What motivates voters to support candidates with backgrounds in public security for Brazil’s National Congress, the so-called Law & Order (L&O) politicians? The 2018 elections witnessed a surge in parliamentarians from police and military backgrounds and the election of a president closely aligned with this agenda. We explore whether this trend correlates with municipal-level violence indicators and the presence of municipal capacity in the security sector, employing various regression models that account for socioeconomic, demographic, political, and geographic factors. Our findings from the additive model reveal a negative association between the level of violence and votes for L&O candidates. This suggests a potential disconnection between fear, victimization, and support for repressive policies, while also indicating that local capacity in the security sector tend to enhance L&O candidates’ performance. However, our model incorporating the interaction between both variables uncovers that violence exacerbates the negative impact on L&O voting when the city has capacity in the security sector. This may reflect a municipal-level preference for preventive measures, particularly in more violent areas, which contrasts with the generally repressive stance of L&O candidates. Brazils Brazil s Congress socalled so called LO L O (L&O politicians 201 agenda municipallevel socioeconomic demographic political factors fear victimization policies performance However measures areas 20 2

Resumen Este trabajo cualitativo analiza las narrativas de cinco mujeres latinas radicadas en el estado de Oregón (Estados Unidos) en relación con sus interacciones sociales en el sector servicios y los espacios públicos de las comunidades en las que viven. El objetivo es conocer sus experiencias y observar si existe una conciencia crítica sociolingüística que reafirme una agencia en el país de destino. Usando como marco teórico el análisis crítico del discurso y la raciolingüística, se obtuvieron tres ejes temáticos comunes: la ausencia del español en los lugares públicos, la mirada blanca en los intercambios lingüísticos, y el multilingüismo en la vida pública. Estas narrativas muestran cómo la conciencia crítica desencadena la resiliencia y la agencia que les ha permitido enfrentarse a dificultades racistas y discriminaciones lingüísticas en Estados Unidos.

Abstract This qualitative study analyzes the narratives of five Latina women living in the state of Oregon (United States) in relation to their social interactions in the service sector and public spaces of the communities in which they live. The objective is to learn about their experiences and observe if there is a critical sociolinguistic awareness that reaffirms an agency in the destination country. Drawing on a theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis and raciolinguistics, three common thematic axes were obtained: the absence of Spanish in public places, the white gaze in linguistic exchanges, and multilingualism in public life. These narratives show how critical awareness triggers the resilience and agency that has allowed these women to challenge racist and linguistic discriminations in the United States.

Abstract: This study addresses the application of the Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) methodology in the analysis of dissolved gases in oil of power transformers, being this a critical component in electrical systems. The adoption of this six-phase structured method allowed a comprehensive evaluation of the condition of the transformer units of the Ecuadorian electrical system based on the analysis of investment and expansion data of the sector, as well as the study of 1 099 DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) profiles obtained from a population of 153 transformers located in the different regions of continental Ecuador. The findings described in this work have the potential to significantly improve investment and maintenance strategies and policies. In addition, the adoption of automation techniques in the DGA classification process is proposed, using supervised learning models to enhance the reliability and efficiency of the public energy service. The results suggest that this approach not only improves the diagnosis within the maintenance activities, but also provides a solid basis to draw a roadmap towards a predictive asset management, resulting in a substantial improvement of the reliability of the national power system.

Resumen: Este estudio aborda la aplicación de la metodología Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) en el análisis de los gases disueltos en aceite de transformadores de potencia, siendo este un componente crítico en los sistemas eléctricos. La adopción de este método estructurado de seis fases permitió evaluar de forma integral la condición de las unidades de transformación del sistema eléctrico ecuatoriano a partir del análisis de datos de inversión y expansión del sector, así como del estudio de 1 099 perfiles DGA (Dissolved Gas Analysis) obtenidos de una población de 153 transformadores ubicados en las distintas regiones de Ecuador continental. Los hallazgos descritos en este trabajo tienen el potencial de mejorar significativamente las estrategias y políticas de inversión y mantenimiento. Además, se propone la adopción de técnicas de automatización en el proceso de clasificación DGA, utilizando modelos de aprendizaje supervisado para potenciar la confiabilidad y eficiencia del servicio público de energía. Los resultados sugieren que este enfoque no solo mejora el diagnóstico dentro de las actividades de mantenimiento, sino que también proporciona una base sólida para trazar una hoja de ruta hacia una gestión predictiva de los activos, lo que se traduce en una mejora sustancial de la confiabilidad del sistema eléctrico nacional.

RESUMEN El propósito de la investigación es examinar los sistemas de planificación y sus mecanismos regulatorios para entender cómo se organizan y regulan, ya sea parcial o completamente, dependiendo de la organización para lograr la consecución de objetivos. Las aportaciones teóricas de la investigación se centran en la conceptualización de la teoría de sistemas. El aporte metodológico se basa en el desarrollo de un esquema secuencial y lógico con la aplicación de un dendrograma de variables, que permite eliminar superposiciones entre el conjunto de conceptos analizados. Las conclusiones de la investigación permiten comprobar que las organizaciones son entidades dinámicas y cambiantes que se ven inevitablemente impactadas por el entorno en el que operan; además las instituciones funcionan sinérgicamente desde puntos de vista interrelacionados e interdependientes.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the research is to examine planning systems and their regulatory mechanisms to understand how they are organized and regulated, either partially or completely, depending on the organization to achieve the attainment of objectives. The theoretical contributions of the research are centered on the conceptualization of systems theory. The methodological contribution is based on the development of a sequential and logical scheme with the application of a dendrogram of variables, which allows eliminating overlaps between the set of concepts analyzed. The conclusions of the research show that organizations are dynamic and changing entities that are inevitably impacted by the environment in which they operate; in addition, institutions function synergistically from interrelated and interdependent points of view.

Abstract: The objective of this article is to show that the troops of New Spain, as well as those of independent Mexico, included elderly, infirm and mutilated individuals who were known as invalids, and who formed part of the New Spanish and Mexican social mosaic. Countless pieces of contemporary journalism and the many files held by Mexico’s General Archive of the Nation, among other repositories, allow for an exploration of the operation of the units to which they belonged, as well as their ailments, needs, concerns and political and military actions. This article is a product of my Master’s thesis, Damaged Merits: The Invalids of the Mexico City Military Sector, 1765-1840. It uses the social history of war and the history of the human body to better understand the public and personal experiences of combatants who acquired the condition of being an invalid due to amputation, weapons impact and other causes.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación es exponer que las tropas de Nueva España, como las del México independiente, tuvieron entre sus filas a individuos viejos, enfermos y mutilados llamados inválidos, quienes formaron parte del mosaico social novohispano y mexicano. Bastantes notas periodísticas de la época y ricos expedientes resguardados en el Archivo General de la Nación de México, entre otros repositorios, permiten abordar en las siguientes líneas el funcionamiento de las unidades a las que pertenecieron, sus dolencias, carencias, preocupaciones y su actuación política y militar. Este artículo, producto de mi tesis de maestría titulada Beneméritos estropeados. Los inválidos del sector militar en la ciudad de México, 1765-1840, se apoya en la historia social de la guerra y la historia del cuerpo humano para comprender mejor la experiencia pública y personal de los combatientes que adquirieron la condición de inválido por amputación, el impacto de las armas y otras causas.

Abstract: This article analyzes the sale of the National Medical Center (CMN) by the Medical and Healthcare Secretariat (SSA) to the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) as part of a broader fragmentation process in healthcare and hospital services that began in the forties, when access to healthcare was divided between workers in the formal economy, who were covered by IMSS, and the healthcare offered by SSA to those without access to it. Analyzing documents from both institutions, it can be seen that the sale of the CMN was a product of the major inequalities between an IMSS that was in its golden age and an underfunded and oversaturated SSA. This article argues that these inequalities only deepened with the sale of the CMN from one institution to another.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la venta del Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) por parte de la Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia (SSA) al Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) en 1961 como parte de un proceso más amplio de fragmentación de la atención médica y hospitalaria que comenzó desde la década de los cuarenta, cuando se dividió el acceso a la asistencia médica entre la seguridad social para trabajadores del sector formal, encabezada por el IMSS, y la asistencia social ofrecida por la SSA para la población sin acceso a ella. Analizando documentos de ambas instituciones, se muestra que la venta del CMN fue producto de las grandes desigualdades que para entonces regían entre un IMSS que pasaba por una época de oro, y una SSA subfinanciada y saturada. Asimismo, se argumenta que estas desigualdades no hicieron más que profundizarse con el traspaso del CMN de una institución a otra.

RESUMEN La investigación se propuso establecer sistémicamente los principales impulsores (drivers) que pueden desarrollar la competitividad de las organizaciones de salud, concretamente para las aseguradoras en salud del régimen contributivo (EPS´s) en el contexto colombiano. El estudio fue interpretativo, cualitativo y descriptivo-exploratorio, estudiando documentos que mostraran los posibles impulsores de la competitividad, adaptándolos a la ‘industria’ de la salud, con un análisis específico. Se identificaron aquellos que, conjuntamente y dentro un comportamiento competitivo-organizacional, podrían ser sus factores diferenciales y competitivos en tres dimensiones o categorías (organizacional, estrategia y resultados) y atravesados por tres niveles de análisis (macro, meso y micro). Esto puede ser útil para aportar al desarrollo de la capacidad competitiva de las EPS nacionales, como plataforma de discusión para la política pública y una posible reforma respecto al sistema de salud y para estudiar la competitividad de este sector y sus organizaciones hacia el futuro.

RESUMO A pesquisa se propôs a estabelecer de forma sistêmica os principais fatores que podem desenvolver a competitividade das organizações de saúde, especificamente para as seguradoras de saúde do sistema contributivo (EPS's) no contexto colombiano. O estudo foi interpretativo, qualitativo e descritivo-exploratório, estudando documentos que mostram os possíveis fatores de competitividade, adaptando-os ao "setor" de saúde, com uma análise específica. Foram identificados aqueles que, em conjunto e dentro de um comportamento competitivo-organizacional, poderiam ser seus fatores diferenciadores e competitivos em três dimensões ou categorias (organizacional, estratégia e resultados) e percorridos por três níveis de análise (macro, meso e micro). Isso pode ser útil para contribuir para o desenvolvimento da capacidade competitiva das EPSs nacionais, como uma plataforma de discussão para políticas públicas e uma possível reforma relativas ao sistema de saúde e para estudar a competitividade do setor de saúde e de suas organizações em direção ao futuro.

ABSTRACT The research aimed to systematically identify the main drivers to enhance healthcare organizations' competitiveness, specifically for contributory regime (EPS) health insurers in the Colombian context. The study was interpretative, qualitative, and descriptive-exploratory studying documents that showed the possible drivers of competitiveness, and adapting them to the health 'industry', with a specific analysis. Those that, jointly and within a competitive-organizational behavior could be its differential and competitive factors in three dimensions or categories (organizational, strategy and results) and crossed by three levels of analysis (macro, meso, and micro) were identified. This can be useful in contributing to developing the competitive capacity of national Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), serving as a discussion platform for public policy and a possible reform regarding the health system, and studying the competitiveness of the health sector and its organizations in the future.

Permanent professional training is transcendental in the development of skills of Peruvian teachers, because it not only improves their work performance, but also promotes learning achievements, effective school management and organizational productivity-profitability. The objective of the research carried out was to determine the level of implementation and knowledge of continuing professional training as a human right to work in the Peruvian teaching profession and its particularities in the public and private sectors. The methodology was a mixed approach, type of basic and socio-legal research, with a descriptive-comparative and concurrent design, the sample was 306 teachers and 16 legal labor standards. The findings indicate that the implementation of permanent professional training as a human right to work is not very favorable, evident in 35.0% of teachers who value it in the process and 35.6% who value it at the beginning; Furthermore, the level of teachers' knowledge of said training as a human right to work is unfavorable, reflected in 23.2% who are at the acceptable level and 45.4% who are at the unsatisfactory level; Likewise, with the 0.273 bilateral significance it is demonstrated that the difference is not significant in the level of implementation and knowledge of continuing professional training as a human right to work between public and private teachers.

O desenvolvimento profissional contínuo é crucial para o desenvolvimento das competências dos professores, pois melhora seu desempenho no trabalho, promove os resultados da aprendizagem, a gestão escolar eficaz e a produtividade e lucratividade da organização. O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar o nível de implementação e conhecimento do desenvolvimento profissional contínuo como um direito humano ao trabalho na profissão docente peruana e suas particularidades nos setores público e privado. A metodologia foi de abordagem mista, do tipo pesquisa básica e sociojurídica, com um desenho descritivo-comparativo e concorrente, a amostra foi de 306 professores e 16 normas trabalhistas legais. Os resultados indicam que a implementação do desenvolvimento profissional contínuo como um direito humano ao trabalho não é muito favorável, com 35,0% dos professores classificando-o como em andamento, enquanto 35,6% o classificam como no início; além disso, o nível de conhecimento dos professores sobre esse treinamento é desfavorável, com 23,2% no nível aceitável e 45,4% no nível insatisfatório; Da mesma forma, o 0,273 de significância bilateral mostra que a diferença não é significativa no nível de implementação e conhecimento do desenvolvimento profissional contínuo como um direito humano ao trabalho entre professores públicos e privados.

La formación profesional permanente resulta trascendental para el desarrollo de competencias del magisterio, porque mejora su desempeño laboral, favorece logros de aprendizaje, una gestión escolar efectiva y la productividad-rentabilidad organizacional. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar el nivel de implementación y conocimiento de la formación profesional permanente como derecho humano al trabajo en el magisterio peruano y sus particularidades en el sector público y privado. La metodología fue de enfoque mixto, tipo de investigación básica y socio jurídica, con diseño descriptivo-comparativo y concurrente, la muestra fue de 306 docentes y 16 normas jurídicas laborales. Los hallazgos indican que la implementación de la formación profesional permanente como derecho humano al trabajo es poco favorable, evidenciándose en el 35,0 % de docentes que la valora en proceso, mientras el 35,6 % la valora en inicio; además, el nivel de conocimiento de los docentes sobre dicha formación es desfavorable, reflejado en 23,2 % ubicados en nivel aceptable y 45,4 % en el nivel insatisfactorio; asimismo, el 0,273 de significancia bilateral demuestra que la diferencia no es significativa en el nivel de implementación y conocimiento de la formación profesional permanente como derecho humano al trabajo entre el magisterio público y privado.  

Este artigo analisa os resultados de uma pesquisa-ação que teve por objetivo contribuir para debates e ações com foco na ampliação das oportunidades de educação para a Primeira Infância. Consultamos moradores e profissionais que atuam na Rocinha/Rio de Janeiro/RJ e, através de um questionário semiestruturado, eles foram convidados a relacionar os temas inclusão, participação e segurança à educação das crianças nas instituições de ensino, em casa e na comunidade. Esses atores revelaram esforços para incluir, ampliar a participação e oferecer segurança às crianças, mas apontaram que o suporte do Estado e da sociedade é fundamental para a proteção dos pequenos moradores da comunidade. Isso indica a importância de se fortalecer uma rede local que dialogue sobre os temas abordados, proponha soluções alinhadas às necessidades dessa população e leve o debate aos responsáveis por elaborar e monitorar políticas públicas que possam melhorar as condições de vida das crianças e suas famílias.

The article analyzes data from an action research project focused on expanding education opportunities for Early Childhood. We consulted residents and professionals who work in Rocinha (city of Rio de Janeiro). Interviewees were asked to relate children's education to inclusion, participation and safety in educational institutions, at home and in the community. Respondents revealed efforts to promote inclusion and expand participation for children in safe spaces, but support from the State and society is essential. This finding indicates the importance of strengthening local networks and propose solutions aligned with the needs of small children. Public sector partipation is also vital for developing and monitoring public policies that can improve the lives of children and their families.

El artículo analiza los resultados de una investigación-acción realizada con residentes y profesionales que actúan en Rocinha, en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. El objetivo del estudio es ampliar las oportunidades educativas para la Primera Infancia. Los entrevistados vincularon la inclusión, la participación y la seguridad con la educación de los niños en las instituciones educativas, en la casa y en la comunidad. Los resultados indican la existencia de iniciativas para incluir y ampliar la participación en entornos seguros. Sin embargo, resaltaron que el apoyo de la sociedad y del Estado, incluyendo el desarrollo de políticas públicas específicas, es fundamental. Fortalecer las redes locales es vital para promover el diálogo y proponer soluciones alineadas con las necesidades de los niños y sus familias.

Abstract This work aims to analyze the level of access to public credit of small corn producers in the lake regions of Chapala, Pátzcuaro, and Cuitzeo in the state of Michoacán, within the framework of the neoliberal financial policy adopted in the years 1981-2022 compared to the post-revolutionary period. This productive sector is mainly characterized by having low economic income, little land area, and lack of equipment and machinery, and not being subject to credit, therefore, the members of this sector share the condition of exclusion from financing for production. The methodology used consisted of collecting historical information regarding the operation of public rural financial institutions created in the post-revolutionary period and the neoliberal transition that they experienced in the eighties. Also in obtaining data through the application of 611 surveys to identify some elements that explain the current exclusion from public credit of small corn producers in the lake regions of Michoacán. The results reveal that this productive sector has a low level of access due to the changes in public credit policy promoted by federal governments since the 1990s. These caused radical institutional modifications in the way agricultural credit operates and contributed to the current limited availability of public credit aimed at small corn producers.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el nivel de acceso al crédito público de los pequeños productores de maíz en las regiones lacustres de Chapala, Pátzcuaro y Cuitzeo en el estado de Michoacán, en el marco de la política financiera de corte neoliberal adoptada en los años 1981-2022 en comparación con el periodo posrevolucionario. Este sector productivo se caracteriza principalmente por tener bajos ingresos económicos, disponer de poca superficie de tierra y carencia de equipo y maquinaria y no ser sujeto de crédito, por lo que los integrantes de dicho sector comparten la condición de exclusión al financiamiento para la producción. La metodología empleada consistió en recabar información histórica respecto a la operación de las instituciones financieras rurales públicas creadas en el periodo posrevolucionario y la transición neoliberal que experimentaron en los años ochenta. También en la obtención de datos mediante la aplicación de 611 encuestas para identificar algunos elementos que expliquen la actual exclusión al crédito púbico de los pequeños productores de maíz en las regiones lacustres de Michoacán. Los resultados revelan que este sector productivo tiene un bajo nivel de acceso, condición que obedece a los cambios de la política pública crediticia impulsados por los gobiernos federales desde la década de los noventa. Estos provocaron modificaciones institucionales radicales en la forma de operar el crédito agrícola y contribuyeron a que actualmente se presente una escasa disposición de crédito público dirigido a los pequeños productores de maíz.

Abstract Introduction/Frame: Trust is foundational to qualitative research and program evaluation to ensure that data collection, data analysis, and actionable recommendations improve programs and produce effective outcomes. Concomitantly, building trust between the university and community sectors offers a rich opportunity to join efforts to address public health issues including substance use, homelessness, criminal justice involvement, and mental illness. Research suggests cross-sector collaboration among human services organizations produces effective outcomes when stakeholders are engaged, trust one another, and have shared goals. Developing qualitative program evaluation partnerships between university researchers and human service organizations offers a valuable application of cross-sector collaboration, including the transferability of qualitative research and program evaluation findings. Objective: This conceptual paper aims to highlight the essentiality of trust, summarize the facilitators and barriers of collaboration, and share a case example of a partnership. Additionally, it offers implications for researchers and community partners while outlining the benefits of university/community collaboration. Finally, we will offer a conceptual model of the iterative relationship between trustworthiness, trust, and impact in our evaluation approach. Theoretical Framework: Our approach to community-focused qualitative program evaluation is anchored in an action research paradigm, a use evaluation approach, coupled with trust as the key factor in developing and maintaining effective evaluative relationships. The Impact of Trust: Three areas in which trust is most beneficial to qualitative program evaluation are relationships, data collection, and transferability of results. Conceptual Model: Our model is grounded in three seminal works focusing on trust in business-business relationships, organizational trustworthiness as a mediator to both cognitive and affective trust, and relationship stability in inter-organizational reliance. Final Considerations: We found that using this model allowed quicker research-to-practice implementation of evaluation recommendations, solidified community/university collaborative relationships, and facilitated strategies to address workforce shortages in community human services agencies.

Abstract Public organizations must adopt people management practices that contribute to the availability of professionals with an appropriate and engaged profile to generate quality public service provision. However, there are contextual variables that can make it difficult to use best practices from the literature in the context of public organizations. Goal: to identify the challenges for adopting people management practices in the public sector. Methods: The research is descriptive, cross-sectional, with a qualitative approach, based on data collected with an open question in an electronic questionnaire answered by 34 professional master's students in public administration who have an average experience of 19 years in the public sector and 7.7 years with people management. The data was consolidated with Bardin's word cloud and content analysis. Results: Five thematic categories and 21 subcategories of challenges were identified: organizational behavior barrier (with 3 subcategories); lack of preparation for adopting practices (with 2 subcategories); lack of organizational support (with 4 subcategories); limitations inherent to the public sector context (with 2 subcategories), limitations in people management practices (with 10 subcategories) Conclusions. The study highlighted contextual aspects of public organizations that have made it difficult to adopt people management practices more effectively, in addition to identifying the main difficulties in the practices themselves, which can help managers to establish actions to overcome these challenges. The qualitative method allowed us to obtain information related to the topic that was not initially foreseen in the collection, but that emerged from the answers, giving greater richness to the understanding of the phenomenon studied.

Resumo As organizações públicas devem adotar práticas de gestão de pessoas que contribuam para disponibilidade de profissionais com perfil adequado e engajado para gerar uma prestação de serviços públicos de qualidade. No entanto, existem variáveis contextuais que podem dificultar o uso de melhores práticas da literatura no contexto de organizações públicas. Objetivo: identificar os desafios para adoção das práticas de gestão de pessoas no setor público. Métodos: A pesquisa é descritiva, transversal, com abordagem qualitativa, a partir de dados coletados com pergunta aberta em um questionário eletrônico respondido por 34 alunos de mestrado profissional em administração pública que possui experiência média de 19 anos no setor público e de 7,7 anos com gestão de pessoas. Os dados foram consolidados com nuvem de palavras e análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: Foram identificadas cinco categorias temáticas e 21 subcategorias de desafios: barreira do comportamento organizacional (com 3 subcategorias); falta de preparo para adoção de práticas (com 2 subcategorias); falta de suporte organizacional (com 4 subcategorias); limitações inerentes ao contexto do setor público (com 2 subcategorias),, limitações nas práticas de gestão de pessoas (com 10 subcategorias) Conclusões. O estudo evidenciou aspectos contextuais das organizações públicas que tem dificultando a adoção de práticas de gestão de pessoas de forma mais efetiva, além de identificar quais as principais dificuldades nas práticas em si, o que pode contribuir com os gestores para estabelecer ações de superação destes desafios. O método qualitativo permitiu obter informações relacionadas ao tema que não estavam previstas inicialmente na coleta, mas que emergiram das respostas dando maior riqueza para compreensão do fenômeno estudado.

Resumen La transición de lo rural a lo semiurbano en Yucatán ocurre principalmente en las cabeceras municipales, y trae consigo problemas de gestión de los residuos. Las autoridades municipales son las encargadas del Manejo Integral de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos (MIRSU); pero en últimos años, la asociación entre el sector público y el privado para la gestión de los residuos resulta una estrategia eficaz. Existen pocos estudios sobre el MIRSU en zonas rurales o semiurbanas y la disposición a pagar de los usuarios, información que ayudaría a los creadores de política pública a diseñar planes y programas adecuados para su gestión. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es determinar los factores socioeconómicos asociados a la disposición a pagar por el MIRSU de los usuarios de municipios semiurbanos de Yucatán. Se realizaron 1,144 encuestas en 6 localidades semiurbanas de Yucatán, los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial con un modelo econométrico de regresión Tobit. El 69,75% de los usuarios encuestados declararon estar dispuestos a pagar por el manejo integral de los residuos sólidos un monto promedio de 17,65 pesos mexicanos (0,85 dólares estadounidenses). La disposición a pagar disminuye cuando predomina el idioma maya, y mientras menos activos físicos y habitaciones tenga el hogar. Existen elementos culturales y sociales arraigados en la recolección de residuos sólidos, este sistema integral puede ir acompañado de otro tipo de incentivos económicos para modificar el comportamiento de los consumidores hacia algo más beneficioso para el medio ambiente, tal como el ingreso familiar.

Abstract In Yucatan, the transition from rural to semi-urban communities has occurred mainly in the municipality seats; this transition comes with the problems of waste management. The municipalities oversee the Integral Urban Solid Waste Management (IUSWM); but in recent years, the public-private partnership for waste management has proved to be an effective strategy. There are few studies on the IUSWM in rural or semi-urban areas and the users’ willingness to pay, information that would help public policymakers to design adequate plans and programs for its management. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the socioeconomic factors associated with the willingness to pay for the IUSWM of users in semi-urban municipalities of Yucatan. A total of 1,144 interviews were conducted in 6 semi-urban localities in Yucatan, and the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with a Tobit regression econometric model. 69.75% of the surveyed users declared that they were willing to pay an average of 17.65 Mexican pesos (0.85 U.S. dollars) for the integral urban solid waste management. The willingness to pay decreases when the Mayan language predominates among the member of the household, and when they have fewer tangible assets and rooms. There are cultural and social factors rooted in solid waste collection, this integrated system may be accompanied by other types of economic incentives to modify consumers’ behavior towards something more beneficial for the environment, such as the homes’ income.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to determine how beneficiaries of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) perceive the universal health care reform project in terms of the variables of financing and provision of services in the city of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. The study was carried out under a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational methodological approach, applying a questionnaire to a stratified sample of 384 IMSS beneficiaries. Although the results highlight the low knowledge of the aspects of the reform project towards the universality of health services, users confirm the need for changes in the current health system and their willingness to make an additional contribution conditioned to the improvement of the service. The conclusions highlight some progress in the migration towards a universal health system, although there is still time to get the reform approved. This work aims to contribute to the existing literature by offering practical reflections that support the design and implementation of public policies in the health sector.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en determinar cómo perciben los derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) el proyecto de reforma de universalización de salud en cuanto a las variables financiamiento y prestación de servicios en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, México. El estudio se ejecutó bajo un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal, descriptivo y correlacional, aplicando un cuestionario a una muestra estratificada de 384 derechohabientes del IMSS. Si bien los resultados destacan el bajo conocimiento de los aspectos del proyecto de reforma hacia la universalidad de los servicios de salud, los usuarios confirman la necesidad de cambios en el sistema de salud actual y su disposición para realizar una aportación adicional condicionada a la mejora del servicio. Las conclusiones resaltan algunos avances en la migración hacia un sistema de salud universal, aunque todavía falta tiempo para lograr la aprobación de la reforma. Este trabajo pretende contribuir a la literatura existente ofreciendo reflexiones prácticas que sustenten el diseño e implementación de políticas públicas del sector salud.

RESUMEN Introducción: La covid-19 alteró la situación laboral y el proceso docente educativo de las universidades médicas. Además, hubo un impacto muy negativo en todas las esferas económicas y sociales del país. En el sector de la salud se reorganizaron los servicios y recursos humanos, se afectó la producción del cuadro básico de medicamentos, aumentaron las presiones sobre el sistema de salud pública y asistencia social con el correspondiente incremento de los costos de salud pública y gastos públicos. Objetivo: Describir los efectos sociales, económicos y académicos de la covid-19 en la Facultad de Medicina No. 1 de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas en Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, durante rebrotes de covid-19 en el periodo de enero a julio de 2021 en trabajadores disponibles y estudiantes de primero a quinto año de la facultad. Se evaluaron características generales y socioeconómicas para cada grupo, como certificados médicos y causas, días afectados, resultados de la pesquisa, y actividad formativa. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva para el análisis y presentación de los resultados. Resultados: La incidencia de casos positivos fue baja, pero generó miles de días de incapacidad, por aislamientos e ingreso en el hogar. Se pesquisaron más de 5 000 personas sospechosas de la enfermedad, de ellos 19,9 % resultó positivo. La promoción superó 95 % en todos los años de la carrera y fue mayor al de etapa prepidémica, al igual que la eficiencia vertical. Conclusiones: Aunque hubo efectos sociales, económicos y académicos negativos, el trabajo comunitario integral contribuyó a la preservación de la salud de la población y se desarrolló el aprendizaje a distancia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The COVID-19 altered the employment situation and the educational teaching process of medical universities. In addition, there was a very negative impact on all economic and social areas of the country. In the health sector, services and human resources were reorganized, the production of basic medicines was affected, pressures on the public health and social welfare system increased with corresponding rise in public health costs and expenditures. Objective: To describe the social, economic and academic effects of COVID-19 in the Medical Faculty No. 1 of the Medical Science University in Santiago de Cuba. Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study was conducted during the reoutbreaks of COVID-19 in the period from January to July 2021 in available workers and students from the first to the fifth year of the faculty. General and socio-economic characteristics were evaluated for each group, such as medical certificates and causes, affected days, research results and training activity. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis and presentation of results. Results: The incidence of positive cases was low, but generated thousands of days of disability due to isolation and home intake. More than 5 000 people suspected pf the disease were surveyed, 19.9 % of them positive. The promotion exceeded 95 % in all years of the major and was higher than the pre-epidemic stage, as well as the vertical efficiency. Conclusions: Although there were negative social, economic and academic effects, the integral community work contributed to the preservation of the population´s health and online classes were developed.