Abstract Introduction. Wild species are important in the ecosystem, and their preservation requires the development of effective techniques. Objective. To determine the in situ and ex situ germination characteristics and field growth of Porcelia mediocris N.A. Murray and Compsoneura trianae Warb. in Arosemena Tola, Napo, Ecuador. Materials and methods. The study was carried out between 2019 and 2020, with seeds collected from the primary forest of P. mediocris and C. trianae. Germination tests were conducted in a greenhouse and in the primary forest, measuring seed emergence, tray growth, and performing an analysis of variance between the testing sites. Seedlings were transplanted into three different soil covers at the Amazon Center for Teaching, Research, and Productivity, with measurements taken for height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and survival. Growth curves were created, and an analysis of variance was performed on the final growth measurements among the different soil covers. Results. For P. mediocris, greenhouse-grown plants showed fewer days to the emergence (67.6), but those grown under guaba cover had a greater height (19.45 cm) and germination percentage (70 %) at end of the trial. For C. trianae, plants grown at the collection site had greater height (13.38 cm) and number of leaves at the end of the evaluation. Field growth did not show differences between soil covers, with survival rate of 47 % for P. mediocris and 75 % for C. trianae. Conclusions. P. mediocris showed better germination percentages under guaba cover, while C. trianae exhibited greater growth in the primary forest, with the germination site not affecting post-transplant growth for either species.

Resumen Introducción. Las especies silvestres son importantes en el ecosistema, estas requieren el desarrollo de técnicas que permitan su preservación. Objetivo. Determinar las características de germinación in situ y ex situ y el crecimiento en campo de las especies Porcelia mediocris N.A. Murray y Compsoneura trianae Warb. en Arosemena Tola, Napo, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó entre 2019 y 2020, se colectaron semillas en el bosque primario de P. mediocris y C. trianae. Se desarrollaron pruebas de germinación en invernadero y en bosque primario, se midió la emergencia de las semillas, crecimiento en bandeja y se aplicó un análisis de varianza entre los sitios de ensayo. Las plántulas fueron trasplantadas en tres diferentes coberturas de suelo en el Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Productividad de la Amazonía, se tomaron medidas de crecimiento en altura, diámetro del tallo, número de hojas y supervivencia, se elaboraron las curvas de crecimiento y se realizó un análisis de varianza en las medidas finales de crecimiento entre las diferentes coberturas. Resultados. En P. mediocris, las plantas desarrolladas en invernadero reportaron menos días a la emergencia (67,6), pero las desarrolladas en la cobertura guabas tuvieron mayor altura (19,45 cm) y porcentaje de germinación (70 %) al final de la prueba. En C. trianae las plantas desarrolladas en el sitio de colecta tuvieron mayor altura (13,38 cm) y número de hojas al final de la evaluación. El crecimiento en campo no mostró diferencias entre coberturas y tuvo una supervivencia del 47 % en P. mediocris y 75 % en C. trianae. Conclusiones. P. mediocris reportó mejores porcentajes de germinación en la cobertura guabas y C. trianae tuvo mayor crecimiento en el bosque primario, sin que el sitio de germinación influyera en el crecimiento posterior al trasplante en ambas especies.

Adoption of automation has become the norm in the South African banking industry, owing to competition. Conventional banking institutions are uncertain of the possible adverse effects of integrating automation into banking processes to serve more customers with fewer resources. This study sought to investigate and model the extent to which the integration of automation could be the exogenous factor of the nine endogenous factors identified in this study. The five most prominent banking institutions in South Africa, were used as a case study. The study used a quantitative approach, and 223 bank employees were selected to contribute to the questionnaire survey, and the primary data were analysed using the structural equation modelling (SEM) technique to test the proposed hypotheses. The secondary information was extracted from the banks' annual integrated reports and fact sheets to generate additional insights into the primary data findings. The findings revealed that service delivery automation is a significant and direct predictor of productivity, efficiency, flexibility, operations costs, and the generation of new job opportunities (positive effects). Similarly, the adoption of bank automation was found to be significantly related to the generation of job losses, the changing nature of work, unbalanced demand for required skills, and inequality in wages of employees, which are described as adverse effects.

As gevolg van mededinging, het die aanneming van outomatisering die norm in die Suid-Afrikaanse bankbedryf geword. Konvensionele bankinstellings is onseker oor die moontlike nadelige gevolge van die integrasie van outomatisering in bankprosesse om meer kliënte met minder hulpbronne te bedien. Hierdie studie poog om die mate waarin die integrasie van outomatisering die eksogene faktor van die nege endogene faktore wat in hierdie studie geïdentifiseer is, te ondersoek en te modelleer. Die vyf mees prominente bankinstellings in Suid-Afrika, is as gevallestudie gebruik. Die studie het 'n kwantitatiewe benadering gebruik, en 223 bankwerknemers is gekies om by te dra tot die vraelysopname, en die primêre data is ontleed deur gebruik te maak van die strukturele vergelyking modellering (SEM) tegniek om die voorgestelde hipoteses te toets. Die sekondêre inligting is uit die banke se jaarlikse geïntegreerde verslae en feiteblaaie onttrek om bykomende insigte in die primêre databevindinge te genereer. Die bevindinge het aan die lig gebring dat dienslewering outomatisering 'n beduidende en direkte voorspeller is van produktiwiteit, doeltreffendheid, buigsaamheid, bedryfskoste en die generering van nuwe werksgeleenthede (positiewe effekte). Net so is gevind dat die aanvaarding van bankoutomatisering beduidend verband hou met die generering van werkverliese, die veranderende aard van werk, ongebalanseerde vraag na vereiste vaardighede en ongelykheid in lone van werknemers, wat as nadelige gevolge beskryf word.

Abstract The productivity of agile teams represents a crucial aspect for software development companies, since it directly influences their performance and efficiency, fundamental aspects for the constant search for improvements. Different studies show that team productivity in agile software development (ASD) is an abstract concept, its meaning is still being studied and is under construction. On the other hand, its measurement is oriented towards establishing different factors of various types that generate an impact within the team, the organization, and even the market. The objective of this study was to identify the metrics used to evaluate eleven factors classified in the categories of meaning, impact, and flexibility related to team productivity in the field of ASD. This analysis was performed using systematic literature mapping (SLM) directed according to Petersen's protocol. As a result, 37 primary investigations were identified in the IEEE Xplore DL and Scopus bibliographic databases. The findings of this research include the definition of the chosen factors, the determination of productivity metrics for each of them, and an attempt at mathematical formalization for some of these metrics. Furthermore, it was noted that 91.8 % of the studies refer to productivity factors associated with the category of meaning and impact, while there are few studies that detail factors related to the category of flexibility.

Resumen La productividad de los equipos ágiles representa un aspecto crucial para las empresas de desarrollo de software, ya que influye directamente en su desempeño y eficiencia, aspectos fundamentales para la búsqueda constante de mejoras. Diferentes estudios demuestran que la productividad de equipo en el desarrollo ágil de software (ASD por sus siglas en inglés) es un concepto abstracto, su significado aún sigue siendo objeto de estudio y se encuentra en construcción. Por otra parte, su medición se orienta hacia el establecimiento de diferentes factores de diversos tipos que generan una incidencia dentro del equipo, la organización e inclusive el mercado. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en identificar las métricas utilizadas para evaluar once factores clasificados en las categorías de significado, impacto y flexibilidad vinculados a la productividad de equipos en el ámbito del ASD. Este análisis se realizó mediante un mapeo sistemático de la literatura (MSL) dirigido según el protocolo de Petersen. Como resultado, se identificaron 37 investigaciones primarias en las bases de datos bibliográficas de IEEE Xplore DL y Scopus. Entre los hallazgos de esta investigación se incluye la definición de los factores elegidos, la determinación de métricas de productividad para cada uno de ellos y un intento de formalización matemática para algunas de estas métricas. Además, se notó que el 91.8 % de los estudios hacen referencia a factores de productividad asociados a la categoría de significado e impacto, mientras que son escasos los estudios que detallan factores vinculados a la categoría de flexibilidad.

Abstract The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between organizational climate and work performance of the Directorate General of Maritime Interests of the Navy of Ecuador (DIGEIM)`s employees. On the other hand, the study analyzes three dimensions of the work climate: interpersonal communication, autonomy and work motivation. On the other hand, labor performance is studied under the following dimensions: labor productivity, labor effectiveness and labor efficiency. The methodology was correlational. Primary sources were used through on–site data collection, using the survey done to 64 public servants as an instrument and applying a measurement criterion based on the Likert scales to calculate their agreement or disagreement and to validate it by means of Cronbach's Alpha. The main result led to establishing the direct relationship between the variables. The SPSS 24 program was used for data processing.

Resumen La investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la relación existente entre clima organizacional y desempeño laboral de los trabajadores de la Dirección General de Intereses Marítimos de la Armada del Ecuador (DIGEIM). El estudio analiza el clima laboral bajo tres dimensiones: la comunicación interpersonal, la autonomía y la motivación laboral. Por otro lado, el desempeño laboral se estudia bajo las dimensiones de productividad laboral, eficacia y eficiencia laboral. La metodología fue correlacional. Se usaron fuentes primarias mediante la recolección de datos in situ, utilizando como instrumento la encuesta a 64 servidores públicos y aplicando un criterio de medición basado en la escala de Likert para calcular su acuerdo o desacuerdo y proceder a validarlo mediante el Alpha de Cronbach. El principal resultado condujo a establecer la relación directa entre las variables. Para el tratamiento de la información se utilizó el programa SPSS 24.

Resumo A seca é um estresse ecológico primário que limita o rendimento do trigo em regiões com deficiência hídrica. A realização de seleção genética direcionada de cultivares de trigo pode agilizar o processo de adaptação do trigo às condições climáticas da região, permitindo a identificação de variedades de alto rendimento com características genéticas estáveis. Este estudo investigou o impacto dos genes TaGW8 e TaGS3A, conhecidos por sua contribuição para a produtividade do trigo. Os genes de produtividade efetiva TaGW8-B1b/B1a e o genoma TaGS5-3A-T exercem uma influência de 32,8% na variabilidade da característica de peso de 1000 grãos (TGW). Essa influência decorre de genes individuais e de suas interações, com pelo menos 17,5% da variabilidade do TGW explicada pelas combinações de genes examinadas no estudo. O gene TaGS5-3A-T exibe uma correlação positiva significativa com o rendimento total, excedendo 63%. A integração desses genes de produtividade, com base em dados fenotípicos de campo, resultou em um aumento geral de rendimento de amostras selecionadas em 0,8 toneladas/ha em comparação com o indicador médio multianual do país. hídrica região estáveis TaGW TaGS3A TaGSA TaGS TaGW8B1b/B1a TaGW8B1bB1a TaGWBbBa B1b/B1a B1b B1a B b TaGS53AT TaGSAT TaGS5 3A T 328 32 8 32,8 100 TGW. . (TGW) interações 175 17 5 17,5 total 63 63% campo 08 0 0, toneladasha toneladas ha país TaGW8B1b bB B1bB1a BbBa Bb Ba AT 3 32, 10 (TGW 1 17, 6 TaGWBb

Abstract Drought is a primary ecological stress limiting wheat yield in water-deficient regions. Conducting targeted genetic selection of wheat cultivars can expedite the adaptation process of wheat to the climatic conditions of the region, allowing for the identification of high-yielding varieties with stable genetic traits. This study investigated the impact of the TaGW8 and TaGS3A genes, known for their contribution to wheat productivity. The effective productivity genes TaGW8-B1b/B1a and the TaGS5-3A-T genome exert a 32.8% influence on the variability of the 1000 grain weight (TGW) trait. This influence stems from both individual genes and their interactions, with at least 17.5% of TGW variability explained by the gene combinations examined in the study. Notably, the TaGS5-3A-T gene exhibits a significant positive correlation with total yield, exceeding 63%. The integration of these productivity genes, based on field phenotypic data, has resulted in an overall yield increase of selected samples by 0.8 tons/ha compared to the country's average multi-year indicator. waterdeficient water deficient regions region highyielding high yielding traits TaGW TaGSA TaGS A TaGW8B1b/B1a TaGW8B1bB1a TaGWBbBa B1b/B1a B1b B1a B b TaGS53AT TaGSAT TaGS5 3A T 328 32 8 32.8 100 (TGW trait interactions 175 17 5 17.5 Notably 63 63% data 08 0 0. tonsha tons ha countrys country s multiyear multi year indicator TaGW8B1b bB B1bB1a BbBa Bb Ba AT 3 32. 10 1 17. 6 TaGWBb

ABSTRACT Tropical forests have the highest rates of net primary productivity (NPP) in terrestrial ecosystems and, therefore, may contribute significantly to the mitigation of global climate change. Although NPP is influenced by soil fertility, and recently, in some regions, mining activity in forest ecosystems has intensified. Little is known about how soils determine the restoration of NPP in forests degraded by mining. We evaluated the influence of soil nutrients on wood NPP of post-mining forests in the biogeographic Chocó region (Colombia), with emphasis on the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitations in post-mining forests under successional stages of 12-15 or 30-35 years. For this, permanent plots were established in secondary post-mining forests in Jigualito (Colombian Pacific), the wood NPP (accumulated and current) was evaluated, and it was related to soil properties such as organic matter (OM), acidity, Al, total N, available P, magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and texture. An accumulated wood NPP of 0.72 t ha-1 yr-1 was recorded in post-mining forests 12-15 years old. Meanwhile, in post-mining forests of 30-35 years, the accumulated wood NPP was 6.52 t ha-1 yr-1. The current wood NPP was 4.25 t ha-1 yr-1 in post-mining forests with 30-35 years of recovery. Accumulated NPP positively correlated with soil OM, total N, Ca, Mg, and effective cation exchange capacity–ECEC in post-mining forests. In post-mining forests, a slow recovery of the wood NPP was denoted in the first years. Soil nutrients determined the wood NPP, and a multiple limitation of nutrients with the succession was observed, which corroborates the need to restore the degraded ecosystem in the region. (NPP therefore change fertility recently regions intensified postmining post Colombia, Colombia , (Colombia) N (N P (P 1215 12 15 12-1 3035 30 35 30-3 this Colombian Pacific, Pacific Pacific) OM (OM) acidity Al Mg (Mg) K, K (K) Ca (Ca) texture 072 0 72 0.7 ha1 ha 1 ha- yr1 yr yr- old Meanwhile 652 6 52 6.5 yr1. 1. 425 4 25 4.2 capacityECEC capacity ECEC observed (Colombia 121 12- 303 3 30- (OM (Mg (K (Ca 07 7 0. 65 5 6. 42 2 4.

Abstract Background Psoriasis is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease with a worldwide prevalence of approximately 2%. Currently, despite the difficulties faced every day by patients and physicians in low-resource countries, literature describing the exact needs of psoriasis treatment in Latin America remains scarce. Objective To investigate the unmet needs in psoriasis treatment in Latin America. Methods The authors conducted a systematic review following PRISMA statements in PubMed, Embase, and LILACS of studies published from January 2011 to March 2021 addressing challenges in psoriasis treatment in Latin America. Results The search strategy identified 3,837 articles, of which 19 were included in the final analysis. Most were from Brazil (58%; n = 11), all were observational, and most were cross-sectional (84%; n = 16). Difficulties faced by psoriasis patients in Latin America included the high prevalence of opportunistic and endemic infections (42% of the studies addressed this matter; n = 8), delay in diagnosis (5%; n = 1), work productivity impairment (16%; n = 3), limited access to medication/medical care (37%; n = 7), poor adherence to treatment (5%; n = 1) and poor adherence to guidelines (11%; n = 2). Study limitations Number and quality of studies currently available on this subject. Conclusions Current psoriasis guidelines do not always account for epidemiological, financial, and cultural characteristics. Most studies available are from Brazil, which might not accurately represent Latin America as a whole. In a region where neglected diseases and scarce resources remain a reality, it is imperative that dermatological training be offered to primary care providers, allowing for standardized conduct and earlier diagnosis. chronic 2 2% Currently lowresource low resource countries PubMed Embase 201 202 3837 3 837 3,83 articles 1 analysis 58% 58 (58% 11, 11 , 11) observational crosssectional cross sectional 84% 84 (84% 16. 16 . 16) 42% 42 (42 matter 8, 8 8) 5% 5 (5% 1, 16% (16% 3, 3) medicationmedical medication medical 37% 37 (37% 7, 7 7) 11% (11% 2. 2) subject epidemiological financial characteristics whole reality providers 20 383 83 3,8 (58 (84 4 (4 (5 (16 (37 (11 38 (8 ( (1 (3

Resumo: Pontederia crassipes é uma planta aquática flutuante livre nativa da América do Sul, que colonizou rios tropicais em vários continentes, tornando-se dominante nas planícies aluviais. Objetivo Neste estudo testamos a relação entre o comprimento das folhas e a biomassa foliar, e comparamos a precisão da estimativa fenométrica indireta com a biomassa direta acima do solo. Métodos Recolhemos folhas verdes de aguapé com diferentes tamanhos num lago de planície de inundação do rio Paraná (Argentina). As folhas foram secas em estufa de laboratório para obter um peso seco constante. Para determinar a acuracidade da estimativa fenométrica indireta foi comparada com a biomassa direta para a parte aérea. A análise de regressão foi utilizada para testar a relação entre o peso e o comprimento das folhas. O comprimento de 279 folhas verdes variou entre 7 e 115 cm. Resultados O método não destrutivo foi um bom preditor da biomassa foliar (R2 = 0,87 p < 0,0001). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o peso seco obtido diretamente e o peso estimado através do método indireto. Conclusões Os nossos resultados sugerem que o comprimento da folha é um bom atributo para estimar a biomassa aérea de P. crassipes. Este método é útil para reduzir o impacto do método direto de colheita de aguapé e necessário para aplicação em estudos experimentais que determinam a duração da vida foliar e a produtividade primária em clones. Resumo Sul continentes tornandose tornando se aluviais solo Argentina. Argentina . (Argentina) constante 27 11 cm R2 R (R 087 0 87 0,8 0,0001. 00001 0,0001 0001 0,0001) indireto P clones (Argentina 2 1 08 8 0, 0000 0,000 000 0,00 00 0,0

Abstract: The water hyacinth, Pontederia crassipes, is a free-floating aquatic plant native to South America, which has colonized tropical rivers in several continents and has become dominant in floodplains. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between leaf length and leaf biomass (as an indirect phenometric estimation) and to compare the accuracy of the indirect phenometric estimation (which is a non-destructive method) with that of the direct estimation of aboveground biomass (which is destructive). Methods Pontederia crassipes green leaves of all sizes were collected from a floodplain lake of the Paraná River (Argentina). The leaves were oven-dried in the laboratory to obtain the constant dry weight. To determine the accuracy the indirect phenometric estimation was compared with the direct estimation of aboveground biomass. The relationship between leaf weight and leaf length was evaluated by regression analysis. The length of the 279 green leaves collected ranged between 7 and 115 cm. Results The non-destructive method was a good predictor of leaf biomass (R2 = 0.87 p < 0.0001). No significant differences were found between the dry weight obtained directly and that estimated by the indirect method. Conclusions Our results suggest that leaf length is a good attribute to estimate the aboveground biomass of P. crassipes. This method can contribute to diminish the impact of the direct method of harvest of P. crassipes and can be applied in experimental studies aimed to determine the leaf life span and primary productivity of P. crassipes clones. Abstract hyacinth freefloating free floating America floodplains as nondestructive non destructive destructive. . destructive) Argentina. Argentina (Argentina) ovendried oven dried analysis 27 11 cm R2 R (R 087 0 87 0.8 0.0001. 00001 0.0001 0001 0.0001) P clones (Argentina 2 1 08 8 0. 0000 0.000 000 0.00 00 0.0

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Firms rely on information systems (IS) to improve information sharing and visibility, cut costs, and boost productivity. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are being used as important strategic tools in this direction, providing competitive advantages and resulting in increased operational efficiencies. However, ERP implementation failure rates remain high because of ineffective risk management to limit supply chain disruptions during implementation. The objective of supply chain risk management (SCRM) is to enable firms to remain sustainable in the face of major disruptions. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the role of SCRM capabilities associated with ERP implementation to limit supply chain disruptions during ERP operations. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A generic qualitative research design was used to collect primary data through semi-structured interviews with fourteen ERP providers and clients in South Africa. Thematic analysis was utilised to evaluate the data. FINDINGS: The study determined that SCRM capabilities can assist firms in returning to superior operations after ERP implementation. Furthermore, the findings shed light on the specific SCRM processes used during ERP implementation, as well as identifying areas for improvement. RECOMMENDATIONS/VALUE: This study equips ERP providers and ERP clients with valuable insight into understanding the capabilities of SCRM in ERP implementation. MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Along with leveraging the SCRM capabilities identified, managers are advised to use formal and external assessment tools, implement a formal SCRM process, increase efforts to involve supply chain partners during ERP implementation and selection, and finally, incorporate a change management division to reduce disruption during ERP implementation JEL CLASSIFICATION: L14.

The study analysed the influence of education on women and food security in South Africa. The methodological approach was a qualitative analysis using focus group discussions and an in-depth desktop review of relevant literature on the education system. The focus group discussions were about rural women's farming initiatives, looking at the influence of education on productivity. According to the study, educational level and farm productivity are directly correlated. The women in the focus group discussions mentioned that education and training were critical for food production and household food security. In addition, education is essential for women to imagine and implement strategies and opportunities to gain employment and move up the commodity value chain. Furthermore, a specialised curriculum in technical subjects at primary and secondary levels targeting girls was essential for establishing a strong foundation for them. Adult education, especially in primary education courses targeting women, improves women's agriculture participation. Since women are the custodians of smallholder agriculture, gender transformative approaches such as tailor-made financial and leadership support are also critical for the socio-economic development of agriculture in South Africa.

The smallholder irrigation scheme development is seen as an important strategy to transform resource-poor communities by enhancing food security and alleviating rural poverty, which has led the South African government to prioritise and invest significantly in irrigation establishment, rehabilitation, and revitalisation. However, little information is available on the effectiveness and impact of smallholder irrigation schemes in improving rural livelihoods. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the impact of smallholder irrigation schemes on household welfare, specifically on household income in farmer-managed irrigation scheme communities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Primary data in the form of structured questionnaires was used to collect data from 160 farmers using multi-stage sampling. Descriptive statistics and propensity score matching were used for analysis. The study results reveal that smallholder irrigation schemes can significantly transform smallholder farmers' lives by increasing productivity and providing reliable income from farming. The study found a positive impact and relationship between smallholder irrigation schemes and household welfare in the study. Farm characteristics and socioeconomic and institutional factors influence smallholder participation in smallholder irrigation farming. Based on the results, the study recommends that the government continue investing in irrigation schemes to increase the rural economy, improve rural livelihoods, and attract young people to farming. Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform must encourage farmer participation in irrigation schemes and build their capacity through training using agricultural extension agents and subsidising farmers with agronomic practices to improve participation in smallholder irrigation schemes.

RESUMEN Los humedales constituyen uno de los ecosistemas más importantes que contribu- yen en gran medida a la productividad primaria y aportan oxígeno atmosférico. Se estudió la diversidad algal y su papel ecológico en Pariyapurath Chali. Se siguieron métodos estándar de recolección, identificación y preservación, y se relevó su im- portancia en el ecosistema. Se recolectaron un total de 52 muestras, de las cuales se identificaron 65 taxones. Los que pertenecían a 4 clases: Chlorophyceae, Bacilla- riophyceae, Euglenophyceae y Cyanophyceae. La ocurrencia de cianobacterias fue alta en el sitio de estudio, las cianobacterias sin heterocistos fueron más frecuentes en todos los sitios de muestreo, especialmente en el suelo con alto contenido de ni- trógeno orgánico. En esta contribución se incrementa el conocimiento taxonómico de las algas de los humedales de la India.

ABSTRACT Wetlands are one of the important ecosystems which contribute much to primary productivity and atmospheric oxygen. Algal diversity and their ecological role in Pariyapurath Chali were studied. Standard methods for collection, identification and preservation were followed, and their importance in the ecosystem were noted. A total of 52 samples were collected, of which 65 taxa were identified. These taxa belonged to 4 classes; Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Cy- anophyceae. The occurrence of cyanobacteria was high in the study site, the non-het- rocystous cyanobacteria were more frequent in all the sampling sites especially in the soil with high nitrogen and organic content. This contribution increases the taxonomic knowledge of Indian wetland algae.

Abstract The article provides an extensive, in-depth analysis of the economy of Agroforestry Systems in the Amazon using census data (1995, 2006 and 2017) and results from different primary studies. Describing the evolution in the region as a whole and in the territories of the leading peasantries, it highlights the concurrence of technological variants and its outcome. For each territory and peasantry, the fundamentals of the income variation, both in micro and macro level, are discussed, particularly the physical productivities and trade terms. The main results highlight the systematic growth of the SAF economy for two decades, with increasing net labor income and productivity in the first and constant labor income and decreasing productivity in the second. By guaranteeing greater net income from family work, the SAFs-A variant has become the most important, asserting itself, with different formats, in all territories. Economic efficiency varies across territories according to the dominance of technological variants: growing continuously where SAFs-A prevail and stagnating, or decreasing in a recent period, where SAFs-F dominate. These are strategic policy questions, which suggest urgently providing the economy of agroforestry systems with an institutional environment adjusted to their singularities. extensive indepth depth 1995, 1995 (1995 200 2017 studies peasantries outcome peasantry variation level discussed terms decades second work SAFsA SAFs A important itself formats stagnating period SAFsF F dominate questions singularities 199 (199 20 201 19 (19 2 1 (1 (

Resumo O artigo traz uma análise extensa e aprofundada da economia dos Sistemas Agroflorestais na Amazônia usando dados do censo agropecuário (1995, 2006 e 2017) e resultados de diferentes estudos primários. Descrevendo a evolução da região como um todo e dos principais territórios camponeses na Região Norte, destaca a competição das variantes tecnológicas e o seu resultado para cada território e campesinato, discutindo os fundamentos da variação do rendimento, tanto a nível micro como macro, particularmente a produtividade física e os termos comerciais. Os principais resultados destacam o crescimento sistemático da economia de SAFs durante duas décadas, com aumento do rendimento líquido do trabalho e da produtividade na primeira e rendimento constante do trabalho e diminuição da produtividade na segunda. Ao garantir maior rendimento líquido do trabalho familiar, a variante SAFs-A tornou-se a mais importante, afirmando-se, com diferentes formatos, em todos os territórios. A eficiência económica varia entre territórios de acordo com o domínio das variantes tecnológicas: crescendo continuamente onde os SAF-A prevalecem e estagnando, ou diminuindo num período recente, onde os SAF-F dominam. Estas são questões estratégica de política, que sugerem dotar urgentemente a economia dos sistemas agroflorestais de um ambiente institucional ajustado às suas singularidades. 1995, 1995 (1995 200 2017 primários Norte campesinato macro comerciais décadas segunda familiar SAFsA tornouse tornou se importante afirmandose, afirmandose afirmando se, afirmando-se formatos SAFA SAF estagnando recente SAFF F dominam política singularidades 199 (199 20 201 19 (19 2 1 (1 (

ABSTRACT Sugarcane irrigation is one of the main technologies to increase productivity and profitability in the sugar-energy sector. However, to improve the management of water resources in Brazil, growers need to obtain a water rights permitfrom regulatory agencies. The calculation of water rights is determined from data based on estimates of rainfall and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) provided by the Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico (ANA). The primary hypothesis of this study was that the method proposed by ANA to calculate water rights did not provide operational security since it lacked an adequate probabilistic character. As a corollary, we included a secondary hypothesis stating that determining flows through the simplified FAO method proposed in the CROPWAT 8.0 manual displayed vulnerability due to the criteria to choose the representative years. This research aimed to compare such methodologies with a more detailed case study (standard method), taking into account the temporal variability of these estimates, the irrigation criteria, and the probability of occurrence of ETo and rainfall to determine water rights for sugarcane irrigation. During the period between Apr and Sept (dry period), the calculation method proposed by ANA met the needs of the project. However, when rainfall was concentrated (Oct to Mar), the calculation method tended to underestimate the monthly values of available flows. The simplified method proposed by FAO and the alternative method proposed here approached ideal conditions. sugarenergy sugar energy sector However Brazil agencies (ETo ANA. . (ANA) character corollary 80 8 0 8. years standard method, , method) dry period, period) project Oct Mar, Mar Mar) conditions (ANA

Resumo A erosão hídrica é uma das principais causas da degradação das terras agricultáveis brasileiras, levando à diminuição da produtividade das culturas e à acidificação do solo, prejudicando sua capacidade de armazenar carbono, nutrientes e água. O manejo inadequado do solo é um dos principais responsáveis por esse tipo de degradação. A identificação da intensidade da erosão pode ser feita por meio da utilização de atributos indicadores que são altamente sensíveis as mudanças no ambiente edáfico. O estudo teve como objetivos: i) analisar os atributos físicos e químicos do solo em áreas de voçorocas com diferentes graus de degradação/estabilização; e ii) verificar a viabilidade de utilização desses atributos como indicadores de recuperação ambiental. O estudo foi realizado em quatro áreas com diferentes graus de formação de voçorocas: a) inicial, intermédia, madura e senil. As amostras foram coletadas nas faces externa e interna de cada voçoroca no final da estação seca. Entre os atributos físicos avaliados, a densidade do solo e a porosidade total foram os mais significativamente alterados. A avaliação dos microagregados permitiu conhecer a qualidade do solo através de frações como a argila dispersável em água, a argila refloculável em água e a argila não dispersível em água. O carbono total, o nitrogênio total e a relação C/N elucidaram a dinâmica da perda de solo e de nutrientes em diferentes fases dos processos de formação e estabilização da erosão, com valores mais baixos observados na face interna das voçorocas em comparação a externa. Observou-se que a vegetação influenciou os resultados dos atributos físicos e químicos. No geral, os valores tenderam ao equilíbrio entre as faces na voçoroca SE, indicando maior estabilização. Com base nesses resultados, os atributos avaliados podem servir como indicadores de qualidade do solo, pois são mais eficientes e sensíveis em expressar a recuperação da qualidade física e química do solo, fornecendo informações valiosas para o monitoramento de processos de degradação e para a prevenção, controle e recuperação de voçorocas no Bioma Mata Atlântica. brasileiras edáfico objetivos i degradação/estabilização degradaçãoestabilização ii ambiental inicial intermédia senil seca alterados CN C N Observouse Observou se geral SE prevenção Atlântica

Abstract Water erosion is one of the primary causes of agricultural soil degradation in Brazil, leading to diminished crop productivity and soil acidification, thereby impairing its ability to store carbon, nutrients, and water. Identifying the intensity of erosion can be achieved by utilizing indicator attributes that are highly sensitive to changes in the edaphic environment. The study analyzed the physical and chemical attributes of soil in areas with gullies exhibiting varying degrees of degradation/stabilization. The study was conducted across four areas with varying degrees of gully formation: a) initial, intermediate, mature, and senile. Samples were collected from both the external and internal sides of each gully at the end of the dry season. Among the physical attributes assessed, soil density and total porosity were found to be the most significantly altered. Evaluation of microaggregates provided insights into soil quality through fractions including water-dispersible clay, water-reflocculable clay, and non-water-dispersible clay. Total carbon, total nitrogen, and the C/N ratio elucidated the dynamics of soil and nutrient loss across different stages of erosion formation and stabilization processes, with lower values observed on the internal side of the gullies compared to the exterior side. Vegetation was observed to influence the results of the physical and chemical attributes. Overall, the values tended towards equilibrium between the faces at the senile stage, indicating greater stabilization. Brazil acidification carbon nutrients water environment degradationstabilization degradation/stabilization a initial intermediate mature season assessed altered waterdispersible dispersible clay waterreflocculable reflocculable nonwaterdispersible non nitrogen CN C N processes Overall stage