Abstract Purpose: To analyze diabetes mellitus (DM) in a multifactorial manner with the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and variables like nutritional status, sex, genetic predisposition, age and ethnicity; in order to determine the relationship between BGA and DM in the Mazahua Otomí (MO) community. Methodological design: This quantitative survey on social and nutritional variables was designed, validated and applied. A logistic model was developed to find the relationship of DM in relation to the variables: SSB consumption, sex, genetic predisposition, age, body mass index and ethnicity. Results: The Mazahua otomi community has a monthly family income below the extreme poverty line; they do not have disease control: 68% are obese or overweight and SSB consumption is medium to high in 90% of the population. In a multifactorial manner and according to the model, there is a probability of manifesting DM depending on the variables mentioned above; while, with the exception of nutritional status and age, the others are the most significant. In taste and preferences, 52% opt for the Coca-Cola SSB brand. Research limitations: The results found should be complemented in other case studies in communities with similar characteristics and a broader probabilistic population sample. Finding: In the MO community there is a relationship between BGA consumption and DM and there is no control of the disease. This work contributes to the design of public policies to prevent health damage because of excessive consumption of SSB and its relationship with DM; likewise, those policies that rescue and promote good nutritional practices of the communities of indigenous peoples.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar en forma multifactorial la diabetes mellitus (DM) con el consumo de las bebidas gaseosas azucaradas (BGA) y de las variables estado nutricional, sexo, predisposición genética, edad y etnia, para determinar la relación de las BGA y la DM en la comunidad Mazahua Otomí (MO). Diseño Metodológico: El estudio fue cuantitativo. Se diseñó, validó y aplicó una encuesta estructurada sobre variables sociales y nutricionales. Se elaboró un modelo logístico para encontrar la relación de DM con las variables: consumo de BGA, sexo, predisposición genética, edad, índice de masa corporal y etnia. Resultados: En la comunidad MO que se investigó un padre de familia promedio tiene un ingreso mensual por debajo de la línea de pobreza extrema y no existe control de la enfermedad de estudio: 68% tiene obesidad o sobrepeso y el consumo de BGA es entre medio y alto en 90% de la población. En forma multifactorial, hay probabilidad de manifestar la DM en función de las variables antes señaladas; mientras que, a excepción de estado nutricional y la edad, las demás son las más significativas. En gustos y preferencias, 52% opta por la marca de BGA Coca-Cola. Limitaciones de la investigación: Los resultados encontrados deberán complementarse con estudios de caso en comunidades con características similares y una muestra poblacional probabilística más amplia. Hallazgos: En la comunidad MO existe una relación entre el consumo de BGA y la DM y no hay control de la enfermedad. Este trabajo aporta al diseño de políticas públicas de prevención del daño a la salud por el consumo excesivo de BGA y su relación con la DM. De igual manera aquellas políticas públicas que rescaten y fomenten las buenas prácticas nutritivas entre las comunidades de los pueblos originarios.

Resumen Transiciones exitosas hacia la sostenibilidad son cruciales para hacer frente a las diversas crisis en curso. Considerando el patrimonio biocultural, las costumbres y tradiciones locales, así como el entorno natural y la estética del paisaje, los contextos rurales muestran un gran potencial para promover el desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento. El desarrollo sostenible de estos espacios favorece no sólo al ámbito local, sino también al desarrollo nacional y supranacional al fortalecer el crecimiento económico sostenible, reducir el desempleo y la pobreza, así como mejorar las condiciones de vida. En las discusiones sobre las transiciones hacia la sostenibilidad en contextos rurales, el emprendedurismo a escala local es constantemente considerado como un importante impulsor gracias a las actividades empresariales innovadoras que produce. Se ilustra el rol de los emprendimientos al comparar dos casos dentro del contexto rural costarricense, particularmente los cantones de Dota y Turrialba. Con este propósito, se ejemplifica cómo ambas regiones contribuyen al desarrollo rural sostenible basado en sus características geográficas, empresariales y colectivas. Específicamente, se investiga el papel de la mentalidad y las habilidades específicas de los emprendedores, su inserción en redes productores-consumidores, así como la influencia del contexto geográfico. Se extraen implicaciones en los diferentes niveles de análisis en términos de oportunidades de aprendizaje tanto para las regiones consideradas, como para el desarrollo suprarregional en un sentido más amplio. Se presenta el proyecto sCoRe como una iniciativa ejemplar diseñada para fomentar la colaboración entre emprendedores rurales e iniciativas académicas para mejorar las redes locales de productores y consumidores.

Resumo Transições bem-sucedidas para a sustentabilidade são cruciais para responder às crises atuais. Com um forte enfoque no patrimônio biocultural, costumes e tradições locais, além do meio ambiente natural e da estética da paisagem, as regiões rurais possuem um grande potencial para promover o desenvolvimento e o crescimento sustentáveis. O desenvolvimento sustentável dessas regiões rurais contribui ainda mais não apenas para o desenvolvimento local, mas também para o desenvolvimento nacional e supranacional, fortalecendo o crescimento econômico sustentável, aliviando o desemprego e a pobreza, e melhorando as condições de vida. Os empreendedores locais são continuamente incluídos nas discussões sobre as transições para a sustentabilidade em regiões rurais como um importante motor através de suas atividades empresariais inovadoras. Comparando duas regiões de exemplo dentro das áreas rurais da Costa Rica - as regiões de Dota e Turrialba - é ilustrado o papel desses empreendimentos. Para este fim, exemplificamos como ambas as regiões contribuem para o desenvolvimento rural sustentável com base em suas características geográficas, empreendedoras e coletivas. Especificamente, é investigado o papel da mentalidade e conjunto de habilidades específicas dos empreendedores, sua inserção em redes produtor-consumidor e o contexto geográfico abrangente. Implicações nos diferentes níveis de análise são extraídas em termos de oportunidades de aprendizado para ambas as regiões incluídas, bem como o desenvolvimento suprarregional em um sentido mais amplo. O projeto sCoRe é apresentado como uma iniciativa exemplar projetada para fomentar a colaboração entre empreendedores rurais e iniciativas acadêmicas para aprimorar as redes locais produtor-consumidor.

Abstract Successful sustainability transitions are crucial to answer to ongoing crises. Focusing strongly on biocultural heritage, local customs and traditions, as well as the natural environment and landscape aesthetics, rural regions have great potential to promote sustainable development and growth. This sustainable development of rural regions further contributes not only to local, but also to national and supranational development by strengthening sustainable economic growth, alleviating unemployment and poverty, and improving living conditions. Local entrepreneurs are continuously included in discussions on sustainability transitions in rural regions as an important driver through their innovative entrepreneurial activities. By comparing two example regions within rural areas of Costa Rica - the Dota and Turrialba region - the role of these entrepreneurial endeavors is illustrated. For this purpose, we exemplify how both regions contribute to rural, sustainable development based on their geographical, entrepreneurial, and collective characteristics. Specifically, the role of entrepreneurs’ specific mind- and skillset, their embeddedness in producer-consumer-networks and the encompassing geographical context is investigated. Implications on the different levels of analysis are drawn in terms of learning opportunities for both, the respective included regions, as well as supra-regional development in a broader sense. The sCoRe project is presented as an exemplary initiative designed to foster collaboration between rural entrepreneurs and academic initiatives to enhance local producer-consumer-networks.

Resumen Transiciones exitosas hacia la sostenibilidad son cruciales para hacer frente a las diversas crisis en curso. Considerando el patrimonio biocultural, las costumbres y tradiciones locales, así como el entorno natural y la estética del paisaje, los contextos rurales muestran un gran potencial para promover el desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento. El desarrollo sostenible de estos espacios favorece no sólo al ámbito local, sino también al desarrollo nacional y supranacional al fortalecer el crecimiento económico sostenible, contribuye a reducir el desempleo y la pobreza, así como mejorar las condiciones de vida. En las discusiones sobre las transiciones hacia la sostenibilidad en contextos rurales, el emprendedurismo a escala local es constantemente considerado como un importante impulsor gracias a las actividades empresariales innovadoras que genera. Se ilustra dicho rol de los emprendimientos al comparar dos casos dentro del contexto rural costarricense, particularmente los cantones de Dota y Turrialba. Con este propósito, se ejemplifica cómo ambas regiones contribuyen al desarrollo rural sostenible basado en sus características geográficas, colectivas y de emprendimiento. Específicamente, se investiga el papel de la mentalidad y las habilidades específicas de los emprendedores, su inserción en redes productores-consumidores, así como la influencia del contexto geográfico. Se extraen implicaciones en los diferentes niveles de análisis en términos de oportunidades de aprendizaje tanto para las regiones consideradas, como para el desarrollo suprarregional en un sentido más amplio. Se presenta el proyecto sCoRe como una iniciativa ejemplar diseñada para fomentar la colaboración entre emprendedores rurales e iniciativas académicas para mejorar las redes locales de productores y consumidores y así contribuir al establecimiento de comunidades sostenibles.

Resumo Transições bem-sucedidas para a sustentabilidade são cruciais para responder às crises atuais. Com um forte enfoque no patrimônio biocultural, costumes e tradições locais, além do meio ambiente natural e da estética da paisagem, as regiões rurais possuem um grande potencial para promover o desenvolvimento e o crescimento sustentáveis. O desenvolvimento sustentável dessas regiões rurais contribui ainda mais não apenas para o desenvolvimento local, mas também para o desenvolvimento nacional e supranacional, fortalecendo o crescimento econômico sustentável, aliviando o desemprego e a pobreza, e melhorando as condições de vida. Os empreendedores locais são continuamente incluídos nas discussões sobre as transições para a sustentabilidade em regiões rurais como um importante motor através de suas atividades empresariais inovadoras. Comparando duas regiões de exemplo dentro das áreas rurais da Costa Rica - as regiões de Dota e Turrialba - é ilustrado o papel desses empreendimentos. Para este fim, exemplificamos como ambas as regiões contribuem para o desenvolvimento rural sustentável com base em suas características geográficas, empreendedoras e coletivas. Especificamente, é investigado o papel da mentalidade e conjunto de habilidades específicas dos empreendedores, sua inserção em redes produtor-consumidor e o contexto geográfico abrangente. Implicações nos diferentes níveis de análise são extraídas em termos de oportunidades de aprendizado para ambas as regiões incluídas, bem como o desenvolvimento suprarregional em um sentido mais amplo. O projeto sCoRe é apresentado como uma iniciativa exemplar projetada para fomentar a colaboração entre empreendedores rurais e iniciativas acadêmicas para aprimorar as redes locais produtor-consumidor.

Abstract Successful sustainability transitions are crucial to answer to ongoing crises. Focusing strongly on biocultural heritage, local customs, and traditions, as well as the natural environment and landscape aesthetics, rural regions have great potential to promote sustainable development and growth. This sustainable development of rural regions further contributes not only to local, but also to national and supranational development by strengthening sustainable economic growth, alleviating unemployment, and poverty, and improving living conditions. Local entrepreneurs are continuously included in discussions on sustainability transitions in rural regions as an important driver through their innovative entrepreneurial activities. By comparing two example regions within rural areas of Costa Rica - the Dota and Turrialba region - the role of these entrepreneurial endeavors is illustrated. For this purpose, we exemplify how both regions contribute to rural, sustainable development based on their geographical, entrepreneurial, and collective characteristics. Specifically, the role of entrepreneurs’ specific mind- and skillset, their embeddedness in producer-consumer-networks and the encompassing geographical context is investigated. Implications on the different levels of analysis are drawn in terms of learning opportunities for both, the respective included regions, as well as supra-regional development in a broader sense. The sCoRe project is presented as an exemplary initiative designed to foster collaboration between rural entrepreneurs and academic initiatives to enhance local producer-consumer-networks, and thus contribute to the establishment of sustainable communities.

Resumen Objetivo: este estudio estima un sistema de demanda de bienes alimenticios en México, incorporando dimensiones territoriales y de ingreso. Se evalúa el impacto diferenciado de choques en los precios en el bienestar económico y la tasa de pobreza, considerando variaciones entre hogares y entre cinco grandes regiones. Metodología: utilizando el modelo de valores unitarios de Deaton (1988) y la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) de 2018, calculamos elasticidades-precios y elasticidades-ingreso y el impacto de las variaciones de precios en el ingreso y la pobreza. Resultados: revelan importantes diferencias regionales y se subraya la necesidad de considerar diferencias socioeconómicas y regionales y de adoptar un enfoque territorial en este tipo de análisis y para formular políticas efectivas. Limitaciones: existen limitaciones a este estudio que pueden afectar la comprensión completa de la dinámica de la pobreza. Hemos enfocado nuestra atención únicamente en los bienes alimenticios, excluyendo un grupo específico de productos, en este caso, los productos pesqueros. También, se considera que los hogares son únicamente consumidores de bienes, omitiendo así la dimensión productiva de autoconsumo. Originalidad: radica en la vinculación directa entre las estimaciones de pobreza y la desagregación territorial, integra patrones de consumo y elasticidades específicas a cada región. Conclusiones: se resalta la importancia de considerar las diferencias socioeconómicas y regionales al analizar la demanda de bienes alimenticios y su impacto en la pobreza. A pesar de las limitaciones, nuestros hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de un enfoque territorial en este tipo de análisis para formular políticas adaptadas y efectivas de reducción de la pobreza en diferentes regiones del país.

Abstract Objective: this study estimates a system of demand for food products in Mexico, incorporating territorial and income dimensions. The differentiated impact of shocks on prices on economic well-being and the poverty rate is evaluated, considering variations among households and across five major regions. Methodology: using Deaton’s (1988) unit values model and the 2018 National Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH), we calculate price and income elasticities, examining the impact of price variations on income and poverty. Results: our results reveal significant regional differences, emphasizing the need to consider socioeconomic and regional variations and to adopt a territorial approach in such analyses for effective policy formulation. Limitations: there are limitations to this study that may affect a complete understanding of poverty dynamics. We have focused our attention solely on food products, excluding a specific group of products, in this case, fishery products. We also assume that households are only consumers of goods, thus omitting the productive and self-consumption dimension. Originality: lies in the direct link between poverty estimates and territorial disaggregation, integrating consumption patterns and specific elasticities for each region. Conclusions: our study highlights the importance of considering socioeconomic and regional differences when analyzing the demand for food products and its impact on poverty. Despite the limitations, our findings underscore the need for a territorial approach in this type of analysis to formulate tailored and effective poverty reduction policies in different regions of the country.

Abstract Purpose: To analyze diabetes mellitus (DM) in a multifactorial manner with the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and variables like nutritional status, sex, genetic predisposition, age and ethnicity; in order to determine the relationship between BGA and DM in the Mazahua Otomí (MO) community. Methodological design: This quantitative survey on social and nutritional variables was designed, validated and applied. A logistic model was developed to find the relationship of DM in relation to the variables: SSB consumption, sex, genetic predisposition, age, body mass index and ethnicity. Results: The Mazahua otomi community has a monthly family income below the extreme poverty line; they do not have disease control: 68% are obese or overweight and SSB consumption is medium to high in 90% of the population. In a multifactorial manner and according to the model, there is a probability of manifesting DM depending on the variables mentioned above; while, with the exception of nutritional status and age, the others are the most significant. In taste and preferences, 52% opt for the Coca-Cola SSB brand. Research limitations: The results found should be complemented in other case studies in communities with similar characteristics and a broader probabilistic population sample. Finding: In the MO community there is a relationship between BGA consumption and DM and there is no control of the disease. This work contributes to the design of public policies to prevent health damage because of excessive consumption of SSB and its relationship with DM; likewise, those policies that rescue and promote good nutritional practices of the communities of indigenous peoples.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar en forma multifactorial la diabetes mellitus (DM) con el consumo de las bebidas gaseosas azucaradas (BGA) y de las variables estado nutricional, sexo, predisposición genética, edad y etnia, para determinar la relación de las BGA y la DM en la comunidad Mazahua Otomí (MO). Diseño Metodológico: El estudio fue cuantitativo. Se diseñó, validó y aplicó una encuesta estructurada sobre variables sociales y nutricionales. Se elaboró un modelo logístico para encontrar la relación de DM con las variables: consumo de BGA, sexo, predisposición genética, edad, índice de masa corporal y etnia. Resultados: En la comunidad MO que se investigó un padre de familia promedio tiene un ingreso mensual por debajo de la línea de pobreza extrema y no existe control de la enfermedad de estudio: 68% tiene obesidad o sobrepeso y el consumo de BGA es entre medio y alto en 90% de la población. En forma multifactorial, hay probabilidad de manifestar la DM en función de las variables antes señaladas; mientras que, a excepción de estado nutricional y la edad, las demás son las más significativas. En gustos y preferencias, 52% opta por la marca de BGA Coca-Cola. Limitaciones de la investigación: Los resultados encontrados deberán complementarse con estudios de caso en comunidades con características similares y una muestra poblacional probabilística más amplia. Hallazgos: En la comunidad MO existe una relación entre el consumo de BGA y la DM y no hay control de la enfermedad. Este trabajo aporta al diseño de políticas públicas de prevención del daño a la salud por el consumo excesivo de BGA y su relación con la DM. De igual manera aquellas políticas públicas que rescaten y fomenten las buenas prácticas nutritivas entre las comunidades de los pueblos originarios.

Abstract Purpose: To analyze the contribution of the program "Sembrando Vida" in alleviating the poverty of male and female farmers using an Actor-Oriented Approach (AOA), to comprehend the program's impact on poverty reduction in Acayucan, Veracruz, Mexico. This analysis takes into consideration aspects such as employment, food self-sufficiency, the reconstruction of social fabric, forest recovery, the potential of territories, and overall well-being. Methodological design: This is an ethnographic study, using in-depth interviews and participant observation of ten farmers in the program over a period of seven months. The analysis of the information was carried out using NVivo software. Results: The program is partially fulfilling the objective to decrease poverty, because farmers still confront productive limitations, social vulnerability, higher investments, and technical-productive difficulties. Research limitations: The scope of the research only corresponds to the actors who participated in the research; therefore, the results cannot be generalized. Comparisons with more communities and with farmers not participating in the program would give a broader picture. Findings: This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of public interventions on development processes. The findings contribute to improving the implementation of the program and to developing future projects that consolidate the medium and long-term goals of the program.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la contribución del programa Sembrando Vida en el alivio de la pobreza de campesinas y campesinos desde un Enfoque Orientado al Actor (EOA), para comprender el impacto del programa en la disminución de la pobreza en Acayucan, Veracruz, México; considerando aspectos como: el empleo, la autosuficiencia alimentaria, la reconstrucción del tejido social, la recuperación forestal, el potencial de territorios y el bienestar. Diseño metodológico: esta investigación cualitativa es de carácter etnográfico, realizando entrevistas a profundidad y observación participante a diez agricultores del programa durante un periodo de siete meses. El análisis de la información se realizó a través del software NVivo. Resultados: el programa está cumpliendo parcialmente con su objetivo de combate a la pobreza, puesto que los campesinos aún enfrentan limitaciones productivas, vulnerabilidad social, mayores inversiones y dificultad técnico-productiva. Limitaciones de la investigación: los alcances de la investigación solo corresponden a los actores que participaron en ella, por lo tanto, los resultados no pueden generalizarse. Comparar con más comunidades y con campesinos no participantes del programa daría una visión más amplia. Hallazgos: se aporta una mayor comprensión del impacto de las intervenciones públicas en los procesos de desarrollo. Lo encontrado suma para la mejora del programa en su aplicación y en el desarrollo de futuros proyectos que consoliden las metas a mediano y largo plazo del programa.

Abstract Equitable and permanent access to public services is not always a priority for local management, especially in those territories and historically neglected populations. This contribution argues that in Copoya, a mostly ejido locality in the Metropolitan Zone of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, state and community service for drinking water supply is inefficient. The situation has worsened with urban growth and demand for land throughout the twentieth century. Interviews, field visits and press releases show that residents, due to the lack of water, look for alternatives such as purchasing pipes, backyard wells and untreated water systems. These alternatives do not solve the underlying issue and deepen their poverty and socio-territorial inequality. The article concludes that poor investment in projects does not allow a solution for the supply in the short and medium term.

Resumen El acceso equitativo y permanente a servicios públicos no siempre es una prioridad para la gestión local, en especial en territorios y poblaciones históricamente rezagadas. Esta contribución sostiene que en Copoya, localidad mayoritariamente ejidal de la Zona Metropolitana de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, el servicio estatal y comunitario por el suministro de agua potable no es eficiente. El problema se agudizó con el crecimiento urbano y la demanda por la tierra durante el siglo XX. A partir de entrevistas, recorridos de campo y notas de prensa, se destaca que la escasez del líquido lleva a sus residentes a buscar alternativas como la compra de pipas, pozos de traspatio y sistemas de agua no tratada que no resuelven el tema de fondo y que profundizan la pobreza y la desigualdad socioterritorial. Se concluye que la inexistencia de proyectos de inversión no permite una salida para el abastecimiento en el corto y mediano plazo.

Abstract Over the last few years, a context of poverty and uncertainty has been looming over the future of Brazil, bringing an increase in cost of living and unemployment along with it. In the face of this scenario, it is necessary to look for other opportunities for work and remuneration. As such, entrepreneurship appears as a possibility to generate an income source. Entrepreneurs do not always start businesses following conventional management theories, as they are subjects just looking for an opportunity to help them survive. This study looks for a possible characterization of the social innovator in a crossroads through the theories of three authors: Souza Neto, Sarasvathy and Carrieri, who focus on the entrepreneur performing social innovation, generating income for themselves and, most times, solving issues that have not been yet solved by the State in their territory. This study compares the aforementioned theories through an integrational literature review performed in 2022, with field observations of the researchers with entrepreneurs in peripheral areas as of 15 years ago. The objective is to characterize the social innovator in a crossroads in an attempt to extend the field of view to the small entrepreneur using gaps in the system, without systematic knowledge of management to perform their entrepreneurial activities.

Resumo Há um contexto de pobreza e incerteza perante o futuro no Brasil dos últimos anos, trazendo consigo o aumento do custo de vida e o desemprego. Nesse cenário faz-se necessária a busca por outras oportunidades de trabalho e remuneração. O empreendedorismo por necessidade surge, então, como uma opção possível para gerar renda. Estes empreendedores nem sempre começam os seus negócios de acordo com as teorias administrativas convencionais, pois são sujeitos que buscam oportunidades de sobrevivência. Este trabalho busca uma possível caracterização do inovador social de encruzilhada, através da teoria de três autores: Souza Neto, Sa-rasvathy e Carrieri, que focam no empreendedor que inova socialmente gerando renda para si e, na maior parte das vezes, resolvendo questões que ainda não foram resolvidas pelo Estado em seus territórios. Este trabalho compara estas teorias por meio de uma revisão integrativa de literatura realizada em 2022, com as observações de campo das pesquisadoras com empreendedores periféricos, há 15 anos. Buscamos caracterizar o inovador social de encruzilhada na tentativa de ampliar o olhar para esse pequeno empreendedor que utiliza as brechas do sistema sem um conhecimento sistemático de administração para realizar a sua forma de empreender.

Resumen Un contexto de pobreza e incertidumbre sobre el futuro azota a la población brasileña en los últimos años, trayendo consigo aumento del costo de vida y desempleo. En este escenario, es necesario buscar otras oportunidades de trabajo y remuneración. El emprendimiento por necesidad surge entonces como una opción posible para generar ingresos. Y estos emprendedores no siempre inician sus negocios de acuerdo con las teorías administrativas convencionales, ya que son individuos que buscan oportunidades de supervivencia. Este trabajo busca una posible caracterización del innovador social encrucijada, a través de la teoría de tres autores: Souza Neto, Sarasvathy y Carrieri, quien es el emprendedor que innova socialmente generando ingresos para sí mismo y la mayor parte del tiempo resolviendo problemas que aún no han sido resueltos por el Estado en sus territorios. Buscamos caracterizar al innovador social en la encrucijada en un intento de ampliar la mirada de este pequeño empresario que aprovecha los vacíos del sistema sin un conocimiento sistemático de la administración para llevar a cabo su forma de emprender.

Abstract The article exposes the public policy of closing the border of the Dominican Republic against the Haitian population since 1937, a situation that has been beneficial for global corporations that have increased their profit margins by taking advantage of the context of poverty, violence, and racism experienced by the Haitian population. The case of the textile corporation Compagnie Développement Industriel (CODEVI) is studied, which has placed an industrial site on the Haitian-Dominican border line. Methodologically, an anthropological and geographical study was carried out, consisting of interviews and visits to both workers and company officials, in addition to a documentary review of the economic policy of both countries and the legislation regulating transnational corporations. In this way, the creative political, legal, technical, and territorial devices used to exploit cheap Haitian labor are exposed, evidencing the national and racial segregation imposed by the textile company. It is concluded that this system of labor exploitation generates great economic profits in exchange for a minimal investment that does not contribute significantly to overcome the extreme poverty experienced by workers living in the impoverished Haitian border town of Ouanaminthe.

Resumen En el presente artículo se analiza la política racial de cierre de frontera que desde 1937 se ha instaurado en la zona dominico-haitiana, situación que ha resultado beneficiosa para corporativos globales que han incrementado sus márgenes de ganancia aprovechando el contexto de pobreza, violencia y racismo que vive la población haitiana. Se estudia el caso de la empresa textil Compagnie Développement Industriel (CODEVI), la cual ha desarrollado un sofisticado emplazamiento industrial sobre esta línea fronteriza. Metodológicamente se realiza un trabajo antropológico y geográfico que consistió en entrevistas y visitas tanto a personas trabajadoras como funcionarias de la empresa, además de una revisión documental de la política económica de ambos países y de legislaciones de corporaciones trasnacionales. De este modo, se exponen los ingeniosos dispositivos políticos, legales, técnicos y territoriales utilizados para explotar la mano de obra barata haitiana, evidenciando la segregación nacional y racial que impone la empresa textil. Se concluye que este sistema de explotación laboral obtiene grandes ganancias económicas a cambio de una mínima inversión que no contribuye significativamente a superar la extrema pobreza que viven trabajadores y trabajadoras que residen en la depauperada ciudad fronteriza haitiana de Ouanaminthe.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to examine the unique features of artisan enterprises in Ecuador and how cooperation programs and national peculiarities have influenced their development. Through descriptive and conceptual analysis, we can better understand how these organizations have evolved within the historical and economic context of rural regions in Ecuador. The primary findings suggest that poverty alleviation and control measures have significantly impacted the definition of artisan enterprises in Ecuador, which now closely resemble micro- enterprises. Development cooperation efforts in Ecuador have prioritized preserving artisanal production rather than replacing it with industrial production, promoting micro-enterprises growth as artisanal workshops.

RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar las características únicas de las empresas artesanales en Ecuador y cómo los programas de cooperación y las peculiaridades nacionales han influido en su desarrollo. A través del análisis descriptivo y conceptual, podemos comprender mejor cómo han evolucionado estas organizaciones dentro del contexto histórico y económico de las regiones rurales del Ecuador. Los principales hallazgos sugieren que las medidas de control y alivio de la pobreza han impactado significativamente la definición de empresas artesanales en Ecuador, que ahora se parecen mucho a las microempresas. Los esfuerzos de cooperación al desarrollo en Ecuador han priorizado preservar la producción artesanal en lugar de reemplazarla con producción industrial, promoviendo el crecimiento de microempresas como talleres artesanales.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo es exhibir la tendencia en la utilización de mujeres en la comisión de delitos económicos, con particular referencia al delito de evasión fiscal en la República Argentina. Para ello, metodológicamente, se recurre a la doctrina que ha analizado el problema, que aún es escasa, y principalmente a la jurisprudencia reciente de los Tribunales de dicho país. En los últimos años, los tribunales especializados en materia tributaria, penal tributaria y contenciosa tributaria destacan uno de los patrones socioculturales más perniciosos que existe, el uso de mujeres para delictivos en sentencias que se proponen ver los hechos con perspectiva de género. En general, estas maniobras se cometen con mujeres vulnerables y de bajos recursos, aunque también se advierte en mujeres sin esa condición, familiares -madres, esposas e hijas- de los autores materiales de los diferentes delitos. A modo de conclusión, en el trabajo se destaca que el fenómeno conocido como feminización de la pobreza lleva a mujeres a ser parte de maniobras delictivas que otros cometen en las que son utilizadas como accionistas o como presidentas de empresas creadas al único efecto de delinquir.

Resumo O objetivo do trabalho é exibir a tendência de utilização de mulheres na comissão de delitos econômicos, com referência particular ao delito de evasão fiscal na República Argentina. Para isso, metodologicamente, recorre-se à doutrina que analisou o problema, que ainda é escassa, e principalmente à jurisprudência recente dos Tribunais de dicho país. Com efeito, nos últimos anos os tribunais especializados em matéria tributária, tanto tributários penais como tributários de conteúdo, em sentenças que se propuseram uma visão dos hechos com perspectiva de gênero se destacam especialmente um dos patronos socioculturais mais perniciosos que existem que são o uso de mulheres com multas delitivas. Geralmente, se ele for levado a cabo com mulheres vulneráveis e de baixos recursos, mas também se aconselhará a mulheres sem suas condições, em geral familiares - mães, esposas e hijas - dos verdadeiros autores materiais dos diferentes delitos. Para concluir, no trabalho se destaca que o fenômeno conhecido como feminização da pobreza leva as mulheres a ser parte de maniobras delictivas que outras ocorrem nas que são utilizadas como acionistas ou como presidentes de empresas criadas como único efeito de delinquência.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to show the trend in the use of women in the commission of economic crimes, with particular reference to tax evasion in Argentina. To this end, methodologically, we resort to the doctrine that has analysed the problem, which is still scarce, and mainly to the recent jurisprudence of the Courts of that country. In fact, in recent years, the courts specialized in tax matters, both tax criminal and tax litigation, in judgments that have proposed a vision of the facts with a gender perspective, especially highlight one of the most pernicious socio-cultural patterns that exists, which is the use of women for criminal purposes. Generally, it is carried out with vulnerable and low-income women, although it is also observed in women without this condition, generally relatives - mothers, wives and daughters - of the real perpetrators of the different crimes.By way of conclusion, the paper highlights that the phenomenon known as the feminization of poverty leads women to be part of criminal maneuvers that other actors commit in which they are used as shareholders or as presidents of companies created for the sole purpose of committing crimes typical of economic crime.

Abstract Violence against women is a serious public health problem, with a marked social and economic impact. The objective of this article is to synthesize the theories that explain violence against women, contributing, from a theoretical perspective, to the understanding of risk factors. The research is basic and descriptive; the analytical-synthetic method was used to establish the essential elements of the information collected and formalize conclusions in this regard. The search for bibliographic sources was carried out in the Google Scholar database. Theories such as the cycle of violence, traumatic union, paradoxical punishment, battered women, among others, are presented. In addition, the importance of factors such as poverty, victimization, dysfunctional families, ineffective educational and judicial systems is recognized. Risk factors for gender violence were identified according to the different theoretical positions analyzed. The conclusions recognize the conduct of a significant amount of research on violence against women in the context of the pandemic. The proposal of theoretical foundations for each of the risk factors was made, which contributes to future research, especially in the Latin American space. It is considered that theories must be understood within the very dynamics that this phenomenon presents, focused on the variety of criteria, elements, variables, causes, consequences, conditions, etc.

Resumen La violencia contra la mujer constituye un grave problema de salud pública, con un marcado impacto social y económico. El objetivo de este artículo es sintetizar las teorías que explican la violencia contra la mujer, contribuyendo desde una perspectiva teórica a la comprensión los factores de riesgo. La investigación es básica y descriptiva; el método analítico-sintético se utilizó para establecer los elementos esenciales de la información recopilada y formalizar conclusiones al respecto. Se efectuó la búsqueda de fuentes bibliográficas en la base de datos Google Scholar. Se presentan teorías como el ciclo de la violencia, la unión traumática, el castigo paradójico, la mujer maltratada, entre otras. Además, se reconoce la importancia de factores como la pobreza, la victimización, familias disfuncionales, sistemas educativos y judiciales poco efectivos. Se identificaron los factores de riesgo para la violencia de género según las distintas posiciones teóricas analizadas. Las conclusiones reconocen la realización de una cantidad importante de investigaciones sobre violencia contra la mujer en el contexto de la pandemia. Se realizó la propuesta de fundamentos teóricos para cada uno de los factores de riesgo, lo que contribuye para futuras investigaciones, sobre todo en el espacio latinoamericano. Se considera que las teorías deben comprenderse dentro de la propia dinámica que presenta este fenómeno, centrados en la variedad de criterios, elementos, variables, causas, consecuencias, condiciones, etc.

INTRODUCTION: The rising prevalence of stroke in sub-Saharan Africa necessitates the exploration of the role of occupational therapy in rehabilitation of stroke. In the southern African country of South Africa, occupational therapy aligns with healthcare policies and laws, and this article presents a review of synthesized evidence of occupational therapy intervention in stroke care and rehabilitation. METHOD: Rapid review methodology was used to develop a research question about cerebrovascular accident - intervention by occupational therapists., The Cochrane Library and MEDLINE databases were searched for relevant articles published between 2018 and 2023. Twenty four articles met the inclusion criteria and were analysed according to quantitative and qualitative parameters. RESULTS: Evidence of occupational therapy intervention with post-stroke upper limb impairment was found in 37,5% of articles. Occupational therapy for global improvement in function, cognitive rehabilitation, balance, social participation, work, and leisure comprised 45,8% of articles, and one article each reported evidence for occupational therapy addressing ADL and caregiver interventions. CONCLUSION: Evidence from the past five years reflect diverse occupational therapy interventions with clients with stroke. Gaps in recent evidence remain in relation to context-specific interventions, especially from low- and middle-income countries. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Occupational therapists adopt a holistic approach to stroke rehabilitation, tailoring interventions to address the multifaceted needs and goals of individual stroke survivors. The effectiveness of individualised, occupation-based approaches across various domains are highlighted. • Therapists stay informed and up to date about emerging technologies and evidence-based practice to enhance their effectiveness in stroke rehabilitation. • This review provides evidence of the prevalence of upper limb impairments post-stroke, which will enable therapists to be well-versed in the diverse intervention approaches for upper limb rehabilitation as outlined in the literature reviewed, including technologies like Brain Computer Interface, Mental Practice, Mirror Therapy, and Action Observation Therapy. • Occupational therapy is vital in addressing cognitive impairments in stroke survivors, and practitioners can apply the evidence provided on interventions such as Virtual Reality and computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation that have shown promise in improving cognition and ADL.

SIGNIFICANCE: A paper recently published in AIDS and Behavior on 20 February 2024, authored by Trickey et al.¹, argues that drought potentially increases HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. They established a positive correlation between drought, poverty, sexual behaviour, and HIV contraction. The study's methodology is problematic, and does not consider key confounding factors, utilises data which is subject to biases, and utilises inappropriate means to define drought. We do not dispute the possibility that links exist between these variables, but assert that the data and methods used in this study are insufficient to support such a claim.

The South African food system is facing severe challenges as increasing hunger, rising food costs, lack of dietary diversity, child stunting, foodborne illnesses, food waste and an obesity epidemic coupled with malnutrition are observed. In this study, we aimed to establish the application of science and technology advances in the food and beverage industry in South Africa in response to food consumption pattern changes since 1994 and how they could be used to address food security challenges. We found that food consumption shifts have been towards sugar-sweetened beverages, processed and packaged food, animal-source foods and added caloric sweeteners, and away from vegetables. These dietary shifts are concerning as they relate to public health. Most commitments to improve the nutritional status of South Africans have been limited to corporate social investment strategies and should be extended into core business strategies. Furthermore, although the South African food and beverage industry has kept pace with developments in food manufacturing practices, there has been little experimentation with non-commercial novel technologies. The expert survey revealed that indigenous African crops and food waste recovery are the two most promising emerging food sources that could be available to South Africans in the shortest time frame. South Africa has many enabling drivers to become a global leader in food technology advances. However, many barriers need to be overcome for industry, academia and government to collaborate to advance novel food science and technologies to reach commercialisation. SIGNIFICANCE: • Drivers and consequences of food consumption changes in South Africa were modelled and broad food consumption trends between 1994 and 2009/2012 were identified. • For the first time, the Access to Nutrition Index methodology was applied to South African owned food companies to identify strategies to enhance nutrition practices. Companies need to do more to deliver affordable and accessible products. • Drivers and barriers in adopting advanced food science and technology were modelled. A collective ecosystem approach with industry, academia and government mobilisation around critical areas like hunger, malnutrition and poverty could be a way to tackle the failing food system.