In this work, the innovation process to take chemical technologies born in universities to the market is described. The discussion is structured on the stages: research/science, patenting, opportunity evaluation, scale-up and proof of concept that lead to two possible outputs: technology transfer or startup creation. The work also describes the activities of Escalab, a UFMG technology lab, in the innovation process: technological mapping/R&D for the industry, technology scale up, technology acceleration, open innovation programs with industry and the program “go-to-market” for the insertion of chemical startups in market. It is expected that this experience should motivate academic chemistry researchers to push their technologies to the market. described stages researchscience research science research/science patenting evaluation scaleup up outputs creation Escalab lab mappingRD mapping R D acceleration gotomarket go “go-to-market

This paper presents the stages of an acceleration program focused on chemical technologies. We demonstrate how this initiative contributes to the creation of new businesses, startups, and technology licensing from research developed at Brazilian universities. The case of the program Escale-se is discussed. There were 66 technologies submitted, and 14 were selected for the pre-acceleration phase. In this phase, various contents were worked on, such as creating a business model and aspects of scaling hard-science technologies. Teams were evaluated by panels with market specialists, and 6 were selected for the second phase: pre-scaling/proof of concept. Here, proponents were encouraged to validate the business model by connecting with potential clients and partners, as well as planning the development and testing of the product in a relevant environment. Finally, one team was classified for the last stage: scaling/go-to-market - where they received R$ 100,000.00 to scale up their technology and create strategies for raising investments. Four of the fourteen technologies selected for the program opened National Register of Legal Entities (CNPJ) and raised approximately R$ 4.5 M in investments from different sources. These results demonstrate that the methodology contributed to the entrepreneurial development of participating researchers and the raising of funds for the businesses created. startups universities Escalese Escale se discussed submitted 1 preacceleration pre phase hardscience hard science specialists prescaling/proof prescalingproof scaling/proof proof concept Here partners environment Finally stage scaling/gotomarket scalinggotomarket scaling/go go R 10000000 100 000 00 100,000.0 CNPJ (CNPJ 45 4 5 4. sources created prescaling scalingproof gotomarket scalinggo 1000000 10 0 100,000. 100000 100,000 10000 100,00 1000 100,0 100,

ABSTRACT. This paper, from a dogmatic perspective, analyzes the role played by the presumption and the burden of proof in the evidentiary activity around fault and fraud within of liability for non-performance of obligations. After a substantive-procedural approach, manifested in the recourse to doctrine and jurisprudence, the convenience of the first and the uselessness of the second in the accreditation of the subjective imputation of this type of liability is concluded, taking as a referent point the normative coordinates of the Peruvian Civil Code.

RESUMEN. En el presente trabajo, desde una perspectiva dogmática, se analiza el rol que desempeña la presunción y la carga de la prueba en la actividad probatoria alrededor de la culpa y el dolo dentro de la responsabilidad por inejecución de obligaciones. Luego de un enfoque sustantivo-procesal, consistente en el recurso a doctrina y jurisprudencia, se concluye la conveniencia de la primera y la inutilidad de la segunda en la acreditación de la imputación subjetiva de este tipo de responsabilidad, tomando como punto de referencia las coordenadas normativas del Código Civil peruano.

Abstract The surging health and financial costs of diseases, disabilities, and disparities support the global acceleration of interests and investments in health AI for better, cheaper, faster, and fairer health solutions globally and locally. Yet there is no consensus on practically operationalizing responsible AI principles across diverse global sectors, states, and belief systems. This proof-of-concept study utilizes the global pluralistic ethical framework (the Personalist Social Contract) to therefore provide the first known Bayesian augmented AI-driven Computational Ethical (AiCE) and policy analysis integrating clinical, cost effectiveness, and healthcare disparity analyses with nationally representative data to estimate the global cost of healthcare disparities in colonoscopy (CS) and the savings from AI-enabled CS to reduce them. It suggests that reversing racial disparities particularly for Hispanics and Asians may save American healthcare systems $17.61 billion annually, with AI-augmented CS potentially contributing savings of $625.40 million for Hispanics and $289.00 million for Asians in particular (with similar cost savings for vulnerable communities in middle and low-income countries also). The above findings support the cost savings imperative for such strategic and capacity-building investment in these AI-driven measures to improve healthcare’s strategic aims of Sustainability, Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Equity (SEEE). Such empirical results inform the larger global bioethical argument from the twin dimensions of human dignity and human security (rooted in the personalist, multicultural, and metaphysical account of the person as a member of the global human family) to highlight the AI ethical imperative to optimize the performance of the global digital health ecosystem. Such an instrumental end is a critical means of advancing toward the ultimate end of the common good, in which the individual good of each person is safeguarded and in which it finds her/his fulfillment working toward.

Resumen El aumento de los costos sanitarios y financieros de las enfermedades, las discapacidades y las disparidades respalda la aceleración mundial de los intereses y las inversiones en IA (inteligencia artificial) sanitaria para lograr soluciones sanitarias mejores, más baratas, más rápidas y justas a escala mundial y local. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso sobre la aplicación práctica de los principios de la IA responsable en diversos sectores, estados y sistemas de creencias de todo el mundo. Este estudio de prueba de concepto utiliza el marco ético pluralista global (el Contrato Social Personalista) para proporcionar, por tanto, el primer análisis conocido de ética computacional (AiCE, por sus siglas en inglés) y política basado en IA aumentada bayesiana que integra análisis clínicos, de rentabilidad y de disparidades en la atención sanitaria con datos representativos a nivel nacional para estimar el costo global de las disparidades en la atención sanitaria en la colonoscopia (CS, por sus siglas en inglés) y el ahorro de la CS habilitada por IA para reducirlas. El estudio sugiere que revertir las disparidades raciales, en particular entre hispanos y asiáticos, puede ahorrar a los sistemas sanitarios estadounidenses 17.610 millones de dólares al año, con un ahorro potencial de 625,40 millones de dólares para los hispanos y 289 millones de dólares para los asiáticos en particular (con un ahorro similar para las comunidades vulnerables en países de ingresos medios y bajos). Los resultados anteriores respaldan el imperativo de ahorro de costos que supone la inversión estratégica y de capacitación en estas medidas impulsadas por la IA para mejorar los objetivos estratégicos de sostenibilidad, eficacia, eficiencia y equidad (SEEE) de la atención sanitaria. Estos resultados empíricos informan el argumento bioético global más amplio de las dimensiones gemelas de la dignidad y la seguridad humanas (arraigadas en el relato personalista, multicultural y metafísico de la persona como miembro de la familia humana global) para destacar el imperativo ético de la IA para optimizar el rendimiento del ecosistema sanitario digital global. Semejante fin instrumental es un medio decisivo para avanzar hacia el fin último del bien común, en el que se salvaguarda el bien individual de cada persona y en el que éste encuentra su realización trabajando hacia él.

Abstract (Objective) This paper presents the results of a qualitative, descriptive research study characterizing the knowledge of prospective mathematics teachers at the National University of Costa Rica (UNA) concerning the concept of mathematical proof, using the Mathematics Teacher’s Specialized Knowledge (MTSK) model. (Methodology) This research employed an interpretive paradigm and a qualitative approach. A questionnaire was administered to 42 mathematics teachers in initial training during the first semester of 2021, in the fourth and fifth years of the Bachelor’s Degree program in Mathematics Teaching at the National University of Costa Rica. Content analysis was utilized to study the answers provided by participants. Groupings of answers were created to generate central ideas about the concept of proof. (Results) Based on the results, four central ideas were found about the nature of mathematical proof for the survey participants. These ideas are similar to the formal logical-syntactic and mathematical aspects (LSMA) or informal semantic aspects (ISA). Evidence for the five De Villiers (1993) functions of a proof was found. Moreover, new functions related to them were discovered in mathematics and in school mathematics. (Conclusions) The results provide input to trainers of mathematics teachers and researchers for the review and analysis of teacher training programs. Additionally, they contribute to the search for new research areas related to this subject.

Resumen (Objetivo) En este artículo, se presentan los resultados de una investigación cualitativa de carácter descriptivo que tiene como objetivo caracterizar el conocimiento especializado de los profesores de matemáticas en formación inicial de la Universidad Nacional en Costa Rica (UNA), sobre el concepto de la demostración matemática, mediante el modelo Mathematics Teacher’s Specialized Knowledge (MTSK). (Metodología) La investigación se posiciona en el paradigma interpretativo y tiene un enfoque cualitativo. Se aplicó un cuestionario, durante el primer semestre del 2021, a 42 profesores de matemáticas en formación inicial de cuarto y quinto año de la carrera Bachillerato y Licenciatura en Enseñanza de la Matemática de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. Para examinar la información, se empleó el análisis de contenido y se hicieron agrupaciones de las respuestas, con el propósito de generar ideas centrales sobre el concepto de demostración. (Resultados) De los resultados se desprenden cuatro ideas centrales sobre lo que es una demostración matemática para los sujetos de la investigación, cercanas a aspectos formales lógico-sintácticos y matemáticos (ALSM) o aspectos informales semánticos (AIS). Se encontraron evidencias de las cinco funciones de De Villiers (1993) para la demostración y surgieron nuevas funciones relacionadas con esta en las matemáticas y en las matemáticas escolares. (Conclusiones) Los resultados brindan insumos a formadores de profesores de matemáticas e investigadores, en la revisión y análisis de programas de formación docente, y contribuyen en la búsqueda de nuevas áreas de investigación relacionadas con el tema.

Resumo (Objetivo) Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva que visa caracterizar o conhecimento especializado dos professores de matemática em formação inicial na Universidade Nacional da Costa Rica (UNA), sobre o conceito de prova matemática, utilizando o modelo de Mathematics Teacher’s Specialized Knowledge (MTSK). (Metodologia) A pesquisa está posicionada no paradigma interpretativo e tem uma abordagem qualitativa. Foi administrado um questionário durante o primeiro semestre de 2021 para 42 professores de matemática em formação inicial no quarto e quinto ano do Bacharelado e Bacharelado em Ensino de Matemática na Universidade Nacional da Costa Rica. Para examinar as informações, foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo e as respostas foram agrupadas a fim de gerar ideias centrais sobre o conceito de demonstração. (Resultados) A partir dos resultados, quatro ideias centrais sobre o que é uma prova matemática para os sujeitos da pesquisa, próximas aos aspectos formais lógico-sintáticos e matemáticos (ALSM) ou aspectos semânticos informais (AIS), podem ser deduzidas. Foram encontradas evidências para as cinco funções de De Villiers (1993) para a demonstração e surgiram novas funções relacionadas à demonstração em matemática e matemática escolar. (Conclusões) Os resultados fornecem contribuições para educadores e pesquisadores em matemática na revisão e análise de programas de formação docente, e contribuem para a busca de novas áreas de pesquisa relacionadas ao tema.

Resumen: Este escrito se propone defender la tesis de la similitud poco remarcada que existe en los escritos de Tomás de Aquino y Anselmo de Canterbury, a través del análisis de la noción y el uso de la definición nominal en la teología natural o filosófica. En el tercer artículo de la sexta cuestión de la Exposición del “de Trinitate” de Boecio, Tomás introduce la distinción entre definición nominal y definición real para aplicarlas al conocimiento de Dios. Su argumento es que, como no se lo puede conocer directamente y tampoco se le puede dar una definición real por esto mismo, se debe partir de una definición nominal de lo que es Dios. Dicha definición supone cierto conocimiento de Dios, pero negativo, a través de los atributos de sus efectos y por eminencia. La definición nominal de Dios sirve, entonces, como presupuesto de la demostración. En el Proslogion y en su Respuesta a las críticas que le planteó Gaunilo en su tiempo, Anselmo coincide en esta distinción de definiciones, y en que no se puede conocer directamente a Dios, a no ser que se lo haga por causalidad, negación o eminencia. Pero, a diferencia de Tomás, él ve que la definición nominal de Dios es suficiente para elaborar un ‘único argumento que no necesitase para su prueba de ningún otro más que de sí, y que bastara por sí solo para asegurar que Dios es de manera verdadera’, ya que esto es evidente para nosotros. Esta comparación también ayuda a entender las críticas específicas de Tomás al argumento de Anselmo, remarcando la que niega que el conocimiento de Dios sea evidente para nosotros (“quoad nos”).

Abstract: This paper sets out to defend the thesis of the little remarked similarity that exists in the writings of Thomas Aquinas and Anselm of Canterbury, through the analysis of the notion and use of nominal definition in natural or philosophical theology. In the third article of the sixth question of the Exposition of Boethius' “de Trinitate”, Thomas introduces the distinction between nominal definition and real definition in order to apply them to the knowledge of God. His argument is that, since he cannot be known directly, nor can he be given a real definition for this very reason, one must start from a nominal definition of what God is. Such a definition presupposes some knowledge of God, but negative, through the attributes of his effects and by eminence. The nominal definition of God serves, then, as the presupposition of the demonstration. In the Proslogion and in his Reply to the criticisms raised against him by Gaunilo in his time, Anselm agrees with this distinction of definitions, and that God cannot be known directly, unless by causation, negation or eminence. But, unlike Thomas, he sees that the nominal definition of God is sufficient to produce a ‘single argument which would need for its proof no other than itself, and which would suffice alone to assure us that God is in a true way’, since this is self-evident to us. This comparison also helps to understand Thomas‘ specific criticisms of Anselm's argument, notably that which denies that the knowledge of God is self-evident to us (’quoad nos").

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo defender a tese da semelhança pouco notada que existe entre os escritos de Tomás de Aquino e Anselmo de Cantuária, através da análise da noção e do uso da definição nominal na teologia natural ou filosófica. No terceiro artigo da sexta questão da Exposição do “De Trinitate” de Boécio, Tomás introduz a distinção entre definição nominal e definição real para aplicá-las ao conhecimento de Deus. O seu argumento é que, uma vez que não se pode conhecê-lo diretamente, nem lhe pode ser dada uma definição real por essa mesma razão, é preciso partir de uma definição nominal do que é Deus. Tal definição pressupõe um conhecimento de Deus, mas negativo, através dos atributos dos seus efeitos e por eminência. A definição nominal de Deus serve, então, como pressuposto da demonstração. No Proslógio e na Resposta às críticas que lhe foram dirigidas por Gaunilo no seu tempo, Anselmo concorda com esta distinção de definições, e que Deus não pode ser conhecido diretamente, a não ser por causalidade, negação ou eminência. Mas, ao contrário de Tomás, vê que a definição nominal de Deus é suficiente para produzir um ‘único argumento que não necessitaria, para a sua prova, de outro que não fosse ele próprio, e que bastaria por si só para nos assegurar que Deus é de um modo verdadeiro’, uma vez que isso é evidente para nós. Esta comparação ajuda também a compreender as críticas específicas de Tomás ao argumento de Anselmo, nomeadamente a que nega que o conhecimento de Deus seja evidente para nós (“quoad nos”).

SUMMARY: This study focuses on the review and proposal for anatomical terminology associated with the anatomical concept of Hyrtl´s porus crotaphitico-buccinatorius (PCBH), which is a passage area for the lateral divisions of the mandibular nerve in the infratemporal fossa. The objective of this research is to determine the most appropriate anatomical term from the perspective of international anatomical terminology to describe the structure known as PCBH. Furthermore, it seeks to provide solid proof, based on scientific and historical evidence that supports the correct choice of the term for international anatomical terminology in order to further precise and uniform communication in anatomy and medical science. The detailed analysis of the existing structure highlights the lack of descriptive information and the presence of eponyms. The proposed "Infratemporal Pterygoalar Foramen" is presented as a more precise alternative, supported by historical and etymological definitions. Each component of this new term is carefully selected, more accurately reflecting the location, components, shape and anatomical characteristics of the structure. This research contributes to the standardization and continuous improvement of international anatomical terminology, facilitating more effective communication in the scientific and medical field.

RESUMEN: Este estudio se centra en la revisión y propuesta para la terminología anatómica asociada al concepto anatómico de Poro Crotafítico Buccinatorio de Hyrtl (PCBH) que es un área de paso para las divisiones laterales del nervio mandibular en la fosa infratemporal. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar el término anatómico más apropiado desde la perspectiva de la terminología anatómica internacional para describir la estructura denominada PCBH. Asimismo, se busca proporcionar una justificación sólida y basada en evidencia científica e histórica que respalde la elección correcta del término para la terminología anatómica internacional, con el propósito de promover una comunicación precisa y uniforme en el campo de la anatomía y la ciencia médica. El análisis detallado de la estructura existente resalta la carencia de información descriptiva y la presencia de epónimos. La propuesta del "Foramen Infratemporal Pterigoalar" se presenta como una alternativa más precisa, respaldada por definiciones históricas y etimológicas. Cada componente de este nuevo término se selecciona cuidadosamente, reflejando con mayor precisión la ubicación, componentes, forma y características anatómicas de la estructura. Esta investigación contribuye a la estandarización y mejora continua de la terminología anatómica internacional, facilitando una comunicación más efectiva en el ámbito científico y médico.

Resumen Este estudio tiene como objetivo indicar el potencial de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en los informes epidemiológicos de dientes cariados, perdidos y restaurados. Como prueba de concepto, nuestro modelo de estudio utilizó imágenes panorámicas de rayos X y un algoritmo de inteligencia artificial para la numeración de dientes, la detección de caries y las restauraciones con una precisión superior al 80 % para dichas tareas de diagnóstico. El resultado fue el número de dientes cariados, perdidos y restaurados según la edad del paciente y el índice CPOD (número de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados) que varió de 3,6 (hasta 20 años) a 20,4 (+60 años). Por tanto, se sugiere que la IA es un método prometedor para automatizar la recopilación de datos de salud mediante el análisis de rayos X.

Abstract This study aims to indicate the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in epidemiological reports of decayed, missed and restored teeth. As a proof of concept our study model used panoramic x-ray images and an AI algorithm for tooth numbering, detection of the caries and restorations with accuracy over 80% for such diagnostic tasks. The output came as the number of decayed, missed and restored teeth according to patient's age and the DMFT index (number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth) which varied from 3.6 (up to 20 years old) to 20.4 (+60 years old). Thus, it is suggested that AI is a promising method to automate health data collection through the analysis of x-rays.

Abstract Proof of José Ignacio Fernández de Lizard’s distancing from the pre-romantic postulates present in Las Noches lúgubres (1789), by José de Cadalso, was one of the questions long demanded by literary critics. This is the purpose of this contribution: to demonstrate that the Novohispano novelist moves away in his Noches tristes y día alegre (1819) from the narrative pattern of Cadalso and endows his novel with its own signs of identity. Our study shows that Lizardi not only frees himself from Cadalsian tutelage, but also elaborates a story in accordance with the didactic intentions and moral principles that inspire all his literary work.

Resumen La comprobación del distanciamiento de José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi con respecto a los postulados prerrománticos presentes en las Noches lúgubres (1789), de José de Cadalso, era una de las cuestiones demandas desde hace tiempo por la crítica literaria. Este es el propósito de la presente contribución: demostrar que el novelista novohispano se aleja en sus Noches tristes y día alegre (1819) del patrón narrativo de Cadalso y dota a su novela de señas de identidad propias. Nuestro estudio demuestra que Lizardi no solo se libera de la tutela cadalsiana, sino que elabora un relato acorde con las intenciones didácticas y los principios morales que inspiran toda su obra literaria.

Abstract The objective of the article was to establish an informative standard for evidentiary precautionary measures that is able to eliminate an unreasonable degree of subjectivity in decisions to allow their rational controllability. The original hypothesis is that there is not only one standard, understood as a criterion of sufficiency of informative data, for all decisions issued in criminal proceedings. It is necessary to establish the specific standard for each decision, especially the decision that grants an evidentiary precautionary measure. Methodologically, a theoretical-bibliographical study was carried out using the hypothetical-deductive method, divided into two stages, one of a dogmatic nature on precautionary evidential measures, the other on evidential standards, based on the contributions of legal epistemology. The main contributions of this work to the state of the art were: the establishment of a concept and the requirements of evidentiary precautionary measures, the distinction between evidentiary standard and informative standard, the discussion on the different informative standards in decisions in criminal proceedings and, finally, the construction of an informative standard for decisions that grant evidentiary precautionary measures.

Resumo O objetivo do artigo foi estabelecer um standard informativo para as medidas cautelares probatórias que seja apto a eliminar um írrito grau de subjetividade nas decisões para permitir sua racional controlabilidade. A hipótese original é que não há apenas um standard, compreendido como critério de suficiência dos dados informativos, para todas as decisões proferidas no processo penal, sendo necessário estabelecer o standard específico para cada decisão, em especial a decisão que defere a medida cautelar probatória. Metodologicamente realizou-se uma pesquisa teórico-bibliográfica pelo método hipotético-dedutivo, dividida em duas etapas, uma de natureza dogmática sobre as medidas cautelares probatórias, outra sobre os standards probatórios, tomando por base os aportes da epistemologia jurídica. As principais contribuições do trabalho para o estado da arte foram: o estabelecimento de um conceito e dos requisitos das medidas cautelares probatórias, a distinção entre standard probatório e standard informativo, a discussão sobre os distintos standards informativos nas decisões no processo penal e, finalmente, a construção de um standard informativo para as decisões que deferem as medidas cautelares probatórias.

Resumen: Un equilibrio cero-Hopf en ℝ3 es un punto de equilibrio aislado cuyos valores propios son un par de valores puramente imaginarios y el valor propio cero. Para tal equilibrio, se estudió una teoría general para saber cuándo a partir de este equilibrio se bifurcan órbitas periódicas de pequeña amplitud al mover los parámetros del sistema, esta teoría es conocida como la teoría del promedio. La aplicación de promedios convierte el problema de encontrar órbitas periódicas de los sistemas diferenciales, en encontrar ceros de algunas funciones adecuadas de dimensión tres, además de proporcionar estimaciones analíticas de la forma de estas órbitas periódicas. Aquí se muestra la manera de calcular órbitas periódicas a partir de puntos de equilibrio cero-Hopf utilizando la teoría del promedio. En particular, primero se da la caracterización de los valores de los parámetros para los cuales el punto de equilibrio cero-Hopf tiene lugar en los sistemas Rössler, y se encuentra dos familias de parámetros que exhiben tales equilibrios, de una de ellas se estudia la demostración de la existencia de una órbita periódica bifurcada desde el equilibrio cero-Hopf, para ello, se da la prueba de dos teoremas principales que sustentan la demostración del teorema, que proporciona una aproximación de primer orden para soluciones periódicas de un sistema diferencial periódico.

Abstract: A zero-Hopf equilibrium in ℝ3 is an isolated equilibrium point whose eigenvalues are a pair of purely imaginary values and zero, properly. We study a general theory to know when from the equilibrium bifurcates a periodic orbit of small width moving the parameters of the system, this theory is known as the averaging theory. This technique of obtaining the averaging turns the finding of periodic orbits of the differential systems to finding zeros of some adequate functions of a third dimension, further providing analytic estimations about the shape of those periodic orbits. This paper shows the way to calculate periodic orbits bifurcating from the equilibrium points of zero-Hopf type, using the averaging theory. Particularly, first is given the characterization of the values of the parameters for which the zero-Hopf equilibrium point appears in the Rössler system, and are finding two parameters’ families that shown these equilibriums; from one of these families, is studied the existence of a bifurcated periodic orbit from the zero-Hopf equilibrium, for it, is given the proof of two main theorems that sustain the demonstration of the theorem, that provides an approximation of first-order for periodic solutions, for a periodic differential system.

Abstract The objective of this essay is to demonstrate the evolution of environmental law in Brazil, approaching by the civil responsability for environmental damage (in dubio pro nature), and the reparation of moral environmental damage (as an ethic behaviour lesson for future generations). Therefore, the deductive method is applied through the sistematic interpretation of the infra-constitucionals norms from the jurisprudence and doctrine, to prove the hipothetics situations about environmental damage. The 1988 Brazilian Constituition made it clear that the environment concerns to all society, characterized as res omnium, no more as res nullius. The infra-constitucional Brazilian legislator just brought the legal prevision of environmental moral damage from the alterations introduced by the Law 8.884/94, inside the Public Civil Action system, and recently by the new judgement, was determined the will to civil reparation (for moral or material damages), in reason of preescription not being allowed to environmental damage. As highlighted by Cavlieri F., the Brazilian Constituent Assembly has expressively adopt the risk theory, created as a fundamet to the Public Administration responsability, not adopting until now the full risk theory. Obliging, so, the objective liability of the Public Power towards the damage due from its omissive or comissive activity. The subject is problematized over jurisprendecials decisions, along with the doctrine, in order to demonstrate the casuistry imposed by law (to prove the damage and responsibilize the polluition agent), the requirement that each concrete case must have the proof of the two assumptions - existence of environmental damage and its source, and the act or omission of the alleged responsible that gave “efficient” causes to the event, able to generate compensable prejudice - arising from it the comprovation of the hypothesis of reparation by moral damage as an conduct ethic to next generations.

Resumo Neste breve estudo objetiva-se demonstrar a evolução da lei ambiental no Brasil, através da abordagem sobre a responsabilidade civil por dano ambiental (in dubio pro nature), e a reparação do dano moral ambiental (como conduta ética para as futuras gerações). Para isto, utiliza-se do método dedutivo através de interpretação sistemática de normas infraconstitucionais, da jurisprudência e da doutrina, para comprovar situações hipotéticas sobre o dano moral ambiental. A Constituição Federal de 1988 determinou que o meio ambiente pertence a toda sociedade e caracteriza-se como res omnium, e não mais como uma res nullius, e o legislador infraconstitucional e os tribunais superiores vêm tentando consolidar o dano moral ambiental, notadamente a partir das alterações introduzidas pela Lei 8.884/94, no sistema da Ação Civil Pública, e confirmada no Recurso Extraordinário (RE) 654833, julgado este que reafirmou que a pretensão de reparação civil (por danos morais ou materiais) em razão de danos ambientais, não está sujeita à prescrição2. Como acentuou Cavalieri Fº3, o constituinte brasileiro adotou expressamente a teoria do risco criado, como fundamento da responsabilidade da Administração Pública; até então não adotou a teoria do risco integral; condicionando a responsabilidade objetiva do Poder Público ao dano decorrente da sua atividade comissiva ou omissiva. Problematiza-se o tema através de decisões jurisprudenciais e da doutrina, para demonstrar a casuística imposta pela lei (comprovar o dano e responsabilizar o agente poluidor), a exigência de que em cada caso concreto deva existir a prova dos dois pressupostos - a existência do dano ambiental e seu nexo causal, e a ação ou omissão do pretenso responsável que tenha dado causa “eficiente” para o evento, capaz de gerar o prejuízo a ser indenizado - decorrendo daí a comprovação da hipótese da reparação por dano moral4 como conduta ética para as futuras gerações.

RESUMEN Acerca del cambio climático, de la incidencia antropogénica en su desarrollo, de sus inminentes consecuencias y la necesidad de adoptar medidas urgentes que nos lleven a mitigar sus efectos y adaptarnos, existe en el mundo un notable y creciente consenso. Sin embargo, alrededor de este tema se ha formado un grupo muy heterogéneo, para nada despreciable y sí muy influyente de “escépticos, “opositores” o “negacionistas” empeñados en desacreditar toda la información científica y toda la evidencia que la naturaleza se encarga de aportar. En muchos países se han desplegado grupos como estos, pero en Estados Unidos, desde las instituciones federales y hasta los ciudadanos comunes, estos escépticos, opositores o negacionistas, se han posicionado para, desde sus perspectivas y su poder, defender los intereses de los que, a ultranza, ponen por encima de la sostenibilidad del mundo, de su sobrevivencia, los beneficios que obtienen las grandes industrias de la energía fósil y otros invasores del medio ambiente. Esta situación se acrecentó con la llegada de Donald Trump a la Casa Blanca. Su posición negacionista se hizo evidente desde la propia campaña presidencial. Este trabajo propone un acercamiento a esta tendencia, que se ha convertido en un discurso propio de la derecha más conservadora, en especial en Estados Unidos y que, aun con la fuerza del movimiento ambientalista mundial, ha desplegado mucho poder en aras de lograr desmontar todas las acciones políticas que se despliegan para enfrentar el cambio climático

ABSTRACT About the climatic change, of the incidence anthropogenic in his development, of his imminent consequences and the need to embrace urgent measures that lead to mitigate us his effects and to adapt us, a notable and increasing consent exists in the world. However, about this theme has instructed a very heterogeneous group itself, for despicable nothing and if very influential of skeptics, “opponents or (T. Boykoff, Maxwell, 2015) stubbornly determined refusing in discrediting all of the scientific information and all the proof that it is taken upon oneself to nature contribute.The groups like these have opened out at many countries, but in the United States from the federal institutions and to the common citizens, these skeptics, opponents or negacionistas, they have placed themselves stops, from his perspectives and his power, defending the interests of them than, to the death, lay eggs for on the worldly sustainability, of his survival, the benefits that the fossil and another invaders of the ambient midway obtain the energy's big industries.This situation increased with Donald Trump's arrival home White Note itself. His position negacionista became evident from the own presidential campaign. We intend to have an approach to this tendency that has become an own discourse of the most conservative right hand with this work, especially in the United States and then, even with the force of the movement worldwide environmentalist, a lot of power for the sake of achieving to dismount all the politic stock that open out to confront the climatic change has deployed.

Abstract The article justifies a standard of proof for crimes against humanity. In order to achieve that objective, this investigation is divided into three parts. Firstly, it reflects the absence of an exhaustive explanation that justifies the application of a standard of proof in transitional justice. Secondly, it adopts an alternative procedural model as a method to set a flexible standard of proof, different from these used in criminal trials. Thirdly, it designs the argument of procedural asymmetries to expose two central aspects: the unjustified disadvantage suffered by the victim of crimes against humanity and the limitations of the legal sanction imposed for these crimes. Lastly, the article concludes that the application of a differentiated standard of proof is only possible in exceptional cases, such as those trials associated with serious human rights violations. objective parts Firstly justice Secondly Thirdly aspects Lastly cases violations

Resumen El artículo justifica un estándar de suficiencia probatoria para crímenes de lesa humanidad. Para lograr ese objetivo, la investigación se divide en tres partes. Primero, evidencia la ausencia de una explicación exhaustiva que justifique la aplicación de un estándar de prueba en la justicia transicional. Segundo, adopta un modelo procesal alternativo como método para fijar un estándar de suficiencia probatoria flexible, diferente de aquel usado en juicios penales. Tercero, diseña el argumento de la asimetría de las posiciones procesales para reducir la exigencia probatoria mediante la exposición de dos razones centrales: la desventaja injustificada que sufre la víctima de crímenes contra la humanidad y las limitaciones de la sanción jurídica impuesta por estos delitos. Por último, el artículo concluye que la aplicación de un estándar de prueba diferenciado solo es posible frente a casos excepcionales, como serían aquellos juicios asociados a graves violaciones de derechos humanos. objetivo partes Primero transicional Segundo flexible penales Tercero centrales delitos último excepcionales humanos

Abstract In the county of Pedra Lavrada - PB, various mineral occurrences of pegmatite are observed with prominence at Alto Dois Irmãos - PB, where quartz, feldspar and mica are mined. The understanding of mineral constituents is fundamental to define their industrial employment and to implement improvements in the beneficiation process. The proposal of this research is the detailed characterization and proof of that part of the ore (quartz) considered waste, presenting low poisoning (Fe2O3) and high silica (SiO2) content, to enable its industrial use. Besides that, to minimize the environmental impact through the reuse of this waste, and to determine the correct utilization of the milling equipment. For the pegmatite characterization, done were density determination tests, mineralogical identification by X-ray diffraction (XRD), chemical analysis by fluorescents X-rays and morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS). Then tests were done for the Work Index (WI) calculous and consequently the empirical determination of the dimensions (LxD) of the pebble mill. The sterile presented a medium density of 2.66g/cm³, majority chemical composition of silicon and oxygen and quartz as the main mineralogical stage, indicating that this material has high purity. The. The Work Index (WI) was 15.9 kwh/t showing that this material can be considered resistant to breaking in the grinding process. The necessary energy to the milling was defined in 11.52 kwh/st, that corresponds to 57.28 HP. This power allowed the mill selection with diammeter and length of 1.83m, that provides the production maximization and the energy saving. PB mined process (quartz waste Fe2O3 FeO Fe O (Fe2O3 SiO2 SiO (SiO2 content use equipment Xray X ray XRD, XRD , (XRD) Xrays rays SEM/EDS. SEMEDS SEM/EDS . SEM EDS (SEM/EDS) WI (WI LxD (LxD 266gcm³ gcm 2 66g cm³ g cm 2.66g/cm³ stage purity 159 15 9 15. kwht kwh t 1152 11 52 11.5 kwhst st kwh/st 5728 57 28 57.2 HP 183m m 1 83m 1.83m saving Fe2O (Fe2O (SiO (XRD (SEM/EDS 266gcm 2.66g/cm 115 5 11. 572 57.