RESUMEN El karaguata es un arbusto de la familia de las bromelias del cual se extrae fibra a fin de producir distintos productos, utilizado como recurso ancestral por las comunidades indígenas del Gran Chaco. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo la descripción del avance de los últimos años del uso del karaguata, teniendo a las comunidades de los Ayoreos de Carmelo Peralta y a los Nivaclé de Boquerón como casos de estudio. El método empleado es de enfoque cualitativo, nivel descriptivo de diseño etnográfico; la técnica es de análisis documental. Por medio de estos estudios se tiene como resultado que estas comunidades aborígenes han adquirido un cierto grado de tecnología y la apertura a un nuevo mercado de comercialización que pueden ofrecer soluciones económicas de desarrollo sustentable. Aunque se obtienen resultados positivos se requiere también tener en cuenta algunos aspectos de suma importancia a fin de sostener las mejoras significativas, como por ejemplo, el aprovisionamiento de la materia prima y el cuidado del valor simbólico y sociocultural de la producción hecha por los pueblos originarios. El artículo es un estudio introductorio a otros que pueden realizarse a futuro y que tengan como enfoque principal el examinar a más profundidad la producción, distribución y comercio del karaguata a nivel país.

ABSTRACT Karaguata is a shrub from the bromeliad family from which fiber is extracted in order to produce different products, used as an ancestral resource by the indigenous communities of the Gran Chaco. The objective of this research is to describe the progress in recent years in the use of Karaguata, taking the communities of the Ayoreos of Carmelo Peralta and the Nivaclé of Boquerón as case studies. The method used is a qualitative approach, descriptive level of ethnographic design; the technique is documentary analysis. Through these studies, the result is that these aboriginal communities have acquired a certain degree of technology and the opening to a new marketing market that can offer economic solutions for sustainable development. Although positive results are obtained, it is also necessary to take into account some extremely important aspects in order to sustain significant improvements, such as, for example, the provision of raw materials and the care of the symbolic and sociocultural value of the production made by the native peoples. The article is an introductory study to others that may be carried out in the future and whose main focus is to examine in more depth the production, distribution and trade of karaguata at the country level.

ABSTRACT This research was conducted in the rural areas of Clara and La Hilera, Tacuarembó, Uruguay. The objective was to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food situation of households in these communities with dispersed population characteristics, from a human right to food perspective. A cross-sectional mixed descriptive study was conducted. Data were collected using the ELCSA scale, non-participant observations, semi-structured interviews with adults responsible for household food provision, and in-depth interviews with qualified informants from both areas. The results show that the level of household food insecurity remained the same in half of the households before and after the onset of the pandemic. It is concluded that the pandemic did not cause changes in the acquisition and local availability of food in almost all households.

RESUMEN La presente investigación se desarrolló en los parajes rurales de Clara y La Hilera, Tacuarembó, Uruguay. El objetivo se centró en conocer el impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la situación alimentaria de los hogares de estas comunidades con características de población dispersa, desde una perspectiva del derecho humano a la alimentación. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, mixto. Los datos fueron recabados a través de la escala ELCSA, observaciones no participantes, entrevistas semiestructuradas dirigidas a las personas adultas responsables de la alimentación en el hogar y entrevistas en profundidad a informantes calificados de ambos parajes. Entre los resultados se destaca, que los valores de inseguridad alimentaria de los hogares previo y luego de iniciada la pandemia se mantiene en la mitad de los mismos. Se concluye que la pandemia no provocó cambios en la adquisición y disponibilidad local de alimentos en prácticamente la totalidad de los hogares.

Abstract: This study had the general objective of verifying the relationship between burnout syndrome, social skills, coping strategies, and socio-occupational variables in a sample of 166 elementary school teachers from 13 public schools of Minas Gerais, Brazil, aged between 23 and 65 years, 73 % of whom were female. The Burnout Syndrome Inventory (ISB), the Social Skills Inventory 2 (IHS-2), the Coping Strategies Inventory (IEC), and a socio-occupational questionnaire developed especially for this research were used. A negative correlation was obtained between burnout and repertoire of social skills (r = -.273 and p < .001). The coping strategies that positively correlated with social skills were seeking social support, problem solving, and positive reappraisal. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between coping and professional fulfillment, indicating that teachers who adopted coping strategies were more likely to feel professionally satisfied. The burnout predictor variables were age, marital status, family provision, number of children, length of service, ongoing health care and social resourcefulness. The implications of these results were discussed concerning protective actions for the mental health of teachers and the importance of socio-emotional development in schools.

Resumen: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo general verificar la relación entre el síndrome de burnout, las habilidades sociales, el afrontamiento y las variables sociolaborales en una muestra de 166 profesores de educación básica de 13 escuelas públicas del interior de Minas Gerais, Brasil, con edades entre 23 y 65 años, el 73 % de los cuales son mujeres. Se utilizó el Inventario de Síndrome de Burnout (ISB), el Inventario de Habilidades Sociales 2 (IHS-2), el Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento (IEC) y un cuestionario sociolaboral desarrollado especialmente para esta investigación. Se obtuvo una correlación negativa entre el burnout y el repertorio de habilidades sociales (r = -.273 y p = .001). Las estrategias de afrontamiento que se correlacionaron positivamente con las habilidades sociales fueron: búsqueda de apoyo social, resolución de problemas y reevaluación positiva. Además, hubo una correlación positiva entre el afrontamiento y la realización profesional, lo que indica que los profesores que adoptaron estrategias de afrontamiento tenían más probabilidades de sentirse realizados profesionalmente. Las variables predictoras del agotamiento fueron la edad, el estado civil, la provisión familiar, el número de hijos, el tiempo de servicio, la atención médica continua y la desenvoltura social. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados respecto de las acciones protectoras para la salud mental de los docentes y la relevancia del desarrollo socioemocional en las escuelas.

Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo geral verificar a relação entre síndrome de burnout, habilidades sociais, coping e variáveis sócio-ocupacionais em uma amostra de 166 professores do ensino fundamental de 13 escolas públicas do interior de Minas Gerais, Brasil, com idades entre 23 e 65 anos, sendo 73 % do sexo feminino. Foram utilizados o Inventário da Síndrome de Burnout (ISB), o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais 2 (IHS-2), o Inventário de Estratégias de Coping (IEC) e um questionário sócio-ocupacional desenvolvido especialmente para esta pesquisa. Obteve-se correlação negativa entre o burnout e o repertório de habilidades sociais (r = -0,273 e p < 0,01). As estratégias de coping que se correlacionaram positivamente com as habilidades sociais foram: busca de suporte social, resolução de problemas e reavaliação positiva. Ademais, houve correlação positiva entre coping e realização profissional, indicando que professores que adotaram estratégias de enfrentamento apresentaram maior tendência a sentirem-se realizados profissionalmente. As variáveis preditoras do burnout foram idade, estado civil, provimento familiar, número de filhos, tempo de serviço, tratamento contínuo de saúde e desenvoltura social. Discutiu-se a implicação desses resultados no tocante às ações protetivas de saúde mental docente e quanto à relevância do desenvolvimento socioemocional nas escolas.

Resumen: Las Reservas Ecológicas, son la base primordial para la subsistencia de la biodiversidad, desempeñan funciones cruciales para el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas, especialmente, en la preservación de los servicios ecosistémicos de regulación del clima y suministro de agua. Determinar la capacidad de acumulación del COS en tres ecosistemas de la Reserva Ecológica Arenillas (REAR) y la influencia que tienen con los factores de profundidad y el tipo de suelo, fue el objetivo de la investigación. Se partió de la hipótesis que dichos factores ejercen un efecto sobre las propiedades físicas-químicas del suelo, provocando la variabilidad del carbono. Se establecieron 14 unidades de muestreo para los tres ecosistemas; 1) Intervenido, 2) Bosque deciduo y 3) Bosque arbustal deciduo, se extrajo de cada unidad dos muestras de suelo a profundidades de (0-10 y 10-30 cm), dando un total de 28 muestras. Los resultados revelaron diferencias significativas entre los tres tipos de ecosistemas, permitiendo afirmar que, en la REAR, el contenido de COS es mayor en el ecosistema de Bosque deciduo, que en los denominados Bosque arbustal deciduo y la zona Intervenida. Así mismo, los suelos del tipo Alfisol y Entisol en el Bosque deciduo presentaron la mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de COS, siendo la capa superficial la de mayor acumulación en los tres ecosistemas. Se concluyó que las bajas precipitaciones, el aumento de la temperatura y la esporádica vegetación producida por actividades antrópicas, afectan el almacenamiento de COS, limitando la prestación de servicios ecosistémicos relacionados con la captura de carbono edáfico.

Abstract: Ecological Reserves are the primary basis for the subsistence of biodiversity, they play crucial roles in the maintenance of ecosystems, especially in the preservation of ecosystem services of climate regulation and water supply. The objective of the research was to determine the accumulation capacity of COS in three ecosystems of the Arenillas Ecological Reserve (REAR) and the influence of depth factors and soil type. It was hypothesized that these factors exert an effect on the physical-chemical properties of the soil, causing carbon variability. Fourteen sampling units were established for the three ecosystems; 1) Intervened, 2) Deciduous Forest and 3) Deciduous shrub forest, two soil samples were extracted from each unit at depths of (0-10 and 10-30 cm), giving a total of 28 samples. The results revealed significant differences between the three types of ecosystems, allowing us to affirm that, in the REAR, the COS content is higher in the deciduous forest ecosystem than in the deciduous shrub forest and the Intermediate zone. Likewise, Alfisol and Entisol soils in the deciduous forest had the highest COS storage capacity, being the surface layer the one with the highest accumulation in the three ecosystems. It was concluded that low precipitation, increased temperature and sporadic vegetation produced by anthropic activities affect COS storage, limiting the provision of ecosystem services related to soil carbon sequestration.

ABSTRACT Teleworking has become a model of service provision that necessarily requires the use of technological tools. This way of developing activities has expanded in the educational sector Since the COVID-19 pandemic, it has implemented a greater boom in the university field facing great challenges and difficulties. The objective was to analyze the strengths, opportunities, weaknesses, and threats of telework implemented in the context of university education, during 2020-2021 at the Catholic University of Cuenca, Campus La Troncal, Ecuador In the methodology applied the qualitative approach of descriptive type, SWOT analysis, the technique of literature review, as well as the interpretation and description through focus groups. From the results, it is clear that teachers require specific skills and competencies to develop telework activities.The implementation of telework in university education presents significant opportunities, but also challenges, which must be addressed with effective strategies and a solid legal framework to ensure its successful implementation, prevent the violation of fundamental rights, and the emergence of occupational diseases that are linked to this form of labor organization.

RESUMEN El teletrabajo se ha constituido como modelo de prestación de servicios que requiere necesariamente el uso de herramientas tecnológicas. Esta forma de desarrollar las actividades se ha expandido en el sector educativo. Desde la época de la pandemia por covid-l9 se implementó con un mayor auge en el campo universitario enfrentando grandes retos y dificultades. El objetivo fue analizar las fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas del teletrabajo implementado en el contexto de la educación universitaria, durante los años 2020-2021 en la Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Campus La Troncal, Ecuador En la metodología se aplicó el enfoque cualitativo de tipo descriptivo, el análisis FODA, la técnica de revisión bibliográfica, así como la interpretación y descripción a través de los grupos focales. De los resultados se desprende que, los docentes requieren capacidades y competencias específicas para desarrollar las actividades en teletrabajo. La implementación del teletrabajo en la educación universitaria presenta oportunidades significativas, pero también desafíos, que deben ser abordados con estrategias efectivas y un marco jurídico sólido para garantizar su aplicación exitosa, prevenir la vulneración derechos fundamentales y la aparición de enfermedades ocupacionales que se vinculan con esta forma de organización laboral.

RESUMO O teletrabalho estabeleceu-se como um modelo de prestação de serviços que requer necessariamente a utilização de ferramentas tecnológicas. Esta forma de realizar actividades expandiu-se no sector educativo. Desde a época da pandemia de covid-l9, tem sido implementado com maior intensidade no âmbito universitário, enfrentando grandes desafios e dificuldades. O objetivo foi analisar os pontos fortes, oportunidades, fraquezas e ameaças do teletrabalho implementado no contexto do ensino universitário, durante os anos 2020-2021 na Universidade Católica de Cuenca, Campus LaTroncal, Equador: A metodologia aplicada foi uma abordagem qualitativa descritiva, análise SWOT técnica de revisão da literatura, bem como interpretação e descrição através de grupos focais. Os resultados mostram claramente que os professores necessitam de aptidões e competências específicas para desenvolver actividades de teletrabalho. A implementação do teletrabalho no ensino universitário apresenta oportunidades significativas, mas também desafios, que devem ser abordados com estratégias eficazes e um quadro jurídico sólido para garantir a sua implementação bem sucedida, evitar a violação dos direitos fundamentais e o aparecimento de doenças profissionais que estão ligadas a esta forma de organização do trabalho.

Abstract Background: Safety is a crucial aspect of healthcare provision. Incidents or adverse events in healthcare can often be prevented and must be reported when they occur. Objective: To assess nurses’ opinions about the process of reporting adverse events in their institution, the barriers to the process, and the strategies to promote it. Methodology: A simple descriptive study was conducted with 62 nurses working at the operating room of a central hospital in the center of Portugal. A questionnaire was administered in February 2022. Results: The main barriers identified were the lack of a reporting culture, work overload, lack of feedback, forgetfulness, and insufficient knowledge about the system and what to report. The strategies identified to promote the reporting process were training, feedback, and debriefings. Conclusion: Institutions should create favorable environments for professionals to report incidents.

Resumo Enquadramento: A segurança na prestação de cuidados de saúde é um fator que assume grande importância. Sendo que a maioria dos incidentes ou eventos adversos associados à prestação de cuidados podem ser evitados e quando ocorrem devem ser notificados. Objetivo: Avaliar a opinião dos enfermeiros relativamente ao processo de notificação de eventos adversos existente na instituição; conhecer na opinião dos enfermeiros as barreiras à notificação e estratégias a adotar para promover a mesma. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo simples realizado com a participação de 62 Enfermeiros do Bloco Operatório Central de um Centro Hospitalar da zona centro de Portugal, que preencheram um questionário em fevereiro de 2022. Resultados: As principais barreiras identificadas foram: a falta de cultura de reporte, sobrecarga de trabalho, ausência de feedback, esquecimento, conhecimento insuficiente sobre o sistema informático e o que reportar. As estratégias identificadas pelos profissionais como promotoras do processo de notificação foram a formação, o feedback e os debriefings. Conclusão: As instituições devem criar condições favoráveis a prática de notificação.

Resumen Marco contextual: La seguridad en la prestación de cuidados sanitarios es un factor de gran importancia. La mayoría de los incidentes o acontecimientos adversos asociados a la prestación de cuidados pueden evitarse y, cuando ocurren, deben notificarse. Objetivo: Evaluar la opinión del personal de enfermería sobre el proceso de notificación de acontecimientos adversos en la institución; conocer, en opinión del personal de enfermería, los obstáculos para la notificación y las estrategias que deben adoptarse para promoverla. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo simple realizado con la participación de 62 enfermeros del Quirófano Central de un Centro Hospitalario del centro de Portugal, que cumplimentaron un cuestionario en febrero de 2022. Resultados: Los principales obstáculos identificados fueron: falta de cultura de notificación, sobrecarga de trabajo, falta de feedback, olvido, falta de conocimientos sobre el sistema informático y sobre qué notificar. Las estrategias identificadas por los profesionales como facilitadoras del proceso de notificación fueron la formación, el feedback y los debriefings. Conclusión: Las instituciones deben crear condiciones favorables para la práctica de la notificación.

Las ollas comunes son organizaciones sociales que se enfrentan diariamente a la problemática de garantizar la provisión de alimentos a los pobladores más vulnerables de la comunidad. La investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la relación entre las campañas de concientización en redes sociales y la divulgación de las necesidades de estas organizaciones ubicadas en el Asentamiento Humano José Carlos Mariátegui, del distrito de Villa María del Triunfo, en Lima. Se empleó una metodología cuantitativa, diseño no experimental y nivel correlacional, donde se aplicaron dos cuestionarios a 180 participantes seleccionados con muestreo no probabilístico. Los principales resultados revelaron una fuerte correlación entre las campañas en redes sociales y la mejora en la difusión de las necesidades y el trabajo de las socias de las ollas comunes. En conclusión, se identificó que las campañas de sensibilización en redes sociales devienen herramientas efectivas para visibilizar las necesidades de las asociaciones populares y movilizar el respaldo necesario de diversos actores. Asimismo, el estudio puso de manifiesto la relevancia del empoderamiento, la gestión eficaz y la solidaridad de las madres de familia y los miembros de las ollas comunes, quienes han logrado organizarse y autogestionar soluciones para aminorar sus precarias condiciones socioeconómicas.

The common pots are social organizations that face daily the problem of guaranteeing the provision of food to the most vulnerable residents of the community. The research objective was to identify the relationship between awareness campaigns on social networks and the dissemination of the needs of these organizations located in the "José Carlos Mariátegui" Human Settlement in the "Villa María del Triunfo" district in Lima. A quantitative methodology, non-experimental design, and correlational level were used, where two questionnaires were applied to 180 participants selected with non-probabilistic sampling. The main results revealed a strong correlation between social media campaigns and the improvement in disseminating the needs and work of the members of the communal cooking pots. In conclusion, it was identified that awareness campaigns on social networks are effective tools to make visible the needs of popular associations and mobilize the necessary support from various actors. Likewise, the study highlighted the relevance of empowerment, effective management, and solidarity from mothers and members of the communal cooking pots, who have managed to organize and self-manage insufficient solutions due to their precarious socioeconomic conditions.

As Ollas comunes são organizações sociais que enfrentam o problema diário de garantir o fornecimento de alimentos aos membros mais vulneráveis da comunidade. A pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar a relação entre as campanhas de conscientização nas redes sociais e a divulgação das necessidades dessas organizações localizadas no Assentamento Humano José Carlos Mariátegui, no distrito de Villa María del Triunfo, em Lima. Foi utilizada uma metodologia quantitativa, um projeto não experimental e um nível correlacional, em que dois questionários foram aplicados a 180 participantes selecionados por amostragem não probabilística. Os principais resultados revelaram uma forte correlação entre as campanhas de mídia social e a melhoria na divulgação das necessidades e do trabalho dos membros das cozinhas populares. Concluindo, identificou-se que as campanhas de conscientização nas mídias sociais são ferramentas eficazes para tornar visíveis as necessidades das associações de base e para mobilizar o apoio necessário de vários agentes. O estudo também destacou a importância da capacitação, da gestão eficaz e da solidariedade das mães e dos membros das cozinhas populares, que conseguiram se organizar e autogerenciar soluções para reduzir suas condições socioeconômicas precárias.

Os cidadãos de ex-colônias com sistemas jurídicos e culturais plurais como o Zimbábue não têm acesso efetivo à justiça. Isto ocorre porque o sistema de justiça formal está marcado por obstáculos que impedem as pessoas de entrar e navegar no sistema ou de obter resultados que estejam alinhados com as suas concepções normativas de justiça. Os esforços de reforma da justiça pós-independência falharam porque tentam resolver os obstáculos isoladamente uns dos outros, e os obstáculos quase nunca são analisados ​​como inerentes ao próprio sistema de justiça formal, ou seja, como problemas sistêmicos. É incontestável que todo sistema judicial apresenta riscos para os utilizadores pretendidos, e este artigo centra-se especificamente nos obstáculos sistêmicos ao acesso à justiça. Demonstro riscos inerentes e inaceitáveis ​​de injustiça no sistema de justiça formal, discutindo quatro exemplos da perspectiva da oferta e da demanda. O artigo utiliza uma abordagem de investigação multifacetada, envolvendo uma revisão abrangente da literatura, relatos dos meios de comunicação social e a minha experiência e observações no sistema de justiça do Zimbábue. Além disso, também são utilizados exemplos de jurisprudência, mas indo além dos casos individuais errôneos, e desvendando as consequências sociais pouco teorizadas, ainda que mais amplas, dos casos para os cidadãos e para o sistema de justiça formal.

Los ciudadanos de antiguas colonias con sistemas legales y culturales plurales, como Zimbabue, no tienen acceso efectivo a la justicia. Esto se debe a que el sistema de justicia formal está marcado por obstáculos que impiden que las personas ingresen y naveguen en el sistema u obtengan resultados alineados con sus concepciones normativas de justicia. Los esfuerzos de reforma de la justicia posteriores a la independencia han fracasado porque intentan resolver los obstáculos de forma aislada unos de otros, y los obstáculos casi nunca se analizan como inherentes al propio sistema de justicia formal, es decir, como problemas sistémicos. Es indiscutible que todo sistema judicial presenta riesgos para sus usuarios previstos, y este artículo se centra específicamente en los obstáculos sistémicos al acceso a la justicia. Demuestro riesgos inherentes e inaceptables de injusticia en el sistema de justicia formal analizando cuatro ejemplos desde una perspectiva de oferta y demanda. El artículo utiliza un enfoque de investigación multifacético, que incluye una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura, informes de los medios y mi experiencia y observaciones en el sistema de justicia de Zimbabue. Además, también se utilizan ejemplos de jurisprudencia, pero yendo más allá de casos individuales erróneos, y revelando las consecuencias sociales poco teorizadas, aunque más amplias, de los casos para los ciudadanos y el sistema de justicia formal.

Citizens in plural legal and cultural former colonies like Zimbabwe do not have effective access to justice. This is because the formal justice system is marred with obstacles that either prevent people from entering and navigating the system or impede them from obtaining outcomes that are aligned with their normative conceptions of justice. Post-independence justice reform efforts have failed because they attempt to resolve obstacles in isolation of each other, and the obstacles are almost never analysed as inherent within the formal justice system itself i.e., systemic problem. That every justice system has risks for the intended users is uncontroverted, and this article specifically focuses only on systemic obstacles to access to justice. I demonstrate inherent and unacceptable risk of unfairness in the formal justice system by discussing four examples from the demand and supply sides. The article uses a multi-pronged research approach, involving a comprehensive literature review, media reports and my experience and observations within the Zimbabwean justice system. Furthermore, case law examples are also utilised, but going beyond erroneous individual cases, and unpacking the under-theorised, yet broader social consequences of the cases on citizens and the formal justice system.

Abstract Objective Child sexual violence is a multidimensional problem of many contemporary societies, affecting people of all sexes, social stratum and age groups. Offenses involving children and adolescents are more serious, given their total or partial dependence on parents and caregivers. Information on child sexual violence in Brazil is found in raw form and without detail. The objective was to compare the information with social and economic data in the state of Paraná. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective study of secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) on cases of sexual violence involving victims aged 0 to 19 years. Results are presented according to notification characteristics. The authors applied exploratory spatial data analysis to assess spatial autocorrelations and investigated relationships by the ordinary least squares regression model. Results Between 2017 and 2021, there were 13,403 reports of child sexual violence in Paraná State, Brazil. Most victims (82.8%) were female and aged between 10 and 14 years. The majority of sexual violence cases (67.8%) occurred in the home environment. The highest rates on a population basis were observed in the North Central and Greater Curitiba regions, mainly in cities with higher population density and with higher rates of other types of violence. Conclusion The results provide data that can promote a broader understanding of the distribution of sexual violence and the state and associated variations. It is expected to improve the provision of care for victims of child sexual violence and assist in strategic planning to prevent future offenses. societies sexes groups serious caregivers detail SINAN (SINAN 1 years characteristics model 201 2021 13403 13 403 13,40 State 82.8% 828 82 8 (82.8% 67.8% 678 67 (67.8% environment regions variations offenses 20 202 1340 40 13,4 82.8 (82.8 67.8 6 (67.8 2 134 4 13, 82. (82. 67. (67. (82 (67 (8 (6 (

BACKGROUND. The Health Professions Council of South Africa implemented a compulsory research component for specialist practitioner registration through the Master of Medicine (MMed) degree in 2011, eliciting both commendation and critique. Chief among the concerns is the extended time required for MMed completion. This study explores the duration of each component of the MMed research thesis and discusses the potential problematic areas in terms of its timeous completion, about which there is currently a lack of data, with particular regard to the South African (SA) setting. OBJECTIVES. To quantitatively delineate the various components of the MMed research thesis process, identify potential barriers to its completion, and formulate a recommended evidence-based proposed timeline allowing for successful and timeous completion of the MMed. METHODS. We conducted a retrospective review of MMed degrees completed by paediatrics registrars at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, SA, from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2018, and an electronic survey of former MMed students, detailing the duration of each of the components of the MMed research thesis process. RESULTS. The survey had a 70.5% response rate (n=148 respondents, of whom 141 fully completed the survey). The median (interquartile range) time to complete the MMed research thesis was 30 (21 - 42) months. While 78.0% of respondents deemed 4 years adequate for completion, 15.6% reported durations exceeding 4 years, and 2.1% had not completed the MMed. The components of the research thesis with the longest duration in terms of completion included development of a first draft of the research protocol, data analysis, and development of the first draft of the final report. Factors reportedly associated with successful completion of the thesis were a supportive supervisor and the provision of a research rotation. CONCLUSION. A significant portion of candidates do not complete the MMed research thesis within the 4-year training period, hindering specialist registration. The major contributing factors appear to be related to candidates' inexperience regarding the research process and lack of exposure to it, as well as some of the administrative procedures involved. Utilisation of the recommendations and structured timeline will help identify problematic areas timeously and ensure successful completion of the thesis.

Abstract: This article investigates an under-discussed provision of the European Union’s (EU’s) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regarding genetic data, i.e., the right to be forgotten. The debate on this right came from the commercerelated side of data protection instead of the medical side. Thus, this article addresses the implications of the RTBF for the lawful processing of familial genetic data. The article develops a normative, ethically focused principles argument about interpreting genetic data’s right to be forgotten. It gives due consideration to autonomy, privacy, and human dignity. It argues that the individualistic approach of genetic privacy materialised through the extreme solution of data erasure is challenging to combine with familial and scientific research interests. The article suggests an interpretation of the GDPR according to bioethical principles and the inclusion of a specific exception regarding genetic data to prevent patients from claiming the right to be forgotten.

Resumen: Este artículo investiga una disposición poco debatida del Reglamento General de Protección de Datos (RGPD) de la Unión Europea (UE) relativa a los datos genéticos, es decir, el derecho al olvido. El debate sobre este derecho procede del lado de la protección de datos relacionados con el comercio en lugar de los aspectos médicos. En consecuencia, este artículo aborda las implicaciones del RTBF para el tratamiento legal de los datos genéticos familiares. El artículo desarrolla una argumentación normativa, centrada en principios éticos, acerca de la interpretación del derecho al olvido de los datos genéticos. Tiene debidamente en cuenta la autonomía, la intimidad y la dignidad humana. Sostiene que el enfoque individualista de la privacidad genética, materializado a través de la solución extrema del borrado de datos, es difícil de combinar con los intereses de la investigación familiar y científica. El artículo sugiere una interpretación del RGPD de acuerdo con los principios bioéticos y la inclusión de una excepción específica relativa a los datos genéticos, que evita que los pacientes reclamen el derecho a ser olvidados.

Resumo: Esse artigo investiga uma disposição pouco discutida do Regulamento Geral de Proteção de Dados (GDPR) da União Européia (EU) relacionado a dados genéticos, isto é, o direito ao esquecimento. O debate sobre esse direito veio do lado comercial da proteção de dados ao invés do lado médico. Assim, esse artigo aborda as implicações do RTBF para o processamento legal de dados genéticos familiares. O artigo desenvolve um argumento normativo, de princípios eticamente focados sobre a interpretação do direito ao esquecimento de dados genéticos. Ele dá a devida consideração à autonomia, privacidade e dignidade humana. Ele contesta que a abordagem individualista da privacidade genética, materializada através da solução extrema de apagamento de dados, desafia a combinação de interesses familiares e de pesquisa científica. O artigo sugere uma interpretação do GDPR de acordo com princípios bioéticos e a inclusão de uma exceção específica relacionada a dados genéticos para prevenir pacientes de reivindicarem o direito ao esquecimento.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las orquídeas constituyen uno de los grupos más diversos de plantas, y brindan una gran cantidad de beneficios a la sociedad humana. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son los servicios ecosistémicos que brindan las orquídeas? Descripción de los datos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática basada en 413 artículos, de los cuales 224 brindan información relevante enfocándose en publicaciones por categoría de servicio ecosistémico, continente, género y cuartil de revista. Sitio de estudio y años estudiados: estudios de orquídeas en todos los continentes desde 2000 hasta 2021. Métodos: Las bases de datos revisadas fueron BioOne, CONRICyT, EBSCO, EndNote, Google Scholar, JSTOR, Mendeley, ScienceDirect, Wiley library, y libros especializados. Resultados: Se encontraron 75 artículos sobre servicios culturales, seguidos de 66 sobre servicios de provisión, 64 de servicios de soporte y 19 artículos sobre servicios de regulación. La subfamilia Epidendroideae fue la más mencionada con el 90.9 %, siendo el género Dendrobium el que más menciones tuvo (39.13 %). La mayor parte de la investigación sobre los servicios ecosistémicos de las orquídeas se llevó a cabo en los continentes Americano y Asiático, donde prevalecen los servicios culturales y de provisión, respectivamente. Del total de publicaciones, el 54.7 % pertenecen al cuartil 1 y el 2.4 % al cuartil 4. Conclusiones: Esta investigación contribuye al entendimiento de los servicios ecosistémicos proporcionados por las orquídeas, lo que permite una comprensión más completa de cómo la sociedad humana se beneficia de las orquídeas y qué se podría perder si estas especies no se conservan y utilizan de manera sostenible.

Abstract Background: Orchids constitute one of the most diverse group of plants, they provide a large number of benefits to human society. Questions: What are the ecosystem services provided by orchids? Data description: We performed a systematic review based on 413 articles, of which 224 provide relevant information, focusing on publications by ecosystem service category, continent, genus, and quartile of journal. Study site and years studied: studies of orchids on all continents from 2000 to 2021. Methods: databases reviewed were BioOne, CONRICyT, EBSCO, EndNote, Google Scholar, JSTOR, Mendeley, ScienceDirect, Wiley library, as well as reviews of specialized books. Results: We found 75 articles on cultural services, followed by 66 on provisioning services, 64 on supporting and 19 on regulating services. The Epidendroideae subfamily was the most mentioned with 90.9 %, with the genus Dendrobium having the most mentions (39.13 %). Most of the orchid ecosystem service research was conducted on the American and Asian continents, where cultural and provisioning services were prevalent, respectively. Of all the publications, 54.7 % belong to quartile 1, and 2.4 % to quartile 4. Conclusions: This research contributes to our understanding of ecosystem services provided by orchids, which may allow us a more comprehensive understanding of how human society benefits from orchids, and what could be lost if these species are not conserved and used sustainably.

Abstract Introduction Adenoidectomy is one of the most common procedures performed by otolaryngologists. Traditional adenoid curettage is performed blindly, which can result in inadequate removal of the adenoid and injury to the surrounding structures. Objective To perform transnasal endoscopic examinations to assess the nasopharynx after conventional curettage adenoidectomy. Methods The present prospective study included 100 children with a mean age of 4.2 ± 3.07 years. It is composed of two steps: conventional curettage adenoidectomy by a resident trainee; and endoscopic evaluation of the nasopharynx through a 0° telescope to assess adenoidal remnants, injury to the surgical field or adjacent structures, and bleeding points. Results Adenoid remnants were observed in 42% of the cases after conventional adenoid curettage in multiple locations, such as the roof of the nasopharynx over the choana (24%), the tubal tonsil (12%), the posterior pharyngeal wall (4%), and the posterior end of the nasal septum (2%). Injury to the surgical field and adjacent structures was observed in 46% of the cases (posterior pharyngeal wall: 23%; lateral pharyngeal wall: 11%; Passavant ridge: 10%; and the Eustachian tube orifice: 2%). Endoscopic bleeding was observed in 29% of the cases; 13% of the cases were from adenoid remnants, 10%, from the mucosa, and 6%, from the pharyngeal muscles. Bleeding was mild in 19% of the cases, moderate in 9%, and severe in 1%. Conclusion Endoscopic evaluation of the nasopharynx following conventional adenoid curettage provides important data regarding adenoid remnants, injury to the surgical field or nearby structures, and bleeding points, which aids in the provision of optimal care and in the achievement of a better outcome. otolaryngologists blindly 10 42 4 2 4. 307 3 07 3.0 years steps trainee 0 points locations 24%, 24 24% , (24%) 12%, 12 12% (12%) 4%, 4% (4%) 2%. 2% . (2%) 46 23% 23 11% 11 ridge 10% orifice 2%) 29 13 mucosa 6 6% muscles 19 9 9% 1 1% outcome 30 3. (24% (12% (4% (2% (24 (12 (4 (2 (1 (

The quality of patient care forms the basis of all doctor-patient relationships. However, it requires more than mere provision of what is necessary to maintain or restore their health, and should encompass an emotional connection, and a desire to help them. Care covers a wide range of activities and is often seen as the technical and procedural aspects of medicine, while compassion revolves around the relational aspects of patient care. It requires clinicians to be able to express empathy and understanding, share their patients' feelings, be available, communicate, try to provide support and encouragement, and treat them with respect and dignity. This paper discusses care and compassion and explores issues such as whether a person can be taught to care and/ or show compassion; if too much compassion could cloud a practitioner's judgement; if it's possible to deliver good care without being compassionate; and whether a person who has never experienced compassion can develop this ability. Care and compassion are essential components of effective medical practice, and need to be integrated into healthcare. Clinicians should adopt a patient-centred approach that prioritises the patient's values, needs and preferences during their decision-making process. At the same time, they must cultivate emotional intelligence, and identify when they need mental, emotional or physical support.

Hierdie artikel ondersoek twee aspekte wat die outentiekheid van 'n plaaslike regering raak, naamlik die antesedente en die gevolglikheid daarvan. 'n Begripsraamwerk en 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg van "plaaslike regering" is as teoretiese lense vir die ondersoek gebruik. Wat die antesedente van plaaslike regering betref (magtiging, inwoners, natuurlike en fisiese ligging, samewerkende regerings, en vermoëns), het Orania nie as gevolg van magtigende maatreëls soos die Grondwet en voortspruitende wetgewing ontstaan nie, maar as gevolg van 'n kultuurgemeenskap se strewe en gevolglike aankoop van 'n stuk grond. Anders as die inwoners van munisipaliteite in die res van Suid-Afrika het Orania se inwoners verblyfreg verkry op grond van hul onderskrywing van Orania se ontstaansredes. Die eiesoortige fisiese ligging van Orania is doelbewus deur die grondleggers gekies en is bepalend vir die voorsiening van energie, water en ander infrastruktuur-verwante dienste deur Orania Dorpsraad. Die dorpsadministrasie blyk voorts oor voldoende fondse, raadslede en amptenare te beskik om sy funksies uit te voer en sodoende 'n tuiste vir sy gemeenskap te skep. Wat die gevolglikheid van plaaslike regering betref (lewensgehalte, demokratiese en verantwoordelike regering, volhoubare dienslewering, maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling, en veilige en gesonde omgewing) blyk die Orania inwonersgemeenskap goeie lewensgehalte te ervaar. Hulle blyk deurlopend betrokke te wees by verskeie gemeenskapsorganisasies, 'n demokratiese en verant-woordingspligtige Orania Verteenwoordigende Raad (OVR) en dorpsadministrasie. Voorts ontvang hulle volhoubare munisipale dienslewering, ervaar maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling en leef in 'n veilige en gesonde omgewing. 'n Outentieke plaaslike regering blyk een te wees wat goed geïntegreer is met sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, voortdurend ongemaklik is met die hede, en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer. Orania is klaarblyklik só 'n plaaslike regering.

Local government is distinguished from other spheres of government based on its unique institutional characteristics, the local nature of its governmental functions, and the territorial delineation of its local jurisdiction. Despite being localised, local governments often fail to meet the specific needs of their residents. The implication is that they are not authentic local governments. This article examines two aspects that have an impact on the authenticity of a local government: the necessary conditions (antecedents) for and the consequences of an authentic local government. These aspects are considered through a case study of Orania as a non-typical instance of a South African local government. A conceptual framework and a social ontology of care are used as theoretical lenses to analyse and understand the antecedents and consequences of a local government. In the preceding article, it was reported that the case of Orania does indeed align with the characteristics associated with the concept of "local government". The antecedents of local government have been shown to be authorisation, residents, natural and physical location, cooperative governments, and capabilities. It appears that Orania did not originate due to authorising measures such as the Constitution and subsequent legislation. Instead, it came about because of a cultural community's aspirations and the subsequent acquisition of a piece of land while obtaining legal authorisation at a later stage by means of an order of the High Court. The residents of Orania do not seem to be accidental inhabitants; but are residents based on their alignment with Orania's founding principles. The unique physical location of Orania was deliberately chosen and plays a crucial role in the provision of energy, water, and other infrastructure-related services by the Orania Town Council and administration. The Town Council and its administration appear to have sufficient funds, competent and ethical council members and officials to carry out its functions and create a home for its community. Regarding the consequences of local government, the Orania community seems to experience a good quality of life while actively engaging in various community organisations, participating in the democratic election of an accountable Orania Representative Council (OVR) and Town Council, receiving sustainable municipal services, and witnessing social and economic development. Additionally, they enjoy a safe and healthy environment. An authentic local government is thus one that is integrally connected to its local community and the surrounding world. It continually grapples with present challenges and genuinely cares for its community and the world it inhabits. Orania, therefore, appears to embody the characteristics of a local government.