Abstract: The administration of justice in the colonial period implied the participation of a varied set of agents -judges, notaries, secretaries, attorneys, lawyers, etc.- that guaranteed the exercise of jurisdiction. This paper highlights the relevance of attorneys -as representatives of third parties- in the administration of justice based on a voluminous corpus of public deeds created in the city of Córdoba in the late 16th century. Based on the survey of powers of attorney granted between 1574 and 1600, the analysis focuses on those whose granting specifically involved the power to manage judicial matters, trying to account for some of the characteristics and variants of the representation, such as the geographical scope of the actions of the proxies and the participation of different social sectors in this type of intermediation.

Resumen La administración de justicia en el período colonial implicaba la participación de un conjunto variado de agentes -jueces, escribanos, secretarios, procuradores, abogados, etc.- que garantizaban el ejercicio de la jurisdicción. Este trabajo se propone reconocer la relevancia de los apoderados -como representantes de terceros- en la administración de justicia a partir de un voluminoso corpus de escrituras públicas labradas en la ciudad de Córdoba en el último cuarto del siglo XVI. Partiendo del relevamiento de los poderes otorgados entre 1574 y 1600 se focaliza el análisis en aquéllos cuyo otorgamiento involucra específicamente la potestad para gestionar asuntos judiciales, procurando dar cuenta de algunas de las características y variantes de la representación, como la amplitud geográfica de la actuación de los apoderados y la participación de los diferentes sectores sociales en esta modalidad de intermediación.

Abstract This article covers the theoretical concept of the right to nomination in Colombia detailing its many exceptions where direct intervention is authorized both legally and constitutionally. After having explained the legal actions, various hypothesis, and controversies that, in turn, constitute exceptions, the General Code of Procedures framework and the many vicissitudes of the physical appearance, along with proposals in such regard, are shown without forgetting, on the other hand, the statutes by which powers of attorney are to be produced during the current time (COVID-19). In this sense, after an adequate analysis, the theoretical reach, as well as the mechanism of action of the revocation of the power of attorney and its renunciation (causes for termination) are laid out. Among the latter, the death of the law7er representing his or her client and two kinds of legal incompetence known as: «sudden incompetence» (fortuitous) and «original incompetence» (by nature), which do not constitute cause for procedural nullity. Hie methodology by which this article was written had the very intention of analyzing the statutes set forth before and after the 1991 Constitution, and before and after the doctrine (jurists) and case law; statutes in which comments, critics, and propositions are observed due to the existing "symbiosis" between Procedural Law and Positive Law.

Resumen Este artículo abarca la configuración conceptual del derecho de postulación en Colombia, detallando la amplitud de sus excepciones, donde legal y constitucionalmente se autoriza la intervención directa. Luego de explicar acciones, hipótesis y controversias motivo de excepción; se muestra el esquema de las modalidades del poder en el Código General del Proceso y las vicisitudes de la presentación personal ¡unto con propuestas al respecto; sin olvidar de otro lado, la normatividad para conferir los poderes bajo la emergencia económica, social y ecológica de la pandemia COVID-19. De esta forma, después de emprender un recorrido analítico, se precisa el alcance teórico y la operatividad dé los fenómenos de la revocatoria y renuncia del poder, como motivos para la finalización del mismo, a los cuales se agregan, dentro de esta investigación, la muerte del apoderado y dos clases de inhabilidades bautizadas como 'inhabilidad sobrevenida e 'inhabilidad originaria', las cuales no constituyen causal de nulidad procesal. La metodología utilizada tuvo por objeto el análisis de normas proferidas antes y después de la Constitución de 1991, de doctrina y de jurisprudencia en las cuales se observan comentarios, críticas y proposiciones, gracias a la simbiosis entre el derecho procesal y el derecho sustancial.

Resumen: La pandemia del coronavirus Covid-19 ha provocado cambios en todas las áreas de la vida humana. El campo del derecho no es una excepción a esta lista. En particular, la cuestión de la conducción de los asuntos ajenos sin poder notarial ha cobrado especial relevancia, ya que el distanciamiento social y las restricciones a la actividad social han provocado un aumento significativo de la necesidad práctica de la aplicación de esta institución jurídica. La importancia de este estudio también es significativa en relación con el análisis comparativo del aspecto normativo y la medición práctica de la aplicación del instituto de realizar negocios de otras personas sin poder en Ucrania y Polonia. Estos dos países son comparables en territorio, número de ciudadanos, tradición legal, pero Polonia ha llegado a ser miembro de la Unión Europea, mientras Ucrania se ha mantenido al margen de la civilización europea. El método dialéctico, el método de análisis comparativo y el análisis de sistemas fueron elegidos como base metodológica de la investigación. Los autores del artículo concluyeron que el instituto de conducción de los asuntos de otras personas sin poder notarial ofrece mejores niveles de utilidad social. En tales casos, quien protege los intereses de los demás sin un poder, por regla general, actúa no solo en interés del individuo sino también de la sociedad. De esta forma, ayuda a proteger a personas solteras, mayores, gente con discapacidad y a otros grupos que se encuentran desprotegidos socialmente, ayudando a prevenir la propagación de la pandemia.

Abstract: The Covid-19 coronavirus pandemic has caused changes in all areas of human life. The field of law is no exception to this list. In particular, the issues of conducting other people’s affairs without a power of attorney have become especially relevant, as social distancing and restrictions on social activity have led to a significant increase in the practical need for the application of this legal institution. The significance of this study is also important in connection with the comparative analysis of the normative aspect and the practical measurement of the application of the institute of conducting other people’s affairs without a power of attorney in Ukraine and Poland. These two countries are comparable in territory, number of citizens, legal tradition, but Poland has become member of the European Union, while Ukraine has remained on the sidelines of European civilization. The dialectical method, the method of comparative analysis and system analysis were chosen as the methodological basis of the research. The authors of the article concluded that institute of conducting other people’s affairs without a power of attorney is characterized by an increased level of social utility. In such cases, the one who protects the interests of others without a power of attorney, as a rule, acts not only in the interests of the individual but also in the interests of the society. Thus, it helps to protect single people, the elderly ones, disabled individuals and other groups which are socially unprotected and thus prevent the pandemic spread.

This article studies the establishment of the supplementary law of the contract for the provision of services in the Chilean Civil Code on the basis of two frequently used models: professional services and the performance of a material work. To do this, two relevant aspects of the different norms of the lease contract and the power of attorney -that are the special stipulations likely applicable to said atypical contract: the substance of the obligations and the remedies regarding non-fulfilment, to evidence that they do not allow for the establishment of an inherent supplementary regime and that they basically refer to or repeat the general rules of Book IV of said regulatory body, the definition whether said norms are suitable to face the features of these contracts remaining pending.

El presente trabajo estudia la conformación del derecho supletorio del contrato de servicios en el Código civil chileno a partir de dos modelos de frecuente celebración: el de servicios profesionales y el de ejecución de una obra material. Para ello se revisan las diversas normas del contrato de arrendamiento y del mandato -que aparecen como las disposiciones especiales posiblemente aplicables a dicho contrato atípico- en lo referido a dos aspectos relevantes: el contenido de las obligaciones y los remedios por el incumplimiento, para demostrar que no permiten configurar un régimen supletorio propio y que, fundamentalmente, se remiten o reiteran las reglas generales del Libro IV de dicho cuerpo normativo, quedando pendiente definir si tales normas son idóneas para enfrentar las particularidades de estos contratos.

The research contributes to the study of industrial groups and their influence on the environmental regulation in Mexico. Polluting industries have incentives to influence and avoid inspection and verification visits of the Federal Attorney for Environmental Protection (Profepa). Through principal component analysis, it is defined the potential ability to influence of 62 manufacturing industries, based on their organizational structures and power resources. A model is estimated to determine what are the effects of trade links, production, potential ability to influence, and inspection priority for the Profepa, in the visits of the Profepa. The results indicate that the level of production, and the inspection priority for the Profepa determine the inspections; whereas level of priority determines the verification visits.

La investigación contribuye al estudio de los grupos industriales y su influencia en la regulación ambiental en México. Las industrias contaminantes poseen incentivos para influir y evitar visitas, de inspección y verificación, de la Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente (Profepa). A través de un análisis de componentes principales, se define la capacidad potencial de influencia de 62 ramas manufactureras, con base en sus estructuras organizativas y recursos de poder, y se estima un modelo para determinar qué efectos tienen los vínculos comerciales con el exterior, la producción, la capacidad potencial de influencia y la prioridad de inspección de la Profepa, en las visitas que ésta realiza. Los resultados del estudio señalan que las visitas de inspección se determinan por el nivel de producción, así como la prioridad que los sectores tienen para la Profepa; mientras que las visitas de verificación sólo se determinan por el nivel de prioridad.

Resumo O artigo analisa a ação política dos grupos de interesse empresariais ao longo do processo de regulação da publicidade de alimentos desencadeado pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) em 2005. Os objetivos principais são descrever as estratégias e articulações políticas desses grupos, de modo a aferir se sua ação foi bem-sucedida no sentido de minimizar ou anular a polêmica e conflituosa regulação proposta por aquela agência, cujos efeitos incidiam diretamente sobre as atividades do setor privado. O estudo compreendeu um acompanhamento detalhado de cada etapa do processo decisório, buscando observar quais arenas políticas são acionadas por esses grupos para a consecução de seus objetivos. Para a condução desta pesquisa, amparamo-nos no exame exaustivo de documentos relacionados à regulação proposta, oriundos dos três poderes, bem como dos grupos de interesse, e em entrevistas aprofundadas com os principais atores políticos envolvidos com a temática. A análise evidenciou que os grupos de interesse empresariais, refletindo seus amplos recursos políticos e econômicos, têm acesso às mais diversas arenas políticas, como a Anvisa, o Congresso Nacional, o Judiciário e a Advocacia-Geral da União, ator decisivo no desfecho do processo político aqui estudado. Também encontramos evidências de que a pressão do empresariado foi capaz de mitigar em grande medida a regulação da Anvisa, pois a norma foi alterada consideravelmente entre a consulta pública de 2006 e sua promulgação em 2010. Não obstante, pudemos observar que, a despeito do poder econômico incontrastável dos dois setores afetados, indústria de alimento e de publicidade, sua ação política não foi capaz de impedir a Anvisa de promulgar em 2010 uma versão mais branda do regulamento, o que nos sugere uma relativa autonomia política da agência. Por fim, alterações organizacionais e no comando da Anvisa em 2012, alinhadas aos interesses dos grupos empresariais, dão conta de mudanças mais profundas na agência, as quais parecem ter redefinido as próprias bases do relacionamento com o empresariado.

Abstract This article analyzes the political action of business interest groups throughout the process of food propaganda regulation triggered by the National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa) in 2005. The main objectives were to describe the strategies and political articulations of these groups in order to assess whether its action has been successful in minimizing or overturning the controversial and conflicting regulation proposed by the agency, which effects would affect directly private sector activities. The study enclosed a detailed follow-up of each stage of the decision-making process, seeking to observe which political arenas are activated by these groups in order to accomplish its goals. For the conduction of this research, we have done a comprehensive examination of the documents related to the proposed regulation, which were produced by the three branches of government and the interest groups, and in-depth interviews with the main political players involved in this issue. The analysis made clear that business groups, reflecting their distinct political and economic resources, have access to many political arenas, such as Anvisa, National Congress, Judiciary and the Attorney General, which was a decisive actor in the political process herein studied. We also found evidences that the pressure exerted by business groups was able to mitigate, to a large extent, Anvisa's regulation, as the rule was considerably altered from the public comment period in 2006 until its promulgation in 2010. Nevertheless, we were able to observe that, despite the irresistible economic power of the two affected sectors, food and advertising industry, its political action was not able to prevent Anvisa from promulgating in 2010 a softer version of the regulation, which shows us the relative political autonomy of the agency. Finally, alterations in the structure and in the command of Anvisa in 2012, which are aligned with business interests, indicate deeper changes in the agency, which seem to have redefined the very bases of the relationship with businessmen.

This note examines the political context surrounding the banning of the Mexican American Studies program in Tucson, Arizona and the Acosta v. Huppenthal decision, which leaves the ban largely intact. The convergence of economic crisis and partisan politics contributed to the rise in anxiety over the demographic shifts of the state of Arizona, for which Mexican American Studies became a symbolic target for Republicans. Mexican American Studies was declared in violation of a new law passed by the Republican dominated legislature, A.R.S. § 15-112, by Arizona Superintendent John Huppenthal, despite the conclusion by an independent audit he ordered which concluded otherwise. This left leaders within the Mexican American community and civil rights organizations with the conclusion that the ban on Mexican American Studies was politically motivated. This note explores the motivations by individual political actors, such as the current Attorney General of Arizona Tom Horne, and how he rose to power on a platform centered on the ban against Mexican American Studies.

Esta nota examina el contexto político alrededor del programa de Estudios México-Americanos en Tucson, Arizona y la decisión Acosta v. Huppenthal. La convergencia de la crisis económica y las políticas partidistas contribuyeron al aumento de la ansiedad sobre los cambios demográficos del estado de Arizona, por lo cual el Programa de Estudios México-Americanos se convirtió en un objetivo simbólico de los republicanos. El Programa de Estudios México-Americanos fue declarado violatorio de una nueva ley aprobada por una legislatura dominada por los republicanos, A.R.S. § 15-112, por el superintendente de Arizona John Huppenthal, a pesar de la conclusión de una auditoría independiente que él ordenó y quien concluyó lo contrario. Lo anterior llevó a los líderes de la comunidad México-americana y organizaciones de derechos civiles a concluir que la prohibición del programa de Estudios México Americanos fue por motivos políticos. Esta nota explora las motivaciones de los actores políticos, como el actual fiscal general de Arizona, Tom Horne, y la forma en que llegó al poder en una plataforma centrada en la prohibición de estudios mexicanos.

Este texto objetiva discutir a inclusão da dimensão da saúde nos procedimentos de avaliação de impactos ambientais, para que os diversos atores (a serem) envolvidos no processo de tomada de decisão possam avaliar, antecipadamente à implementação, a necessidade e a adequação tecnológica e locacional do mesmo. O ponto de partida foi uma demanda do Ministério Público Federal à Universidade Federal do Ceará, para analisar o projeto de uma usina termelétrica a carvão mineral a ser implantada no Complexo Industrial e Portuário do Pecém (CE). A metodologia consistiu no reconhecimento do contexto sócio-histórico em que se insere o projeto, estudo bibliográfico sobre os impactos ambientais e à saúde gerados, diálogos com a comunidade atingida, para então analisar o documento preparado pelo órgão estadual de meio ambiente. Como resultados, são apresentados os eixos centrais de incidência da análise e as proposições de complementação do termo de referência para antecipar as inter-relações entre os processos de produção, o ambiente e a desigual distribuição dos impactos sobre a saúde; e avalia-se a necessidade de avançar nesta abordagem para alimentar processos de tomada de decisão mais próximos do real vivido ou a viver, e mais democráticos.

The study discusses the inclusion of health in the evaluation of environmental impacts to allow actors potentially involved in decision-making to determine the need and technological and geographic adequacy of projects ahead of implementation. The point of departure was a request from the Public Attorney to the Federal University of Ceará to analyze the project of a coal-fired power plant to be built within the Port of Pecém Industrial Compound in Ceará State, Brazil. The methodology included a description of the social and historical context of the area, a bibliographical study of health and environmental impacts and dialogues with affected communities, followed by an analysis of state environmental guidelines for this type of enterprise. The results shows the main categories of analysis identified and proposed additions to current regulations intended to anticipate relations between production processes, the environment and an uneven distribution of health impacts. Besides, it also assesses the need to advance the development of the approach in order to subsidize and democratize decision-making processes closer to actual circumstances in the present and near future.

Este texto objetiva discutir a inclusão da dimensão da saúde nos procedimentos de avaliação de impactos ambientais, para que os diversos atores (a serem) envolvidos no processo de tomada de decisão possam avaliar, antecipadamente à implementação, a necessidade e a adequação tecnológica e locacional do mesmo. O ponto de partida foi uma demanda do Ministério Público Federal à Universidade Federal do Ceará, para analisar o projeto de uma usina termelétrica a carvão mineral a ser implantada no Complexo Industrial e Portuário do Pecém (CE). A metodologia consistiu no reconhecimento do contexto sócio-histórico em que se insere o projeto, estudo bibliográfico sobre os impactos ambientais e à saúde gerados, diálogos com a comunidade atingida, para então analisar o documento preparado pelo órgão estadual de meio ambiente. Como resultados, são apresentados os eixos centrais de incidência da análise e as proposições de complementação do termo de referência para antecipar as inter-relações entre os processos de produção, o ambiente e a desigual distribuição dos impactos sobre a saúde; e avalia-se a necessidade de avançar nesta abordagem para alimentar processos de tomada de decisão mais próximos do real vivido ou a viver, e mais democráticos.

The study discusses the inclusion of health in the evaluation of environmental impacts to allow actors potentially involved in decision-making to determine the need and technological and geographic adequacy of projects ahead of implementation. The point of departure was a request from the Public Attorney to the Federal University of Ceará to analyze the project of a coal-fired power plant to be built within the Port of Pecém Industrial Compound in Ceará State, Brazil. The methodology included a description of the social and historical context of the area, a bibliographical study of health and environmental impacts and dialogues with affected communities, followed by an analysis of state environmental guidelines for this type of enterprise. The results shows the main categories of analysis identified and proposed additions to current regulations intended to anticipate relations between production processes, the environment and an uneven distribution of health impacts. Besides, it also assesses the need to advance the development of the approach in order to subsidize and democratize decision-making processes closer to actual circumstances in the present and near future.

The position held by the Spanish prosecution office within the constitutional structure designed in 1978 determines a special relationship between the attorney general and each one of the three powers of thEstate. Traditionally, the subject has been studied by scholars in relation to the executive and the judiciary, but the special relationship with the legislative power cannot be overlooked; this relationship is the subject of the present analysis. The attorney general, as an "ex officio" defender of legality, cannot be free from a certain form of parliamentary control, but that does not endanger his constitutionally recognized autonomy; there is an accountability duty for the parliament as well as a duty of collaboration. Collaborations can be seen in investigation committees, where the attorney general brings to a close the parliamentary investigation and offers indirect collaboration through the ombudsman.

La ubicación del Ministerio Fiscal español en la arquitectura constitucional diseñada en 1978 determina una especial relación del fiscal con cada uno de los tres poderes del Estado. Tradicionalmente se ha estudiado por la doctrina la relación con el poder ejecutivo y el judicial mas no podemos olvidar que también mantiene una especial relación con el poder legislativo, siendo éste el aspecto a explorar. El fiscal como defensor nato de la legalidad no puede sustraerse a un cierto control parlamentario sin que ello ponga en peligro su reconocida autonomía constitucional, existiendo un deber de rendición de cuentas al parlamento y un deber de colaboración. Esta colaboración se aprecia en las comisiones de investigación en donde el fiscal culminará el resultado de investigación parlamentaria y ofrece una colaboración indirecta a través del Defensor del Pueblo.