Résumé Dans un monde globalisé, le contrôle du législatif sur les questions liées au Mercosur et à l’Union Européenne est important, mais il varie en fonction des décisions de Politique Étrangère Régionale (PER). Cet article examine s’il existe des configurations, en tenant compte de la conception institutionnelle, des conditions politiques et des facteurs économiques, qui expliquent l’intensité de la participation législative dans la détermination de telles questions. Une consultation d’experts a été réalisée pour sélectionner 5 décisions représentant des changements significatifs pour la dynamique régionale des pays du Mercosur et de l’Union européenne. Après avoir défini l’échantillon intentionnel de cas, grâce à une Analyse Qualitative Comparative (QCA), des conditions causales, nécessaires et suffisantes, ont été identifiées pour la participation du législatif à la PER. Les résultats indiquent que la conception institutionnelle et les facteurs économiques importent, mais les débats préalables dans les Parlements sur le sujet sont également pertinents pour expliquer l’action législative. Cela a été corroboré par une Analyse de Coïncidence qui a démontré que cette variable fait partie de la chaîne causale de la participation. globalisé lUnion l Union important PER . (PER) sil s configurations lintensité intensité dexperts d experts européenne léchantillon échantillon cas QCA, QCA , (QCA) causales suffisantes importent laction action (PER (QCA

Resumo Em um mundo globalizado, o controle do Legislativo sobre matérias ligadas ao Mercosul e à União Europeia importa, mas varia em relação às decisões de Política Externa Regional (PER). Este artigo investiga se existem configurações, considerando o desenho institucional, as condições políticas e os fatores econômicos, que expliquem a intensidade da participação legislativa na determinação de tais matérias. Foi realizada uma consulta com especialistas para selecionar 5 decisões que representaram mudanças significativas para a dinâmica regional dos países mercosulinos e europeus. Após definida a amostra intencional de casos, através de uma Análise Qualitativa Comparativa (QCA), foram identificadas condições causais, necessárias e suficientes, para a participação do Legislativo em PER. Os resultados indicam que desenho institucional e fatores econômicos importam, mas debates prévios nos Parlamentos sobre o tema também são relevantes para explicar a atuação legislativa. Isso foi corroborado por uma Análise de Coincidência que demonstrou que essa variável compõe a cadeia causal da participação. globalizado importa PER . (PER) configurações europeus casos QCA, QCA , (QCA) causais suficientes importam (PER (QCA

Resumen En un mundo globalizado, el control legislativo sobre los asuntos relacionados con el Mercosur y la Unión Europea es importante, pero varía en relación con las decisiones de Política Exterior Regional (PER). Este artículo investiga si existen configuraciones, teniendo en cuenta el diseño institucional, las condiciones políticas y los factores económicos, que expliquen la intensidad de la participación legislativa en la determinación de tales asuntos. Se consultó a expertos para seleccionar cinco decisiones que representaban cambios significativos en la dinámica regional del Mercosur y de los países europeos. Una vez definida la muestra intencional de casos, se utilizó un Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (ACC) para identificar las condiciones causales necesarias y suficientes para la participación de la legislatura en PER. Los resultados indican que el diseño institucional y los factores económicos importan, pero los debates previos en los parlamentos sobre el tema también son relevantes para explicar la acción legislativa. Esto fue corroborado por un Análisis de Coincidencias que demostró que esta variable conforma la cadena causal de la participación. globalizado importante PER . (PER) configuraciones europeos casos ACC (ACC importan (PER

Abstract In a globalized world, Legislative control over matters related to Mercosur and the European Union (EU) is important. However, its importance varies according to Regional Foreign Policy (RFP) decisions. This article investigates whether there are configurations, considering institutional design, political conditions, and economic factors, which explain the intensity of legislative participation in determining such matters. Specialists were consulted to select five decisions that represented significant changes for the regional dynamics of Mercosur and EU member countries. After defining the intentional sample of cases, necessary and sufficient conditions for the participation of the Legislature in RFP were identified through a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). The results indicate that institutional design and economic factors matter, but prior debates in Parliaments on the subject are also relevant to explaining legislative action. This was corroborated by a Coincidence Analysis (CNA) that demonstrated that this variable makes up the causal chain of participation. world (EU important However (RFP configurations countries cases QCA. QCA . (QCA) matter action CNA (CNA (QCA

Resumen El artículo plantea un primer abordaje del Decreto-ley de Régimen Penal de la Minoridad promulgado por la última dictadura militar en Argentina en 1980. El objetivo principal de la investigación será contextualizar la sanción de esta normativa que estableció formalmente la edad de punibilidad de los niños en conflicto con la ley en catorce años y cuyas principales disposiciones continúan vigentes hasta la actualidad. El trabajo hace foco en tres puntos: el funcionamiento legislativo del Estado durante el período dictatorial y la conformación de la comisión que intervino en el proyecto, la trayectoria y los vínculos de sociabilidad entre algunos de los profesionales que integraron dicha comisión, y el contexto general en el que se encontraba el campo de la minoridad previamente y durante el proceso de promulgación de esta legislación. Esta primera aproximación procura contribuir a ampliar el panorama sobre las políticas de minoridad de la dictadura, un aspecto hasta el momento poco transitado en la Historia reciente, que ha tendido a concentrar su mirada principalmente en los niños y niñas víctimas de la sustracción y apropiación ilegal.

Abstract The paper proposes a first approach to the decree-law of the Minority Criminal Regime promulgated by the last military dictatorship in Argentina in 1980. The main objective of this research is to contextualize the sanction of this regulation that formally establishes the age of criminal responsibility for children in conflict with the law in fourteen years and whose main regulations prevail until today. The research focuses on three subjects: the legislative mechanisms of the State during the dictatorial period and the formation of the commission that intervened in the project, the trajectory and sociability links between some of the experts that made up said commission, and the general context in which the field of minority was found prior to and during the process of enacting this legislation. This first approach seeks to contribute to the knowledge about the minority policies of the dictatorship, an aspect hitherto unexplored in the field of recent history, which has tended to focus its gaze on the children victims of illegal abduction and appropriation.

Resumen Una nueva vacuna contra el dengue ha sido reciente mente aprobada en Argentina, y el gobierno argentino se encuentra planificando su adquisición para desarrollar una estrategia de vacunación. Mientras la enfermedad se está dirigiendo gradualmente hacia la endemicidad en algunas regiones del país, la incorporación de estas vacunas tendrá el potencial de atacar la creciente inci dencia de la enfermedad y de reducir su carga. Sin em bargo, el establecimiento de un programa de vacunación puede también ser susceptible de amenazas relaciona das con el cambio epidemiológico de la enfermedad. La selección de un grupo de edad específico para la vacunación puede resultar en un cambio en el pico de la incidencia hacia otros grupos de edad más vulnerables a las formas graves de la enfermedad, como los niños o los ancianos. Además, la percepción de protección lue go de la introducción de la vacuna en una jurisdicción puede reducir la adherencia a las actividades de control del vector, incrementando el riesgo de introducción y transmisión del virus en otras áreas no priorizadas por la estrategia de vacunación, y aumentando el riesgo de otras arbovirosis como las fiebres Zika y chikungunya. Estas y otras potenciales limitaciones para ser conside radas antes de la implementación de los programas de vacunación son discutidas en este artículo, en conjunto con una serie de recomendaciones sobre cómo abordar estas preocupaciones. Estas recomendaciones pueden resultar de utilidad para los tomadores de decisión y actores sanitarios, en esta etapa temprana del desarrollo de un programa de vacunación.

Abstract A new dengue vaccine has recently been licensed in Argentina, with the Argentine government planning to acquire it in order to develop a vaccination strategy. As the disease is gradually following a path to endemicity in some regions of the country, the incorporation of these vaccines will have the potential to tackle the grow ing incidence of the disease and to reduce the disease burden. However, the establishment of the vaccination programme may also be susceptible of threats related to the epidemiological shift of the disease. Selecting a specific age group for the vaccine may result in a change in the peak incidence to other age groups more suscep tible to severe forms of the disease, such as children or the elderly. Furthermore, the perception of protection following vaccine introduction in one jurisdiction may reduce adherence to vector control activities, increasing the risk of virus introduction and transmission in other areas not prioritised by the vaccination strategy, and the risk of other arboviral diseases such as Zika and chikun gunya fever. These and other potential limitations to be considered prior to the implementation of vaccination programmes are discussed in this article, with a series of recommendations on how to address these concerns. These recommendations can help decision makers and public health practitioners at this early stage of the vac cination programme development.

Resumo O presente artigo tem o objetivo de investigar como os novos intermediários da expressão, a exemplo das plataformas de mídia online e das redes sociais, realizam a regulação do discurso, a partir da moderação de conteúdo e impulsionamento de opiniões emitidas pelos usuários, e como essa atuação influencia o debate sobre a liberdade de expressão. Utiliza-se a metodologia análise jurisprudencial, para delimitar o problema, bem como revisão de literatura e levantamento de dados, para identificar os novos intermediários da expressão, com análise suas principais características, modos de atuação, curadoria de conteúdo online e possibilidades de censura por atores privados. A pesquisa apresenta os seguintes resultados: a) as grandes plataformas de acesso e as redes sociais, na prática, controlam a liberdade de expressão, pela censura prévia, coleta de dados pessoais e controle do fluxo informacional; b) ainda não houve resposta institucional internacionalmente coordenada e efetiva, sobretudo em razão da dificuldade de transposição de regras locais a empresas com atuação mundial; c) o Estado passa a ocupar o papel de ator central para proteger, no mundo digital, a livre circulação do pensamento, a intimidade/privacidade, a isonomia, a verdade do conteúdo inserido e, por conseguinte, a higidez da democracia no século XXI. expressão sociais discurso usuários Utilizase Utiliza se jurisprudencial problema características privados resultados prática prévia informacional b efetiva mundial c proteger digital pensamento intimidadeprivacidade intimidade privacidade intimidade/privacidade isonomia conseguinte XXI

Abstract This article aims to investigate how new intermediaries of expression - such as online media platforms and social networks - regulate speech, through content moderation and promotion of opinions expressed by users, and how this performance influences the debate on freedom of expression. The jurisprudential analysis methodology is used to define the problem, as well as literature review and data collection, to identify new intermediaries of expression, analyzing their main characteristics, modes of action, online content curation and possibilities of censorship by private actors. The research presents the following results: a) large access platforms and social networks, in practice, control freedom of expression, through prior censorship, collection of personal data and control of information flow; b) there has not yet been an internationally coordinated and effective institutional response, mainly due to the difficulty of transposing local rules to companies with global operations; c) the State takes on the role of central actor to protect, in the digital world, the free circulation of thought, intimacy/privacy, equality, the truth of the content inserted and, consequently, the health of democracy in the 21st century. speech users problem characteristics action actors results a practice flow b response operations c protect world thought intimacyprivacy intimacy privacy intimacy/privacy equality consequently st century

Verlorenvlei is a globally important RAMSAR wetland on the arid west coast of South Africa. A prolonged drought between 2016 and 2021 and increasing competition for water from the agricultural sector resulted in extremely low water levels. We used historical aerial and satellite imagery from 1942 and rainfall and water level data for the past 50 years, to assess habitat changes within the estuarine functional zone of the Verlorenvlei Estuarine Lake. Prior to the drought, lake water levels and water surface area remained stable (1113 ± 27 ha (SE)). Since then, there has been a 64% decrease in open water area, exposing 193 ha of sandbanks, of which 190.9 ha were hyper-sulfidic pyrite-rich. The water in the lower lake was hypersaline (>100), and in the middle, it was acidic (pH<3). The low water level plus sediment and nutrient input from surrounding agriculture resulted in a localised increase in reeds. Additional pressures, such as fires, have reduced the above-ground biomass of reeds and sedges, potentially altering surface morphology and reducing stored carbon. Despite flooding and filling up in June 2023, the lake remained in an acidic state (3.9-4.3). Similar low-lake level, hypersaline and acidic conditions are predicted to become more common under future climate change scenarios where aridity and extreme weather events are anticipated. Inflow of fresh water into the estuary and control of farming practices are required to keep the Verlorenvlei in a functional state, with long-term monitoring necessary to assess the ecological condition in response to restoration actions. SIGNIFICANCE: We assessed the habitat changes in Verlorenvlei, an estuarine lake on the arid west coast of South Africa. Estuarine lakes are scarce, and an extended drought greatly reduced the water surface area, exposing hyper-sulfidic pyrite-rich soils, leading to lake acidification and a negative response from biota. Competition for water from agribusiness and the burning of reeds are added pressures. Subsequent heavy rains have been slow to buffer lake acidity, and the impacts thereof serve as a warning for the management of similar ecosystems and their ecological water requirements, especially under climate change where extreme weather conditions, increased aridity and competition for water are realities.

ABSTRACT Sports management includes the planning, organization, direction, execution and control of direct and indirect actions related to sport as a sociocultural and economic manifestation; requires prior analysis of the particularities that make up a specific management area; and based on this, development strategies are designed. Therefore, the objective was set to carry out a theoretical and methodological foundation on sports management in the Republic of Ecuador. The analysis-synthesis method was used to address the basic ideas related to the field of action of the research, describing that the sports system is structured in organizations that aim to satisfy the needs of sports practice and population physical activity. according to different functions that include support and regulation, and are related to social responsibility, quality of life, value formation and social integration. Strategic management allows sports organizations to design, apply and control strategies, aimed at achieving goals and competing within a constantly changing environment. Each entity is developed, in particular, with its components and contents, where its orientation towards the current trends that regulate the management of sport is recommended.

RESUMO A gestão desportiva inclui o planejamento, organização, direção, execução e controle das ações diretas e indiretas relacionadas ao esporte como manifestação sociocultural e econômica; exige análise prévia das particularidades que compõem uma determinada área de gestão; e com base nisso, são desenhadas estratégias de desenvolvimento. Portanto, objetivou-se realizar uma fundamentação teórica e metodológica sobre a gestão esportiva na República do Equador. O método de análise-síntese foi utilizado para abordar as ideias básicas relacionadas ao campo de atuação da pesquisa, descrevendo que o sistema esportivo está estruturado em organizações que visam satisfazer as necessidades da prática esportiva e da atividade física da população de acordo com as diferentes funções que desempenham. incluem apoio e regulação e estão relacionados com responsabilidade social, qualidade de vida, formação de valores e integração social. A gestão estratégica permite às organizações desportivas desenhar, aplicar e controlar estratégias, visando atingir objetivos e competir num ambiente em constante mudança. Cada entidade desenvolve-se, em particular, com as suas componentes e conteúdos, onde se recomenda a sua orientação para as tendências atuais que regulam a gestão desportiva.

RESUMEN La gestión deportiva incluye la planeación, organización, dirección, ejecución y control de acciones directas e indirectas, relacionadas con el deporte como manifestación sociocultural y económica; requiere del análisis previo de las particularidades que conforman un área específica de gestión; y en función de ello, se diseñan estrategias desarrolladoras. Por ello, se planteó como objetivo realizar una fundamentación teórica y metodológica sobre la gestión deportiva, en la República de Ecuador. Se utilizó el método de análisis-síntesis, para abordar las ideas básicas relacionadas con el campo de acción de la investigación, al describir que el sistema deportivo se estructura en organizaciones que pretenden satisfacer las necesidades de la práctica deportiva y de la actividad física poblacional, según diferentes funciones que incluyen apoyo y regulación, y se relacionan con la responsabilidad social, la calidad de vida, la formación de valores y la integración social. La gestión estratégica permite a las organizaciones deportivas diseñar, aplicar y controlar estrategias, orientadas al logro de metas y competir dentro de un entorno en constante cambio. Cada entidad se desarrolla, en particular, con sus componentes y contenidos, donde se recomienda su orientación hacia las tendencias actuales que norman la gestión del deporte.

Abstract: Perioperative myocardial ischemia can occur during surgery in high-risk patients, which could increase postoperative morbidity and mortality. The heart can tolerate the effects of acute ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury if several short cycles of I/R are applied prior to sustained myocardial ischemia. This strategy is used before (ischemic preconditioning) or after (ischemic postconditioning) sustained lethal ischemia. In pharmacological conditioning, drugs are used to obtain cardioprotective effects like ischemic preconditioning. Opioids have been used in pharmacological conditioning. Remifentanyl is the most extensively studied opioid in cardioprotection. Previous studies show that remifentanyl protects against I/R damage by applying it pre, trans and post-reperfusion in experimental studies and in clinical practice. In this work we studied the postconditioning induced with remifentanyl in the Langendorff model of isolated and perfused rat heart. This model reproduces myocardial ischemia in the heart isolated from an anesthetized animal. The variables recorded were left intraventricular pressure (LVP), heart rate (HR), and heart contractile activity expressed as cardiac work (TC = LVP × HR). Ischemia occurred when the perfusion was stopped for 30 minutes. Later, reperfusion was restored for two hours, observing the response of the isolated heart under the different conditions. In control hearts with I/R, the TC decreased by 40%. On the other hand, remifentanyl recovered the basal levels of TC control without I/R. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of remifentanyl postconditioning in daily clinical practice.

Resumen: La isquemia miocárdica perioperatoria es un evento observado durante la cirugía en pacientes de alto riesgo y aumenta significativamente la morbimortalidad postoperatoria. El corazón puede tolerar los efectos de la lesión aguda por la isquemia-reperfusión (I/R) si se aplican varios ciclos cortos de I/R previos a la isquemia miocárdica sostenida. Esta estrategia cardioprotectora puede ser usada previamente (preacondicionamiento isquémico) o posteriormente (postacondicionamiento isquémico) al período de isquemia sostenida letal. El condicionamiento farmacológico consiste en el uso de fármacos para obtener efectos cardioprotectores similares al condicionamiento isquémico. Los opioides se han utilizado en el condicionamiento farmacológico, en particular el remifentanil es el más extensamente estudiado en la cardioprotección. Estudios previos demuestran que protege contra el daño por la I/R aplicándolo pre, trans y postreperfusión tanto en estudios experimentales como en la práctica clínica. En este trabajo se estudia el postacondicionamiento inducido con remifentanil en el modelo de Langendorff de corazón aislado y perfundido de rata. Este modelo permite reproducir la isquemia miocárdica en el corazón aislado de un animal anestesiado. Las variables registradas fueron: presión intraventricular izquierda (PVI), frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y actividad contráctil del corazón expresada como el trabajo cardíaco (TC = PVI × FC). La isquemia se produjo al suspender la perfusión de la solución Krebs-Henseleit durante 30 minutos, posteriormente se estableció la reperfusión durante dos horas, observándose la respuesta del corazón aislado en las diferentes condiciones. En los corazones control con I/R, el TC disminuyó un 40%. Por otro lado, el remifentanil recuperó los niveles basales de TC del control sin I/R, demostrando su efecto cardioprotector.

Abstract Introduction: The Kangaroo Baby Massage (KBM) is a technique designed for preterm and low birth weight newborns that eliminates the need for an incubator, providing a practical and beneficial option for mothers at home. Objective: To test the effect of the KBM on perceived maternal self-efficacy favoring the mother-infant interaction at home. Materials and methods: A pragmatic, double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted in three phases: 1) KBM integration with Kathryn Barnard's theory, 2) study design, and 3) implementation and outcome evaluation. Two groups were defined: The intervention group (KBM) and the control group (which used the kangaroo position without massage), each group consisted of 34 mother-infant pairs. Recruitment took place within an outpatient kangaroo program in Bogota, Colombia. Implementation and follow-up were conducted via teleconsultation, using the KBM video "Diary of My Kangaroo Baby" and simulators. The perceived maternal self-efficacy questionnaire was conducted at three points in time: prior to the study and on the 7th and 14th day after the study. The questionnaire was analyzed with a statistical design of longitudinal data in F1LDF1 factorial experiments. Results: Homogeneous groups were defined based on sociodemographic variables and maternal-perinatal history. Mothers who applied the KBM technique showed higher scores in perceived maternal self-efficacy at both 7 and 14 days compared to the control group mothers [RTE (lower limit; upper limit) - day 7: control = 0.502 (0.437; 0.567) vs. KBM = 0.503 (0.426; 0.581), and day 14: control = 0.564 (0.482; 0.640) vs. KBM = 0.719 (0.650; 0.776)]. Conclusion: The KBM is a nursing intervention that enhances perceived maternal self-efficacy, fostering greater family involvement and strengthening mother-child interaction.

Resumen Introducción: El masaje al bebé canguro (MBC) es una técnica para recién nacidos pretérmino y bajo peso al nacer que no requiere incubadora y favorece a las madres en el hogar. Objetivo: Probar el efecto del MBC sobre la autoeficacia materna percibida para favorecer la interacción madre-hijo en el hogar. Materiales y métodos: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado pragmático, doble ciego, desarrollado en tres fases: 1) integración MBC y teoría de Kathryn Barnard, 2) diseño del estudio y 3) ejecución y resultados. Se definieron dos grupos: intervención (MBC) y control (posición canguro sin masaje), con 34 diadas madre-hijo en cada grupo. Reclutamiento realizado en un programa canguro ambulatorio de Bogotá, Colombia. La ejecución y el seguimiento fue hecha a través de teleconsulta, el video MBC "Diario de mi bebé canguro" y simuladores. Se aplicó el cuestionario de autoeficacia materna percibida en tres momentos: antes de iniciar el estudio y a los días 7 y 14 después del estudio. Se analizó con un diseño estadístico de datos longitudinales en experimentos factoriales F1LDF1. Resultados: Fueron definidos grupos homogéneos en las variables sociodemográficas y de antecedentes materno-perinatales. Las madres que aplicaron el MBC registraron puntajes más altos de autoeficacia materna percibida a los 7 y 14 días, en comparación con las madres del control [RTE (límite inferior; límite superior) - día 7: control = 0.502 (0.437; 0.567) vs. MBC = 0.503 (0.426; 0.581), y día 14: control = 0.564 (0.482; 0.640) vs. MBC = 0.719 (0.650; 0.776)]. Conclusión: El MBC es una intervención de enfermería que mejoró la autoeficacia materna percibida, favoreciendo la participación de la familia y la interacción madre-hijo.

Resumo Introdução: A massagem no bebê canguru (MBC) é uma técnica para bebês prematuros e de baixo peso que não necessita de incubadora e que dá apoio às mães no domicílio. Objetivo: Testar o efeito da MBC na autoeficácia materna percebida para apoiar a interação mãe-bebê em casa. Materiais e método: Ensaio clínico randomizado, pragmático, duplo-cego, desenvolvido em três fases: i) integração da MBC e da teoria de Kathryn Barnard, ii) desenho do estudo e iii) execução e resultados. Foram definidos dois grupos: intervenção (MBC) e controle (posição canguru sem massagem), com 34 díades mãe-bebê em cada grupo. O recrutamento foi realizado em um programa canguru ambulatorial em Bogotá, Colômbia. A implementação e o acompanhamento foram feitos por meio de teleconsultas, do vídeo MBC "Diário do meu bebê canguru" e de simuladores. O questionário de autoeficácia materna percebida foi aplicado em três momentos: antes do início do estudo e nos dias 7 e 14 após o estudo. Ele foi analisado com um projeto estatístico de dados longitudinais em experimentos fatoriais F1LDF1. Resultados: Foram definidos grupos homogêneos para variáveis sociodemográficas e histórico ma-terno-perinatal. As mães que aplicaram o MBC registraram pontuações mais altas de autoeficácia materna percebida aos 7 e 14 dias, em comparação com as mães do controle [RTE (limite inferior; limite superior) - dia 7: controle = 0,502 (0,437; 0,567) vs. MBC = 0,503 (0,426; 0,581), e dia 14: controle = 0,564 (0,482; 0,640) vs. MBC = 0,719 (0,650; 0,776)]. Conclusões: a MBC é uma intervenção de enfermagem que melhorou a autoeficácia materna percebida, favorecendo o envolvimento familiar e a interação entre mãe e filho.

Abstract In the development of the enquiry and investigation of criminal proceedings under Law 906 of 2004, means of evidence were created that affect fundamental rights such as freedom, life, good name, entity, private property, and freedom of movement, among others. The application of such means can be ordered by the Attorney General’s Office without prior legal control by a supervisory judge. Thus, this research is based on the question: Should prior control by the judge of guarantees be necessary in the acts of enquiry and investigation provided for in Law 906 of 2004? This article will give a clear and convincing answer, using a legal-qualitative method of interpretation through which the need for prior control by the judge in acts such as those in Book II (investigation techniques and investigation of evidence and the evidential system), Title I (the investigation and the investigation) will be studied and recognised. In addition, the need for the judge’s intervention will be analysed and justified for means such as search and seizure, the retention of correspondence, the interception of communications, the recovery of information left behind when surfing the internet or other similar technological means, the surveillance and monitoring of persons, the surveillance of things, undercover agents and the controlled delivery and seizure of goods for confiscation purposes. This is because in the vast majority of these actions, in the judicial practice of criminal proceedings, there is evidence of excesses and even illegalities by the Judicial Police and the Prosecutor’s Office. To this end, the principle of judicial reserve and the new concept of the judge in criminal proceedings, as understood by the UN, will be studied: a procedural guarantee for weighing up conflicting rights. In this sense, it will be taken into account that in the Colombian constitutional state model, the limitation or restriction of fundamental guarantees must be proportional and reasonable in relation to the purpose of the investigation. Similarly, it is proposed, in the legislative sphere, the modification and creation of a single chapter on actions that require judicial authorisation to be carried out by the Attorney General’s Office.

Resumo No desenvolvimento do inquérito e da investigação dos processos penais previstos na Lei 906 de 2004, foram criados meios de prova que afetam direitos fundamentais como a liberdade, a vida, o bom nome, a entidade, a propriedade privada e a liberdade de locomoção, entre outros. A aplicação de tais meios pode ser ordenada pelo Ministério Público sem o prévio controle legal de um juiz supervisor. Assim, esta pesquisa se baseia na pergunta: Deve ser necessário o controle prévio do juiz de garantias nos atos de inquérito e investigação previstos na Lei 906 de 2004? Este artigo dará uma resposta clara e convincente, utilizando-se de um método jurídico-qualitativo de interpretação, por meio do qual será estudada e reconhecida a necessidade de controle prévio pelo juiz em atos como os do Livro II (técnicas de investigação e apuração de provas e sistema probatório), Título I (o inquérito e a investigação). Além disso, será analisada e justificada a necessidade intervenção do juiz para meios como a busca e apreensão, a retenção de correspondência, a interceptação de comunicações, a recuperação de informações deixadas durante a navegação na Internet ou outros meios tecnológicos similares, a vigilância e o monitoramento de pessoas, a vigilância de coisas, os agentes infiltrados e a entrega controlada e a apreensão de bens para fins de confisco. Isso porque, na grande maioria dessas ações, na prática judicial do processo penal, há indícios de excessos e até ilegalidades por parte da Polícia Judiciária e do Ministério Público. Para tanto, estudaremos o princípio da reserva jurisdicional e o novo conceito de juiz no processo penal, conforme entendimento da ONU: uma garantia processual de ponderação dos direitos em conflito. Nesse sentido, será levado em conta que, no modelo de Estado constitucional colombiano, a limitação ou restrição das garantias fundamentais deve ser proporcional e razoável em relação à finalidade da investigação. Da mesma forma, propõe-se, no âmbito legislativo, a modificação e a criação de um capítulo único de ações que requerem autorização judicial para sua execução pelo Ministério Público.

Resumen En el desarrollo de la indagación e investigación del proceso penal previsto en la Ley 906 de 2004 se crearon medios de prueba que afectan derechos fundamentales como la libertad, la vida, el buen nombre, la entidad, la propiedad privada, la libre locomoción, entre otros. La aplicación de tales medios puede ser ordenada por la Fiscalía General de la Nación sin control legal previo de un juez de control de garantías. Así, esta investigación parte del interrogante: ¿Debería ser necesario el control previo del juez de garantías en los actos de indagación e investigación previstos en la Ley 906 de 2004? El presente artículo dará una respuesta clara y contundente, utilizando un método jurídico-cualitativo de interpretación mediante el cual se estudiará y reconocerá la necesidad del control previo del juez en actos como los del libro II (técnicas de indagación e investigación de la prueba y sistema probatorio), título I (la indagación y la investigación). Además, se analizará y justificará la necesidad de la intervención del juez para medios como el allanamiento y registro, la retención de correspondencia, la interceptación de comunicaciones, la recuperación de información dejada al navegar por internet u otros medios tecnológicos similares, la vigilancia y seguimiento de personas, la vigilancia de cosas, los agentes encubiertos y la entrega vigilada e incautación de bienes con fines de comiso. Esto porque en la gran mayoría de esas actuaciones, en la práctica judicial de los procesos penales, se evidencian excesos e incluso ilegalidades de la Policía Judicial y la Fiscalía. Para ello se estudiarán el principio de reserva judicial y el nuevo concepto de juez en el proceso penal, tal y como es entendido por la ONU: una garantía procesal para ponderar los derechos confrontados. Se tendrá en cuenta, en ese sentido, que en el modelo de Estado constitucional colombiano la limitación o restricción de garantías fundamentales debe ser proporcional y razonable frente al fin de la investigación. De igual forma se propone, en el ámbito legislativo, la modificación y creación de un capítulo único de actuaciones que requieran autorización judicial para su realización por parte de la Fiscalía General de la Nación.

ABSTRACT After 60 days of experimentation, the effect of three diets based on chemical silage (CHS) and black bean sprouts (BS) was evaluated (DC = control diet; D1 = CHS; D2 = BS; D3 = CHS+BS) on enzymatic defense (activity of superoxide dismutase, SOD, and catalase, CAT) in the liver of tilapia, and production parameters (weight gain, protein efficiency rate, survival, feed conversion factor), prior chemical characterization of CHS, BS and the experimental diets (proximate chemical analysis, amino acids, fatty acids, anti-nutritional substances, total phenols (TPH), total flavonoids (TFl) and antioxidant capacity (AC). A randomized block design was applied with three replications using 120 masculinized GIFT tilapia juveniles of average weight of 9.6 ± 0.12 g. TPH, TFlv, and AC were analyzed by Pearson, and correlation coefficient, enzymatic activity, and productive parameters were evaluated with a one-way ANOVA and a Tukey post-hoc test (95%). Survival was 100% in all treatments and there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the effect on diets. The best diet in growth and production parameters in the fish was D3, suggesting a synergy between the components of CHS and BS. This last component was a source of antioxidants that improved SOD and CAT activities, promising health promotion. D3 represents an alternative food for the growth and health promotion of tilapia, prior challenge testing and evaluation with adverse factors, and verifying its efficiency in the following growth stages under real conditions.

RESUMEN Después 60 días de experimentación se evaluó el efecto de tres dietas a base de ensilado químico (EQ) y germinado de frijol negro (GF) (DC = dieta control; D1 = EQ; D2 = GF; D3 = EQ+GF) sobre la defensa enzimática (superóxido dismutasa, SOD, y catalasa, CAT ) del hígado de tilapias y los parámetros de producción (ganancia de peso, tasa de eficiencia proteica, sobrevivencia, factor de conversión alimenticia), previa caracterización química del EQ, GF y las dietas experimentales (análisis químico proximal, aminoácidos, ácidos grasos, sustancias antinutrionales, fenoles totales (CFT), flavonoides totales (FlvT) y capacidad antioxidante (CA). Fue aplicado un diseño de bloques al azar con tres réplicas utilizando 120 juveniles de tilapia var GIFT masculinizados con peso promedio 9.6 ± 0.12 g. El CFT, FlvT y CA fueron analizados mediante Pearson y coeficiente de correlación, la actividad enzimática y parámetros productivos con ANOVA de una vía y a posteriori Tukey (95%). La sobrevivencia fue 100% en todos los tratamientos y hubo diferencias significativas (p<0.05) del efecto entre las dietas, siendo la D3 la mejor en crecimiento y parámetros de producción en los peces, sugiriendo una sinergia entre los componentes del EQ y el GF. Este último fue una fuente de antioxidantes que mejoró las actividades SOD y CAT, prometiendo promoción de la salud. La D3 representa una alternativa alimenticia para el crecimiento y promoción de la salud de la tilapia, previa prueba de desafío y evaluación con factores adversos, y comprobar su eficiencia en las siguientes etapas de crecimiento bajo condiciones reales.

Abstract Background: Long COVID is defined as the persistence of COVID-19 symptoms four weeks after having undergone acute infection, according to the most recent CDC definition. It is estimated that there are 65 million people affected by this entity, although other figures speak of 200 million. Objective: To characterize the population affected by long COVID in Mexico. Material and methods: Patients older than 18 years who agreed to answer an online survey and who met the criteria for long COVID were included. Results: Data from 203 subjects were included, with 138 (68.0%) being found to be females, and average age to be 41.8 years; 29.6% had severe disease, and 70.4%, mild to moderate disease; 89.7% had received prior COVID-19 vaccination: 6.9% had received one dose; 31.5%, two doses; and 51.2%, three or more doses. The main risk factors were diabetes, overweight or obesity, and hypertension. The most commonly reported symptom was fatigue, followed by other neuropsychiatric manifestations. Conclusion: It is important for the population affected by long COVID to be characterized in order to generate diagnostic and treatment protocols.

Resumen Antecedentes: El COVID persistente se define como la persistencia de síntomas de COVID-19 después de cuatro semanas de cursar con un cuadro agudo, según la definición más reciente de los Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Se estima que existen 65 millones de personas afectadas por esta entidad, aunque algunos reportes indican 200 millones. Objetivo: Caracterizar a la población afectada por COVID persistente en México. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años que consintieron responder a una encuesta en línea y que cumplían los criterios de COVID persistente. Resultados: Se incluyeron los datos de 203 sujetos. Se identificó que 138 (68.0 %) contestaron ser del sexo femenino, con una media de edad de 41.8 años; 29.6 % presentó enfermedad grave y 70.4 %, enfermedad leve a moderada; 89.7 % había recibido vacunas previas para COVID-19: 6.9 %, una dosis; 31.5 %, dos dosis; y 51.2 %, tres o más dosis. Los principales factores de riesgo fueron diabetes, sobrepeso u obesidad e hipertensión arterial sistémica. El principal síntoma reportado fue fatiga, seguido de otras manifestaciones neuropsiquiátricas. Conclusión: Es importante caracterizar a la población para generar protocolos de diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Abstract Sorghum halepense (Johnsongrass) is a weed that tends to spatially distribute in an aggregated manner in maize crops. In a two-year study conducted at La Poveda (CSIC, Madrid), the effectiveness of Precision Agriculture (PA) in controlling this weed was investigated by: 1) monitoring the spatio-temporal dynamics of Johnsongrass patches in a maize field using UAV aerial image processing; 2) site-specific application of the herbicide nicosulfuron according to the early-stage map generated from aerial imagery; and 3) quantification of crop yield in Johnsongrass treated and untreated areas, as well as weed-free. The analysis of the map prior to herbicide treatment in 2022 revealed a random distribution of Johnsongrass, with patches averaging 0.4 m² in size, ranging from 0.01 m² to 5 m². Site-specifically treated plots showed spatial growth control, evidenced in the subsequent season (2023) with an average patch size of 1.0 m2, ranging from 0.02 m² to 12 m². In contrast, untreated patches significantly increased in size (average 3.8 m2; ranging between 0.01 m² and 122 m²). There was a notable decrease in yield in untreated infested areas compared to treated and/or Johnsongrass-free areas. These findings underscore the advantages of PA in Johnsongrass control, demonstrating how detection and site-specific patch management can reduce herbicide use by up to 95% and mitigate competition with the maize crop.

Resumen Sorghum halepense (cañota) es una mala hierba que tiende a distribuirse espacialmente de forma agregada en los cultivos de maíz. En un estudio de dos años realizado en La Poveda (CSIC, Madrid), se investigó la eficacia de la Agricultura de Precisión (AP) en su control, mediante: 1) el seguimiento de la dinámica espacio-temporal de los rodales de cañota en un campo de maíz con el procesamiento de imágenes aéreas UAV; 2) la aplicación localizada del herbicida nicosulfuron según el mapa generado en etapa temprana con imágenes aéreas; y 3) la cuantificación del rendimiento del cultivo en áreas tratadas y no tratadas con cañota, así como libres de mala hierba. El análisis del mapa previo al tratamiento herbicida en 2022 reveló una distribución aleatoria de cañota, con rodales de tamaño medio de 0,4 m2, variando entre 0,01 m² y 5 m². Las parcelas tratadas con herbicida localizado mostraron un control del crecimiento espacial, evidenciado en la campaña siguiente (2023) con un tamaño promedio de 1,0 m2, oscilando entre 0,02 m² y 12 m². En contraste, los rodales no tratados aumentaron significativamente su tamaño (media 3,8 m2; rango entre 0,01 m² y 122 m²). El rendimiento disminuyó notablemente en zonas infestadas sin tratamiento respecto a las zonas tratadas y/o libres de cañota. Estos resultados subrayan las ventajas de la AP en el control de la cañota, demostrando cómo la detección y manejo localizado de rodales podrían reducir hasta un 95% el uso de herbicidas y mitigar la competencia con el cultivo de maíz.

Abstract Spain is the main black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.) producer in the world. Weed control in these plantations is a key factor to guarantee the correct development of the trees and is usually carried out by means of mechanical weeding. During the first years of tree establishment this technique is normally combined with herbicide use trying not to reach the trunks of the saplings. However, there is concern and interest in the sector to find an alternative method to avoid possible mycotoxicity and hangover in the truffles. In April 2022 two different hydromulches were applied in young plantations to compare them with manual weeding and herbicide application in two plots of Graus (Huesca). Weed soil cover was assessed periodically up to 413 days after application and tree growth was assessed every 6 months. In one of the plots weed pressure was lower reaching 22% in one of the samplings prior to mechanical weeding; in the other plot 59% was reached. In one of the plots, mean frequency and abundancy of the perennial grass Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. was lower for hydromulch based on rice husk. The control of annual weeds was satisfactory in both trials for any of the tested hydromulches. In one of the plots the growth of trees was slightly higher for the hydromulches compared to the plots weeded mechanically or with herbicides.

Resumen España es el primer productor mundial de trufa negra (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.). El control de las malas hierbas en estas plantaciones es clave para garantizar un desarrollo correcto de los árboles y suele llevarse a cabo mediante escarda mecánica. En los primeros años de establecimiento suele combinarse con el uso de herbicidas tratando de no rociar los tallos de los plantones. No obstante, existe preocupación e interés en el sector para encontrar un método alternativo para evitar una posible micotoxicidad y residuos en las trufas. En abril de 2022 se aplicaron dos hidroacolchados diferentes en plantaciones truferas jóvenes para compararlos con una escarda manual y una aplicación herbicida en dos fincas en Graus (Huesca). Se evaluó periódicamente la cobertura del suelo por malas hierbas hasta 413 días después de la aplicación, y se realizó un seguimiento semestral del crecimiento de los árboles. En una de las fincas, la presión de arvenses fue menor, alcanzando como máximo una cobertura del 22% en uno de los muestreos realizados antes de la escarda manual; en la otra finca, se alcanzó el 59%. En una parcela, la frecuencia y abundancia medias durante el ensayo de la especie perenne Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. fue inferior para el acolchado basado en cascarilla de arroz. El control de especies dicotiledóneas anuales fue satisfactorio en ambos ensayos con cualquier hidroacolchado. En una de las fincas, el crecimiento de los árboles con hidroacolchados fue ligeramente mayor que en los controles escardados o tratados con herbicida.

Abstract Nowadays, there is growing pressure from society, governmental organisations and farmers to find sustainable weed management solutions that reduce or even eliminate the use of herbicides. We evaluated the efficacy and viability of alternative methods for weed management in a pear orchard (Pyrus communis). We compared the use of light-reflecting and non-reflecting tarps, thermal weeding using steam with and without prior weed mowing to the chemical control with flazasulfuron and a mixture of glyphosate + diflufenican + MCPA in autumn followed by glyphosate in the end of spring, and control (untreated). The assay was setup in the end of November 2019. An analysis of the economic viability of the treatments on the quantity and quality of the fruit was made. The tarps had an average efficacy of over 90 %, but they entail a high initial investment. The highest yields were obtained with tarps, followed by flazasulfuron and the thermal method with mowing. Flazasulfuron had an average efficiency of 75%, and 100% for the weedy species of the genus Equisetum. The costs of this method were quite high compared to the mixture of other herbicides, which had an average efficacy of only 56%. The efficacy of thermal weeding with and without prior mowing was 45% and 57% respectively. At the time of the trial, the high water consumption and low working speed were the negative aspects of this method.The integration of thermal weeding with other control methods should be the object of future research.

Resumo Atualmente, assiste-se a uma pressão crescente da sociedade, organismos estatais e agricultores na procura de soluções sustentáveis de gestão de infestantes que permitam a redução, ou mesmo a eliminação, do uso de herbicidas. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a eficácia e viabilidade de estratégias alternativas de gestão de infestantes num pomar de pereiras (Pyrus communis), designadamente telas refletoras e não refletoras de luz, monda térmica com vapor de água com e sem corte prévio de infestantes, em comparação com o uso de flazassulfurão e mistura de glifosato+diflufenicão+MCPA no outono seguida de glifosato no final da primavera, e controlo (testemunha não tratada). O ensaio foi instalado no final de novembro de 2019. Realizou-se uma análise da viabilidade económica dos tratamentos e dos efeitos na produtividade, nomeadamente na quantidade e qualidade da fruta. As telas tiveram eficácias médias globais acima de 90%, no entanto o custo da sua instalação e aquisição é bastante elevado. Nas modalidades com telas obtiveram-se maiores produções, seguidas do flazassulfurão e monda térmica com corte. O flazassulfurão teve uma eficácia média global de 75% e 100% para infestantes do género Equisetum. Os custos desta modalidade são bastante elevados comparativamente à modalidade com mistura de herbicidas, que teve eficácia média de apenas 56%. A eficácia da monda térmica com e sem corte das infestantes foi de 45% e 57%, respetivamente. À data do ensaio, o elevado gasto de água e a baixa velocidade de trabalho foram os aspetos negativos deste método. A integração da monda térmica com outros métodos deve ser objeto de futura investigação.

RESUMEN El artículo examina los factores que llevaron al destacado poeta azerbaiyano Sabir Rustamkhanli a incursionar en el género de la novela histórica. Se demuestra que el escritor ha transitado un extenso camino hacia la creación de novelas históricas, evidenciándose en su pensamiento artístico una formación previa antes de abordar este género. En sus poemas iniciales, el poeta, mediante pequeñas expresiones poéticas en la historia, dedica progresivamente más obras al tema histórico. A través de estos poemas, Rustamkhanli describe y exalta eventos de diversas épocas y momentos de la historia desde una perspectiva ciudadana. La travesía del destino de Ganja Gate y la creación de la imagen de Javad Khan, sometidas al riguroso control de la ideología y la censura soviéticas, cobran vida literaria. La visión del poeta sobre la historia se torna más sistemática con el tiempo, configurando la conciencia histórica y social en los poemas dedicados a la existencia nacional del pueblo. Su actividad literaria destaca también por su firme postura ciudadana y su participación destacada en el movimiento nacional de finales de los años 80, desempeñando un papel crucial en la formación de la conciencia nacional. El "Libro de la vida" se erige como un hito literario y social que contribuye significativamente a la configuración de la conciencia social nacional.

ABSTRACT The article examines the factors that led the distinguished Azerbaijani poet Sabir Rustamkhanli to delve into the genre of historical novels. It is demonstrated that the writer has traversed an extensive path towards the creation of historical novels, with evidence in his artistic thinking of a prior formation before tackling this genre. In his early poems, the poet, through small poetic expressions in history, progressively dedicates more works to the historical theme. Through these poems, Rustamkhanli describes and exalts events from different eras and moments in history from a citizen's perspective. The fate of Ganja Gate and the creation of the image of Javad Khan, subject to the strict control of Soviet ideology and censorship, come to life in a literary manner. The poet's vision of history becomes increasingly systematic over time, shaping historical and social consciousness in poems dedicated to the national existence of the people. His literary activity also stands out for his firm civic stance and prominent role in the late 80s national movement, playing a crucial part in shaping national consciousness. The "Book of Life" stands as a literary and social milestone that significantly contributes to shaping national social consciousness.