Asphaltenes are complex molecules with a tendency to aggregate. This property can be an issue for the oil industry due to CO2 reinjection into reservoirs to mitigate these gas emissions. The present theoretical study aimed to study the CO2 interaction with no-substitute and substituted coronene as an asphaltene model compound at CAM-B3LYP-D3/6-311G(d,p) level. The electronic properties were evaluated using harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), and reduced density gradient (RDG) methods. The results showed that the coronene’s functionalization by a sulfur atom changes the coronene’s electronic structure. However, functionalization does not change the type of interactions between the monomers, as they remain predominantly van der Waals interactions. CO2 interaction with substituted coronene barely changed due to the presence of sulfur atoms. However, in dimers, the position of the heteroatom directly influences the interaction with CO2, although it is insufficient to change the interaction’s magnitude. For this reason, our results indicate that the sulfur heteroatom in asphaltenes should be addressed. However, new studies must be conducted by increasing the number of substituents, CO2 numbers, and the model size. aggregate CO emissions nosubstitute no substitute CAMB3LYPD3/6311Gd,p CAMB3LYPD36311Gdp CAMBLYPDGdp CAM B3LYP D3/6 311G d,p D3 6 d p B LYP D G CAM-B3LYP-D3/6-311G(d,p level HOMA, HOMA , (HOMA) QTAIM, QTAIM (QTAIM) RDG (RDG methods coronenes s structure However monomers dimers magnitude reason addressed substituents numbers size CAMB3LYPD3 6311Gd CAMB LYPD Gd Gdp BLYP D36 D3/ dp (HOMA (QTAIM CAMBLYPD CAMB3LYPD

Serial numbers are marks present on several day-to-day objects, created by manufacturers for purposes such as quality control, product tracking and to prevent counterfeiting. In the case of firearms, these characters can be obliterated or damaged by natural processes or intentionally by criminals to prevent positive identification of stolen property. One non-destructive method employed by crime laboratories for the restoration of obliterated characters is the magnetic particle method. The present work aims to study the synthesis and application of waste-made magnetic nanoparticles in the recovery of adulterated markings. A set of analytical-grade materials and metallic waste magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized for comparison purposes. Chemical characterization tests by X-ray fluorescence, morphological tests by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and magnetization tests by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were performed. The efficacy of the synthesized nanoparticles was tested on 1020 steel plates previously engraved and adulterated by sanding. Both homemade magnetic nanoparticles demonstrated superior performance compared to commercial magnetic particles. The application of homemade magnetic particles, especially using waste as the source of production, decreases the cost of the material and is environmentally friendly. The development of this material makes magnetic serial number restoration a better option for widespread use in forensic procedures. daytoday day objects control counterfeiting firearms property nondestructive non destructive wastemade made markings analyticalgrade analytical grade Xray X ray fluorescence SEM, SEM , (SEM) VSM (VSM performed 102 sanding particles production friendly procedures (SEM 10 1

Die prosesse wat gebruik word om onroerende eiendom van verkoper na koper in Suid-Afrika oor te dra, is verouderd en nie outomaties nie. Dokumente in papierformaat verhoog die risiko vir bedrog en wanvoorstellings. Hierdie artikel oorweeg die implementering van 'n wolkgebaseerde, gesentraliseerde databasis met eiendomsaanvoerkettingvennote, om deursigtigheid, omkeertyd en sekuriteit te verbeter, terwyl die risiko en koste geminimaliseer word. Die digitalisering van eiendomsprosesse sou lei tot die dematerialisering van die titelbewys, en nie bloot outomatisering van die papiergebaseerde stelsel nie. Die kwalitatiewe navorsing was verkennend, en halfgestruktureerde onderhoude is gevoer met rolspelers betrokke by eiendomsoordragte in Suid-Afrika. Dit het die Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank, die Departement van Landbou, Grondhervorming en Landelike Ontwikkeling, die Prokureursorde van Suid-Afrika, verbandopstellers, Die Bankvereniging, die Departement van Binnelandse Sake, die registrateur van die aktekantoor, die landmeter-generaal, munisipaliteite, sagtewaremaatskappye, die Nasionale Tesourie, Suid-Afrika se Sentrale Sekuriteitebewaarplek, sowel as die Tshwane Munisipaliteit se Raad, ingesluit.

The processes used to transfer immovable property from a seller to a buyer in South Africa are outdated and not digitised. Paper-based documents increase the risk of fraud and misrepresentation. This study considered the implementation of a cloud-based centralised database for property supply chain partners to enhance transparency, turnaround times, and security while minimising risks and costs. Digitalised property processes would result in title deeds' dematerialisation and not merely the automation of the paper-based system. This qualitative study was exploratory, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with role-players involved with property transfers in South Africa. These included the South African Reserve Bank, the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, the Law Society of South Africa, mortgage originators, The Banking Association, the Department of Home Affairs, the Registrar of each Deeds Office, the Surveyor General's office, municipalities, software companies, National Treasury, South Africa's Central Securities Depository (Strate Ltd), and the Tshwane Mettropolitan Municipal Council.

Resumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los cambios en la dinámica residencial y comercial de un barrio del sur de Belo Horizonte. Utilizando el registro del Impuesto sobre Bienes Urbanos y Territoriales y el registro del Impuesto sobre Transmisiones Inmobiliarias, fue posible, no sólo identificar y mapear las nuevas propiedades residenciales y comerciales construidas en el barrio en la última década, sino delinear el perfil de sus nuevas residentes y consumidores. Se tiene en cuenta el concepto de gentrificación como un proceso de sustitución de una clase social de menor estatus por otra de mayor estatus, para examinar los resultados encontrados. Los datos apuntan a un proceso de cambio físico, marcado por la mayor oferta de edificios con alto nivel de acabado y alto valor, dirigidos a un grupo social de mayor estatus que los residentes anteriores. El principal actor detrás de estos cambios es el mercado inmobiliario. Resumen Horizonte Inmobiliarias posible década consumidores encontrados físico valor anteriores inmobiliario

Abstract: This article aims to analyze changes in the residential and commercial dynamics of a neighborhood in the south of Belo Horizonte. Using the Urban Property and Territorial Property Tax register and the Real Estate Transfer Tax register, it was possible, not only to identify and map the new residential and commercial properties built in the neighborhood in the last decade, but to outline the profile of its new residents and consumers. The concept of gentrification is taken into account as a process of replacing a social class with a lower status by another with a higher status, to examine the results found. The data point to a process of physical change, marked by the greater supply of buildings with a high standard of finishing and high value, aimed at a social group with a higher status than the previous residents. The main actor behind these changes is the real estate market. Abstract Horizonte possible decade consumers found change value market

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as mudanças nas dinâmicas residenciais e comerciais de um bairro da Zona Sul de Belo Horizonte. Utilizando o cadastro do Imposto sobre a Propriedade Predial e Territorial Urbana e o cadastro do Imposto sobre a Transmissão de Bens Imóveis, foi possível, não apenas identificar e mapear os novos imóveis residenciais e comerciais construídos no bairro na última década, mas esboçar o perfil de seus novos moradores e consumidores. Leva-se em conta o conceito de gentrificação enquanto um processo de substituição de uma classe social com status inferior por outra com status superior, para examinar os resultados encontrados. Os dados apontam para um processo de mudança física, marcada pela maior oferta de edifícios com alto padrão de acabamento e alto valor, voltados para um grupo social com status superior ao dos antigos moradores. Tais mudanças têm como principal ator o mercado imobiliário. Resumo Horizonte Imóveis possível década consumidores Levase Leva se encontrados física valor imobiliário

Resumo O concreto quando exposto a elevadas temperaturas tem suas propriedades alteradas e os processos de recuperação são dependentes da intensidade destas modificações. O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar a influência das altas temperaturas nas propriedades do concreto, em uma faixa na qual a estrutura ainda pode ser recuperada, e a verificação dos efeitos gerados no material quando submetidos a resfriamento natural e resfriamento rápido. Para isto se desenvolveu o programa experimental com três traços de concreto, os quais foram expostos a temperaturas de 100 ºC, 300 ºC, 450 ºC e 600 ºC; subdivididos em grupos de resfriamento lento e rápido. Com a elevação da temperatura, intensificam-se os processos de fissuração e alterações microestruturais, as quais geram redução nas resistências mecânicas e o aumento da absorção. Verificou-se que o módulo de elasticidade foi a propriedade mais afetada por estas alterações. As correlações entre o módulo de elasticidade e as demais propriedades foram acompanhadas pelo aumento da microfissuração do concreto, perda de água e decomposição das fases da pasta, sendo observada posterior reidratação da etringita durante o resfriamento do concreto. modificações recuperada rápido 10 30 45 60 temperatura intensificamse intensificam microestruturais absorção Verificouse Verificou pasta 1 3 4 6

Abstract Concrete, when exposed to high temperatures, has its properties changed, and the recovery processes depend on the intensity of these changes. This paper aimed to evaluate the influence of high temperatures on concrete properties and verify the effects generated in the material when submitted to natural and fast cooling. Three different concrete mixes were exposed to temperatures of 100 °C, 300 ºC, 450 ºC, and 600 ºC, subdivided into slow and fast cooling groups. With the increase in temperature, cracking processes and microstructural alterations intensified, generating reductions in mechanical strength and increases in absorptions. This study has identified that the elastic modulus was the property most affected by these changes. The correlations between the elastic modulus and the other properties were accompanied by increased concrete micro-cracking, water loss, and decomposition of paste phases. Also, it was found an effect of ettringite rehydration during concrete cooling. Concrete changed changes 10 C °C 30 ºC 45 60 groups temperature intensified absorptions microcracking, microcracking micro cracking, micro-cracking loss phases Also 1 3 4 6

RESUMEN Se valora críticamente las insuficiencias desde los fundamentos de la economía política reflejadas en la Conceptualización del modelo económico cubano en los documentos aprobados por el VIII Congreso del PCC. Se expone la necesidad de una institucionalidad socialista transparente y democrática que garantice la implementación de las decisiones económicas y pueda neutralizar las deformaciones burocráticas del aparato estatal en todos sus niveles. Se precisa la esencia de la propiedad social de todo el pueblo, sus dimensiones principales; así como el rol de la planificación a través de macroprogramas, programas y proyectos. Se determinan los rasgos principales del socialismo con mercado y se caracterizan las principales relaciones con el sector privado en condiciones de transición socialista.

ABSTRAC The insufficiencies from the foundations of Political Economy reflected in the Conceptualization of the Cuban economic model in the documents approved by the 8th Congress of the PCC are critically assessed. The need for a transparent and democratic socialist institutionality is exposed that guarantees the implementation of economic decisions and can neutralize the bureaucratic deformations of the state apparatus at all levels. The essence of the Social Property of the entire people is specified, its main dimensions; as well as the role of Planning through Macroprograms, Programs and Projects. The main features of Socialism with Market are determined and the main relationships with the private sector are characterized in conditions of socialist transition.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to present different legal strategies for the financial sustainability of Colombian biobanks. For that purpose, this work criticizes the sale of human biological samples as a means for sustainability, and proposes different legal alternatives based on, among others, the compensation for the costs associated with the maintenance of the biobank, services of sample collection for third parties or political commitment on the part of the State.

RESUMEN. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar posibles estrategias jurídicas para la sostenibilidad financiera de los biobancos en Colombia. Para tal propósito, critica la posibilidad de comercializar muestras biológicas humanas mediante contratos onerosos y estudia algunas alternativas de sostenimiento basadas, por ejemplo, en la compensación económica por los costos asociados al mantenimiento, el servicio de colección de muestras a terceros o el compromiso político por parte del Estado.

Abstract: This article aims to analyze the relative cost of housing in Chile between 1966 and 2022. Specialized literature in this field focuses on four main themes: the impact of the neoliberal model on housing policies, the issue of property and renting, the maintenance of shantytowns, and issues of space and architecture. While there is consensus on the positive impact of social policies on access to housing for low-income families, debates persist regarding poverty and marginality. The research employs the Occupational and Unemployment Survey of Gran Santiago conducted by the Microdata Center of the University of Chile, administered quarterly since 1957 in all districts of Gran Santiago, with an annual survived population of around 10 000 individuals and 2 000 to 3 000 family groups. The findings reveal that: 1) the reduction in the relative cost of housing is more significant in non-poor households than in poor households; 2) in comparison to the international average, there is a decrease in the relative cost from 2000 to 2010, followed by an increase between 2011 and 2017; 3) the relative cost rises in impoverished sectors, particularly in the bottom 10% of income earners; 4) the reduction in relative cost is more pronounced in rented homes than in owned ones.

Resumen: El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el costo relativo de la vivienda en Chile entre 1966 y 2022. La literatura especializada en esta área se centra en cuatro temas principales: el impacto del modelo neoliberal en las políticas de vivienda, el tema de la propiedad y el arriendo, el mantenimiento de campamentos y aspectos relacionados con el espacio y la arquitectura. Aunque hay consenso sobre el impacto positivo de las políticas sociales en el acceso a viviendas para familias de bajos ingresos, persisten debates en torno a la pobreza y la marginalidad. Se utiliza la Encuesta de Ocupación y Desocupación del Gran Santiago del Centro de Microdatos de la Universidad de Chile, aplicada trimestralmente desde 1957 en todas las comunas del Gran Santiago, con una población encuestada anual de alrededor de 10 000 individuos y 2 000 a 3 000 grupos familiares. Los resultados revelan que: 1) la reducción del costo relativo de la vivienda es mayor en hogares no-pobres que en hogares pobres; 2) en comparación con el promedio internacional, hay una disminución en el costo relativo del 2000 hasta el 2010, seguida de un aumento entre 2011 y 2017; 3) el costo relativo aumenta en sectores empobrecidos, especialmente en el 10% de menores ingresos; 4) la reducción del costo relativo es más marcada en casas arrendadas que en propias.

Abstract The Plans for the Social Organization of Rural Property (POSPR) in Colombia would allow the implementation of the Integral Rural Reform (RRI), an essential component of the Peace Agreements. Specifically, POSPR’s institutional design in Ovejas (a municipality in the Department of Sucre) would enable the implementation of the RRI. Information from interviews with key actors, the review of national legislation, and the use of software to elaborate databases show that, in this locality, plans to incorporate hectares into the Land Fund and the delivery of land titles strengthen community participation with gender equity and guarantee territorial planning. However, the gradual suspension of these plans at the national level has halted the progress of rural reform. Ovejas would be the only municipality complying with this point of the Peace Agreements.

Resumen Los planes de ordenamiento social de la propiedad rural (POSPR) en Colombia permitirían la implementación de la reforma rural integral (RRI), componente esencial del Acuerdo de Paz. De manera puntual, se argumenta que el diseño institucional del POSPR de Ovejas, municipio del Departamento de Sucre, posibilitaría la ejecución de la RRI. La información de entrevistas a actores clave, la revisión de legislación nacional y la elaboración de matrices en un software muestran que, en esta localidad, los planes de incorporación de hectáreas al Fondo de Tierras y de entrega de títulos de propiedad fortalecen la participación comunitaria con equidad de género y garantiza el ordenamiento del territorio. No obstante, la suspensión paulatina a escala nacional de estos planes ha detenido el avance de la reforma rural. Ovejas sería el único municipio que estaría cumpliendo con este punto del Acuerdo de Paz.

Abstract Renting property is a widespread practice in much of Argentina. This paper analyses the mechanisms of renting and initiatives to regulate the rental market in Rosario, the third city with the highest number of tenants in the country (2003-2023). Data from official and unofficial documents and press releases show that national legislation favors the deregulation of the housing market. The scarcity of housing policies for tenants contrasts with the availability of unrented housing due to conflicts and lack of state control over prices, regulation and mediation of contracts. The development of a public policy for this market should include a proposal for taxation of unoccupied housing, social renting and incentives for building new housing to meet rental demand.

Resumen El alquiler de vivienda es una práctica en crecimiento en gran parte de Argentina. Este trabajo analiza el proceso de inquilinización y las iniciativas de regulación del mercado de alquileres en Rosario, tercera ciudad con mayor número de inquilinos del país entre 2003-2023. Los datos que arrojan los documentos oficiales, no oficiales y notas de prensa, muestran que la legislación nacional favorece la desregulación del mercado habitacional. La escasez de políticas habitacionales para inquilinos contrasta con la disponibilidad de viviendas que no se alquilan debido a conflictos y falta de control estatal respecto de precios, regulación y mediación contratos. La elaboración de una política pública para este mercado debería incluir una propuesta de impuestos a la vivienda desocupada, alquiler social e incentivos para la construcción de nuevas viviendas para atender la demanda de alquiler.

Abstract. In this paper, I analyze Hegel’s interpretation of Plato’s political philosophy (specially the Republic) in certain passages of two specific works: Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts and Die Vorlesungen über Platon. I consider two axes of analysis: private property and subjective freedom. The main goal of the paper is to describe the relationship that Hegel establishes with Plato, or at least with the Republic. I show that this dialogue presents nuances with respect to the two axes mentioned and that these nuances imply differences of analysis regarding the Hegelian reading.

Resumen. En este artículo analizo la interpretación de Hegel de la filosofía política platónica (particularmente la República) en determinados pasajes de dos obras puntuales: los Fundamentos de la filosofía del derecho y las Lecciones sobre Platón. Considero dos ejes específicos de análisis: la propiedad privada y la libertad subjetiva. El objetivo del artículo es señalar la relación que Hegel establece con Platón o, al menos, con República. Muestro que, en realidad, en este diálogo existen ciertos matices con respecto a los dos ejes mencionados; estos matices implican diferencias de análisis respecto de la lectura hegeliana.

ABSTRACT In Ficciones barrocas, Carlos Gamerro develops the concept of “baroque fictions” (baroque fictions) to refer to fictional works in which one can perceive a playful strategy in which opposites encounter and displace each other. One of the baroque folds is constituted by the opposition between the original and the copy, and in more general terms, between the authentic and the apocryphal, both identified by Gamerro in the works of Miguel de Cervantes and Jorge Luis Borges. In this article I propose to extend this analysis, taking in addition the case of Argentinian author Washington Cucurto, another writer associated with the baroque. I argue that two different conceptions of literature and two equally different notions of the author are at play in these encounters between copy and original, authentic, and apocryphal and reality and fiction. While in Cervantes there is a notion of literature as private property and of the author as proprietor, Borges and Cucurto revindicate literature as plagiarism and a figure of the author as someone devoid of authority and originality, all of which invites us to think of an alternative organization of literary language as a common possession instead of a property.

RESUMEN En Ficciones barrocas, Carlos Gamerro acuña la expresión “ficciones barrocas” para referirse a narraciones en donde se percibe un juego de planos de la realidad en el que los opuestos se cruzan y desplazan mutuamente. Uno de esos planos está compuesto por la oposición copia/original --y en términos más generales, el encuentro entre lo auténtico y lo apócrifo-- que Gamerro identifica en las obras de Miguel de Cervantes y Jorge Luis Borges, entre otros. En este trabajo propongo profundizar en ese análisis, tomando, además, el caso de Washington Cucurto, otro autor fuertemente asociado con el barroco. Sostengo que en estos encuentros entre el original y la copia, entre lo auténtico y lo apócrifo, en Cervantes, Borges y Cucurto, lejos de mostrar una simple operación estética, se desprenden dos maneras de entender la literatura y el concepto de autor. Mientras en Cervantes está presente una noción de la literatura como propiedad privada y del autor como propietario, Borges y Cucurto reivindican la literatura como plagio --es decir, como usurpación de la propiedad-- y la figura de un autor desprovisto de autoridad y originalidad, lo que invita a pensar en otra forma de organizar el lenguaje literario como una posesión en común en lugar de una propiedad.

Abstract Agribusiness, a cornerstone of Brazil’s economic sectors, wields considerable political clout through entities like the Frente Parlamentar da Agropecuária (Parliamentary Agricultural Front; FPA), a potent force in the country’s Congress and appears to be the main driver of the anti-environmental lobby. The FPA sought to influence labour, land and tax legislation and was an important ally of Jair Bolsonaro’s administration, aligning closely with the former president’s agenda of environmental deregulation, which mirrored the economic priorities of agribusiness interests. However, the imperative to maintain a favourable public perception of the agricultural sector is evident in various communication strategies, including the deployment of paid advertisements on online platforms. In this sense, the objective of this research is to scrutinise the potential presence of greenwashing and/or disinformation within the 158 advertisements disseminated by the FPA on Facebook and Instagram throughout 2023. Using Meta’s Ad Library interface, we collected the advertisements and employed three complementary analytical approaches. These methodologies enabled us to identify and interpret the discursive tactics employed by the FPA to “enhance the image of agriculture”: automatic word counting and cooccurrence analysis, content analysis and discourse analysis. The advertisements analysed show that Brazilian agribusiness uses sustainability as a form of greenwashing and disinformation in its online communication efforts. The FPA’s digital advertising uses these discursive strategies to vilify social movements advocating for land reform and instigate fear regarding legal uncertainties surrounding property rights. Our findings indicate that these advertisements advocate for the preservation of the current socio-economic landscape in the Brazilian rural area while propagating denialism regarding the environmental impacts of agribusiness.

Resumo O agronegócio, um dos principais setores econômicos do Brasil, compõe uma das mais poderosas forças políticas no congresso do país, a Frente Parlamentar da Agropecuária (FPA), e aparece como o principal impulsionador do lobby anti-ambiental. A FPA busca incidir sobre a legislação trabalhista, fundiária e tributária e foi uma importante aliada do Governo de Jair Bolsonaro, uma vez que a agenda de desmonte ambiental do ex-presidente ia ao encontro dos interesses econômicos do agronegócio. No entanto, a necessidade de garantir uma imagem positiva do setor se reflete em diversas estratégias de comunicação, inclusive na veiculação de anúncios pagos nas plataformas online. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa pretende analisar a possível presença de greenwashing e/ou desinformação nos 158 anúncios publicados pela FPA no Facebook e Instagram durante o ano de 2023. Após coletarmos os anúncios na interface da Biblioteca de Anúncios da Meta, adotamos três abordagens complementares de análise que nos permitiram identificar e interpretar as estratégias discursivas empregadas pela FPA para “melhorar a imagem do agro”: contagem automática de palavras e análise de coocorrência entre elas, análise de conteúdo e análise de discurso. Nos anúncios analisados, a sustentabilidade é instrumentalizada pelo agronegócio brasileiro como greenwashing e desinformação em sua comunicação publicitária online. Essas estratégias discursivas são utilizadas na publicidade digital da FPA para criminalizar os movimentos sociais que lutam por uma reforma agrária e para disseminar pânico sobre inseguranças jurídicas relacionadas ao direito à propriedade. De uma forma geral, nossos resultados mostram que os anúncios defendem a necessidade de manutenção do status quo das relações socioeconômicas no campo brasileiro e promovem negacionismo em relação aos impactos ambientais do agronegócio.

Resumen El artículo explora el conflicto por tierras que sucedió en el pueblo de indios de Amatenango del Valle en el actual estado de Chiapas, México. Se indagan las disposiciones jurídicas características del siglo XIX, cuya intención era transformar las relaciones de productividad, las estructuras agrarias del estado y eliminar los privilegios de las diversas corporaciones de la sociedad, dentro de las que se encontraban las poblaciones indígenas. A través de la revisión documental, se da cuenta del impacto de dicha política en un espacio específico y como consecuencia se observa la respuesta del común de indios ante la puesta en marcha de la maquinaria liberal en materia agraria. En el análisis de los documentos jurídicos se muestra de qué manera pierden sus tierras, aunque también se da cuenta de los mecanismos usados que les permitieron hacer frente a esa realidad vivida. Haciendo uso de la misma legislación lograron acuerdos extrajudiciales que finalmente acabaron con un respaldo legal bajo el cual pudieron mantener parte de su propiedad inmemorial.

Résumé Cet article explore le conflit pour les terres survenu dans le village indien d'Amatenango del Valle, dans l'État actuel de Chiapas, au Mexique. Il examine les dispositions juridiques caractéristiques du XIX. siècle, dont l'intention était de transformer les relations de productivité, les structures agraires de l'État, et d'éliminer les privilèges des différentes corporations de la société, parmi lesquelles figuraient les populations indigènes. À travers l'analyse documentaire, on s’est rendu compte de l'impact de cette politique dans un espace spécifique et par conséquence on a observé la réaction du commun des indigènes face à la mise en œuvre de la machinerie libérale en matière agraire. L'analyse des documents juridiques dévoile la manière dont ils perdent leurs terres, mais aussi les mécanismes utilisés qui leur ont permis de faire face à cette réalité vécue. En utilisant la même législation, ils ont réussi à conclure des accords extrajudiciaires qui ont finalement abouti à un soutien légal leur permettant de conserver une partie de leur propriété immémoriale.

Abstract The article explores the land conflict that occurred in the indigenous town of Amatenango del Valle in the present-day state of Chiapas, Mexico. It investigates the legal provisions characteristic of the 19th century, whose intention was to transform productivity relations, agrarian structures in the state, and eliminate privileges of various societal corporations, including indigenous populations. Through documentary review, it accounts for the impact of such policies in a specific area and observes the response of the common indigenous people to the implementation of liberal machinery in agrarian matters. The analysis of legal documents shows how they lost their lands, but it also highlights the mechanisms they used to cope with this reality. Utilizing the same legislation, they managed to reach extrajudicial agreements that ultimately resulted in legal support under which they could retain part of their ancestral property.

ABSTRACT The article analyzes the first seven years of the National Land Agency's management of the demarcation implementation-the agrarian procedure that seeks to delimit lands owned by the nation, such as floodplains and floodplain lakes. After reviewing its scarce implementation in the south of Bolivar, this paper argues that, by 2022, the reforms introduced by the last peace agreement negotiated between the Colombian State and the FARC guerrillas did not dynamize delimitations. On the contrary, the review of communications, minutes, and official records shows that agrarian authority endemic problems continue, such as the lack of institutional capacity and poor interinstitutional coordination.

RESUMEN Este artículo analiza los primeros siete años de gestión de la Agencia Nacional de Tierras en la implementación del deslinde, como se conoce al procedimiento agrario que busca delimitar las tierras que son propiedad de la nación, como las ciénagas y los playones. Tras revisar su escasa ejecución en el sur del departamento de Bolívar, este trabajo sostiene que para el año 2022, las reformas introducidas con ocasión del Acuerdo de Paz negociado entre el Estado colombiano y la guerrilla de las FARC no habían dinamizado los deslindes. Por el contrario, la revisión de comunicaciones, actas y expedientes oficiales, evidencia que continúan problemas endémicos de la autoridad agraria, como son la falta de capacidad institucional y la escasa coordinación interinstitucional.

RESUMO Este artigo analisa os primeiros sete anos de gestão da Agência Nacional de Terras na implantação da demarcação, como é conhecido o procedimento agrário que busca delimitar as terras de propriedade da nação, como pântanos e áreas alagadas. Depois de analisar a sua má execução no sul do departamento de Bolívar, este trabalho sustenta que, até 2022, as reformas introduzidas por ocasião do Acordo de Paz negociado entre o Estado colombiano e a guerrilha das FARC não tinham dinamizado as fronteiras. Pelo contrário, a revisão das comunicações, atas e ficheiros oficiais mostra que os problemas endêmicos da autoridade agrária continuam, tais como a falta de capacidade institucional e a fraca coordenação interinstitucional.