Abstract The present work focuses on a construction in Spanish, censured by grammarians, which combines the morphology of the analytical or periphrastic passive (ser ‘be’ + participle) with the multifunctional reflexive morpheme se and typically serves to generalize over processes affecting classes of things or groups of individuals (La energía incrementa cuando se es contenida ‘Energy increases when (it is) contained’). Our interest in the genesis of the construction leads us to locate its source in a regular structure of the language, known as the “impersonal reflexive with a passive clause”, wherein se marks the unspecified identity of the patient subject (cuando se es amado…‘when one is loved...’). Viewed from this angle, the “deviant” feature of the construction in study thus resides in the introduction of an explicit subject, which has the effect of erasing the impersonal character of the source and of altering the function of se in ways that will impose a reference to the so-called reflexive passive of Spanish. In the second part of our research, we seek to account for the productivity of the anomalous construction, discovered through our perusal in Google, by calling attention to the instrumental role played by the participle in allowing shifts of perspective between passive actions and resulting states. We discuss some examples to corroborate our hypothesis, highlight the expansion of the construction to non-generic contexts and, as our final task, take on the challenge of having to explain how the anomalous passive comes to be used with intransitive unaccusative verbs, as evidenced in the data of our corpus.

Resumen Este trabajo se centra en una construcción en español, censurada por los gramáticos, que combina la morfología de la pasiva perifrástica (ser + participio) con el multifuncional morfema reflexivo se y típicamente sirve para generalizar sobre procesos que afectan a clases de cosas o grupos de individuos (La energía incrementa cuando se es contenida). El interés por la formación de la construcción nos lleva a situar su origen en una estructura regular del idioma, conocida como “impersonal refleja con oración pasiva”, en la que se marca la indeterminación del sujeto paciente (cuando se es amado…). Desde este punto de vista, la “desviación” que manifiesta la construcción en estudio radica en la introducción de un sujeto explícito, con el efecto de que se borra el carácter impersonal del modelo original y se altera a la vez la función de se, que pasa a relacionarse con la llamada pasiva refleja del español. En la segunda parte de nuestra investigación, nos proponemos arrojar luz sobre la productividad de la construcción anómala, que desplegaron nuestras búsquedas en Google, apuntando al papel instrumental que juega el participio en propiciar cambios de perspectiva entre acciones pasivas y estados resultantes. Analizamos algunos ejemplos que ayudan a corroborar nuestra hipótesis, destacamos la expansión de la construcción a contextos no-genéricos y, finalmente, nos damos a la tarea de explicar cómo la pasiva anómala llega a utilizarse con verbos intransitivos inacusativos, según reflejan los datos recopilados para nuestro estudio.

Abstract Introduction. Weeds are one of the main problems in agricultural productivity due to their interactions with crops, such as alelopatic effects on germination. Objective. To evaluate the allelopathy of kikuyo grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) on the germination of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) variety ICA Cerinza. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Quality Control Laboratory of the Universidad de Pamplona, Central Campus, Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia, from May to August 2022. To each experimental unit (Petri dishe) with 12 been seeds, 6 mL of kikuyo aqueous extract (leaf, stem, and root) at three concentrations (1, 2.5, and 5 %), plus a control (0 %), were added, totaling 12 treatments. From day 0 to 12, the number of germinated seeds (NGS) was recorded, and the germination rate index (GRI) and germination index (IG) were calculated. The biomolecular profile of the aqueous extract was determined using the Fourier-transform spectroscopy. A completely randomized experimental design with a factorial arrangement (3x4), with repeated measures in each experimental unit, was employed. The intersuject factors were the organ type and concentration, while the intrasubject factor was the evaluation time (12 days). Results. Significant differences (p<0.001) were observed for NSG among treatments due to the concentration of the aqueous extract, as well as for IG, while GRI depended on the organ (p<0.05) and concentration (p<0.001), both negatively affected as the concentration increased. The infrared spectrum of the extract determined the presence of polyphenols, nitriles, and siloxanes. Conclusión. C. clandestinus affected NGS, GRI, and GI of P. vulgaris, with an allelopathic effect of the leaf aqueous extract at higher concentrations. Polyphenols, nitriles, and siloxanes associated with allelopathic effects were identified in the aqueous extracts.

Resumen Introducción. Las arvenses son uno de los principales problemas en la productividad agrícola, debido a interacciones con el cultivo, como efectos alelopáticos sobre la germinación. Objetivo. Evaluar la alelopatía del pasto kikuyo (Cenchrus clandestinus) en la germinación de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) variedad ICA Cerinza. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en el laboratorio de Control de Calidad de la Universidad de Pamplona, Campus Central, Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia, en mayo-agosto 2022. A cada unidad experimental (caja de Petri) con doce semillas de frijol se le agregó 6 mL de extracto acuoso de kikuyo (hoja, tallo y raíz) en tres concentraciones (1, 2,5 y 5 %), más un testigo (0 %), para un total de doce tratamientos. En el lapso de 0 a 12 días, se registró el número de semillas germinadas (NSG), se calculó el índice de tasa de germinación (ITG) y el índice de germinación (IG), y se determinó el perfil biomolecular del extracto acuoso mediante la técnica de espectroscopia transformada de Fourier. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con arreglo factorial (3x4), con medidas repetidas en cada unidad experimental. Los factores intersujetos fueron el tipo de órgano y concentración, y el factor intrasujeto fue el tiempo (12 días) de evaluación. Resultados. Se observaron diferencias significativas (p<0,001) para NSG entre tratamientos por efecto de la concentración del extracto acuoso al igual que para IG, mientras que ITG dependió del órgano (p<0,05) y la concentración (p<0,001); ambos fueron afectados de forma negativa conforme aumentó la concentración. En el espectro infrarrojo del extracto se determinaron polifenoles, nitrilos y siloxanos. Conclusión. C. clandestinus afectó NSG, el ITG e IG de P. vulgaris, con efecto alelopático del extracto acuoso de hoja en mayor concentración. En los extractos acuosos se determinaron polifenoles, nitrilos y siloxanos, asociados a efecto alelopático.

RESUMO Introdução: O setor da alimentação coletiva inclui um número razoável de trabalhadores envolvidos. Empiricamente, não existem dúvidas de que este setor possui áreas de trabalho que pela sua natureza envolvem uma série de fatores de risco que podem afetar a saúde dos trabalhadores. Conhecer e catalogar os mesmos, de modo a poder elaborar um plano preventivo, é essencial para a saúde do trabalhador (e da entidade que o emprega). Este artigo objetiva reunir os principais fatores de risco/riscos ocupacionais, doenças profissionais associadas e medidas de proteção recomendadas. Metodologia: Trata-se de umaScoping Review, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada nas base de dados Medline (via Pubmed), realizada durante o mês de novembro de 2023, englobando artigos (em português e inglês), com as palavras-chave “kitchen worker” e “occupational” no título, sem limite temporal. Utilizou-se como complemento a ferramenta de análise de riscos “Online interactive risk assessment”, da Agência Europeia para a Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho. Conteúdo: Os principais fatores de risco encontrados são exposição a agentes químicos (produtos na higienização das instalações e/ou hortofrutícolas, ou subprodutos derivados da confeção); riscos ergonómicos (posturas mantidas/ forçadas; movimentos repetitivos, manuseamento manual de cargas); riscos de acidentes (quedas ao mesmo nível ou a níveis diferentes; manuseamento de equipamentos/utensílios que aumentem o risco de queimaduras, cortes e/ou amputações); contato com equipamentos elétricos, ruído, stress térmico e riscos psicossociais. As principais doenças profissionais referem-se a condições musculoesqueléticas, psicossociais ou dermatológicas. Cada unidade deverá, no entanto, ser avaliada individualmente, mediante as suas caraterísticas intrínsecas. Conclusões: A segurança e saúde dos trabalhadores das unidades de alimentação coletiva são questões que merecem atenção constante dos Empregadores, reguladores e da sociedade em geral. Este artigo explorou alguns dos principais riscos ocupacionais e listou a necessidade de medidas preventivas eficazes. A redução destes riscos não é apenas uma responsabilidade ética e legal, mas uma estratégia inteligente para melhorar a eficiência operacional e a qualidade dos serviços, evitando acidentes, minimizando o absentismo, mas também melhorando a produtividade das empresas. Seria pertinente desenvolver investigações que avaliassem a realidade nacional.

SUMMARY Introduction: The food sector includes a reasonable number of workers involved. Empirically, there is no doubt that this sector has work areas that by their nature involve a series of risk factors that can affect the health. Knowing and cataloguing these, in order to be able to draw up a preventive plan, is essential for the health of the worker (and the entity that employs him). This article aims to gather the main occupational risk factors/occupational risks, occupational diseases and recommended protective measures at kitchen workers. Methodology: This is a Scoping Review, initiated through a search carried out in the Medline database (via Pubmed), carried out during the month of November 2023, encompassing articles (in Portuguese and English), with the keywords "kitchen worker" and "occupational" in the title, with no time limit. The risk analysis tool "Online interactive risk assessment" of the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work was used as a complement. Content: The main risk factors found are exposure to chemical agents (products used to clean facilities and/or fruit and vegetables, or by-products from cooking); ergonomic risks (maintained/forced postures; repetitive movements, manual handling of loads); accidents (falls at the same level or at different levels; handling of equipment/utensils that increase the risk of burns, cuts and/or amputations); contact with electrical equipment, noise, heat stress and psychosocial risks. The main occupational diseases refer to musculoskeletal, psychosocial or dermatological conditions. Each unit should, however, be evaluated individually, according to its intrinsic characteristics. Conclusions: The safety and health of kitchen workers are issues that deserve constant attention from employers, regulators and society at large. This article explored some of the main occupational hazards and listed the need for effective preventive measures. Reducing these risks is not only an ethical and legal responsibility, but a smart strategy to improve operational efficiency and quality of services, avoiding accidents, minimizing absenteeism, but also improving the productivity of companies. It would be pertinent to develop investigations that assess the national reality

Abstract: Data quality is a multidimensional field, which refers to the management of interdisciplinary information; for management, operation and decision making in institutions. In view of the above, the aim of this study is to explore the evolution and research trend on data quality assessments in academic management systems, between 1995 and 2023, through a bibliometric analysis. The methodology is structured by two phases; the first phase comprised data extraction and processing using Scopus database and VOSviewer and Bibliometrix software. The second phase comprised the bibliometric analysis based on the established bibliometric indicators (quantity, quality and structure). As a result, it was possible to identify a progressive growth of the subject between 2006 and 2022. An analysis of bibliometric indicators such as: production of documents and authors, distribution of productivity frequencies, analysis of countries and institutions, quality of journals and co-occurrence of keywords was also carried out. It is concluded that there are more than 100 authors and 50 influential institutions in the field. In addition, it was determined that 80% of the journals linked to the subject are between Quartile 1 and 4, which highlights a high level of prestige in research. Although valuable insight has been gained into the scientific production on data quality in various topics, there are few papers focused on data quality in academic management systems; this indicates research opportunities to address this underexplored área.

Resumen: La calidad de los datos es un ámbito multidimensional, que refiere al manejo de información interdisciplinaria; para la gestión, operación y toma de decisiones en las instituciones. De cara a lo antes mencionado, el objetivo del presente estudio es explorar la evolución y las tendencias en la investigación sobre evaluaciones de calidad de datos en sistemas de gestión académica, entre 1995 y 2023, a través de un análisis bibliométrico. La metodología está estructurada por dos fases; la primera fase abarcó la extracción y procesamiento de los datos utilizando la base de datos Scopus y el Software VOSviewer y Bibliometrix. La segunda fase comprende el análisis bibliométrico a partir de los indicadores bibliométricos establecidos (cantidad, calidad y estructura). Como resultado se logró identificar un crecimiento progresivo del tema entre 2006 y 2022. También se realizó un análisis de los indicadores bibliométricos como: producción de documentos y autores, distribución de frecuencias de productividad, análisis de países e instituciones, calidad de revistas y coocurrencia de palabras clave. Se concluye que son más de 100 autores y 50 instituciones influyentes en el campo. Además, se determinó que el 80% de las revistas vinculadas al tema se encuentra entre el Quartil 1 y 4, lo que destaca un alto nivel de prestigio en las investigaciones. Aunque se ha obtenido una visión valiosa de la producción científica sobre calidad de datos en diversos temas, existen escasos trabajos centrados en la calidad de datos en sistemas de gestión académica; esto indica oportunidades de investigación para abordar esta área poco explorada.

ABSTRACT This collaborative study between the University of Granma (UDG) in Cuba and the Technical University of Madrid (UPM) in Spain aimed to enhance sustainable rabbit meat production in vulnerable rural communities in eastern Cuba to contribute to food sovereignty. In partnership with the Agroindustrial Grains Company Fernando Echenique in Granma, a feed system based on staggered planting of proteinaceous plants and energy crops has been developed as an alternative to more expensive conventional feeds. Additionally, improvements have been made in reproductive management, and a genetic improvement program for animals has been implemented. The nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of these raw materials have been analyzed at UPM. Seminars addressing topics such as reproduction, nutrition, and genetic improvement in rabbit farming have also been conducted. This work presents the results obtained until June 2023, highlighting the achieved social, economic, and environmental benefits.

RESUMEN Este estudio entre la Universidad de Granma (UDG) en Cuba y la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) en España pretendió aumentar la producción sostenible de carne de conejo en comunidades rurales vulnerables del oriente de Cuba, con el fin de contribuir a la soberanía alimentaria. Con la Empresa Agroindustrial de Granos Fernando Echenique de Granma, se ha desarrollado un sistema de alimentación basado en plantas proteicas escalonadas y cultivos energéticos en lugar de piensos convencionales más costosos. Además, se han realizado mejoras en el manejo reproductivo y en un programa de mejora genética de los animales. Se ha analizado el valor nutricional de estas materias primas y su digestibilidad in vitro en la UPM. También se han realizado seminarios abordando temas como la reproducción, nutrición y mejora genética en la cunicultura. Este trabajo presenta los resultados obtenidos hasta junio de 2023, destacando los beneficios sociales, económicos y medioambientales logrados.

Abstract: In Ecuador, agricultural production destined for consumption relies heavily on the cultivation and transplantation of seedlings obtained through a manual process involving the individual placement of seeds into nursery seedling cavities. This research focuses on designing a seed planter prototype for the semi-automatic placement of seeds, aiming to reduce the time dedicated to this activity in the agricultural process. The prototype, incorporating electrical, pneumatic, and mechanical components, demonstrates versatility in accommodating seeds ranging from four to ten mm. Optimal composition was determined through a deductive and exploratory approach. Trials confirmed that the prototype reduces manual planting time from five to three minutes, particularly in scenarios requiring continuous transplantation of large quantities of seedlings, representing a 40% reduction in time per seeded tray. Additionally, it is crucial to consider the associated cost, approximately eight hundred and ten dollars, positioning this proposal as a highly profitable investment. This outcome suggests significant benefits for the agricultural sector upon implementing this device in the planting process, especially for entrepreneurs and small-scale producers.

Resumen: En Ecuador, la producción agrícola destinada al consumo depende en gran medida del cultivo y trasplante de plántulas obtenidas mediante un proceso manual que implica la colocación individual de semillas en las cavidades de almácigos. Esta investigación se enfoca en el diseño de un prototipo de sembradora para la colocación semiautomática de semillas con el objetivo de reducir el tiempo dedicado a esta actividad en el proceso agrícola. El prototipo, que incorpora componentes eléctricos, neumáticos y mecánicos, presenta versatilidad para adaptarse a semillas de cuatro a diez mm. La composición óptima se determinó mediante un enfoque deductivo y exploratorio. Las pruebas confirmaron que el prototipo reduce el tiempo de siembra manual de cinco a tres minutos, especialmente en situaciones que requieren grandes cantidades de almácigos de manera continua, lo que representa una disminución del 40% en el tiempo por bandeja sembrada. Además, es esencial considerar el costo asociado, aproximadamente ochocientos diez dólares, lo que posiciona esta propuesta como una inversión altamente rentable. Este resultado sugiere un beneficio significativo para el sector agrícola al implementar este dispositivo en el proceso de siembra, especialmente para emprendedores y pequeños productores.

Abstract Relational adjectives in Spanish constitute a subset of adjectives distinct from qualifying adjectives in both their syntax and semantics. A key difference between relational and qualifying adjectives is that the former can only be created by means of suffixation. From an onomasiological approach, suffixes forming relational adjectives are all conceptually similar, given that they perform the same function. These suffixes create a rivalry between schemes because they compete in the categorization of a lexeme. The choice of a given suffix is dictated by structural and contextual factors. This paper aims to describe the structural factors involved in the use of the -al, -ario, -ero, -esco, -´ico, -il, -ivo, and -torio suffixes, and give an account of their productivity in Mexican Spanish, using data from the Morfolex corpus. The results show that the main suffix forming relational adjectives is -ero, but it is used more in colloquial contexts, so that the diaphasic factor is key.

Resumen En español, los adjetivos relacionales conforman una subcategoría que se comporta sintáctica y semánticamente diferente que la de los adjetivos calificativos. La principal diferencia es que los primeros sólo se forman por sufijación. Desde un punto de vista onomasiológico, los sufijos formadores de adjetivos relacionales pertenecen a un mismo campo conceptual, porque realizan una misma función. Estos sufijos dan lugar a una rivalidad entre esquemas, porque compiten en la categorización de un lexema. La elección del sufijo dependerá de factores estructurales y contextuales. El objetivo principal de este artículo es describir las restricciones estructurales de los sufijos -al, -ario, -ero, -esco, -´ico, -il, -ivo y -torio, y dar cuenta de su productividad en el español de México por medio del corpus Morfolex. Los resultados obtenidos indican que -ero es el sufijo formador de adjetivos relacionales por excelencia, pero su uso está más anclado a contextos coloquiales, por lo que el factor diafásico es determinante en esta descripción.

ABSTRACT Mutation breeding offers a simple, fast, and efficient way to rectify major defects without altering their original identity. The current research aimed to study interesting traits in a mutant population generated by gamma rays. Five gamma rays doses (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 Gy) were applied to develop M1 and M2 mutant populations from the Egyptian rice (Oryza sativa L.) ‘Giza177’. Both populations were evaluated in the field during two successive years 2022 (M1) and 2023 (M2). Several traits related to growth and yield were recorded such as plant height, number of branches and panicles, panicle weight, grain yield, and harvest index. Significant differences were found among radiation treatments for most traits. Overall, low radiation doses (100, 200, and 300 Gy) promoted the growth and productivity of plants; however, high doses (400 and 500 Gy) decreased these traits and increased the number of sterile plants. The effect of radiation doses was different on some traits between M1 and M2. The mutant population M2 displayed several promising mutant lines with desirable traits; early flowering (4-7 d earlier), short plant height (< 95 cm), panicle length (> 23 cm), tiller number per plant (> 25), and grain yield per plant (> 43 g). Conclusively, low gamma rays doses (inferior to 300 Gy) are of interest in generating desirable traits and promising lines. The current promising mutant lines should be further evaluated in multi-year trials to validate their behavior across various field conditions.

ABSTRACT Finding sustainable methods for utilizing biosolids, also known as municipal sewage sludge (SS), presents a pressing challenge in modern waste management practices. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of SS amendment on growth, biochemical, proximate, and heavy metal bioaccumulation parameters of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) fodder crop under field conditions. Trifolium alexandrinum was cultivated using different rates of SS mixing (i.e., T0: 0% as control with no SS application, T1: 5%, and T2: 10%). The results obtained showed a significant (p < 0.05) increment in growth, biochemical, and proximate parameters of T. alexandrinum with an increasing SS mixing rate. The highest productivity of T. alexandrinum fodder (1.92 kg m-2 fw) was observed in the T2 treatment as compared to the control treatment. The heavy metal analysis of shoot and root parts of T. alexandrinum showed that the contents (mg kg-1) of eight elements (Cd 0.02-0.13, Co 0.04-0.08, Cu 5.94-0.05, Cr 0.43-1.68, Fe 7.08-15.93, Ni 0.89-2.90, Mn 1.62-5.38, and Zn 3.30-7.04) increased significantly (p < 0.05) with SS mixing rate. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was below 1 except for Cu and Zn exhibiting their rapid uptake by plants from SS-treated soils. However, dietary intake modeling (DIM < 1) and health risk index (HRI < 1) studies showed that the levels of heavy metals did not exceed the permissible limits in any SS treatment. Overall, SS amendment has a positive impact on the growth, biochemical, proximate, and heavy metal characteristics of T. alexandrinum. Therefore, this study suggested a strategy for low-cost soil fertilization and fodder crop production which could sustainably benefit waste recycling.

Abstract In this work, the productivity and efficiency of the manufacturing industry in Mexico were estimated, using non-homogeneous double logarithmic production function (NHPF) and yearly data from 1993 to 2020. Money as an input in the production function was considered as a theoretical argument. During the period analyzed, the average output elasticities of labor and bank credit indicate a productivity of 1.5 and 0.05 (respectively), while the average returns to scale of the manufacturing sector set their efficiency at 1.55. The credit deficiency suggests a need for efficient financing allocation mechanisms for the sector.

Resumen En este trabajo se estimó la productividad y eficiencia de la industria manufacturera en México, mediante una función de producción doble logarítmica no homogénea (NHPF) y datos anuales de 1993 a 2020. El dinero, como insumo en la función de producción, se consideró como argumento teórico. Durante el periodo analizado, las elasticidades de salida promedio del trabajo y del crédito bancario indican una productividad de 1.5 y 0.05, respectivamente, mientras que los retornos a escala promedio del sector manufacturero ubican su eficiencia en 1.55. La deficiencia crediticia sugiere la necesidad de mecanismos eficientes de asignación de financiamiento para el sector.

Abstract Introduction. Saline soils are a threat to crop productivity, which occurs in the rice-growing areas of Ecuador. Objective. To assess the changes in the chemical properties of 3 experimental soils caused by the effect of the application of mineral amendments, particularly the effects on the variables related to salinity. Materials and methods. The calcium amendments tested (CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, CaSO4.2H2O, Ca2SiO4) and a zeolite, were applied in five doses to the rice crop. The experimental design was completely randomized, with a 3 x 5 x 5 x 3 factorial arrangement of the treatments. Each treatment was repeated three times. Results. The treatments caused changes in the electric conductivity (EC) and pH of the soil solution and in soil fertility. The salinity of the soils in the study area is due to the presence of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and mainly Mg2+. Conclusions. the use of amendments: CaSO4, zeolite and Ca(OH)2, improved the chemical properties of the soils by decreasing the EC of the soil solution.

Resumen Introducción. Los suelos salinos son una amenaza para la productividad de los cultivos, lo que ocurre en las zonas arroceras del Ecuador. Objetivo. Evaluar los cambios en algunas propiedades químicas en 3 suelos debido al efecto de la aplicación de 5 enmiendas minerales, particularmente los efectos sobre las variables relacionadas con la salinidad. Materiales y métodos. Las enmiendas cálcicas ensayadas (CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, CaSO4.2H2O, CaSiO4) y una zeolita, se aplicaron en 5 dosis al cultivo de arroz. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, con arreglo factorial 3 x 5 x 5 x 3 de los tratamientos. Cada tratamiento se repitió 3 veces. Resultados. Los tratamientos provocaron cambios en la Conductividad eléctrica (CE) y pH de la solución del suelo y en la fertilidad del suelo. La salinidad de los suelos en la zona de estudio se debe a la presencia de Na+, K+, Ca2+ y principalmente Mg2+ en el extracto de saturación de los suelos. Conclusiones. El uso de enmiendas en general, específicamente CaSO4, zeolita y Ca(OH)2, mejoraron las propiedades químicas de los suelos al reducir la CE de la solución del suelo.

Abstract First-mile problems have become a major problem for the automobile industry since moving cars from production plants to selling destinations is characterized by using vehicle carriers with limited space. Although supply chain processes have automatized last-mile operations to improve productivity and increase benefits, first-mile analysis has been widely ignored. For example, in the automotive industry, cars are stored in parking lots until they are demanded, which negatively impacts delivery times and increases transportation costs. The previous issues impact the first-mile logistics of the automobile industry to the detriment of copying with delivery times and increasing the operation cost. In this paper, we deal with the previous issues by modeling the movement of cars from the parking lot to the car Carrier as an optimal control problem. Considering that not all cars should leave the parking lot, we search for conditions that guarantee the existence of a unique optimal path when the cars’ requisition is uncertain. Theoretical results provide a closed-form solution that indicates the optimal path to fill the car carrier in a time window. Such solutions allow us to study the impact of exogenous parameters (such as the parking lot size, the starting point, andmarginal costs) on the behavior and features of the optimal path.

Resumen Los problemas de la primera milla se han convertido en un problema importante para la industria automotriz, ya que el traslado de los automóviles desde las plantas de producción a los destinos de venta se caracteriza por el uso de portavehículos con espacio limitado. Aunque los procesos de la cadena de suministro han automatizado las operaciones de última milla para mejorar la productividad y aumentar los beneficios, el análisis de la primera milla ha sido ampliamente ignorado. Por ejemplo, en la industria automotriz, los automóviles se almacenan en estacionamientos hasta que se demandan, lo que impacta negativamente en los tiempos de entrega y aumenta los costos de transporte. Lo anterior impacta la logística de primera milla de la industria automotriz en detrimento de copiar tiempos de entrega y aumentar el costo de operación. En este artículo, abordamos las cuestiones anteriores modelando el movimiento de los automóviles desde el estacionamiento hasta el portavehículos como un problema de control óptimo. Considerando que no todos los autos deben salir del estacionamiento, buscamos condiciones que garanticen la existencia de un único camino óptimo cuando la requisición de los autos es incierta. Los resultados teóricos proporcionan una solución de forma cerrada que indica la ruta óptima para llenar el portavehículos en una ventana de tiempo. Estas soluciones nos permiten estudiar el impacto de parámetros exógenos (como el tamaño del estacionamiento, el punto de partida y los costos marginales) sobre el comportamiento y las características de la ruta óptima.

ABSTRACT Limited information exists regarding the impact of planting density on soil fertility, plant productivity, and the phenolic content of calafate (Berberis microphylla G. Forst.) fruits. This study aimed to assess the effects of planting density on the soil, plants, and fruits in a calafate orchard. Four treatments were employed: High-density (HD; 6667 plants ha-1), traditional density (TD; 3333 plants ha-1), medium density (MD; 2222 plants ha-1), and low density (LD; 1667 plants ha-1). In the soil, TD exhibited a 28% increase in basal respiration compared with MD, and a 29% increase in urease compared with HD. Additionally, TD enhanced soil N availability by 57%, ammonium availability by 58%, and Mn availability by 33% compared to LD. Photosystem II experienced an increase with MD and LD (p > 0.05), surpassing TD and HD by 3%. The LD significantly outperformed the other treatments in terms of yield per plant, reaching up to 873 g. Conversely, despite its lower yield per plant, HD produced larger and heavier fruits, albeit at the expense of phenolic content. However, HD and MD, averaging 2.1 t ha-1, generated more fruit per unit area than LD and TD did. Notably, planting density did not affect the fruit antioxidant capacity. These findings suggest that TD planting density in calafate preserves the biological and chemical functions of the soil, while maintaining the antioxidant capacity of calafate fruit.

INTRODUCTION: The Work Ability Screening Profile (WASP) was conceptualised and developed by occupational therapists at the University of Durban Westville to provide a basic vocational screening assessment. Its purpose was to screen competence in generic work skills which reflected performance in activities essential to workplace participation relevant to the South African context. The assessment was revised in 2005 and renamed the WASP II. It was decided this screening assessment tool would be continuously reviewed using action research with clinicians involved in the ongoing evaluation so ensure validity and reliability for the population with which it is used. This study considered the clinical evaluation, useability and utility of the WASP II in order to inform further revision. METHOD: A cross sectional survey was used to gather data from 70 occupational therapy clinicians familiar with or using the WASP II in clinical practice. RESULTS: A sample of 70 respondents indicated the WASP II was suitable to assess current work ability and production speed with a variety of clients with physical and mental health dysfunction. Ten of the 12 subtests were used by at least 40% of the time by the 28 respondents who used the WASP II frequently. These respondents reported good to adequate useability in terms of cost, sensitivity to clients' educational level and ease of understanding instructions, incorporation into clinical practice contexts while supporting clinical reasoning and judgement. The accommodation of clients' language and provision of standard scores were indicated as inadequate. Utility was considered adequate for all aspects including discrimination of moderate to severe dysfunction, informing the choice of other assessmentsas well as supporting vocational rehabilitation intervention. The WASP II outcomes were also understood by other service providers, employers, referring parties as well asclients. CONCLUSION: While the WASP II was considered appropriate for use in the South African context and has adequate useability and utility, some subtests need to be updated and revised in terms of the standard times and content validity for current practice in the work environment. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The WASP II has useability • aligned with generic work skills of acquiring information or following directions numeracy, conveying information and written communication • for with those with work experience and with scholars and students yet to enter the workplace The WASP II has utility in relation to • cost and clients' educational levels • detailed instructions on the task layout but some standardisation needs to be interpreted with care • sensitivity to all aspects of assessment of generic work skills, except discrimination of mild dysfunction

ABSTRACT The elution by imidazole is used in the purification process of non-alpha IL-2 mutein, specifically in the immobilized metal chelates affinity chromatography step (IMAC). In order to demonstrate that a new elution process is possible using cheaper solutions, changes were made in the former capture step. These changes consist on separate the size exclusion chromatography and the controlled oxidation stage which are currently performed together, as well as changing the elution solution. To achieve this, a 22 factorial design of experiments was performed to evaluate the effect of pH and molar concentration on recovery, purity, and particle diameter. The best results were obtained with the solution of sodium acetate 20 mmol L-1 pH 4 being similar to those obtained in the industry nowadays: 29 % recovery, 90 % of purity, and particle diameter 18,40 nm. The first contribution of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of using the new elution methodology. Moreover, by using the academic software SuperPro Designer, the actual capture step of the purification process (elution by Imidazole) was simulated, validated, and verified. To demonstrate the relationship between costs and benefits, the CH SFF matrix gel volume was incremented. This change increased costs at this stage. However, the productivity obtained grew to 109 mg h-1, 2.78 times greater than the current productivity. Therefore, the gross net increased by 879 325,00 $. This result constitutes the second contribution of this paper.

RESUMEN La elución por Imidazol se utiliza en la etapa de captura del proceso de purificación de la muteína Interleukina-2 no alfa, específicamente en la cromatografía de afinidad de quelatos metálicos inmovilizados (IMAC). Para demostrar que es posible una nueva forma de elución en IMAC haciendo uso de soluciones menos costosas, se realizaron cambios en esta etapa: separar la cromatografía de exclusión molecular y la oxidación controlada (se realizan actualmente de forma conjunta), además de cambiar la solución de elución. Para lograr el objetivo, se realizó un diseño de experimentos factorial 22 evaluando el efecto del pH y la concentración molar en el recobrado, la pureza y el diámetro de partícula. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con la solución de acetato de sodio 20 mmol L-1 pH 4, siendo similares a los obtenidos hoy en la industria: 29 % de recobrado, 90 % de pureza y un diámetro de partícula de 18,40 nm. La primera contribución de este trabajo es demostrar la viabilidad de utilizar la nueva metodología de elución. Haciendo uso del software académico SuperPro Designer, se simuló, verificó y validó esta etapa. Con el propósito de demostrar la relación entre costos y beneficios, siendo la segunda contribución de este trabajo, se incrementó el volumen de gel de la matriz CH SFF. Este cambio resultó en un aumento de los costos en esta etapa. Sin embargo, la productividad obtenida creció en 109 mg h-1, siendo 2,78 veces mayor a la productividad actual, acrecentándose los ingresos en $ 879 325,00.