Resumen Costa Rica es reconocido como el principal país exportador de piña fresca (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), 2020), lo que ha requerido un amplio conocimiento de la dinámica espacial de la producción del cultivo a escala nacional. Este estudio simuló el comportamiento espacial del cultivo de piña en los cantones de Upala y Los Chiles en la Región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica para el año 2028. Por medio de una entrevista a los productores de la zona, se identificaron las variables impulsoras del cambio en el periodo 2015-2018: “Condiciones del clima y suelo”, “Otros procesados industriales de la piña”, “La demanda de la piña”, “Exporta hacia Europa” y “Distancia a plantas empacadoras”. Con la utilización de QGis y DINAMICA EGO se espacializaron los resultados y se simuló la cobertura de piña al 2028. La comparación con el mapa real al 2018 (MOCUPP) mostró un coeficiente kappa de 0,55 e indicó una similitud moderada. La simulación proyectó 6 096,52 ha de piña para Upala y 10 568,78 ha de piña para Los Chiles. Se identificaron zonas de cambio sobre áreas silvestres protegidas y sobre cobertura arbórea para el año 2028.

Resumo A Costa Rica é reconhecida como o principal país exportador de abacaxi fresco (FAO, 2020), o que requereu um amplo conhecimento da dinâmica espacial da produção da cultura em escala nacional. Este estudo simulou o comportamento espacial do cultivo de abacaxi nos cantões de Upala e Los Chiles, na Região Huetar Norte da Costa Rica, para o ano de 2028. Por meio de uma entrevista com os produtores da região, foram identificadas as variáveis impulsionadoras da mudança no período 2015-2018: “Condições climáticas e do solo”, “Outros processamentos industriais do abacaxi”, “A demanda pelo abacaxi”, “Exportação para a Europa” e “Distância para instalações de embalagem”. Com o uso do QGis e do DINAMICA EGO, os resultados foram espacializados e a cobertura de abacaxi foi simulada até 2028. A comparação com o mapa real de 2018 (MOCUPP) mostrou um coeficiente kappa de 0,55 e indicou uma semelhança moderada. A simulação projetou 6.096,52 ha de abacaxi para Upala e 10.568,78 ha de abacaxi para Los Chiles. Foram identificadas áreas de mudança em áreas silvestres protegidas e cobertura arbórea para o ano de 2028.

Abstract Costa Rica is recognized as the main exporter of fresh pineapple (FAO, 2020), which has required extensive knowledge of the spatial dynamics of crop production on a national scale. This study simulated the spatial behavior of pineapple cultivation in the cantons of Upala and Los Chiles in the Huetar Norte Region of Costa Rica for the year 2028. Through an interview with producers in the area, the driving variables of change were identified in the period 2015-2018: “Climate and soil conditions”, “Other industrial pineapple processing”, and “The demand for pineapple”, “Exports to Europe” and “Distance to packing plants”. With the use of QGis and DINAMICA EGO, the results were specialized and pineapple coverage was simulated for 2028. The comparison with the real map for 2018 (MOCUPP) showed a kappa coefficient of 0.55 and indicated a moderate similarity. The simulation projected 6,096.52 ha of pineapple for Upala and 10,568.78 ha of pineapple for Los Chiles. Zones of change over forest coverage and protected areas were identified for the year 2028.

Resumen El desarrollo de proyectos mineros en etapas de exploración y prefactibilidad conlleva desafíos relacionados a la heterogeneidad e incertidumbre geológica y de procesamiento debido a la variabilidad en sus atributos primarios y de respuesta. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación radica en elaborar el modelo geometalúrgico del índice de trabajo de Bond. Para esto se desarrollaron modelos de regresión lineal en Jupyter Notebook considerando 790 muestras de resistencia a la compresión uniaxial de la roca (UCS), litologías, zonas minerales e índice de trabajo de Bond (BWi) en un depósito pórfido cuprífero. Los resultados indican relación directamente proporcional de tipo lineal entre el BWi y UCS, generando modelamientos con desempeños aceptables de R2 entre 0,76 a 0,90. Además, las litologías y zonas mineralizadas en el depósito estudiado son características relevantes relacionadas a la conminución. Finalmente, de acuerdo a la competencia de la roca, esta se clasifica como tipo media a dura, dura y muy dura en las zonas de óxidos, mixtos y sulfuros primarios respectivamente.

Abstract The development of mining projects in the exploration and pre-feasibility stages involves challenges related to geological and processing heterogeneity and uncertainty due to variability in their primary and response attributes. Therefore, the objective of this research is to develop the geometallurgical model of the Bond work index. For this purpose, linear regression models were developed in Jupyter Notebook considering 790 samples of uniaxial compressive strength of rock (UCS), lithologies, mineral zones and Bond work index (BWi) in a porphyry copper deposit. The results indicate a directly proportional linear relationship between BWi and UCS, generating modeling with acceptable R2 performances between 0,76 and 0,90. In addition, the lithologies and ore zones in the deposit studied are relevant characteristics related to comminution. Finally, according to rock competence, the rock is classified as medium to hard, hard and very hard in the oxide, mixed and primary sulfide zones, respectively.

RESUMO A Agricultura de Precisão (AP) procura validar ferramentas tecnológicas que permitam captar a variabilidade espacial das culturas e do solo, o que constitui a base para o estabelecimento de zonas homogéneas de gestão (ZHG). Os sensores que medem a condutividade elétrica aparente do solo (CEa) são exemplo destas ferramentas no levantamento da variabilidade espacial das caraterísticas do solo. A estabilidade temporal dos padrões de variabilidade espacial da CEa é essencial para assegurar corretas decisões a médio e longo prazo. Neste estudo, foram usados dois sensores de CEa, um sensor de contacto (Veris 2000 XA) e um sensor de indução eletromagnética (EM-38), em quatro parcelas de pastagens permanentes de sequeiro no Alentejo. O levantamento com o sensor de contacto foi realizado em outubro de 2018 e o levantamento com o sensor de indução foi realizado em setembro de 2020. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade temporal dos padrões das ZHG resultantes de medições da CEa com diferentes sensores em diferentes datas. O processamento de dados incluiu a sincronização das coordenadas geográficas obtidas pelos dois sensores em cada parcela e o estabelecimento de ZHG a partir de análise geoestatística, tanto da CEa como da altimetria. Apesar das condições do solo serem diferentes, nomeadamente em termos de humidade, e dos sensores terem uma forma diferente de medição (de contacto versus não contacto), os valores da CEa mostraram correlações estatisticamente significativas em todos os campos experimentais, o que se refletiu na estabilidade dos padrões espaciais das ZHG obtidas. Estes resultados abrem boas perspetivas para futuros desenvolvimentos, os quais deverão ocorrer ao nível dos algoritmos que permitam a validação da variabilidade espacial e da estabilidade temporal da CEa através de amostragem inteligente do solo, conduzindo a recomendações sustentadas ao nível da fertilização ou da correção do solo.

ABSTRACT Precision agriculture (PA) intents to validate technological tools that capture soil and crop spatial variability, which constitute the basis for the establishment of differentiated management zones (MZ). Soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) sensors are commonly used to survey soil spatial variability. Temporal stability of the surveys is essential to ensure correct medium and long-term decisions. In this study, an ECa contact-type sensor (Veris 2000 XA) and an electromagnetic induction sensor (EM-38) were used in four fields of dryland pastures in Alentejo region of Portugal. The first survey was carried out in October 2018 and the second was carried out in September 2020. The aim of this study was to assess the temporal stability of ECa patterns using different types of sensors. Data processing involved synchronizing geographic coordinates obtained by the two types of ECa sensors in each location and establishing MZ based on geostatistical analysis of altimetry and ECa data. Although the basic technologies have different principles (contact versus non-contact sensors), the surveys were carried out at different soil moisture conditions and were temporarily separated (about 2 years), ECa measurements showed statistically significant correlation in all experimental fields, which was reflected in spatially stable patterns of the MZ maps. These results provide perspectives for future developments, which will need to occur in the creation of algorithms that allow validating the spatial variability and temporal stability of ECa through smart soil sampling and analysis to allow recommendations for sustained soil amendment or fertilization.

Abstract Coconut mesocarp fiber (CMF) is a by-product of the coconut industry; it was milled to produce coconut mesocarp particles (CMP). The main elements identified in CMP samples were C and O, which represent 96.75%. The CMP were mixed with a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix by extrusion. The mechanical, thermal, structural, and morphological properties of four biocomposites with 0, 2, 5, and 8 wt% CMP (CMP0, CMP2, CMP5, and CMP8, respectively) were determined. The biocomposites showed a decrease in tensile strength, elongation at break, and elastic modulus values as the CMP content increased, except for CMP5, which showed a higher elastic modulus than the PLA matrix. The thermal analysis showed that the biocomposites presented better thermal stability than the PLA matrix. CMP2 and CMP5 had rough surfaces, while CMP8 had weaker fracture zones. CMF (CMF byproduct product industry CMP. . (CMP) O 9675 96 75 96.75% (PLA extrusion mechanical structural 0 2 5 wt CMP0, CMP0 (CMP0 respectively determined strength break increased surfaces zones (CMP 967 9 7 96.75 96.7 96.

Abstract This work investigated the annual variations in dry snow (DSRZ) and wet snow radar zones (WSRZ) in the north of the Antarctic Peninsula between 2015-2023. A specific code for snow zone detection on Sentinel-1 images was created on Google Earth Engine by combining the CryoSat-2 digital elevation model and air temperature data from ERA5. Regions with backscatter coefficients (σ⁰) values exceeding -6.5 dB were considered the extent of surface melt occurrence, and the dry snow line was considered to coincide with the -11 °C isotherm of the average annual air temperature. The annual variation in WSRZ exhibited moderate correlations with annual average air temperature, total precipitation, and the sum of annual degree-days. However, statistical tests indicated low determination coefficients and no significant trend values in DSRZ behavior with atmospheric variables. The results of reducing DSRZ area for 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 compared to 2018/2018 indicated the upward in dry zone line in this AP region. The methodology demonstrated its efficacy for both quantitative and qualitative analyses of data obtained in digital processing environments, allowing for the large-scale spatial and temporal variations monitoring and for the understanding changes in glacier mass loss. (DSRZ (WSRZ 20152023. 20152023 2015 2023. 2023 2015-2023 Sentinel1 Sentinel 1 Sentinel- CryoSat2 CryoSat 2 CryoSat- ERA5 ERA σ⁰ σ (σ⁰ 6.5 65 6 5 -6. occurrence 11 -1 C precipitation degreedays. degreedays degree days. days degree-days However variables 20192020 2019 2020 2019/202 20202021 2021 2020/202 20182018 2018 2018/201 region environments largescale large scale loss 2015202 201 202 2015-202 (σ 6. -6 - 2019202 2019/20 2020202 2020/20 2018201 2018/20 201520 20 2015-20 201920 2019/2 202020 2020/2 201820 2018/2 20152 2015-2 20192 2019/ 20202 2020/ 20182 2018/ 2015-

Abstract The arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid zones cover 41% of the land surface. In these areas, water resources are limited and are under severe and increasing pressure due the increase in population, in per capita use, and in irrigation. Groundwater, whether phreatic or confined, it is an essential water resource to supply for water in the area. This study was carried out in the Zapala aquifer, Neuquén province, Argentine Republic. An index was implemented to estimate aquifer potential recharge from remote sensors data and processing with a Geographic Information System. It was found that 54% of the study area has a moderate recharge potential, 43% has a good potential, and 3% has a leading potential. The estimation of the annual recharge was 74 hm3 /year, 63% of the average annual precipitation. Compared to previous studies carried out by other authors with different methods. The annual recharge obtained are within the range of variation of these studies, so the index is shown as a good approximation for estimating recharge.

Resumen Las zonas áridas, semiáridas y subhúmedas ocupan 41% de la superficie continental terrestre. En estas áreas los recursos hídricos son limitados y se encuentran bajo una severa y creciente presión debido a la expansión de la población, el incremento del uso per cápita y la irrigación. El agua subterránea, ya sea freática o confinada, constituye un factor importante, dado que puede ser una fuente que sirva para suplementar el suministro de otras fuentes o constituir la fuente principal de agua de la zona. El presente estudio se realizó en el acuífero Zapala, provincia del Neuquén, República Argentina. Se implementó el índice de recarga potencial a partir de información obtenida de sensores remotos e información geohidrológica, mediante geoprocesamiento en un Sistema de Información Geográfica. Se encontró que 54% del área de estudio presenta moderado potencial de recarga, 43% buen potencial y 3% muy buen potencial. La recarga anual estimada fue de 74 hm3/año, un 63% de precipitación promedio anual. Este resultado fue comparado con estudios previos realizados por otros autores con diferentes métodos. La recarga anual obtenida se encuentra dentro del rango de variación de dichos estudios, por lo que el índice se muestra como una buena aproximación para la estimación de la recarga.

Resumen El particionamiento sobre datos geográficos es de gran utilidad para resolver problemas relacionados con diseño territorial. Para instancias de tamaño pequeño, este problema incluso es resuelto por métodos exactos en un tiempo de respuesta aceptable. Sin embargo, para instancias de tamaño grande y debido a la naturaleza combinatoria de este problema, la complejidad computacional aumenta y el uso de métodos de aproximación se ha hecho necesario. Un caso en particular de este tipo de problemas que ha tenido nuestra atención en los últimos a˜nos es el agrupamiento por particiones para AGEBS (áreas geoestadísticas básicas). Algunos trabajos relacionados se han desarrollado para resolver la formación de grupos compactos de AGEBS, pero la incorporación de restricciones adicionales ha sido poco tratada. Un problema interesante de aplicación muy demandado, es la extensión del agrupamiento compacto para construir grupos bajo el criterio de homogeneidad y/o balanceo en el número de objetos que componen los grupos. Este problema se traduce en un problema multiobjetivo, el cual debe lidiar con dos objetivos para conseguir un compromiso entre ambos. Este trabajo presenta un modelo de programación matemática multiobjetivo y su asociada implementación para lograr el equilibrio entre compacidad y homogeneidad en la cardinalidad de objetos. La metaheurística incorporada a este problema de agrupamiento territorial multiobjetivo ha sido búsqueda tabú.

Abstract Clustering spatial-geographic units, zones or areas is employed to solve problems related to territorial design. The clustering adapts to the definition of territorial design of a particular problem, which demands spatial data processing under clustering schemes with topological requirements in the zones. For small instances, when geographical compactness is attended as an objective function, this problem is solved by exact methods in an aceptable response time. However, for bigger instances and due to the combinatory nature of this problem, the computational complexity increases and the employment of approximated methods becomes a necessity, in such a way that when the geographical compactness was the only cost function, a couple of approximated methods were implemented, giving satisfactory results. A particular case of this kind of problems that has our attention in recent years is the classification of AGEBS (basic geographical units by its initials in Spanish) through partitions. Some works were made related to the formation of compact groups of AGEBS, but additional restrictions were not often considered. A very interesting and demanded application problem is extending the compact clustering to form groups under a homogeneity criterion to balance the number of objects in every group. This problem implies a multiobjective approach that has to tackle two objectives to attain a balance between the two. This work presents a mathematical model and the resulting implementation to achieve the equilibrium between compactness and homogeneity in the number of objects. The metaheuristic incorporated to this multiobjective clustering problem is tabu search.

ABSTRACT This article is developed with the purpose of analyzing land use changes and their impact on vegetation cover within the Protected Natural Area (PNA) Tingo María National Park (TMNP) and identifying the territorial actors and agents linked to these changes, between the years 2006 and 2021. To achieve this, qualitative methodologies have been applied, including semi-structured interviews and non-participant observation, as well as quantitative methodologies through the processing of satellite images to determine land use change rates. The results show that during the studied years, there are changes in the intervened soil cover and vegetative cover, both located in the Special Use and Buffer Zones of the National Park, which are associated with extensive agricultural practices for subsistence and local markets. Local population, organized with park managers, universities, and local and regional institutions, participate in the management of TMNP. It is concluded that, over the studied period, the coverage changes, unlike other PNAs, have not been significant as in others due to the joint actions of institutional actors and the local population that have halted the emergence of illegal and unauthorized activities that could directly impact the vegetative cover of TMNP. This represents an effective management model for a natural space that provides various ecosystem services.

RESUMEN El presente artículo se desarrolla con la finalidad de analizar los cambios de uso de tierra y su impacto en la cobertura vegetal dentro del Área Natural Protegida (ANP) Parque Nacional Tingo María (PNTM) e identificar los actores y agentes territoriales vinculados a dichos cambios, entre los años 2006 y 2021. Para ello, ha sido conveniente aplicar metodologías cualitativas, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y una observación no participante; así como metodologías cuantitativas, mediante el procesamiento de imágenes satelitales para determinar las tasas de cambios de uso de tierra. Los resultados muestran que durante los años estudiados existen cambios en las coberturas de suelos intervenidos y la cobertura vegetal, ambos localizados en las Zonas de Uso Especial y Amortiguamiento del Parque Nacional, que están asociados a prácticas de una agricultura extensiva destinada al autoconsumo y al mercado local. En la gestión del PNTM participan la población local, organizada con los gestores del parque, las universidades e instituciones locales y regionales. Se concluye que, a través del periodo estudiado, los cambios de cobertura, a diferencia de otras ANP, no han sido significativos debido al accionar conjunto de los actores institucionales y población local que frenaron el surgimiento de actividades ilegales y no autorizadas que pudiesen impactar directamente en la cobertura vegetal del PNTM, lo que representa un modelo de gestión efectiva de un espacio natural que brinda diversos servicios ecosistémicos.

ABSTRACT: In the present research, satellite images have been used, which with the appropriate processing have allowed to evaluate the existing vegetation cover in the territorial space of the protected natural area The Mangroves of Tumbes National Sanctuary - Peru and that was verified with a face-to-face tour. It was possible to determine the presence of 7 types of areas inside, 2 without water cover bodies and salty zones - sandbanks; and 5 with vegetation cover such as semi-dense dry forest, dense dry forest, low strip mangrove, middle strip mangrove and high strip mangrove. Mangrove covers occupy most of the interior of the natural area. Likewise, in the mangrove ecosystem the species with the highest value of index of importance (IVI) is the species Rhizophora mangle and in the dry forest ecosystem it is the species Caesalpinia paipai.

RESUMEN: En la presente investigación se ha utilizado imágenes satelitales, que con el adecuado procesamiento han permitido evaluar la cobertura vegetal existente el espacio territorial del área natural protegida Santuario Nacional Los Manglares de Tumbes - Perú y que se verificó con recorrido presencial. Se pudo determinar la presencia de 7 tipos de áreas en su interior, 2 sin cobertura cuerpos de agua y zonas salitrosas - bancos de arena; y 5 con cobertura vegetal como bosque seco semidenso, bosque seco denso, manglar de franja baja, manglar de franja media y manglar de franja alta. Las coberturas de manglar ocupan la mayor parte del interior del área natural. Así mismo, en el ecosistema manglar la especie con mayor valor de índice de importancia (IVI) es la especie Rhizophora mangle y en el ecosistema bosque seco lo es la especie Caesalpinia paipai.

Mangroves are highly productive and rich ecosystems that thrive at the interface of land and sea. They provide a wide range of essential goods and services, contribute highly to coastal protection and the livelihood of coastal communities, and are also carbon-rich biomes contributing to carbon sequestration. Mangroves are primarily threatened by anthropogenic activities; a loss in biodiversity has been observed in the past years in many countries including Mauritius. Given their value to the ecosystem, it is important to have effective continuous monitoring of mangrove dynamics. We studied the rate of increase of canopy coverage of planted Rhizophora mucronata forests in two selected sites (Le Morne and Grande Rivière Noire) on a southern African island - Mauritius - using Google Earth Pro historical Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 images. Data were processed using ImageJ software. To our knowledge, this technique has not yet been applied for monitoring mangrove growth. The mangrove sites were classified into four zones based on water level and tidal variations. On average, the rate of increase of canopy coverage expressed by a coefficient 'b at Le Morne (b = 1.901) was higher than that at Grande Rivière Noire (b = 1.823). The coefficient 'b' positively correlated with the zonations (r ~ 0.8). Higher 'b values (2.319-2.886) were observed in Zone 1, where the substrate is always covered with water at low tide. The use of remote sensing data along with image processing analysis proved to be an effective tool to obtain relevant information, not only for mapping mangroves but also for monitoring the canopy growth rates of planted mangroves. SIGNIFICANCE: • We describe a novel technique whereby remote sensing data are processed through image processing using ImageJ software, to effectively monitor planted mangrove canopy growth by pixel count. • This study highlights the successful application of the technique to obtain relevant information for mapping and monitoring the canopy growth rates of planted mangroves. • This technique can be further extended to identify potential areas for mangrove propagation worldwide based on tidal level variations.

Resumo O aumento da produção de energia elétrica com base em combustíveis fósseis conduz ao aumento de gases com efeito estufa e a originar conflitos devido ao aquecimento global. Por estes motivos, também é crescente o número de estudos relativos a fontes alternativas de energia sustentável. A biomassa florestal pode ser uma importante fonte de combustível para unidades produtoras de energia, como sejam as centrais termoelétricas. Vários estudos, em Portugal, demonstraram que a quantidade anual de resíduos agroflorestais pode constituir uma fonte alternativa de combustível para as centrais termoelétricas. Ainda que a produção agroflorestal e pecuária, em Angola, seja diferente da praticada em Portugal, a produção de resíduos agroflorestais e a forma de os aproveitar segue os mesmos princípios. O objetivo do presente trabalho é o de estimar, através do processamento de imagens do satélite MODIS, a disponibilidade em biomassa florestal e identificar locais com potencial para a instalação de centrais termoeléctricas a biomassa vegetal. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em ambiente de sistemas de informação geográfica e deteção remota. As imagens MODIS permitiram calcular o índice de vegetação NDVI e estimar a biomassa existente recorrendo a formulários anteriormente apresentados por outros autores. Através de técnicas de álgebra cartográfica, introduziram fatores condicionantes à instalação das centrais, como sejam a morfologia do terreno, a proximidade à rede viária e a proximidade a reservas naturais. Os resultados obtidos mostram que Angola possui um potencial em biomassa florestal que permite instalar até 17 centrais de 11 GWh-1, sendo que 12 se localizam próximo da atual rede elétrica de alta tensão ou em situação de ligação direta à rede. Destas 12, 4 estão próximas das atuais centrais elétricas hídricas, pelo que poderão funcionar em complemento de produção. Os resultados também mostram que as fazendas dedicadas à produção florestal se localizam próximo das zonas de ação das centrais e da rede ferroviária. Assim, os resíduos de exploração florestal que estas fazendas geram poderão ser comercializados como combustível para estas centrais. Também as fazendas dedicadas à produção agrária se localizam próximo das potenciais centrais, pelo que poderão usar a energia produzida e vender os seus resíduos vegetais como combustível. global motivos sustentável termoelétricas Portugal pecuária princípios vegetal remota autores cartográfica terreno naturais 1 GWh1, GWh1 GWh 1, GWh-1 hídricas ferroviária Assim GWh-

Abstract The increase in electricity production based on fuels fossil fuels leads to an increase in greenhouse gases and social conflicts due to global warming. For these reasons, the research on alternative sources of sustainable energy is also increasing. Forest biomass can be an important fuel source for energy producing, such as in thermoelectric power plants. Previous research in Portugal have demonstrated that the annual amount of agroforestry residues can be an alternative source of fuel for thermoelectric plants. Although agroforestry and livestock production in Angola is different from that practiced in Portugal, the production of agroforestry residues and the way to use them follows the same principles. The main aim of the present research is to estimate, through MODIS satellite images processing and classification, the availability of forest biomass and to identify potential places for thermoelectric power plants installation. The work was derived in of geographic information systems and remote sensing environment. The MODIS images made it possible to calculate the NDVI vegetation index and estimate the existing biomass using forms previously presented by other authors. Through cartographic algebra techniques, they were introduced conditioning factors for the power plants installation, such as the terrain morphology, the proximity to the road network and the proximity to nature reserves. The achieved results shown that Angola has a potential in forestry biomass that allows the installation of up to 17 plants of 11 GWh-1, 12 of which are located close to the current high voltage electrical network or in a situation of direct connection to the network. Of these 12, 4 are close to actual hydroelectric power plants, so they can work in addition to production. The results also shown that the farms dedicated to forestry production are located close to the power plants buffer zones as well the railway network. Thus, the residues of forest exploitation, that these farms generate, can be marketed as fuel for these power plants. The farms dedicated to agricultural production are also located close to the potential plants, so they can use the energy produced and sell their vegetable residues as fuel. warming reasons increasing producing principles classification environment authors techniques morphology reserves 1 GWh1, GWh1 GWh 1, GWh-1 Thus exploitation generate GWh-

Abstract Food security is among the most important aspects of our physical health; it is necessary to live a full and peaceful life. Food security is a wide term that encompasses more than crop production since it necessitates taking into consideration geographical and temporal variability, along with economic and physical availability. Drought and salt stress are two major variables that restrict agricultural yield. These pressures are expected to worsen as a result of climate change, posing even greater threats to global food security. Earth remote sensing (ERS) using unmanned aerial vehicles is operational monitoring of the state of fields, the quality of processing of fallow lands; provides control of the degree of weediness of fields during the period of spring fieldwork, which makes it possible to rationally distribute agricultural machinery for closing moisture, intermediate treatments and pre-sowing chemical treatments sowing quality control; monitoring the vegetation index makes it possible to construct effective schemes for plant feeding, as well as effectively distribute agricultural machinery during the harvesting period, depending on the degree of crop maturation. The yield mapping system allows evaluating the effectiveness of precision agriculture techniques, making it possible to accumulate data on productivity zones, considering the actual yield. health life variability availability change ERS (ERS lands fieldwork moisture presowing pre feeding maturation techniques zones

Abstract Mass removal processes (MRP) arise from instability and changes in the characteristics of the Earth’s surface. The possibility of occurrence of these phenomena is accentuated in volcanic environments due to their morphological, lithological and tectonic characteristics. To the southwest of the Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field is located Pico del Tancítaro, which is a stratovolcano that began its activity at the end of the Lower Pleistocene and is considered extinct. This volcano suffered two large debris avalanches more than 200,000 years ago, triggered by tectonic and magmatic activity. At present it continues to present small landslides and mudflows, generally triggered by heavy rains in areas of high slopes. Considering the above, the objective of this research is to identify and quantify the DRP risk in the surroundings of Pico del Tancítaro by determining hazard zones and analyzing vulnerability. In addition, the exposure to floods due to the proximity to riverbeds is analyzed, given the overflows that have occurred in recent times, which have generated disasters in nearby localities. The integral analysis of the risk due to PRM was carried out in three phases. The first part involved a hazard assessment: a) recently occurred MICs (1995-2021) were recognized and inventoried; b) areas prone to collapse were identified through visual inspection and interpretation, based on high slopes and proximity to river gullies and steep slopes, using a 1 km x 1 km grid as a guide for progress, which translates into 469 cells and a total of 411. 22 km2 analyzed; c) 11 simulations of probable debris avalanches were elaborated with the Titan2D software, where the starting points of the simulations were chosen taking into account the factors of high slope, availability of material, proximity to localities and, mainly, previous presence of PRM in the contiguous areas; d) the proximity to riverbeds was considered as areas exposed to flooding, for this purpose the micro-basins and the water network were generated, and the latter was hierarchized by Strahler stream order and exposure buffers were assigned according to the order of the riverbed (order 1 = 5 meters distance, 2 = 10 meters, 3 = 20 meters, 4 = 30 meters and 5 = 50 meters to each side of the riverbed). For floods, no hazard analysis was performed, only exposure analysis. The second part was the analysis of vulnerability by exposure, sensitivity and resilience of people, infrastructure and natural and agricultural resources, which was carried out by processing different databases, mainly the National Population and Housing Census 2020. In addition, a survey was designed to identify the level of risk perception, which was carried out through the application of a questionnaire among the inhabitants, specifically those settled in hazard zones. In the third part, the previously mentioned layers were crossed, obtaining five levels of risk, from very low to very high. The risk of landslides is considerable in the southeast of the study area (towns in the municipality of Nuevo Parangaricutiro). The localities with the highest exposure to flooding are Peribán, Zirimondiro, Santa Ana Zirosto, Araparícuaro and Choritiro. For the study area, high levels of PRM occurrence and a high and increasing susceptibility to flooding were identified; therefore, the Tancítaro Peak should be considered a danger zone for hydrogeomorphological phenomena. In addition, this work considers the high slopes, geology, land use change and heavy rainfall in the area as determinants for its high hazard. In addition to the above, we have high levels of vulnerability in some localities and blocks, which contributes to increased risk levels; moreover, it has been identified that there is a population that does not perceive the risk, despite having recently experienced a disaster or living in a very high hazard area (fully recognized by other residents and the authorities). Finally, it is recommended that changes in land use be avoided, especially in areas where MICs have occurred in recent years (southeastern part of the study area), since this may contribute to the occurrence or acceleration of these phenomena and the economic and infrastructure repercussions may be increasingly greater. Information, preparedness and training are essential in this area to reduce vulnerability and thus disaster risk.

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Resumen A partir del procesamiento de imágenes satelitales de alta y baja resolución (Landsat y Modis), el desarrollo de correlaciones bivariadas entre Temperaturas de Superficie Terrestre diurnas, nocturnas y 27 métricas asociadas a la estructura urbana y localización, este trabajo ha analizado la intensidad del fenómeno de la Isla de Calor Urbano en La Ciudad de México en uno de los meses más cálidos del año 2018. Esto ha permitido identificar las zonas más vulnerables ante dicho fenómeno y su asociación con las características de estructura urbana de la misma. En este sentido, se identificó que las temperaturas nocturnas más altas se encuentran a una menor distancia del centro de la Ciudad, es decir, en la zona más consolidada de la misma. La población de 65 o más años, que es la más vulnerable a sufrir problemas de salud asociados a las altas temperaturas por un problema de termorregulación corporal, se localizan en zonas de la ciudad donde se concentran las temperaturas nocturnas más altas. Asimismo, aunque en menor medida, se tiene una correlación directa con las altas temperaturas y las zonas de mayor densidad de vivienda, mayor superficie de calles pavimentadas y mayor concentración de unidades económicas por hectárea. Por el contrario, las zonas con las temperaturas nocturnas más bajas identificadas dentro de la Ciudad se localizaron en las zonas con mayores alturas sobre el nivel del mar, sobre pendientes más pronunciadas y con mayor superficie de áreas libres. Asimismo, la población de 0 a 14 años identificada también dentro del rango de vulnerabilidad a las altas temperaturas se localiza principalmente en las zonas con temperaturas moderadas y/o bajas en las zonas periurbanas principalmente. Por otro lado, para identificar las variaciones térmicas diurnas y nocturnas, tanto en suelo artificial como en suelo con cobertura natural, se generaron perfiles térmicos con mediciones a cada 1000 m, identificando también el uso de suelo. Este perfil térmico ha permitido observar oscilaciones térmicas más pronunciadas durante el día, localizando las temperaturas más altas en las áreas de cultivo, suelo habitacional y de uso mixto. Por el contrario, las temperaturas nocturnas se estabilizan y manifiestan el fenómeno de la Isla de Calor Urbano en el cual se muestra que las temperaturas más altas se concentran en la zona más densa de la ciudad (Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc y Alcaldía Benito Juárez), que han almacenado una mayor cantidad de calor debido a las características de los materiales y composición del entorno urbano, y las zonas con cobertura natural bajan debido a la facilidad para disipar el calor.

Abstract From the processing of high- and low-resolution satellite images (Landsat and Modis), the development of bivariate correlations between daytime and nighttime land surface temperatures, and 27 metrics associated with urban structure and location, this work has analyzed the intensity of the phenomenon of Urban Heat Island manifested in Mexico City in one of the warmest months of the year 2018 to identify the most vulnerable areas to this phenomenon and their urban structure characteristics. Thus, the highest temperatures are found at a shorter distance from the inner city, as the most consolidated area. The population aged 65 or over, which is the most vulnerable to health problems associated with high temperatures and body thermoregulation, is located in areas of the city where the highest night temperatures are concentrated. Likewise, to a lesser extent, there is a direct correlation between high temperatures and areas with higher housing density, a greater surface area of paved streets, and a greater concentration of economic units per hectare. On the contrary, the zones with the lowest temperatures identified within the city were located in areas with the greatest heights above sea level, on steeper slopes, and with a greater surface of open areas. Likewise, the population aged 0 to 14 years, also identified within the range of vulnerability to high temperatures, is located mainly in areas with moderate and/or low temperatures. On the other hand, to identify the diurnal and nocturnal thermal variations, both in artificial and natural cover soil and their land use, thermal profiles were generated with measurements at every 1000 meters. This has allowed it to observe more pronounced thermal oscillations during the day, with the highest temperatures in the cultivation areas, residential land, and mixed-use. On the contrary, night temperatures stabilize and manifest the phenomenon of the Urban Heat Island in which it is shown that the highest temperatures are concentrated in the densest area of the city (Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc and Alcaldía Benito Juárez), which have stored a greater amount of heat due to the characteristics of the materials and composition of the urban environment, and the areas with a natural cover go down due to the ease of dissipating heat.

Resumen Este artículo describe el diseño, desarrollo y pruebas de un chatbot pregunta-respuesta acerca del escenario de riesgo covid-19 en la ciudad de Cali. El chatbot se implementa bajo un modelo de procesamiento de lenguaje natural (PLN) y es capaz de sostener un diálogo que brinda información en un escenario de pandemia. En el documento se presenta la identificación de fuentes de datos para solventar las necesidades de información para la ciudad de Cali en el escenario de pandemia, para el periodo marzo diciembre de 2020; con base en las fuentes de información se construye un corpus de información con 636 oraciones. A partir del corpus construido se construyen tres modelos usando prototipado incremental: modelo de línea base para casos generales (BC) el cual responde a preguntas generales y relacionadas con número de casos en puntos geográficos de una zona en la ciudad de Cali; modelo de línea base, zonas geográficas y normativa (BCN) que adicionalmente ofrece información de noticias, decretos o normativas generadas por el Gobierno durante el escenario de riesgo y un modelo de línea base, zonas geográficas, normativa y preguntas frecuentes (BFAQS) que responde adicionalmente a preguntas frecuentes. Para la evaluación se desarrolló una encuesta de satisfacción de la versión prototipo del chatbot, en el caso de la evaluación de los modelos se utilizaron las métricas usualmente utilizadas en procesamiento de lenguaje natural: precisión, cobertura y medida-F. El análisis y los resultados muestran que el modelo final (BFAQS) muestra valores superiores al 88% en las tres medidas, de igual forma el BFAQS sostuvo 1480 conversaciones, con un promedio de enganche o atracción de 4.12 minutos, igualmente, los resultados de la encuesta de la versión prototipo de la herramienta indicó que la 87% volvería a usa el chatbot para obtener información sobre la COVID-19.

Abstract This paper aims to describe the design, development, and testing of a question-answering chatbot to inform COVID-19 at Cali town. The chatbot is based on the model of natural language processing, and it is capable of holding a question-and-answer conversation about the pandemic. This document presents the sources of information to solve information needs in the Cali town's risk scenery from March to December 2020; Based on the sources of information, a corpus with 636 sentences was built. Three models were trained bases on the corpus. The models were trained incremental prototyping: A baseline model that responds to general questions, cases, active cases, and deaths at a geographic point of an area or region of interest (BC), the baseline model, zones and news, decrees or regulations generated by the Government during the risk situation (BCN) and the final model that responds the previous items and to frequently asked questions (BFAQ). A satisfaction survey of the prototype was developed to evaluate the chatbot, and the models were evaluated by metrics of PLN precision, coverage, and F-measure. The analysis and results showed that the final model (BFAQS) showed values upper 88% in the three measurements., besides, the BFACS held 1480 conversations, with an average conversation engagement of 4.12 minutes. Furthermore, the survey results show that 87% would use the chatbot again to obtain information about COVID-19.