a los 19 y 13 días de germinación, respectivamente. La degradabilidad potencial de la MS fue alta y diferente en los días 16 y 18, y con valores mayores y similares en la degradabilidad efectiva para las tasas de pasaje de 2, 5 y 8%/hora con relación a los otros días. Igual comportamiento se registró en las tasas de pasaje de la PC. El FVH de cebada a los 16 y 18 días después de germinado presenta mayor contenido de PC, menores fracciones indigestibles de MS y PC y altas degradabilidades efectivas, lo que permite clasificar a estos cultivos como alimentos de alta calidad nutricional que favorecen su utilización como suplemento de los rumiantes.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of harvest days (16, 18, 20 and 22 after germination) on the nutritional value of hydroponic green forage (HGF) of barley in terms of chemical composition: dry matter (DM ), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), mineral matter (MM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and the determination of the kinetic parameters of the in situ degradation of DM and CP, using three cattle with fistula rumen. The incubation times were: 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. The DM and MM were similar (p>0.05) in the cultures, while the highest CP concentration was observed on day 16 and 18 (15.07 and 14.66%, respectively). NDF decreased linearly due to the effect of harvest days. The day factor quadratically influenced the degradation of the soluble fraction (SF) of the DM and PC, estimating 60 and 62.53% as maximum degradation of SF at 17 and 15 days of harvest, respectively. On the contrary, the potentially degradable fraction (PFD) of DM and CP decreased by 15.91 and 12.88% at 19 and 13 days of germination, respectively. The potential degradability of the DM was high and different on days 16 and 18, and with higher and similar values in the effective degradability for the passage rates of 2, 5 and 8%/hour in relation to the other days. The same behaviour was recorded in the CP passage rates. The FVH of barley at 16 and 18 days after germination has a higher CP content, lower indigestible fractions of DM and CP and high effective degradability, which allows these crops to be classified as feeds of high nutritional quality that favour their use as a supplement for ruminants.

RESUMEN La síntesis verde de nanopartículas de plata (AgNPs) mediante la acción de extractos de especies vegetales tiene un futuro prometedor debido a sus múltiples aplicaciones. En este trabajo preparamos AgNPs con un extracto acuoso de ritidomas de Polylepis racemosa, una especie vegetal típica de América del Sur cuya fitoquímica ha sido poco estudiada. El estudio metabolómico de este extracto mediante UHPLC-MS permitió identificar algunos ácidos orgánicos, ácido N-acetilglutámico, dos derivados glicosilados del ácido elágico (uno de ellos es un nuevo compuesto) y tres triterpenos glicosilados. Para la síntesis de AgNPs se utilizaron extractos acuosos de ritidoma de Polylepis racemosa con tiempos de extracción de 2, 6, 12 y 30 minutos. Por SEM se observó que el tamaño de las AgNPs fue de aproximadamente 12 nm, obtenido con extractos de 2, 6 y 12 minutos. Finalmente, al comparar los escaneos por UHPLC-MS antes y después de la síntesis de AgNPs, y por las características de los metabolitos presentes, se deduce que las nanopartículas generadas por los grupos reductores presentes fueron estabilizadas por los ácidos orgánicos del extracto. Se concluye que el tiempo de extracción del extracto es una variable de estudio importante en la síntesis verde de AgNPs con ritidoma de Polylepis racemosa.

ABSTRACT The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by the action of extracts of plant species has a promising future due to its multiple applications. In this work, we prepare AgNPs with an aqueous extract of Polylepis racemosa rhytidomes, a typical South American plant species whose phytochemistry has been little studied. The metabolomic study of this extract by UHPLC-MS allowed us to identify some organic acids, N-acetylglutamic acid, two glycosylated derivatives of ellagic acid (one of them is a new compound) and three glycosylated triterpenes. Aqueous extracts of Polylepis racemosa rhytidome with extraction times of 2, 6, 12 and 30 minutes were used for the synthesis of AgNPs. By SEM it was observed that the size of the AgNPs was approximately 12 nm, obtained with extracts of 2, 6 and 12 minutes. Finally, by comparing the scans by UHPLC-MS before and after the synthesis of AgNPs, and by the characteristics of the metabolites present, it is deduced that the organic acids of the extract stabilized the nanoparticles generated by the reducing groups present. It is concluded that the extract extraction time is an important study variable in the green synthesis of AgNPs with Polylepis racemosa rhytidome.

Resumen: El uso exitoso de las nanopartículas (NP) en diversos sectores ha incrementado el interés y la demanda para sintetizarlas, explorarlas y estudiarlas. La síntesis de NP (tanto como sus derivados, reducciones, funcionalizaciones, o conjugaciones), sus propiedades y aplicaciones se han analizado desde enfoques modernos, a través de diversas técnicas de avanzada, para aplicaciones múltiples. El objetivo de este trabajo es destacar la importancia de las plantas silvestres o cultivables de México como fuente de metabolitos y extractos, empleadas como origen y medio de síntesis de NP. Asimismo, se destaca la síntesis verde como un método amigable con el medioambiente para aprovechar la amplia gama de posibilidades que representa el reservorio natural de plantas mexicanas y sus diversas aplicaciones y propiedades a explorar en el campo de la nanobiotecnología.

Abstract: The successful use of nanoparticles (NPs) in various sectors has increased interest and demand to synthesize, explore and study them. The synthesis of NP (as well as its derivatives, reductions, functionalizations, or conjugations), its properties and applications have been analyzed from modern approaches, through various advanced techniques, for multiple applications. The objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of plants as a source of metabolites and extracts, used as origin and means of NP synthesis. Likewise, green synthesis is highlighted as an environmentally friendly method to take advantage of the wide range of possibilities represented by the natural reservoir of Mexican plants and its various applications and properties to be explored in the field of nanobiotechnology.

Abstract Introduction. Corn (Zea mays) is widely used in animal feed, either as grain, green fodder or silage. Objective. To evaluate the yield and nutritional quality of 6 Costa Rican corn varieties selected for grain production. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at 4 experimental sites (Aguas Zarcas, Turrialba, San Luis de Monteverde and Guápiles) between September and December 2018. At each site, a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and 8 treatments (6 varieties and 2 corn hybrids). Plant height was evaluated, Dry Mass (DM) production, chemical composition and in vitro DM digestibility at forage harvest were evaluated. Results. Plant height and DM production were affected by treatments. Yields of the Costa Rican DM varieties EJN2, Upiav-G6, Los Diamantes 8843 and JSáenz (12.7-14 t.ha-1) were similar to the forage hybrid CLTHY002 (13.5 t.ha-1). Only DM and CP content varied in the treatments. Conclusions. The Costa Rican corn varieties EJN2, Los Diamantes 8843, JSáenz and Upiav-G6, have potential to be used as a forage source for animal feeding because they achieved yields and nutritive values like those obtained with the hybrids selected by Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT) for forage production.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) es ampliamente utilizado en la alimentación animal, tanto en forma de grano, como forraje verde o ensilaje. Objetivo. Evaluar la producción y calidad nutritiva de 6 variedades de maíces costarricenses seleccionados para la producción de grano. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 4 sitios experimentales (Aguas Zarcas, Turrialba, San Luis de Monteverde y Guápiles) entre setiembre y diciembre del 2018. En cada sitio, se trabajó con un diseño de bloques completos al azar con 4 repeticiones y 8 tratamientos (6 variedades y 2 híbridos de maíces). Se evaluó la altura de la planta, la producción de materia seca (MS), la composición química y la digestibilidad in vitro de la MS a la cosecha de los forrajes. Resultados. La altura de la planta y la producción de MS fueron afectadas por los tratamientos. Los rendimientos de MS de las variedades costarricenses EJN2, Upiav-G6, Los Diamantes 8843 y JSáenz (12,7-14 t.ha-1) fueron semejantes al híbrido forrajero CLTHY002 (13,5 t.ha-1). Solamente el contenido de MS y PC varío entre los tratamientos. Conclusión. Las variedades de maíces costarricenses EJN2, Los Diamantes 8843, JSáenz y Upiav-G6, tienen potencial para ser utilizadas como fuente forrajera para la alimentación de rumiantes, ya que alcanzaron rendimientos y valores nutritivos semejantes a los obtenidos con los híbridos seleccionados por el Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT) para la producción de forrajes.

ABSTRACT: Surface contamination by pathogenic and deteriorating microorganisms is a constant concern in the food industry. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), produced using the essential oil of Lippia origanoides Kunth and ethanolic extract of Hymenaea martiana Hayne, against bacteria used in milk processing. For this, AgNPs were synthesized and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated for minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, time-kill, interference on the biofilm, and application on the surfaces of different materials. AgNPs showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33591), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis (ATCC 10708), Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp.,andPseudomonas aeruginosa,and interfered with biofilm formation more than with consolidated biofilms. A 1hour period was sufficient to reduce the bacterial cells, whereas a Minimum Duration for Killing (MDK) of 99% was reached after approximately 30 min. AgNPs were effective against bacteria attached to stainless steel and polyethylene, but ineffective on tile surfaces. Thus, owing to the growing microbial resistance and the need to develop new products based on the concepts of green chemistry, these AgNPs are presented as a new possibility for cleaning processes in the food industry.

RESUMO: A contaminação de superfícies por micro-organismos patogênicos e deteriorantes é uma preocupação constante na indústria de alimentos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) produzidas utilizando óleo essencial de Lippia origanoides Kunth e extrato etanólico da Hymenaea martiana Hayne, frente a bactérias de importância na contaminação em áreas de processamento do leite. Para isso, as AgNPs foram sintetizadas e sua atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada através das concentrações inibitória e bactericida mínimas, tempo de morte, interferência sobre o biofilme, e por fim, a sua aplicação sobre superfícies de diferentes materiais. As AgNPs apresentaram atividade bacteriostática e/ou bactericida frente à Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33591), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Choleraesuis (ATCC 10708), Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, e interferiram na formação do biofilme mais do que sobre o biofilme consolidado. O tempo de uma hora foi o suficiente para reduzir as populações bacterianas, enquanto o Minimum Duration for Killing MDK 99% foi atingido próximo a 30 minutos. As AgNPs foram eficientes contra bactérias aderidas ao inox e ao polietileno. Assim, tendo em vista a crescente resistência microbiana e o desenvolvimento de novos produtos baseados nos conceitos da química verde, essas nanopartículas de prata apresentam-se como uma nova possibilidade de uso nos processos de higienização da indústria de alimentos.

Resumen Lupinus sintetiza alcaloides quinolizidínicos (AQ) como estrategia de defensa en contra de herbívoros. Estos compuestos tienen una amplia variedad de aplicaciones; sin embargo, es necesario contar con la suficiente cantidad de materia prima para satisfacer las necesidades del mercado. Las especies ricas en estos compuestos son especies silvestres, lo que limita la obtención de la materia prima. Una de las estrategias para la obtención de materia prima y la producción de metabolitos secundarios es el uso de herramientas biotecnológicas como el cultivo de tejidos vegetales. En este trabajo se reporta la caracterización de la germinación, la inducción de callo de Lupinus bilineatus y L. montanus y la caracterización del crecimiento in vitro y producción de AQ. El medio de cultivo y el protocolo de escarificación permitieron la germinación de las semillas de ambas especies a los 12 días con porcentajes de 100% para L. bilineatus y de 74% para L. montanus. Con respecto a la inducción de callo, se empleó un barrido de concentraciones de ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) y cinetina (CIN) utilizando como explante cotiledón, hipocótilo y raíz. La mejor respuesta para la inducción de callo para ambas especies se presentó usando raíz con una combinación de 2 mg L-1 de 2,4-D y 1 mg L-1 de CIN para L. bilineatus y 1 mg L-1 de 2,4-D y 0.5 mg L-1 de CIN para L. montanus, en ambos casos se obtuvo callo friable con dos coloraciones: verde y beige. El crecimiento y la producción de AQ se caracterizaron para el callo verde, pues los AQ se sintetizan en tejidos fotosintéticos. La cinética de crecimiento muestra una característica curva de tres fases, una fase de adaptación que se alarga hasta el día siete, la fase de crecimiento más rápido y finalmente una fase de senescencia que inicia el día 18. La producción de AQ se observó el día 21. Este trabajo contribuye al conocimiento del comportamiento de la germinación, la inducción de tejido desdiferenciado y el crecimiento y producción de alcaloides en un cultivo de callo de dos especies de Lupinus, L. montanus y L. bilineatus, ambas con potencial en la industria química y de agroquímicos.

AbstractLupinus synthesizes quinolizidine alkaloids (AQ) as a defense strategy against herbivores. These compounds have a wide variety of applications; however, it is necessary to have a sufficient amount of raw material to satisfy market needs. The species rich in these compounds are wild species, which limits the obtaining of the raw material. One of the strategies for obtaining raw material and producing secondary metabolites is the use of biotechnological tools such as plant tissue culture. In this work we report the characterization of germination, callus induction of Lupinus bilineatus and L. montanus and the characterization of in vitro growth and AQ production. The culture medium and seed scarification protocol allowed the germination of seeds of both species with percentages at 12 days of 100% for L. bilineatus and 74% for L. montanus. With respect to callus induction, a sweep of indolbutyric acid (2,4-D) and cinetin (CIN) concentrations was employed using leaf, stem and root as explants. The best response for callus induction for both species was presented using root with a combination of 2 mg L-1 of 2,4-D and 1 mg L-1 of CIN for L. bilineatus and 1 mg L-1 of 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 of CIN for L. montanus, in both cases friable callus was obtained with two colorations: green and beige. Growth and AQ production were characterized for green callus, since AQ are synthesized in photosynthetic tissues. The growth kinetics shows a characteristic three-phase curve, an adaptation phase extending to day seven, the fastest growth phase and finally a senescence phase starting on day 18. AQ production was observed on day 21. This work contributes to the knowledge of germination behavior, the induction of dedifferentiated tissue and the growth and production of alkaloids in a callus culture in two species of Lupinus, L. montanus and L. bilineatus, both with potential in the chemical and agrochemical industry.

RESUMO Os grãos imaturos de feijão-caupi são uma rica fonte de proteínas, minerais, fibra alimentar e compostos fenólicos e também possuem alta capacidade antioxidante em comparação aos grãos secos. O seu consumo promove uma alimentação saudável e diversificada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o tempo de cozimento e a composição química e mineral de grãos imaturos crus e cozidos de diferentes genótipos de feijão-caupi. Foram analisados quatro genótipos, duas linhagens elite (MNC00-595F-27 e MNC05847B-123) e duas cultivares comerciais (BRS-Tumucumaque e Vagem Roxa-THE). O tempo de cozimento foi avaliado utilizando-se o cozedor de Mattson. Foram determinados a composição centesimal e minerais. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições em esquema fatorial 1 (genótipo) × 2 (grãos crus e cozidos), exceto para qualidade de cozimento. Os genótipos MNC05847B-123 e BRS-Tumucumaque diferiram dos demais genótipos, apresentando cozimento mais rápido do grão imaturo. O cozimento aumentou o teor de umidade e reduziu o teor de cinzas, lipídios, proteínas e carboidratos e o valor energético total. As linhagens MNC05-847B-123 e MNC00-595F-27 apresentaram teores de nutrientes da composição centesimal mais altos após o cozimento que a cultivar local Vagem Roxa-THE, exceto para o teor de umidade. O teor de minerais diminuiu após o cozimento, sendo que os teores de Fe, Zn e Mn tiveram as menores perdas com o processamento térmico. As linhagens MNC05-847B-123 e MNC00595F-27, mesmo com perdas após o processamento térmico do grão imaturo, apresentam potencial nutricional como cultivares para o mercado de feijão verde. feijãocaupi caupi secos diversificada feijãocaupi. caupi. MNC00595F27 MNCF MNC00 595F 27 MNC F (MNC00-595F-2 MNC05847B123 MNCB MNC05847B 123 B BRSTumucumaque BRS Tumucumaque RoxaTHE. RoxaTHE Roxa THE . Roxa-THE) utilizandose utilizando se Mattson Adotouse Adotou genótipo (genótipo cozidos, , cozidos) MNC05847B-12 imaturo cinzas lipídios total MNC05 847B MNC05-847B-12 MNC00-595F-2 RoxaTHE, THE, Roxa-THE Fe MNC00595F27, MNC00595F 27, MNC00595F-27 verde MNC00595F2 MNC0 (MNC00-595F- MNC05847B12 12 MNC05847B-1 MNC05-847B-1 MNC00-595F- MNC00595F-2 (MNC00-595F MNC05847B1 MNC05847B- MNC05-847B- MNC00-595F MNC00595F- MNC05-847B

ABSTRACT Immature cowpea grains are a rich source of proteins, minerals, dietary fiber, and phenolic compounds and also have a high antioxidant capacity compared to dry grains. Its consumption promotes a healthy and diversified diet. The objective of this work was to evaluate the cooking time and chemical and mineral composition of the raw and cooked immature grains of different cowpea genotypes. Four genotypes, two elite lines (MNC00-595F-27 and MNC05-847B-123) and two commercial cultivars (BRSTumucumaque and Vagem Roxa-THE) were analyzed. Cooking time was evaluated using the Mattson cooker. Proximate composition and minerals were determined. A completely randomized design with three replications in factorial scheme 1 (genotype) × 2 (raw and cooked grains) was adopted, except for cooking quality. The genotypes MNC05-847B-123 and BRS-Tumucumaque differed from the other genotypes, presenting faster cooking of the immature grain. Cooking increased the moisture content and reduced ash, lipid, protein, and carbohydrates contents and total energy value. The lines MNC05-847B-123 and MNC00-595F-27 showed higher contents of the nutrients of the centesimal composition after cooking than the local cultivar Vagem Roxa-THE, except for the moisture content. The mineral content decreased after cooking, with Fe, Zn, and Mn contents having the least losses with thermal processing. The lines MNC05-847B-123 and MNC00-595F-27, even with losses after the thermal processing of the immature grain, have nutritional potential as cultivars for the green-bean market. proteins fiber diet MNC00595F27 MNCF MNC00 595F 27 MNC F (MNC00-595F-2 MNC05847B123 MNCB MNC05 847B 123 B BRSTumucumaque RoxaTHE Roxa THE Roxa-THE analyzed cooker determined genotype (genotype adopted quality MNC05-847B-12 BRS Tumucumaque grain ash lipid protein value MNC00-595F-2 RoxaTHE, THE, Fe Zn MNC00595F27, 27, greenbean green bean market MNC00595F2 MNC0 (MNC00-595F- MNC05847B12 12 MNC05-847B-1 MNC00-595F- MNC00595F (MNC00-595F MNC05847B1 MNC05-847B- MNC00-595F MNC05847B MNC05-847B

The article presents the importance of practice in teaching Organic Chemistry in higher education, in addition to doing it following the methods of Green Chemistry, in view of how chemistry is seen as a “villain” due to dangerous reactions and incorrect waste disposal toxic. In this work, three chalcones with different substituents were synthesized: an electron donor (OCH3), an electron withdrawer (NO2) and the unsubstituted one, through 4 different methodologies, the first being the traditional methodology (methodology A) and the following methodologies ecofriendly alternatives. Methods B and C through maceration (without solvent), modifying only the support (BaO and Al2O3, respectively) and finally (methodology D) through microwave irradiation. Method C proved to be as efficient as the traditional one, with the advantage of being carried out without solvent and in a shorter reaction time and could be a replacement for the traditional method. education villain “villain toxic work synthesized OCH3, OCH3 OCH , (OCH3) NO2 NO (NO2 one A alternatives solvent, solvent) BaO Al2O3 AlO Al O respectively D irradiation method (OCH3 (NO Al2O (OCH

Despite being responsible for many essential products in our daily lives, the chemical industries have not given proper attention to environmental issues for a long time. In the late 90’s, Green Chemistry (GC) emerged as a field of chemistry responsible for dealing with the relationship between the products used and their effects on human health and the environment. However, the employability of GC, in practice, is still incipient due to the little importance given to this field during the training of professionals. In Brazil, without a legislation that collaborates for its insertion, GC struggles to be part of the contents studied and the curricular matrices of higher education courses. This work aimed at revisiting the subject through an analysis of whether Brazilian higher educational institutions are working on disciplines related to Green Chemistry in their courses and how they are doing so. Based on the data obtained, it was noticed that this topic is more present in elective and theoretical disciplines, mainly for postgraduate and teaching training courses, taught predominantly in public institutions located substantially in the Southeast region. Although there are interesting proposals, the number of educational institutions that promote GC in their disciplines is still considered low. lives time 90s, 90s s 90 s, 90’s (GC environment However practice professionals Brazil insertion so obtained region proposals low 9

The objective of this work is to add the serious inconveniences that the pandemic brought with the social difficulties in education and health. Important institutions generated the 2030 Agenda that contains Sustainable Development Goals to be implemented in the period 2016-2030. These 17 objectives have been outlined to encompass the wide range of societal challenges, such as economic and environmental, that influence social communities (family, school). This work will focus on Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 4, respectively, which can only be met if citizens take into their hands the education that plays an important role in having a healthy life. This will consider the teaching and learning of sustainable chemistry in social contexts such as the classroom, the family, the links between students and teachers that cause diseases. The regrouping of students according to the work levels achieved during the crisis or the development of personalized proposals to intensify work processes is valid. This leads to living with decisions that will have good or bad results, which is why each region has different responses to the crisis experienced. health 203 20162030. 20162030 2016 2030. 2016-2030 1 challenges environmental family (family school. school . school) 4 respectively life classroom diseases valid results experienced 20 2016203 201 2016-203 2 201620 2016-20 20162 2016-2 2016-

In recent years, the Brazilian government has authorized several agricultural pesticides, increasing the possibility of pollution of different ecosystems and the food consumed by a large part of the population. The analytical determination of pesticides can be carried out using different techniques associated with various methods. Their development and validation have been based on obtaining better reliability, meeting the requirements of environmental legislation, and adapting to the principles of Green Chemistry. Thus, a chromatographic method was developed for the separation and determination of eight agricultural pesticides (aldicarb, ametrine, atrazine, bendiocarb, carbaryl, hexazinone, methiocarb, and methomyl) in compliance with Green Chemistry criteria, using ethanol as the mobile phase, which it is an ecologically less aggressive solvent. The developed method showed efficient separation and excellent results for green analysis metrics with high scores on the Eco-scale and good presentation in the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and Analytical Greenness Calculator Metric (AGREE) pictograms. The validation parameters indicated the linearity of the method with good precision, selectivity, and sensitivity with detection and quantification limits in the ranges of 0.50 to 0.94 mg L–1 and 0.74 to 1.81 mg L–1, respectively. years population methods reliability legislation Thus aldicarb, aldicarb (aldicarb ametrine atrazine bendiocarb carbaryl hexazinone methiocarb methomyl criteria phase solvent Ecoscale Eco scale NEMI, NEMI , (NEMI) GAPI, GAPI (GAPI) AGREE (AGREE pictograms precision selectivity 050 0 50 0.5 094 94 0.9 L1 L 1 L– 074 74 0.7 181 81 1.8 respectively (NEMI (GAPI 05 5 0. 09 9 07 7 18 8 1.

Resumen Las nanopartículas metálicas tienen una amplia gama de aplicaciones en los sectores de la salud, la electrónica, la óptica, el magnetismo, la biorremediación, la química y la ciencia de los materiales. Varios métodos utilizados para producir nanopartículas no son amigables con el medio ambiente, por lo que esta revisión destaca los beneficios del uso de extractos de plantas para preparar nanopartículas metálicas para investigar un método ecológico. Los extractos de plantas contienen metabolitos secundarios, incluyendo flavonoides, alcaloides, terpenoides, compuestos fenólicos, polisacáridos, aminoácidos y proteínas. Los compuestos presentes en los extractos pueden reducir los iones metálicos de sales y permitir la formación de nanopartículas. Se revisaron los fundamentos de la síntesis de nanopartículas in situ, se realizó una lista de varias plantas utilizadas, los mecanismos propuestos para la síntesis de nanopartículas y, finalmente, se abordaron las aplicaciones en varias áreas.

Abstract Metallic nanoparticles have a wide range of applications in health, electronics, optics, magnetism, bioremediation, chemistry, and materials science. Several methods used to produce nanoparticles are not friendly to the environment, so this review highlights the benefits of using plant extracts to prepare metallic nanoparticles to investigate an eco-friendly method. Plant extracts contain secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, amino acids, and proteins. The compounds present in the extracts can reduce metal ions from salts and allow the formation of nanoparticles. The fundamentals of the in-situ nanoparticle synthesis were reviewed, a list of various plants used was made, the mechanisms proposed for nanoparticle synthesis, and finally, applications in several areas were addressed.