Resumen: La investigación, con enfoque epistemológico cuantitativo y el paradigma positivista, tiene como objetivo definir la relación entre el marco regulatorio del sector financiero ecuatoriano y las condiciones de financiamiento a las pymes. Esta fue de tipo descriptivo-correlacional, permitiendo realizar un análisis descriptivo y factorial de variables vinculadas al conocimiento y aplicación de leyes y códigos regulatorios de 54 oficiales de crédito del sector bancario de El Oro, Ecuador. Se identificaron dos dimensiones: una relacionada con el marco regulatorio monetario y otra con códigos orgánicos. Las encuestas señalan que las leyes más aplicadas son: Ley General de Instituciones del Sector Financiero y Ley de Compañías. La primera regula la creación, funcionamiento y cierre de instituciones financieras privadas para proteger a la población y asegurar la estabilidad financiera; su cumplimiento es supervisado por la Superintendencia de Bancos. La segunda simplifica el proceso de constitución de empresas, permitiendo diversos tipos de compañías y flexibilidad en su estructura. Las regulaciones bancarias ecuatorianas han experimentado reformas para fortalecer la solidez y transparencia del sistema, como la Ley de Mercado de Valores y la Ley de Instituciones del Sistema de Seguros Privados, que contribuyen a la estabilidad, regulación, protección al consumidor financiero y promoción de la competencia, generando condiciones de financiamiento favorables, que incluyen confianza, tasas de interés competitivas y amplias opciones financieras.

Abstract: The research, with a quantitative epistemological approach and the positivist paradigm, aims to define the relationship between the regulatory framework of the Ecuadorian financial sector and the financing conditions for SMEs. This was of a descriptive-correlational type, allowing a descriptive and factorial analysis of variables linked to the knowledge and application of laws and regulatory codes of 54 credit officers from the banking sector of El Oro, Ecuador. Two dimensions were identified: one related to the monetary regulatory framework and another with organic codes. Surveys indicate that the most applied laws are: General Law of Financial Sector Institutions and Companies Law. The first regulates the creation, operation and closure of private financial institutions to protect the population and ensure financial stability; Its compliance is supervised by the Superintendency of Banks. The second simplifies the business incorporation process, allowing various types of companies and flexibility in their structure. Ecuadorian banking regulations have undergone reforms to strengthen the soundness and transparency of the system, such as the Securities Market Law and the Law of Institutions of the Private Insurance System, which contribute to stability, regulation, financial consumer protection and promotion of competition, generating favorable financing conditions, which include confidence, competitive interest rates and broad financial options.

Resumo Do percurso de vida de Nuno Álvares Pereira foram sempre destacadas as ações guerreiras e as virtudes religiosas, permanecendo ainda nebuloso o seu desempenho como detentor de poderes jurisdicionais sobre vastos domínios. Quando as negociações de paz com Castela ficaram definitivamente encarreiradas e os seus serviços militares deixaram de ser indispensáveis à afirmação política de D. João I e à defesa do reino, Nuno Álvares Pereira, que, segundo é sabido, nunca se enraizou em nenhum lugar, parece centrar a sua atenção em Almada. Promoveu um paço no recinto do castelo, onde terá residido efetivamente, ainda que por um curto período, procedeu a investimentos, que motivaram o desacordo de D. João I, e interferiu na vida concelhia em diversas vertentes, ao abrigo dos seus poderes senhoriais. Foi ainda em Almada que tratou de assegurar a viabilização do empreendimento do convento do Carmo, para onde se retiraria em 1423, no ano seguinte à doação da vila e termo à neta Isabel.

Abstract From Nuno Álvares Pereira's life path, were always highlighted his warlike actions and his religious virtues, although his performance as holder of jurisdictional powers over vast domains still remains unclear. When peace negotiations with Castile were definitively in line and his military services were no longer indispensable to the political declaration of D. João I and the defense of the kingdom, Nuno Álvares Pereira, who, as is known, never took root in any place, seems to focus its attention on Almada. He promoted a palace in the castle grounds, where he effectively resided, albeit for a short period, and made investments, which led to the disagreement of D. João I, and interfered in the council's life in various aspects, under the protection of his manorial powers. It was also in Almada that he tried to ensure the viability of the Carmo convent, where he would retire in 1423, the year following the donation of the town and term to his granddaughter Isabel.

RESUMO Introdução Os profissionais de saúde estão expostos a um elevado número de fatores de risco psicossociais. Estes têm consequências a nível individual e organizacional. A psicologia da saúde ocupacional aplica princípios da psicologia na proteção e promoção da saúde e bem-estar dos trabalhadores. Neste âmbito, pode atuar a nível da organização, com intervenções que melhorem o ambiente de trabalho, e a nível individual, dotando os indivíduos de recursos para lidar com diferentes tipos de ambientes. Foi neste contexto que um serviço de saúde ocupacional de um centro hospitalar de Lisboa decidiu integrar na sua equipa um psicólogo. Objetivo Descrever uma amostra de profissionais de saúde referenciados à consulta de psicologia, com vista a gerar hipóteses quanto a características que possam constituir fatores de risco para carecer desse apoio. Metodologia Trata-se de um estudo descritivo em que a amostra corresponde ao grupo de trabalhadores referenciado à consulta de psicologia ao longo de sete meses. Foram avaliados os sintomas humor deprimido, pensamentos de morte, ansiedade e alterações do sono. Todos os dados provêm dos registos clínicos do psicólogo e do médico do trabalho, obtidos através de entrevista clínica, tendo sido previamente anonimizados. Resultados Foram acompanhados em consulta de psicologia 47 trabalhadores, correspondendo a 1% da população do centro hospitalar. O grupo profissional mais prevalente na amostra foram os assistentes operacionais. A maioria dos trabalhadores referia já ter um diagnóstico prévio de psicopatologia e 55% mantinham-se medicados. Apenas 15% dos trabalhadores identificavam o trabalho como fator determinante na sintomatologia. Discussão Verificou-se uma maior proporção do sexo feminino, em relação com a população global do centro hospitalar, um achado que poderá relacionar-se com um maior risco inerente às expectativas impostas pela sociedade relativamente ao papel da mulher como cuidadora e o acúmulo de funções na esfera social/familiar. Está ausente da amostra o grupo profissional “médicos”, hipoteticamente por uma menor afluência destes às consultas de medicina do trabalho ou eventual proteção conferida a níveis educacionais mais altos. Conclusões Ao contrário da evidência existente, nesta amostra de profissionais de saúde de um centro hospitalar de lisboa, o trabalho não foi o fator preponderante para o aparecimento de efeitos adversos na saúde e a determinar o seguimento em consulta de psicologia. No futuro, deve ser testada de forma mais robusta a relação entre género, nível educacional e grupo profissional e aumento do risco de psicopatologia.

ABSTRACT Introduction Healthcare workers are exposed to many psychosocial risk factors. These have consequences at an individual and organizational level. Occupational health psychology applies the principles of psychology to the protection and promotion of workers' health and well-being. Here, it can act at the organizational level, with interventions that improve the working environment, and at the individual level, providing individuals with resources to deal with different types of settings. It was in this context that the occupational health service of a Lisbon hospital center decided to incorporate a psychologist into its team. Objective To describe a sample of health professionals referred for a psychology consultation, looking to generate hypotheses about characteristics that may constitute risk factors for needing this support. Methodology This is a descriptive study in which the sample corresponds to the group of workers that was referred to psychology, over seven months. The following symptoms were assessed: depressed mood, thoughts of death, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. All the data came from the clinical records of the psychologist and the occupational medicine physician, obtained through a clinical interview, and were previously anonymized. Results A total of 47 workers were followed in psychology appointments, corresponding to 1% of the hospital's population. The most prevalent professional group in the sample was operational assistants. Most of the workers reported having a previous diagnosis of psychopathology and 55% were still medicated. Only 15% of the workers identified work as a determining factor in their symptoms. Discussion There was a higher proportion of women compared to the overall population of the hospital, a finding that could be related to a greater risk inherent in the expectations imposed by society regarding the role of women as caregivers and the accumulation of functions in the social/family sphere. The "doctors" professional group is absent from the sample, hypothetically due to their lower attendance at occupational medicine consultations or the possible protection afforded to higher levels of education. Conclusions Contrary to the existing evidence, in this sample of health professionals from a hospital center in Lisbon, work was not the preponderant factor for the appearance of adverse health effects and determining follow-up in psychology consultations. In the future, the relationship between gender, educational level and professional group and increased risk of psychopathology should be tested more robustly.

Resumo A influência dos média sociais no campo do jornalismo, hoje incontornável, manifesta-se em várias vertentes, criando desafios que não podem ser ignorados pelos profissionais. Enquanto fontes, estão a ser cada vez mais utilizados, contribuindo para a emergência de novas dinâmicas de produção noticiosa, em particular na cobertura de acontecimentos em continuidade, nos quais impera a velocidade de transmissão e o imediatismo constitui um valor em si mesmo, incentivando a extração de conteúdos disponíveis na internet, sem tempo para escrutínio. Neste artigo, o fenómeno é enquadrado numa perspetiva ética. Através da análise de 32 códigos deontológicos - e instrumentos semelhantes - que incorporam esta realidade em partes específicas foram identificados valores e princípios jornalísticos neles inscritos acerca das modalidades de recolha de informação, sobretudo em redes sociais digitais. A exigência de verificação e validação do material e de identificação da fonte, procedimentos tradicionais, é predominante, atentos os potenciais riscos para o rigor de uma narrativa jornalística. Também é detetada, na maioria dos códigos integrados no corpus, a preocupação de acautelar o dano na esfera privada de cidadãos, eventualmente decorrente da difusão de material. Não se trata apenas de proteger a privacidade, em geral, mas de ponderar questões de grande sensibilidade a ela associáveis: a vulnerabilidade e dor em que possam encontrar-se os autores das postagens e a presença nas redes de vítimas ou cidadãos menores de idade.

Abstract The inescapable influence of social media on journalism has introduced a multitude of challenges that professionals in the field cannot afford to overlook. Increasingly used as sources, social media platforms contribute significantly to the evolution of new dynamics in news production. This is particularly evident in the coverage of unfolding events, prioritising speed of transmission and immediacy as inherent values. This emphasis often encourages the rapid extraction of content available on the internet, leaving minimal time for thorough scrutiny. This article delves into the phenomenon from an ethical standpoint. Through an analysis of 32 codes of ethics - and analogous instruments - that specifically address this evolving reality, it identifies journalistic values and principles concerning information-gathering methods, especially pertaining to digital social networks. The primary emphasis remains on the requirement to verify and validate the material while identifying sources following traditional procedures, given the potential risks to the integrity of journalistic narratives. Most codes in the corpus also prioritise safeguarding citizens’ private sphere, possibly stemming from the dissemination of material. This concern extends beyond general privacy protection, encompassing the highly sensitive issues associated with it: the vulnerability and emotional distress experienced by authors of social media posts and the presence of victims or minors on social networks.

Abstract This article explores the legal consequences of the application of the ‘failed state’ concept, from the perspective of international law and Ecuadorian jurisprudence. It seeks to determine whether the social protests, the increase in criminal violence, citizen insecurity and the violation of human rights that occurred in Ecuador between 2019 and 2022 are a symptom of this fracture, that is, of a failed state. The resolutions of the United Nations system, the regional system for the protection of human rights and rulings of the Constitutional Court (CC) are referred to. The CC documents would expose whether the CC adopted exceptional security measures in a disproportionate manner or whether it promoted a solid institutionality for the protection of human rights. The authors suggest that different elements point to a crisis on several fronts, yet it does not amount to a failed state. Finally, they recommend the responsible and critical use of this concept, as greater analytical capacity in future research depends on it.

Resumen Este artículo explora las consecuencias jurídicas de la aplicación del concepto de Estado fallido, desde el derecho internacional y la jurisprudencia ecuatoriana. Se busca conocer si las protestas sociales, el aumento de la violencia criminal, la inseguridad ciudadana y la vulneración de los derechos humanos ocurridos en Ecuador entre 2019 y 2022 son un síntoma de esta fractura, es decir, de un Estado fallido. Se acude a las resoluciones del sistema de Naciones Unidas, del sistema regional de protección de los derechos humanos y sentencias de la Corte Constitucional (CC). Los documentos de la CC expondrían si dicho órgano de control adoptó medidas excepcionales de seguridad de manera desproporcionada o si promovió una institucionalidad sólida al amparo de los derechos humanos. Los autores sugieren que distintos elementos apuntan a una crisis en varios frentes, no obstante, no existe un Estado fallido en Ecuador. Por último, recomiendan el uso responsable y crítico de este concepto, ya que de ello depende una mayor capacidad de análisis en futuras investigaciones.

Resumo O estudo fundamenta-se em uma análise geral das geociências do colapso nos campos de cultivo de Santa María Zacatepec, na cidade de Juan C. Bonilla, México. A técnica de sensoriamento remoto é aplicada no desenvolvimento, permitindo a interpretação de combinações de bandas e a determinação da geometria, geologia, geomorfologia e cartografia do local. É apresentada uma análise resumida do trabalho realizado, além de modelos de simulação do gasto hidrológico e da aceleração da água nos taludes estruturais de escoamento. Esses dados foram utilizados para o mapeamento final e a modelagem gráfica. Foi realizado um estudo geomorfológico, geológico e topográfico do local, utilizando técnicas telemétricas aéreas e de satélite. Também foi utilizado um software especializado para levantamentos geodésicos e mapeamento em modelos 2D e 3D da área de análise. Os levantamentos do local foram realizados com o objetivo de conhecer o formato da estrutura e identificar áreas de risco potencial para a população próxima ao colapso. Foram obtidas ortofotos para calcular e determinar a inclinação por distância-elevação, aceleração-altura, fluxo de água e força, o que serviu para concluir as possíveis causas que levaram ao colapso e para ter dados técnicos suficientes que foram compartilhados com as autoridades de proteção civil.

Abstract This paper presents a general analysis from the geosciences of structural collapses. The analysis was conducted in the crop fields of Santa María Zacatepec, in the city of Juan C. Bonilla, Mexico. The analysis implemented the Remote Sensing technique, facilitating the interpretation of band combinations and determining the geometry, geology, geomorphology and cartography of the site under study. A summary analysis of the work performed is presented, in addition to showing simulation models of the hydrological outflow and water acceleration in the runoff structural slopes, data that were used for the final mapping and graphic modeling. A geomorphological, geological, and topographical study of the site was conducted, using satellite and aerial telemetric techniques. Specialized software was also used for geodetic surveys, mapping in 2D and 3D models of the analysis area. Surveys of the site were carried out to determine the shape of the structure and identify potentially risk areas for the population near the collapse events. Orthophotos were obtained to calculate and determine the slope by distance-elevation, acceleration-height, water flow and force, which served to conclude the possible causes that led to the collapses and have sufficient technical data that were shared with the civil protection authorities.

Resumen El trabajo se basa en un análisis general desde las geociencias del colapso en los campos de cultivo de Santa María Zacatepec, de la ciudad Juan C. Bonilla. En el desarrollo se aplica la técnica de Percepción Remota, permitiendo interpretar combinaciones de bandas y determinar la geometría, geología, geomorfología y cartografía del sitio. Se presenta un análisis resumido del trabajo que se realizó, además de mostrar modelos de simulación del gasto hidrológico y la aceleración del agua en las pendientes estructurales de escorrentía, datos que se usaron para la cartografía y modelado gráfico finales. Se realizó un estudio geomorfológico, geológico y topográfico del lugar, con técnicas telemétricas satelitales y aéreas; también se utilizó software especializado que se aplicó para levantamientos geodésicos, realizando cartografía en modelos 2D y 3D del área de análisis. Las prospecciones del lugar se realizaron con el objetivo de conocer la forma de la estructura e identificar áreas potencialmente riesgosas para la población cercana al colapso. Se obtuvieron ortofotos para calcular y determinar la pendiente por distanciaelevación, la aceleración-altura, el gasto y la fuerza del agua; que sirvió para concluir las posibles causas que ocasionaron el colapso, y contar con datos técnicos suficientes que se compartieron con las autoridades de protección civil.

Abstract Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a fossil fuel widely used in residential, commercial, and industrial applications. LPG systems must be designed and sized under minimum safety standards, which are established in national and international regulations. An LPG system is composed of fuel storage containers, pipelines, valves, meters, consumption equipment, and protection and safety elements. These must be sized and selected to withstand the action of the fuel gas and the working conditions to which they will be subjected. This document presents a review of the most important points to consider in the design and sizing of an LPG system based on the most representative international regulations.

Resumen El gas licuado de petróleo (GLP) es un combustible de origen fósil ampliamente utilizado en aplicaciones residenciales, comerciales e industriales. Los sistemas de GLP deben diseñarse y dimensionarse bajo estándares mínimos de seguridad, los cuales son establecidos en normativas nacionales e internacionales. Un sistema de GLP está conformado por recipientes de almacenamiento del combustible, tuberías, válvulas, medidores, equipos de consumo y elementos de protección y seguridad. Estos deben ser dimensionados y seleccionados para soportar la acción del gas combustible y las condiciones de trabajo a las que serán sometidos. En este documento se presenta una revisión de los puntos más importantes a tener en cuenta en el diseño y dimensionamientos de un sistema de GLP a partir de las normativas más representativas a nivel internacional.

Sumário Em 2003, o Comité Olímpico Internacional (COI) emitiu regras de elegibilidade para pessoas trans e, desde então, vários órgãos desportivos têm vindo a elaborar as suas próprias normas. Algumas federações aplicam regras baseadas na auto-definição de sexo, enquanto outras aplicam regras baseadas no sexo atribuído à nascença ou no momento em que a afirmação de sexo foi legalmente realizada. Este artigo aprofunda o debate sobre a inclusão de pessoas trans no desporto através da apresentação do estudo de caso do rugby, cuja federação internacional estabeleceu, em 2020, regras trans-exclusionárias sob o argumento de competição justa e proteção da integridade física de mulheres cisgénero. É apresenta uma análise crítica aos fundamentos destas políticas e discutidas as consequências de abordagens similares na carreira desportiva de pessoas trans. Como metodologia, foi realizada uma análise crítica documental às normas da World Rugby e foram realizadas entrevistas a pessoas relacionadas com o universo desportivo em Portugal. Observou-se que as regras elaboradas criam uma hierarquia entre os sexos binários e entre as próprias identidades trans, focam em medidas de comparação insuficientes como a força de repetição única, e descartam fatores como aumento de massa gorda após reposição hormonal. Na ausência da possibilidade de prosseguir uma carreira desportiva, verificou-se uma capacidade de agência e de encaixe noutros âmbitos que, não sendo a prática desportiva competitiva enquanto atletas, permite às pessoas trans chegar a outras funções de relevo dentro do universo desportivo.

Abstract In 2003, the International Olympic Committee issued eligibility rules for transgender people, and since then, various sporting bodies have developed their own rules. Some federations apply rules based on self-definition of sex, while others apply rules based on the sex assigned at birth or when the sex claim was made. This article deepens the debate on the inclusion of trans people in sport through the presentation of the rugby’s case study, whose international federation presented, in 2020, exclusivist rules under the argument of fair competition and protection of the physical integrity of cisgender women. A critical analysis of the foundations of these rules will be presented and the consequences of similar approaches in the sports career of trans people will be discussed. Regarding methodology, a critical document analysis on the World Rugby’s rules was carried out and semi-structured interviews were conducted with people related to the sports universe in Portugal. It was observed that the elaborate rules create a hierarchy between the binary sexes and between trans people themselves, focus on limited measures of comparison such as single repetition strength, and rule out factors such as increased fat mass after transition. In the absence of the possibility of pursuing a sporting career, there was a capacity for agency and engagement in other areas that allows trans people to reach other important functions within the sports universe.

Resumen En 2003, el Comité Olímpico Internacional emitió reglas de elegibilidad para personas transgénero y, desde entonces, varios organismos deportivos han desarrollado sus propias reglas. Algunas federaciones aplican reglas basadas en la autodefinición del sexo, mientras que otras aplican reglas basadas en el sexo asignado al nacer o cuando se hizo la declaración de sexo. Este artículo profundiza el debate sobre la inclusión de las personas trans en el deporte a través de la presentación del caso de estudio del rugby, cuya federación internacional presentó, en 2020, reglas exclusivistas bajo el argumento de la competencia leal y la protección de la integridad física de las mujeres cisgénero. Se presentará un análisis crítico de los fundamentos de estas reglas y se discutirán las consecuencias de enfoques similares en la carrera deportiva de las personas trans. Como metodología se realizó un análisis documental crítico a las reglas de World Rugby y se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a personas relacionadas con el universo deportivo en Portugal. Se observó que las reglas elaboradas crean una jerarquía entre los sexos binarios y entre las propias personas trans, se centran en medidas limitadas de comparación, como la fuerza de repetición única, y descartan factores como el aumento de la masa grasa después de la transición. Ante la ausencia de la posibilidad de seguir una carrera deportiva, existía una capacidad de agencia y compromiso en otros ámbitos que, al no ser la práctica de la competición como atletas, les permite alcanzar otras funciones importantes dentro del universo deportivo.

Abstract: This article analyzes discourses on the protection of children, maternity and the family that were developed in academic medical circles and their influence on the reports of social workers at the Central Board of the Quito Public Welfare Office in the nineteen forties; these reports constituted a reading of the reality of single mothers and the illegitimacy of their children through imaginaries of how mothers and married women ought to be.

Resumen: En este artículo se analizan los discursos sobre la protección de la infancia, la maternidad y la familia que se desarrollaron en los círculos académicos de la medicina y la influencia que éstos tuvieron en los informes de las trabajadoras sociales de la Junta Central de Asistencia Pública de Quito en los años cuarenta del siglo XX; en estos informes se hace una lectura de la realidad de las madres solteras y la ilegitimidad de sus hijos desde imaginarios del deber ser de las madre y las mujeres casadas.

Resumen A nivel jurídico, la protección de la vida, considerada el bien más trascendental para los sujetos de derecho, abarca desde el momento mismo de la concepción. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, se trata de un tema al que no se presta mayor atención a nivel investigativo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la figura jurídica del concebido desde una visión doctrinal. Se empleó una investigación de enfoque cualitativo, basado en el análisis bibliográfico de diversas fuentes para el estudio de la problemática propuesta. Los resultados demostraron que debe imponerse desde la postura deontológica la defensa de la vida desde la concepción, sin que quepan criterios de ambigüedad y/o vaguedad normativa. Se propone que la protección del concebido debe ser vista como si se tratara de un ya nacido, debido a la indefensión del mismo, lo que requiere la existencia de normativas jurídicas propias que protejan su supervivencia y que permitan su existencia en el mundo físico.

Abstract At a legal level, the protection of life, considered the most transcendental good for legal subjects, extends from the moment of conception. However, at present, it is a topic that is not given much research attention. The objective of this study was to analyze the legal figure of the conceived from a doctrinal perspective. A qualitative research approach was used, based on bibliographic analysis of various sources to study the proposed problem. The results demonstrate that the defense of life from conception must be imposed from a deontological position, without room for criteria of ambiguity and/or normative vagueness. It is proposed that the protection of the conceived child should be seen as if they were an already born child, due to their defenselessness, which requires the existence of their own legal regulations that protect their survival and allow their existence in the physical.

Abstract: In 1905, a group of educators founded the Society for the Protection of Children in La Plata, Argentina, with the purpose of providing food, clothing, and books to poor students. To achieve the latter, the association created a library which became one of the most frequented in the city. The fact that this association and its annexed library were run exclusively by a group of women educators is a distinctive aspect of its trajectory. In contrast, in the decades under consideration, popular libraries tended to be run by men. The aim of this paper is to analyze the role of the association as a sphere of female sociability, examining the practices both traditional and innovative, carried out by its members. In decades characterized by the exclusion of women from civil and political rights, it will be concluded that the associative experience propelled innovative forms of female participation in the public sphere.

Resumen: En 1905, un grupo de educadoras fundó la Sociedad Protectora de la Infancia de La Plata, Argentina, con el propósito de proveer a estudiantes pobres de alimento, vestimenta y libros. Para eso, la asociación auspició una biblioteca, que enseguida se contó entre las más concurridas de la ciudad. El hecho de que la sociedad y su biblioteca anexa fuera dirigida exclusivamente por un núcleo de educadoras, resulta un aspecto distintivo de su trayectoria en un contexto en que las bibliotecas populares solían ser dirigidas por elencos masculinos. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el papel de la Sociedad en tanto ámbito de sociabilidad femenino, examinando para eso las prácticas, tanto tradicionales como novedosas, llevadas adelante por sus socias. En décadas caracterizadas por la exclusión femenina de los derechos civiles y políticos, se concluirá que la experiencia asociativa catapultó ciertas formas innovadoras de participación femenina en la esfera pública.

ABSTRACT Medium voltage motors must be protected more rigorously than low voltage motors considering that they take longer to transfer the heat generated in their windings to the environment. It is essential to have the following minimum information: stator damage curve under normal working conditions, hot and cold locked rotor tests of the motor, results of vacuum and short circuit tests, type of load on the motor shaft to evaluate the heating of the engine during its acceleration at start-up, especially in the case of heavy starting. In many cases it turns out that users do not have the information related above and the problem to be solved is how to proceed to estimate thermal protection in the event that this information is not available? This work proposes the steps to follow when this situation arises.

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se presenta cómo se procedió para lograr la protección térmica de los motores de la Fábrica de Cementos Curazao al no disponerse de la información necesaria. Se explican los pasos que se siguieron en el ajuste de las protecciones. Los motores de media tensión deben ser protegidos más rigurosamente que los de baja tensión pues demoran más tiempo en transferir el calor generado en sus enrollados al medio ambiente. Es imprescindible contar con la siguiente información mínima: curva de daño del estator en condiciones normales de trabajo, pruebas de rotor bloqueado en frío y caliente del motor, resultados de los ensayos de vacío y cortocircuito, tipo de carga en el eje del motor para evaluar el calentamiento del motor durante su aceleración en el momento del arranque, sobre todo en caso de arranque pesado. En el caso analizado no se disponía de la información arriba relacionada.

ABSTRACT Sequence networks make it possible to represent the elements of an electrical network during unbalanced faults, according to Fortescue's theorem presented in 1918. In the case of three-phase transformers, the equivalent sequence networks depend on the connection group of the windings and the connection of the neutral tothe ground. This paper carry out a detailed study of zero-sequence networks in power transformers, using mathematical simulation to analyze two special cases, unknown to some electrical protection specialists, in which the zero-sequence impedance can cause significant changes in short-circuit currents. The results have been obtained using theoretical and empirical methods, which have made it possible to demonstrate that transformers can behave as sources of short-circuit contribution in the presence of shunt lines. At the same time, the zero-sequence impedance is different depending on the design of the ferromagnetic core for the same connection group.

RESUMEN Las redes de secuencia permiten representar los elementos de una red eléctrica ante la presencia de fallas desbalanceadas, según el teorema de Fortescue presentado en el año 1918. En el caso de los transformadores trifásicos, las redes equivalentes de secuencia dependerán de la conexión de los devanados y de la conexión del neutro con respecto a tierra. El propósito de este trabajo es la realización de un estudio detallado de las redes de secuencia cero en los transformadores de potencia, donde por medio de la simulación matemática se analizaron dos casos especiales desconocidos por algunos especialistas en protecciones eléctricas en los cuales la impedancia de secuencia cero puede realizar cambios significativos en las corrientes de cortocircuito. Los resultados fueron obtenidos con el empleo de los métodos teóricos y empíricos que permitieron demostrar que los transformadores pueden comportarse como fuentes de aporte al cortocircuito en presencia de líneas con derivación; mientras que, en dependencia del diseño del núcleo ferromagnético, la impedancia homopolar es diferente para un mismo grupo de conexión.

Pesticide residues and heavy metal content of cassava, yam, cocoyam, potato, water yam and carrot were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The detected pesticide residues in the samples were 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, glyphosate, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dichlorobiphenyl, aldrin, endosulfan, profenofos, g-chlordane, carbofuran, biphenyl, heptachlor, lindane and t-Nonachlor. The concentration of HCB ranged between 0.0799 ± 0.06 mg/kg and 0.1596 ± 0.00 mg/kg, which was greater than the permitted maximum limit of 0.5 mg/kg established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The concentration of aldrin and profenofos detected was lower than the predetermined maximum allowed limits. Endosulfan concentrations in cocoyam (0.2500 mg/kg) and potato (0.3265 mg/kg) were higher than the limits allowed by the Canadian Department of Industrial Research. The heavy metals detected in these samples include cobalt, nickel, lead, manganese, chromium, arsenic and mercury in at least one of the samples evaluated. There was not much difference between the concentration of cobalt in yam (0.036 mg/kg) and the maximum allowed concentration (0.043 mg/kg). Lead was detected in potatoes and carrots but was below detectable concentration in cassava, yam, cocoyam and water yam. Similarly, cocoyam was found to have a significant mercury content (0.658 mg/kg), but mercury content was below detectable concentrations in cassava, yam and water yam. SIGNIFICANCE: Heavy metal pollutants and pesticide residues can impair human health, and their presence in food can cause various illnesses and health issues. It is important to prevent exposure to these contaminants and ensure that food is safe by identifying and monitoring them. Farmers may provide consumers with more assurance that their products are safe by identifying and monitoring pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in these food crops. Overall, it is crucial to find and monitor pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination in food to safeguard customer confidence, ensure legal compliance and preserve human health.

Wetland delineation in South Africa incorporates soil form and soil wetness indicators, requiring formal soil classification and description of soil redox morphology. The current wetland definition used administratively in South Africa focuses on saturated (hydric) soil signatures within plant root zones. Saturated soil horizons deeper than plant root zones fall outside the 50 cm criterion in the local approach as well as the accepted zone in USA literature. The field of hydropedology accommodates the classification of the various hydrologically active horizons and provides a tool for the handling of horizons with ephemeral wetness. This approach has been variably accepted by mandated authorities in South Africa. The South African soil classification system has evolved through three editions over the past 50 years while retaining the same redox morphology understanding. However, despite the concepts and context of redox morphology having been thoroughly technically adopted by soil scientists, this is not the case within the wetland research and management environment. This especially because the classification system is structured differently from other international systems, and the South African landscape is geologically ancient with mature soils, introducing challenges to resource assessment specialists who rely on international norms and approaches for wetland assessment. This paper reviews the various components of soil classification and redox morphology based on Fe and Mn minerals within the context of the South African soil classification system, the field of hydropedology and wetland delineation indicators. We provide a qualitative correlation between the various diagnostic horizons and materials in the system and their related redox morphology contexts that are relevant to wetland assessment, delineation, and protection in South Africa. This paper therefore aims to serve as a reference point for the description and correlation of various soil hydrological parameters used in formal assessments.