Resumen: El derecho a la desconexión digital se encuentra protegido normativamente en varios países pertenecientes a distintas familias jurídicas; sin embargo, la protección legislativa de este derecho de acuerdo con varios estudios realizados a nivel global, no ha presentado resultados satisfactorios para los trabajadores. Este artículo revisó las últimas propuestas de protección del derecho de desconexión digital de carácter no normativo, pero que según sus autores buscan garantizar el cumplimiento del mismo. Las propuestas revisadas fueron: la Declaración de Principios y Derechos Digitales de la Unión Europea, la Carta de Derechos Digitales de España, el Green New Deal de los Estados Unidos, y el Código de Buenas Prácticas sobre el Derecho a la Desconexión de Irlanda. De ahí que esta investigación tuvo como objetivos analizar cada una de las propuestas y sus contribuciones, así como determinar si las propuestas se aproximaban a la protección constitucional o se acercaban a una protección a través de los compromisos constitutivos. El trabajo presenta un diseño descriptivo, método analítico y enfoque cualitativo. Los hallazgos revelaron que las propuestas coinciden con los compromisos constitutivos y, por tanto, la eficacia de la institución del derecho de desconexión digital se alinea con el orden espontáneo.

Abstract: The right to digital disconnection is legally protected in several countries belonging to different legal families; however, the legislative protection of this right, according to several studies carried out at globally, has not presented satisfactory results for workers. This article reviewed the latest proposals for the protection of the right of digital disconnection of a non-regulatory nature, but which, according to its authors, seek to ensure compliance with it. The revise proposals were: The Declaration on digital rights and principles of the European Union, The digital Bill of Rights of Spain, The Green New Deal of the United States, and The Code of Good Practice on the Right to Disconnection of Ireland. Hence, this research aimed to analyze each of the proposals and their contributions, as well as determine if the proposals approached Constitutional protection or approached protection through constitutive commitments. The work presents a descriptive design, analytical method and qualitative approach. The findings revealed that the proposals coincide with the constitutive commitments and therefore, the effectiveness of the institution of the right of digital disconnection is aligned with the spontaneous order.

Résumé: Le droit à la déconnexion numérique est juridiquement protégé dans plusieurs pays appartenant à des familles juridiques différentes; cependant, la protection législative de ce droit, selon plusieurs études menées au niveau mondial, n’a pas présenté de résultats satisfaisants pour les travailleurs. Cet article passe en revue les dernières propositions de protection du droit à la déconnexion numérique à caractère non réglementaire, mais qui, selon ses auteurs, visent à en garantir le respect. Les propositions examinées étaient : la Déclaration de principes et des droits numériques de l’Union européenne, la charte des droits numériques de l’Espagne, le Green New Deal des États-Unis, le Code de bonnes pratiques sur le droit à la déconnexion de l’Irlande. Par conséquent, cette recherche visait à analyser chacune des propositions et leurs contributions, ainsi qu’à déterminer si les propositions se rapprochaient de la protection constitutionnelle ou de la protection par des engagements constitutifs. Le travail présente une conception descriptive, une méthode analytique et une approche qualitative. Les résultats ont révélé que les propositions coïncident avec les engagements constitutifs et que, par conséquent, l’efficacité de l’institution du droit à la déconnexion numérique est alignée sur l’ordre spontané.

Abstract This study compares how the laws in the United States and Brazil handle the use of digital evidence from smartphones in initial criminal investigations. The main goal is to understand the challenges when trying to protect the right to avoid self-incrimination while also ensuring public safety. By looking at court decisions from 2014 to 2023, the study explores how the legal systems in both countries deal with arguments for and against law enforcement being able to unlock smartphones against the will of the owner. The main issue being examined is the balance between respecting citizens’ privacy rights and making sure defendants get fair treatment in the legal process. The research question driving this study is: How do Brazil and the U.S. manage the situation where law enforcement needs to unlock smartphones, while also respecting constitutional rights and public safety? To answer this question, the study looks at recent court cases from both countries and identifies important arguments about forced smartphone unlocking. The findings show problems in these legal proceedings, particularly when it comes to protecting the privacy of smartphone users and defendants’ rights. A key point that comes out is that when law enforcement examines suspects’ phones, it can jeopardize the proper handling of evidence and the right against self-incrimination that’s protected by the Constitution. The study highlights shortcomings in the responses of the Supreme Courts of Brazil and the United States. This suggests a need for a more detailed framework that can address these challenges better and solve disagreements in lower courts. In essence, this article discusses the conflict between privacy rights and self-incrimination on one hand, and the government’s duty to maintain public safety and prevent illegal evidence on the other. In conclusion, this article explores the legal issues around forced smartphone unlocking in Brazil and the United States. It not only emphasizes the importance of balancing individual rights with public safety but also calls for a more comprehensive legal approach to deal with these challenges effectively.

Resumo Este estudo compara como as leis dos Estados Unidos e do Brasil lidam com o uso de provas digitais de smartphones em investigações criminais iniciais. O principal objetivo é entender os desafios que surgem quando se tenta proteger o direito de evitar a autoincriminação e, ao mesmo tempo, garantir a segurança pública. Ao analisar as decisões judiciais de 2014 a 2023, o estudo explora como os sistemas jurídicos de ambos os países lidam com argumentos a favor e contra a possibilidade de as autoridades policiais desbloquearem smartphones contra a vontade do proprietário. A principal questão que está sendo examinada é o equilíbrio entre respeitar os direitos de privacidade dos cidadãos e garantir que os réus recebam tratamento justo no processo legal. A pergunta de pesquisa que orienta este estudo é: como o Brasil e os EUA gerenciam a situação em que as autoridades policiais precisam desbloquear smartphones, respeitando ao mesmo tempo os direitos constitucionais e a segurança pública? Para responder a essa pergunta, o estudo analisa decisões judiciais recentes de ambos os países e identifica argumentos importantes sobre o desbloqueio forçado de smartphones. As descobertas mostram problemas nesses procedimentos legais, especialmente quando se trata de proteger a privacidade dos usuários de smartphones e os direitos dos réus. Um ponto importante que se destaca é que, quando as autoridades policiais examinam os telefones dos suspeitos, isso pode comprometer o manuseio adequado das provas e o direito contra a autoincriminação, que é protegido pelas leis dos dois países. O estudo destaca as deficiências nas respostas das Supremas Cortes do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos a tais questões. Isso sugere a necessidade de uma estrutura mais detalhada que possa enfrentar melhor esses desafios e resolver divergências a partir das supremas cortes. Em essência, este artigo discute o conflito entre os direitos de privacidade e autoincriminação, por um lado, e o dever do governo de manter a segurança pública e evitar provas ilegais, por outro. Em conclusão, o estudo explora as complexas questões jurídicas relacionadas ao desbloqueio forçado de smartphones no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. Ele não apenas enfatiza a importância de equilibrar os direitos individuais com a segurança pública, mas também exige uma abordagem jurídica mais abrangente para lidar com esses desafios de forma eficaz.

Resumen El Empleo Protegido es una de las medidas de acción positiva adoptada con la finalidad de lograr la inclusión laboral de las personas con discapacidad mediante los Centros Especiales de Empleo (CEE). El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la implementación del Empleo Protegido como instrumento de acceso al empleo para las personas con discapacidad en el sector privado en el Ecuador. La metodología utilizada fue cualitativa orientada principalmente a la descripción, comprensión, interpretación y justificación de la situación jurídica ecuatoriana, comparada con la doctrina y legislación española y chilena. Los resultados evidenciaron que, en el Ecuador, el mecanismo del Empleo Protegido es aún desconocido y prevalece la cuota de reserva del 4% en el empleo ordinario para personas con discapacidad, lo que lleva a contrataciones meramente cumplidoras de obligaciones legales y no garantiza el trabajo digno. La falta de CEE se atribuye a la ausencia de incentivos tributarios y políticas de inclusión por parte del Estado, limitando así el desarrollo de la inclusión laboral adecuada tanto en el sector privado como público. Sin embargo, los CEE buscan la integración laboral equitativa de personas con discapacidad, promoviendo su sostenibilidad económica y social mediante el desarrollo de habilidades.

Abstract Sheltered Employment is one of the positive action measures adopted in order to achieve the labor inclusion of people with disabilities through the Special Employment Centers (CEE). The objective of the study was to analyze the implementation of Sheltered Employment as an instrument of access to employment for people with disabilities in the private sector in Ecuador. The methodology used was qualitative, oriented mainly to the description, understanding, interpretation and justification of the Ecuadorian legal situation, compared with the Spanish and Chilean doctrine and legislation. The results showed that, in Ecuador, the Sheltered Employment mechanism is still unknown and the reserve quota of 4% prevails in ordinary employment for people with disabilities, which leads to hiring that merely complies with legal obligations and does not guarantee work. worthy. The lack of CEE is attributed to the absence of tax incentives and inclusion policies by the State, thus limiting the development of adequate labor inclusion in both the private and public sectors. However, the EWCs seek the equitable labor integration of people with disabilities, promoting their economic and social sustainability through the development of skills.

Abstract This paper analyzes the evolution of legal theories and judicial decisions, in the Spanish legal system, when some offenses are committed against the sexual indemnity of minors together with child grooming. Although the jurisprudence of the Spanish Supreme Court initially considered that the double punishment of these conducts would entail the violation of the principle non bis in ídem -in attention to the legal right protected in both precepts (sexual indemnity)-, after part of the Court expressly recognized that in these cases it is possible to appreciate concurrent of offences -nuanced, accurate-, a change of position has been stablished, with internal discrepancies.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo es efectuar un análisis de la evolución doctrinal y jurisprudencial, en el ordenamiento jurídico español, cuando, junto con el delito de embaucamiento de menores con fines sexuales -conocido como child grooming-, se cometen otros delitos contra la indemnidad sexual de los menores; concretamente los previstos en los artículos 181 y 189 CP. Si bien inicialmente la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo entendió que la doble punición de estas conductas comportaría la vulneración del principio non bis in ídem, en atención al bien jurídico protegido en ambos preceptos (la indemnidad sexual), tras el reconocimiento expreso por parte del pleno de que en estos casos es posible la apreciación de un concurso de delitos -apreciación, con matices, acertada-, se ha impuesto un cambio de postura con importantes discrepancias internas.

RESUMEN Este artículo explica el concepto jurídico-positivo de persona. Se revisan, en consecuencia, las diferencias con el concepto de cosa pero también con el concepto moral correspondiente. Para lo anterior se analiza la dicotomía de persona y cosa como una fundamental para el derecho, que evolucionó, en la codificación, hacia una unificación del concepto de persona y una simplificación del concepto de cosa. Esa dicotomía depende de una definición positiva de persona y una negativa de cosa. La caracterización positiva de persona es dependiente de la noción de derecho subjetivo, lo que sirve para mostrar la superioridad de las teorías del derecho subjetivo como interés protegido. Las posturas revisionistas de esta dicotomía y del concepto unitario de persona, particularmente en la discusión sobre derechos de la naturaleza, permitirán comprender de mejor modo el concepto jurídico-positivo de persona: un ser capaz de ser titular de derechos subjetivos. Esto significa: una perspectiva reconocida desde la cual pueden juzgarse estados de cosas como ventajosos/ desventajosos, es decir, desde la cual pueden identificarse intereses.

ABSTRACT This article explains the positive, legal concept of person. To do so, it discusses the differences among such concept and the corresponding moral concept and also the legal concept of "a thing". Indeed, the distinction between personas and things is recognized as a fundamental legal dichotomy which evolved, during the codification, towards a unification of the concept of person and a simplification of the concept of thing. This dichotomy depends on a positive definition of person and a negative definition of thing. The positive definition of person is dependent on the notion of "a right", which serves to show the superiority of the interest theories right (rights as legally protected interests). Criticisms of this dichotomy and of the unitary concept of person, particularly in the context of discussions about rights of non-human animals and of nature, allow for a better understanding of the positive legal concept of person: a being with the capacity to hold rights. This is taken to mean a recognized perspective from which states of affaires can be judged as advantageous/ detrimental, i.e. from which interests can be identified.

During the past two decades, immunisation has saved millions of lives and prevented countless illnesses and disabilities in South Africa. Vaccination is the most important thing we can do to protect ourselves and our children against ill health. Vaccinations prevent up to three million deaths worldwide every year. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) has listed vaccine hesitancy as one of the biggest threats to global health. Vaccine hesitancy entails people with access to vaccines delaying or refusing vaccination. In addition to vaccine hesitancy, many people are of the view that it infringes on their fundamental human right to bodily integrity. However, this article presents findings that suggest that this right can be limited because everyone has a fundamental right to be protected from the spread of the disease. Tensions have increased as more vaccine mandates are implemented. Businesses continue to review and revise their Covid-19 vaccination policies as new mutations emerge and employers may be asking what they can do if workers refuse to get the jab. Some employers have dismissed employees or put them on unpaid leave. Others have required unvaccinated employees to submit to weekly testing and take other safety precautions. In terms of the Code of Practice: Managing Exposure to SARS-COV-2 in the Workplace, 2022, the identifiable hazard relating to Covid-19 that workers face is the transmission of virus by an infectious person to others in the workplace. The Regulations for Hazardous Biological Agents, 2022 lists SARS-COV-2 as a hazardous biological agent that places legal responsibilities on employers to mitigate the associated risks. Each situation requires special measures to be implemented by employers in order to prevent the transmission of the virus. Universities in South Africa are also faced with this conundrum regarding the mandating of vaccines. This article examines and discusses mandating vaccines in South Africa, especially at universities, with guidance received from international instruments such as the European Union and countries such as United States. Various legislative and policy frameworks are also analysed.

The right to access social security is a constitutionally entrenched right. Section 27(1)(c) of the Constitution provides that everyone has the right to social security, including, if they are unable to support themselves and their dependants, appropriate social assistance. Apart from the concept of social security being inclusive of social assistance, neither the term "social security" nor the term "social assistance" is defined. Conventionally, social security has been regarded as a broad term comprising two primary pillars, namely social insurance and social assistance. Social insurance takes the form of earnings-based insurance schemes, which provide protection against risks such as unemployment and employment injuries. On the other hand, social assistance is synonymous with social grants, which are non-contributory and are provided by the State to categories of society that are in need. Notwithstanding this conventional understanding of social security, the recent Constitutional Court decision in Mahlangu v Minister of Labour found it necessary to engage with the question of whether compensation payable in terms of the Compensational for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act (COIDA) fell within the ambit of the constitutional right to access social security. The majority and minority judgments differed in this respect. The majority found that COIDA benefits constituted a form of social security, but that they fell within the ambit of social assistance. The minority contrarily held that such benefits were not encompassed within the constitutional right to access social security. As both the majority and minority deviated from the conventional understanding of the definition of social security, the focus of this article is to evaluate the ambit of the constitutional right to social security, specifically whether it encompasses benefits payable in terms of COIDA. The conclusion reached is that COIDA benefits are encompassed within the constitutional right to access social security, as it constitutes a form of social insurance. Therefore, as highlighted in this article, the legal principles articulated by both the majority and minority were flawed.

The Constitutional Court, in Voice of the Unborn Baby NPC v Minister of Home Affairs, was faced with a request to recognise a constitutionally protected right to bury a deceased previable foetus. This is a sensitive topic, since many persons who lose a foetus in utero wish to bury the remains for personal or religious purposes. Prior to this case, the general understanding was that such burials were prohibited in terms of the Births and Deaths Registration Act (BADRA), which allows the burial only of viable foetuses. The case, therefore, turned on whether BADRA permits the burial of a deceased previable foetus and, if not, whether this is unconstitutional. The applicants requested that the court declare that prospective parents have a right to bury their previable foetuses. The High Court found that BADRA does not allow such burials, and that this is unconstitutional. The Constitutional Court, however, found that BADRA does not prohibit such burials, since such deaths are not covered by the Act at all. This article discusses the lacuna that the Constitutional Court's decision created. It specifically considers whether such a right is protected in the Bill of Rights, and what the current law is regarding the burial ofpreviable foetuses, given the finding that this matter is not covered by BADRA.

Migration has become a global phenomenon and South Africa, like many other countries, is a recipient of migrant workers. Migrant workers can be classified under five categories: permanent residents, refugees, asylum seekers, temporary residents, and undocumented migrants. This article focuses on documented migrants and their right to engage in work. Integral to the right to work is the right to choose one's trade, occupation or profession freely. This is a constitutionally protected right, but is reserved exclusively for citizens, which implies that migrant workers can be lawfully excluded from working in certain occupations or professions. This ties in with South Africa's obligation to protect employment opportunities for citizens. However, South Africa has immigration laws in place that afford substantial rights to certain categories of migrants. Furthermore, as a member of the UN and International Labour Organisation (ILO), South Africa has certain international law obligations. Against this backdrop, this article engages with the recent Constitutional Court decision of Rafoneke v Minister of Justice and Correctional Services where temporary residents were denied the right to be admitted to practise and be authorised to be enrolled as legal practitioners. The article seeks to establish whether this decision, which has been viewed as disappointing, complies with international law and upholds the legal principles endorsed in preceding cases.

RESUMO Este texto tem como objetivo refletir, teoricamente, sobre (des)afetos identitários nas democracias liberais, com seus reflexos na efetivação de políticas públicas, enquanto demandas humanas e sociais. A partir da perspectiva psicanalítica, sob o viés da filosofia fenomenológica de Paul Ricoeur, analisa como as sociedades modernas, movidas pela política do desamparo, ainda se mostram dependentes de um núcleo teológico-político, dentro de uma visão patriarcal-religiosa de mando à semelhança de uma autoridade onipotente. Diante disso, assinala a importância de (re)pensar a desconstrução desse modelo, trazendo a figura do sujeito capaz de falar, agir, narrar e se responsabilizar, como base para a consolidação do sujeito de direito, por considerar os possíveis impactos deletérios nas políticas públicas e suas legítimas demandas sociais, lastreadas no humanismo jurídico e nos direitos humanos. Essas políticas, pelo viés de uma psicologia crítica, ficam sob sérios riscos de desmonte dessas suas bases estruturantes, quando uma personalidade autoritária, narcísica e superegoica, movida por seus caprichos ideológicos, com a qual indivíduos alienados se identificam, ocupa o poder e se julga senhor de tudo aquilo que é bom ou mau para um povo, determinando o que será objeto de proteção de seu poder e o que não merece dele nenhuma atenção. refletir teoricamente desafetos des afetos liberais sociais psicanalítica Ricoeur modernas desamparo teológicopolítico, teológicopolítico teológico político, político teológico-político patriarcalreligiosa patriarcal religiosa onipotente disso repensar re pensar modelo falar agir responsabilizar direito humanos crítica estruturantes autoritária superegoica ideológicos identificam povo atenção

ABSTRACT This text aims to reflect, theoretically, on identity (dis)affections in liberal democracies, with its reflections on the implementation of public policies, as human and social demands. From the psychoanalytic perspective, under the bias of Paul Ricoeur’s phenomenological philosophy, it analyzes how modern societies, driven by the politics of helplessness, are still dependent on a theological-political core, within a patriarchalreligious view of command in the likeness of an omnipotent authority. Therefore, it points out the importance of (re)thinking about the deconstruction of that model, bringing the figure of the subject capable of speaking, acting, narrating, and taking responsibility as a basis for the consolidation of the subject of right, considering the possible deleterious impacts on public policies and their legitimate social demands, based on legal humanism and human rights. These policies, by the bias of a critical psychology, are under serious risks of dismantling these structuring bases, when an authoritarian, narcisic, and superegoic personality, moved by their ideological whims, with which alienated individuals identify themselves, occupies power and considers themselves master of all that is good or bad for a people, determining what shall be protected by their power and what deserves no attention from it. reflect theoretically disaffections dis affections democracies demands perspective Ricoeurs Ricoeur s philosophy societies helplessness theologicalpolitical theological political core authority Therefore rethinking re thinking model speaking acting narrating right rights psychology bases authoritarian narcisic personality whims people

Abstract This work develops an argumentative line to subsume in the criminal type of parricide (390 Penal Code) those homicidal behaviors committed within a LGBTI coexistence relationship. For this, a theoretical and normative framework is exposed that warns that the lack of neutrality of the legal discourse and postulates the need to judge from a gender perspective, in line with the principle of equality and non-discrimination. We show the main doctrinal and jurisprudential arguments that raises the indeterminacy of the word “cohabitation”, allowing to conclude that, restricting the criminal type of parricide to heterosexual relationships generates arbitrary discrimination, having repercussions in the right of access to justice. Thus, a correct use of the general rules of interpretation, with a gender perspective, allows to discard a case of analogy and become aware that this interpretation must take into account the legally protected good and the social context of the moment in which the law is applied and the fundamental rights of LGBTI people.

Resumo Este artigo é o produto de um projeto de pesquisa cujo objetivo é desenvolver uma linha de argumentação que torne possível a subsunção de conduta homicida cometida em uma relação de convivência LGBTI sob o delito penal de parricídio (art. 390 do Código Penal chileno). Para tanto, é apresentado um marco teórico e normativo que alerta para a falta de neutralidade do discurso jurídico e postula a necessidade de julgar sob uma perspectiva de gênero, em consonância com o princípio de igualdade e não discriminação. A apresentação dos principais argumentos doutrinários e jurisprudenciais levantados pela indeterminação do termo “convivência”, com base nos resultados de uma análise dos julgamentos, leva à conclusão de que a restrição do delito penal de parricídio perante as relações heterossexuais gera discriminação arbitrária, com repercussões no direito de acesso à justiça. Assim, uma correta utilização das regras gerais de interpretação, sob uma perspectiva de gênero, permite descartar um caso de analogia e estar consciente de que tal interpretação deve ser adaptada ao bem jurídico que procura proteger, ao contexto social do momento em que a lei é aplicada e aos direitos fundamentais das pessoas pertencentes à comunidade LGBTI.

Resumen Este trabajo desarrolla una línea argumentativa para subsumir en el tipo penal de parricidio (artículo 390 Código Penal chileno) aquellas conductas homicidas cometidas dentro de una relación de convivencia LGBTI. Para ello, se expone un marco teórico y normativo que advierte la falta de neutralidad del discurso jurídico y postula la necesidad de juzgar con perspectiva de género, en consonancia con el principio de igualdad y no discriminación. Se presentan los argumentos doctrinales y jurisprudenciales que suscita la indeterminación de la voz “convivencia”, concluyendo que restringir el tipo penal de parricidio a relaciones heterosexuales genera una discriminación arbitraria, repercutiendo en el derecho de acceso a la justicia. Así, un correcto uso de las reglas generales de interpretación, con enfoque de género, permite descartar un caso de analogía y tomar consciencia de que tal interpretación debe adaptarse al bien jurídico que busca proteger, al contexto social del momento en el cual se aplica la ley y a los derechos fundamentales de las personas LGBTI.

Abstract The article analyzes the effects of the environmental function of forest property in Brazil, based on recent decisions by the Superior Court of Justice on the delimitation of property content and the appropriateness of compensation referring to restrictions on the use of protected forest areas. The aim is to demonstrate that there was a significant redefinition of the dogmatic institute of indirect expropriation and a strong conditioning of the owners’ right to compensation. The jurisprudential and doctrinal bases of the social and environmental function of real estate in Germany are also discussed, in the context of forest protection and conservation, in order to compare the feasibility and coherence of the solutions adopted in the two countries. The research makes use of bibliographical and documentary survey, based on theoretical models, normative provisions and court-judged cases. It is concluded that the national legal system of forest protection has already advanced a lot, but it still needs to improve its instrumental framework, including on the basis of other legal systems’ experiences.

Resumen El artículo analiza los efectos de la función ambiental de la propiedad forestal en Brasil, a partir de las recientes decisiones del Superior Tribunal de Justicia sobre la delimitación del contenido de la propiedad y la procedencia de indemnizaciones por restricciones de uso de áreas forestales protegidas. El objetivo es demostrar que se ha producido una importante redefinición del instituto dogmático de la expropiación indirecta y un fuerte condicionamiento del derecho a indemnización de los propietarios. Además, se examinan las bases jurisprudenciales y doctrinales de la función social y ambiental de la propiedad inmobiliaria en Alemania, en el contexto de la protección y conservación de los bosques, con el fin de comparar la viabilidad y coherencia de las soluciones adoptadas en los dos países. La investigación se basa en búsquedas bibliográficas y documentales, en modelos teóricos, disposiciones normativas y casos juzgados por los tribunales. Se concluye que el sistema jurídico nacional para la protección de los bosques ha avanzado mucho, pero aún necesita mejorar el marco instrumental, basándose en las experiencias de otros ordenamientos jurídicos.

Resumo O artigo analisa os efeitos da função ambiental da propriedade florestal no Brasil, com base nas recentes decisões do Superior Tribunal de Justiça sobre a delimitação do conteúdo da propriedade e o cabimento de indenizações referentes às restrições de uso de áreas florestais protegidas. O objetivo é demonstrar que houve uma significativa redefinição do instituto dogmático da desapropriação indireta e um forte condicionamento do direito à indenização dos proprietários. São discutidas também as bases jurisprudenciais e doutrinárias da função social e ambiental da propriedade imobiliária na Alemanha, no contexto da proteção e conservação das florestas, com o fim de comparar a viabilidade e a coerência das soluções adotadas nos dois países. A pesquisa vale-se do levantamento bibliográfico e documental, com base em modelos teóricos, disposições normativas e casos julgados pelos tribunais. Conclui-se que o sistema jurídico nacional de proteção das florestas já avançou bastante, mas ainda deve aperfeiçoar o arcabouço instrumental, inclusive na base das experiencias de outros ordenamentos jurídicos.

Abstract The work deals with the relevance that endangerment crimes can have, evaluated within the framework of a theory of criminal responsibility oriented to prevent harm to others. My argument will be built from the defense of the idea that a concept of risk (as the basis for crimes of danger), could not in many cases - in any way and to any extent - affect the fundamental rights of individuals as it is intended to be based on usually in the dominant doctrine. In this context I intend to specifically discuss whether the principle of harm to others established in art. 19 of the National Constitution of Argentina, requires the specific injury of a protected legal right or not. This considering the current problems linked to the so-called crimes of danger where the affectation is still a hypothesis. For this, I believe that the principle of proportionality in the strict sense and specifically the use of balancing will be useful.

Resumen El trabajo trata sobre la relevancia que pueden tener los delitos peligro, evaluados dentro del marco de una teoría de la responsabilidad penal orientada hacia los presupuestos de la prevención de daños a terceros. Mi argumento será construido a partir de defender la idea de que un concepto de riesgo (como base de los delitos de peligro), no podría en muchos casos -de ninguna forma y en ninguna medida- afectar los derechos fundamentales de los individuos como pretende fundamentarse habitualmente en la doctrina dominante. En este contexto pretendo discutir concretamente si el principio de daño (o lesividad) establecido en el art. 19 de la Constitución Nacional de Argentina, exige la lesión concreta de un bien jurídico protegido o no. Ello a la luz de la problemática actual vinculada con los llamados delitos de peligro donde la afectación no deja de ser una hipótesis. Para ello, creo que el principio de proporcionalidad en sentido estricto y en concreto la utilización de la ponderación será de utilidad.

Resumen Introducción: La compensación ambiental es un instrumento técnico-jurídico de gestión ambiental utilizado para compensar el daño ambiental debido a los impactos irreversibles e inevitables de proyectos de desarrollo. Por lo general, las regulaciones de compensación se incluyen en la legislación ambiental nacional. Este artículo resume la legislación de compensación ambiental en Costa Rica, un país con una reconocida tradición de conservación y conciencia ambiental. Nuestro objetivo es describir cómo se formula la compensación en ese país e identificar posibles vacíos regulatorios. Métodos: Realizamos una revisión sistemática de la legislación ambiental a través del Sistema Costarricense de Información Jurídica (http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/avanzada_pgr.aspx), considerando tanto normativa como pronunciamientos sobre medidas de compensación y mitigación. Resultados: La Constitución Política de Costa Rica reconoce el medio ambiente sano como un derecho fundamental de todos los ciudadanos. Actualmente se encuentran en vigencia al menos siete leyes que tratan de temas ambientales y sus respectivos reglamentos. Esta voluminosa legislación tiene como objetivo proteger los recursos naturales regulando su uso y creando un conjunto de áreas silvestres protegidas. Sin embargo, la legislación es algo repetitiva y abierta a interpretación, lo que facilita la confusión. Las acciones que requieren compensación están reguladas de manera general, lo que dificulta establecer cuándo y cómo aplicarlas. Además, la compensación se considera en función de cuándo se identifica el daño y no debido a su nivel de impacto ambiental. Asimismo, la normativa no hace explícitos los principios y objetivos que sustentan las medidas compensatorias ni cómo deben llevarse a cabo, mencionando brevemente algunas acciones que no aseguran que la pérdida ambiental neta sea cero. Conclusiones: Esta revisión revela la necesidad de estandarizar los mecanismos para determinar las medidas compensatorias a nivel regulatorio, analizando además las estrategias que se seguirán para asegurar la proporcionalidad y la equivalencia ecológica. La legislación debe enfatizar la importancia de la compensación como práctica positiva, la cual debe ser incorporada dentro de los lineamientos del Estudio de Impacto Ambiental.

Abstract Introduction: Environmental compensation is a technical-legal instrument of environmental management used to offset damage due to non-reversible and unavoidable impacts. Usually, offset regulations are included in national environmental legislations. This paper summarizes environmental compensation legislation in Costa Rica, a country with a recognized conservation tradition and environmental awareness. Our goal is to describe how compensation is formulated in that country and identify possible regulations gaps. Methods: We carried out a systematic review of environmental legislation through the Costa Rican Legal Information System (http://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/avanzada_pgr.aspx), considering both regulations and pronouncements on compensation measures and mitigation. Results: The Political Constitution of Costa Rica recognizes a healthy environment as a fundamental right for all citizens. At least seven laws dealing with environmental issues and their respective regulations are currently enforced. This bulky legislation aims to protect natural resources by regulating their use and creating an assemblage of protected wild areas. However, the legislation is somewhat repetitive and open to interpretation, facilitating confusion. Actions requiring compensation are regulated in a general way, making it difficult to establish when and how to apply them. In addition, compensation is considered based on when the damage is identified and not on its level of environmental impact. Furthermore, the regulations do not make explicit the principles and goals that support the compensatory measures or how they should be carried out, briefly mentioning some actions that do not ensure that the net environmental loss is zero. Conclusions: This review reveals the need to standardize the mechanisms to determine compensatory measures at the regulatory level, also analyzing the strategies that will be followed to ensure proportionality and ecological equivalence. The legislation must emphasize the importance of compensation as a positive practice, which must be incorporated within the guidelines of the Environmental Impact Study.

Resumo O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o alcance interpretativo do art. 8º-A, § 4º, da Lei n. 9.296/1996, introduzido pela Lei n. 13.964/2019, que estabelece que apenas poderão ser utilizadas no processo penal as gravações ambientais feitas por um dos interlocutores sem o consentimento do outro “em matéria de defesa”. Indagou-se: são lícitas as gravações ambientais realizadas por vítima de crime? Quanto à metodologia, utiliza-se do raciocínio indutivo com uso de revisão bibliográfica nacional e estrangeira e de decisões judiciais sobre o tema, especialmente dos EUA, Alemanha, Portugal, cortes europeia e interamericana de direitos humanos e do STF. Conclui-se que as gravações ambientais possuem uma tipicidade de violação dos direitos fundamentais à imagem e voz, bem como o direito ao auditório. Tal tipicidade é indicativa de ilicitude. Todavia, o princípio da proporcionalidade funciona como causa excludente da ilicitude. Assim, a situação de legítima defesa probatória pela vítima de crime pode justificar o uso de gravações clandestinas, sempre que o direito a ser protegido tiver valor superior à expectativa de privacidade e de proteção à voz e à imagem do autor de crime. Conclui-se com a necessidade de uma interpretação conforme à Constituição, para se entender o que a cláusula significa “em matéria de defesa de direitos fundamentais”.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the interpretative scope of art. 8-A, § 4, of Law No. 9.296/1996, introduced by Law No. 13.964/2019, which establishes that only environmental recordings made by one of the interlocutors without the consent of the other may be used in criminal proceedings “in matters of defense”. It was inquired: are legal the environmental recordings made by the crime victims? As for the methodology, it uses inductive reasoning with the use of national and foreign literature review and judicial decisions on the subject, especially from the USA, Germany, Portugal, European and Inter-American human rights courts and the Brazilian Supreme Court (STF). It is concluded that environmental recordings have a typicality of violation of the fundamental rights to image and voice, as well as the right to a hearing. Such typicality is indicative of illegality. However, the principle of proportionality works as an excluding cause of illegality. Thus, the situation of probative self-defense by the crime victim can justify the use of clandestine recordings, whenever the right to be protected has a higher value than the expectation of privacy and protection to the voice and image of the perpetrator of a crime. We conclude with the need for an interpretation in conformity with the Constitution, in order to understand that the clause means “in matters of defense of fundamental rights”.