Abstract Introduction: Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv) is a severe autosomal dominant systemic disease. It affects the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, heart, kidneys, and eyes. Amyloid deposition has been demonstrated in the glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments of the kidney. Therefore, urinary acidification disorders such as renal tubular acidosis (RTA) may be early manifestations of renal involvement in this population. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of RTA in individuals with ATTRv. Methods: We included symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals with TTR mutation, older than 18 years, GFR >45 mL/min/1.73m2, without systemic metabolic acidosis. Urinary acidification protocol was performed with furosemide and fludrocortisone after 12 h of water deprivation (water deprivation test - WDT) and measurements of urine ammonium ( UNH 4 +) and titratable acidity (UTA). Proximal RTA (pRTA) was diagnosed when FEHCO3>10%. Incomplete form distal RTA (dRTA) was diagnosed if UpH>5.3. Results: We selected 49 individuals with a mean age of 40 (35.5–56.5) years, 63% of which were female, 84% were Caucasian, and mean GFR was 85.5 ± 20.5 mL/min/1.73m2. 94% had the genetic variant Val50Met and 57% were symptomatic. The prevalence of pRTA was 2% and of dRTA was 16.3%. In the subgroup with dRTA, there was no significant increase in excretion of UNH 4 + and UTA. We observed a good correlation between UpH by potentiometry and UpH dipstick. A UpH<5.5 on the dipstick had 100% sensitivity and negative predictive value to exclude dRTA. Conclusion: A high prevalence of RTA was found in individuals with TTR mutations. The UpH dipstick after WDT had good accuracy for screening for dRTA. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of early diagnosis and treatment of RTA in this population. Introduction ATTRv (ATTRv disease systems heart kidneys eyes kidney Therefore (RTA population Objective Methods mutation 1 years 45 >4 mLmin173m2 mLminm mL min 73m2 m mL/min/1.73m2 UTA . (UTA) (pRTA FEHCO310 FEHCO FEHCO3 10 FEHCO3>10% (dRTA UpH53 5 3 UpH>5.3 Results 35.5–56.5 355565 35 56 (35.5–56.5 63 female 84 Caucasian 855 85 85. 205 20 20. 94 ValMet Val Met 57 2 163 16 16.3% UpH55 UpH<5. 100 Conclusion mutations > mLmin mLmin173m 73m mL/min/1.73m (UTA FEHCO31 FEHCO3>10 UpH5 UpH>5. 35.5–56. 35556 (35.5–56. 6 8 9 16.3 UpH<5 FEHCO3>1 UpH>5 35.5–56 3555 (35.5–56 16. UpH< FEHCO3> UpH> 35.5–5 355 (35.5–5 35.5– (35.5– 35.5 (35.5 35. (35. (35 (3

Resumo Introdução: A amiloidose hereditária por transtirretina (ATTRv) é uma doença sistêmica autossômica dominante grave. Afeta os sistemas nervoso periférico e autônomo, coração, rins e olhos. A deposição de amiloide foi demonstrada nos compartimentos glomerular e tubulointersticial do rim. Portanto, distúrbios de acidificação urinária, como acidose tubular renal (ATR), podem ser manifestações precoces de envolvimento renal nessa população. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de ATR em indivíduos com ATTRv. Métodos: Incluímos indivíduos sintomáticos e assintomáticos com mutação na TTR, maiores de 18 anos, TFG >45 mL/min/1,73m2, sem acidose metabólica sistêmica. Realizou-se protocolo de acidificação urinária com furosemida e fludrocortisona após 12 horas de privação hídrica (teste de restrição hídrica - TRH) e medições de amônia urinária ( uNH 4 +) e acidez titulável (uTA) na urina. ATR proximal (ATRp) foi diagnosticada quando FEHCO3>10%. ATR distal (ATRd) de forma incompleta foi diagnosticada se pHu>5,3. Resultados: Selecionamos 49 indivíduos com idade média de 40 (35,5–56,5) anos, 63% mulheres, 84% caucasianos e TFG média de 85,5 ± 20,5 mL/min/1,73m2. 94% apresentaram a variante genética Val50Met; 57% eram sintomáticos. A prevalência de ATRp foi 2% e a de ATRd foi 16,3%. No subgrupo com ATRd, não houve aumento significativo na excreção de uNH 4 + e uTA. Observamos uma boa correlação entre pHU por potenciometria e pHU por fita reagente. Um pHU<5,5 na fita reagente apresentou 100% de sensibilidade e valor preditivo negativo para excluir a ATRd. ConclusÃO: Uma alta prevalência de ATR foi encontrada em indivíduos com mutações na TTR. O pHU por fita reagente após TRH teve boa precisão para triagem de ATRd. São necessários mais estudos para avaliar o impacto do diagnóstico e tratamento precoces da ATR nessa população. Introdução ATTRv (ATTRv grave autônomo coração olhos rim Portanto ATR, , (ATR) população Objetivo Métodos TTR 1 anos 45 >4 mLmin173m2 mLminm mL min 73m2 m mL/min/1,73m2 Realizouse Realizou teste uTA (uTA urina (ATRp FEHCO310 FEHCO FEHCO3 10 FEHCO3>10% (ATRd pHu53 pHu 5 3 pHu>5,3 Resultados 35,5–56,5 355565 35 56 (35,5–56,5 63 mulheres 84 855 85 85, 205 20 20, 94 Val50Met ValMet Val Met 57 2 163 16 16,3% pHU55 pHU<5, 100 ConclusÃO (ATR > mLmin mLmin173m 73m mL/min/1,73m FEHCO31 FEHCO3>10 pHu5 pHu>5, 35,5–56, 35556 (35,5–56, 6 8 9 16,3 pHU5 pHU<5 FEHCO3>1 pHu>5 35,5–56 3555 (35,5–56 16, pHU< FEHCO3> pHu> 35,5–5 355 (35,5–5 35,5– (35,5– 35,5 (35,5 35, (35, (35 (3

Abstract Cutaneous melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer, is the leading cause of death among skin neoplasms. Hence, this study focused on developing a 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM)-loaded pomegranate oil (PO) nanocapsule suspensions and their potential effects on melanoma cells. Nanocapsule suspensions were prepared by the interfacial deposition method (Eudragit ® RS100). Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) nanocapsules were produced for comparison. The of nanocapsule suspensions showed nanometric size (<180 nm), low polydispersity index (<0.12) (as measured by dynamic light scattering), positive zeta potential (tested by capillary microelectrophoresis), pH below 5.0 (as measured by potentiometry), DIM content, and nearly 100% encapsulation efficiency (evaluated by HPLC). The formulations were considered non-irritating (according to HET-CAM) regardless of the core constitution. Notably, PO-based nanocapsules showed a superior performance compared to the MCT-containing formulation in delaying DIM light degradation (tested by UVC radiation), lowering genotoxicity (determined by Allium cepa ), and increasing in vitro antioxidant action (measured by ABTS and FRAP). Additionally, the PO-based formulation demonstrated higher in vitro antitumoral activity in B16F10 than MCT nanocarriers (IC 50 of 6.49 and >24 µg/mL, respectively), and antimetastatic capacity by reducing B16F10 cell adhesion, colonization, and migration. Based on these results, this study suggests that the nanoencapsulation of DIM into PO nanocapsules may be a promising approach in melanoma treatment. cancer neoplasms Hence 3,3diindolylmethane 33diindolylmethane diindolylmethane 3,3 3 DIMloaded loaded (PO cells Eudragit RS100. RS100 RS . RS100) Mediumchain Medium chain (MCT comparison <180 180 (<18 nm, nm , nm) <0.12 012 0 12 (<0.12 as scattering, scattering scattering) tested microelectrophoresis, microelectrophoresis microelectrophoresis) 5 5. potentiometry, potentiometry potentiometry) content 100 evaluated HPLC. HPLC HPLC) nonirritating non irritating according HETCAM HET CAM HET-CAM constitution Notably PObased based MCTcontaining containing radiation, radiation radiation) determined ) FRAP. FRAP FRAP) Additionally BF B F B16F1 IC 649 6 49 6.4 24 >2 µgmL µg mL µg/mL respectively, respectively respectively) adhesion colonization migration results treatment 3diindolylmethane 33 3, RS10 <18 18 (<1 <0.1 01 1 (<0.1 10 B16F 64 4 6. 2 > RS1 <1 (< <0. (<0. < ( <0 (<0

ABSTRACT Introduction: The factors that allow the management of river systems at metallic contamination risk, must be clearly identified in order to reduce the degree of contamination and mitigate its effects. The objective of the work was to develop and implement a procedure for the sustainable management of river systems at risk of metal contamination, which serve as a tool to facilitate decision making at the territorial level. Methods: It was established the conceptual model (dimensions, categories and indicators) and the implementation procedure by expert consultations. During the implementation in the Pedroso-Mampostón river system, they were used ICPMS and RX- fluorescence techniques, catalytic oxidation, gaseous phase chromatography, potentiometry and X-ray diffraction. They were used semi-structured interviews and team work to obtain information and communicate results. Results: The conceptual model consists in two subsystems (Monitoring and Response), that characterize pollution and categorize ecosystems by evaluating six abiotic and eight biotic indicators. It was defined the procedure that guides the implementation of the model in four stages and it was applied in the Pedroso-Mampostón river system, which allowed its hydrological units to be categorized: Mampostón Dam-Category I; Ganuza River, Mampostón River and Pedroso Dam-Category IV. Contamination is characterized as widespread-restricted, frequent and very dangerous. There is evidence of toxicity in fish (moderate-high CPEt: concentrations of Cd not recommended for consumption in 37.5%-44.0%; high Pb content in 14%-20%) and plants (PDF in macrophytes: 16%-32% Cd and Pb). In humans, there is a chronic non-carcinogenic danger from a consumption of 81 g.day-1 and a real-restricted carcinogenic risk. Conclusions: The procedure can be useful to other ecosystems at metallic contamination risk.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los factores que permiten el manejo de sistemas fluviales en riesgo de contaminación metálica, deben estar identificados con claridad para lograr disminuir el grado de contaminación y la mitigación de sus efectos. El trabajo tuvo como objetivo desarrollar e implementar un procedimiento que permita el manejo sostenible de sistemas fluviales en riesgo de contaminación metálica, como herramienta para facilitar la toma de decisiones a nivel territorial. Métodos: Mediante el método de consulta a expertos, se establecieron las dimensiones, categorías e indicadores que integran el modelo conceptual y el procedimiento de monitoreo y gestión de sistemas fluviales en riesgo de contaminación metálica. Durante la implementación en el sistema fluvial Pedroso-Mampostón, se utilizaron técnicas de Espectrometría de masas por plasma inducido y acoplado y fluorescencia de rayos X, oxidación catalítica, cromatografía en fase gaseosa, potenciometría y difracción de rayos X. Se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y trabajo grupal para obtener información y comunicar resultados. Resultados: El modelo conceptual consta de 2 subsistemas que permiten, mediante la evaluación de 6 indicadores abióticos y 8 bióticos, caracterizar la contaminación y categorizar los ecosistemas. El procedimiento que guía la implementación del modelo se definió en 4 etapas y se aplicó en el sistema fluvial Pedroso-Mampostón, lo que permitió categorizar sus unidades hidrológicas: presa Mampostón-Categoría I; ríos Ganuza y Mampostón y derivadora Pedroso; categoría IV. La contaminación se caracteriza como diseminada-restringida, frecuente y muy peligrosa. Existen evidencias de toxicidad en peces (CPEt moderado-alto: concentraciones de Cd no recomendables para el consumo en el 37,5 % el 44,0 %; contenido de Pb elevado en el 14 % al 20 %) y plantas (PDF en macrófitas: 16 % al 32 % Cd y Pb). En el hombre, existe peligro crónico para un consumo de 81 gr/día-1 y riesgo carcinogénico (real-restringido). Como conclusiones, el procedimiento aplicado puede ser generalizable a otros ecosistemas en riesgo.

Abstract The locust bean gum (LBG) is a polysaccharide with thickening, stabilizing and gelling properties and it has been used in the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations. Hydrogels (HGs) are obtained from natural or synthetic materials that present interesting properties for skin application. This study aimed to develop HGs from LBG using indole-3-carbinol (I3C) as an asset model for cutaneous application. HGs were prepared by dispersing LBG (2%, 3% and 4% w/v) directly in cold water. The formulations showed content close to 0.5 mg/g (HPLC) and pH ranging from 7.25 to 7.41 (potentiometry). The spreadability factor (parallel plate method) was inversely proportional to LBG concentration. The rheological evaluation (rotational viscometer) demonstrated a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow behavior (Ostwald De Weale model), which is interesting for cutaneous application. The HET-CAM evaluation showed the non-irritating characteristic of the formulations. The bioadhesive potential demonstrated bioadhesion in a concentration-dependent manner. Permeation in human skin using Franz cells showed that the highest LBG concentration improved the skin distribution profile with greater I3C amounts in the viable skin layers. The present study demonstrated the feasibility of preparing HGs with LBG and the formulation with the highest polymer concentration was the most promising to transport active ingredients through the skin. (LBG thickening (HGs application indole3carbinol indolecarbinol indole 3 carbinol IC I C (I3C 2%, 2 (2% 4 w/v wv w v water 05 0 5 0. mgg mg g HPLC (HPLC 725 7 25 7.2 741 41 7.4 potentiometry. potentiometry . (potentiometry) parallel method rotational viscometer nonNewtonian non Newtonian Ostwald model, , model) HETCAM HET CAM nonirritating irritating concentrationdependent dependent manner layers 2% (2 72 7. 74 (potentiometry (

ABSTRACT In this work, a nitrate selective polymeric liquid membrane electrode was evaluated in real samples using diethylphthalate (DEP) as plasticizer, trioctyl methyl ammonium chloride (ClTOMA) as ionophore and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as matrix, on a conductive support. The constructed electrode showed a fast potentiometric response to nitrate ion in the concentration range 10-6 to 10-2mol ∙ L-1, with an overnernstian slope of -70,14 ± 1,93 mV ∙ dec-1. Sensor membranes reported in the literature made up of the same ionophore and matrix were compared with the DEP being the one with the highest sensitivity due to its higher electrode response slope value. The measurement uncertainty was estimated under conditions of intermediate precision of the analysis for 95 % confidence at three concentration levels with values of 10 % for contents less than 10 mg ∙ L-1, 5,9 % for contents close to 40 mg ∙ L-1 and 5,1 % for contents greater than 80 mg ∙ L-1.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se evaluó, en muestras reales, un electrodo de membrana líquida polimérica selectivo a nitrato, empleando el dietilftalato (DEP) como plastificante, cloruro de trioctil metil amonio (ClTOMA) como ionóforo, y cloruro de polivinilo (PVC) como matriz, sobre un soporte conductor. El electrodo construido mostró una rápida respuesta potenciométrica al ion nitrato en el rango de concentración 10-6 a 10-2 mol ∙ L-1, con pendiente overnernstiana de -70,14 ± 1,93 mV ∙ déc-1. Se compararon membranas sensoras reportadas en literatura constituidas por el mismo ionóforo y matriz, siendo la del DEP la de mayor sensibilidad por su mayor valor de pendiente de respuesta electródica. Se estimó la incertidumbre de la medición en condiciones de precisión intermedia del análisis para un 95 % de confianza a tres niveles de concentración con valores de 10 % para contenidos menores de 10 mg ∙ L-1; 5,9 % para contenidos cercanos a 40 mg ∙ L-1 y 5,1 % para contenidos mayores de 80 mg ∙ L-1.

Abstract A microscale method was developed for the determination of titratable acidity of tea (Camellia sinensis) and compared with the recommended method. The results obtained show that the method developed is satisfactory: the values obtained are very similar to those of the reference method and showed a linear correlation with a value of R2 = 0.8901. The method developed can be used as a teaching method in chemistry laboratories for the physicochemical characterization of drinks made from Camellia sinensis.

Resumen Se desarrolló un método a microescala para la determinación de la acidez titulable de té (Camellia sinensis) y se comparó con el método recomendado. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el método desarrollado es satisfactorio: los valores obtenidos son muy similares a los del método de referencia y mostraron una correlación lineal con un valor de R2 = 0.8901. El método desarrollado se puede emplear como método de enseñanza en los laboratorios de química para la caracterización fisicoquímica de bebidas elaboradas a base de Camellia sinensis.

Resumo Um método em microescala para a determinação da acidez titulável do chá (Camellia sinensis) foi desenvolvido e comparado com o método recomendado. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o método desenvolvido é satisfatório: os valores obtidos são muito semelhantes aos do método de referência e apresentaram uma correlação linear com um valor de R2 = 0,8901. O método desenvolvido pode ser utilizado como método de ensino em laboratórios de química para a caracterização físico-química de bebidas à base de Camellia sinensis.

ABSTRACT Identifying the type and best lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment conditions for bioconversion processes requires structural and compositional changes evaluating after its application. This paper presents a review of the main methods used for pretreatments evaluation in lignocellulosic biomass, with emphasis in those used to improve biogas production. It is concluded that modern procedures that use techniques such as chromatography for quantification are more accurate, but very expensive and laborious, which is why classical methods, such as Weender and Van Soest for the analysis of structural carbohydrates and lignin, continue to be used, and potentiometry and colorimetry results attractive alternatives in other determinations. The qualitative changes of its components, such as relocation and the way in which they interact, is another important aspect when interpreting results obtained by applying pretreatments.

RESUMEN La identificación del tipo y las mejores condiciones de pretratamiento para procesos de bioconversión de biomasas lignocelulósicas, requiere evaluar los cambios estructurales y composicionales después de su aplicación. En este trabajo se presenta una revisión de los principales métodos empleados para la evaluación de pretratamientos en biomasas lignocelulósicas, haciendo énfasis en los utilizados para mejorar la producción de biogás. Se concluye que los procedimientos modernos que emplean técnicas como la cromatografía para la cuantificación son más exactos, pero muy costosos y trabajosos, por lo que se continúan empleando métodos clásicos, como Weender y Van Soest para el análisis de carbohidratos estructurales y lignina, así como la potenciometría y colorimetría como alternativas atractivas en otras determinaciones. Los cambios cualitativos de sus componentes, así como la relocalización y forma de interacción entre ellos, es otro aspecto de suma importancia a la hora de interpretar los resultados obtenidos por la aplicación de pretratamientos.

Resumen Los Andes juegan un papel importante en la provisión de los servicios ecosistémicos, sin embargo, la mayor amenaza que hoy enfrenta es la contaminación del suelo por metales pesados, los cuales constituyen un riesgo por la interacción del hombre y el medio ambiente, en este entender se hace necesario fomentar investigaciones en la región montañosa en actividades que contravengan al desarrollo sostenible de la región. El objetivo fue evaluar el nivel de contaminación de suelo por metales pesados por medio del índice de geo acumulación y predecir la influencia que ejerce el pH y materia orgánica en la distribución de los metales en el suelo. La metodología implicó la extracción de cuatro muestras de suelo obtenidas en zona colindante a la quebrada Paxa, lugar de vertimiento de los residuos mineros; se evaluó la concentración total de Arsénico, Bario, Cadmio, Cobre, Cromo, Plomo, Níquel y Zinc por el método espectrofotometría de emisión óptica, pH y materia orgánica por potenciometría y colorimetría respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron Índices de geo acumulación para el As, Cd y Pb con nivel en el rango de moderadamente a fuertemente contaminado (clase 1,2 y 3 respectivamente), mientras que los suelos no resultaron contaminados con Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni y Zn (clase 0), ello representa un riesgo para el ecosistema Andino, dadas las características ácidas del suelo (4.1) y mínimo contenido de materia orgánica (0.8%), que promoverán la solubilidad y movilidad de los metales pesados en el suelo.

Abstract The Andes plays an important role in the providing of ecosystem services, however, the greatest threat it faces today is soil contamination by heavy metals, which constitutes a risk in the interaction of man and the environment, in this understanding it is necessary to promote research in the mountainous region in activities that contravene the sustainable development of the region. In this sense, the objective of this study is to evaluate the level of soil contamination by heavy metals by means of the geo-accumulation index and to predict the influence of pH and organic matter on the distribution of metals in the soil. The methodology involved the extraction of four soil samples obtained in an area adjacent to the Paxa stream, where mining waste was dumped; the total concentration of Arsenic, Barium, Cadmium, Copper, Chromium, Lead, Nickel and Zinc was evaluated by the optical emission spectrophotometry method, pH and organic matter by potentiometry and colorimetry, respectively. The results showed geo-accumulation indices for As, Cd, and Pb with moderately to heavily contaminated (class 1, 2 and 3, respectively). In contrast, soils were not contaminated with Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn (class 0), which represents a risk for the Andean ecosystem, given the acidic characteristics of the soil (4.08) and minimum organic matter content (0.9%), which will promote the solubility and mobility of heavy metals in the ground.

Abstract Two carbon paste electrodes for oxymetazoline hydrochloride were constructed based on ion pair complexes of this drug, with sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) or ammonium reineckate, using dibutyl phthalate and dioctyl phthalate as solvent mediators, respectively. The developed electrodes displayed a fast, stable response over the concentration range from 3.98x10-5 to 1x10-2 M oxymetazoline hydrochloride, with a near-nernstian slope of 59.0, 58.2 mV of concentration decade-1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.31x10-5 and 3.72x10-5 M, in the oxymetazoline-tetraphenylborate and oxymetazoline-reineckate cases, respectively. The developed electrodes have been successfully applied for oxymetazoline hydrochloride determination in the Afrin nasal drop pharmaceutical formulation.

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio sensorial de Queso Molido Nariñense. Se emplearon muestras elaboradas con diferentes concentraciones de NaCl (C1 = 0,62%, C2 = 0,87%, C3 = 1,05%, C4 = 1,74%, C5 = 2,71%, y C6 = 5,34%) para determinar la concentración preferida por los consumidores. Se observó que la muestra C4 tuvo el mayor grado de aceptación, seguida de C2, C3 y C5, mientras que C1 y C6 tuvieron la menor aceptación. Los consumidores pudieron distinguir las diferencias de sal por encima del 0,27%. De la correlación sensorial-instrumental se encontró que es posible predecir la reacción de los consumidores con respecto a su aceptabilidad y percepción. Este resultado mostró que una concentración extremadamente baja o muy alta de sal da como resultado una baja aceptación del queso por parte de los consumidores.

ABSTRACT A sensory study was conducted at the Universidad Santiago de Cali with Queso Molido Nariñense. To determine the preferred levels of concentration acceptable by consumers, samples were made with different concentrations of NaCl (C1 = 0.62%, C2 = 0.87%, C3 = 1.05%, C4 = 1.74%, C5 = 2.71%, and C6 = 5.34%). The results show that sample C4 had the highest degree of acceptance, followed by C2, C3, and C5, while C1 and C6 had the lowest acceptance. Consumers were able to distinguish salt differences above 0.27%. It was possible to predict consumer reaction regarding their levels of acceptability and perception using the Sensory-Instrumental correlation. This result showed that either an extremely low or a very high level of concentration of salt in cheese could result in a low acceptance by consumers.

Spectrophotometry and potentiometry techniques were used to quantify silver in an ophthalmic solution. A standard solution of silver nanoparticles was synthesized, from which an analytical method was developed to quantify silver in the sample. Potentiometric titrations of three samples were made, using an electrochemical cell containing an alternative metallic indicator electrode and an Ag|AgCl double junction reference electrode, connected to a potentiometer. A digital burette containing a standard solution 5.00 x 10-3 mol L-1 NaCl was used. Characterization of the ophthalmic solution by spectrophotometry showed that Ag in this medicine is in the form of nanoparticles. The sample preparation for potentiometric measurements was carried out using a mixture of 50 µL of the ophthalmic solution and 2.00 mL of nitric acid. The average concentrations of Ag obtained were 1.65 ± 0.03% (w/v) by spectrophotometry, and 1.73 ± 0.06% (w/v) by potentiometry. The relative standard deviations were 2% and 4%, respectively. The precision of the measurements obtained by the cited methods showed no significant differences (f test). It was also observed that average silver concentrations obtained by the two methods were not statistically different (t test). Both tests were made at a 95% confidence level.

Methemoglobinemia is a rare condition with serious consequences if not diagnosed. We report the case of a 64-year-old woman with a history of allergy to sulfa drugs and a recent diagnosis of a small vessel vasculitis (ANCA-p) who started induction therapy with corticosteroids and rituximab. Due to the need for infectious prophylaxis, and considering her history, dapsone was administered instead of cotrimoxazole after ruling out glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. During the admission to the hospital for her second dose of rituximab, and while being asymptomatic, she persistently presented a pulse oximetry ≪ 90% despite the administration of O2. Therefore, the infusion was postponed to study the patient. The arterial gasometric study by direct potentiometry revealed an O2 saturation of 98%, with a saturation gap > 5%. Considering the use of dapsone, a methemoglobinemia was suspected and confirmed by co-oximetry (methemoglobinemia 9%). Dapsone was suspended and one week later, her methemoglobinemia was absent.

Abstract Introduction The use of dentifrices and mouthwashes or mouthwashes that have fluoride in their composition has been extended since it has been shown that this element has a high activity against cariogenic bacteria. However, excessive intake of any of these products can cause poisoning that leads to various long-term pathologies. Objectives The objective of this study is to determine the fluoride content of dental products (dentifrices and mouthwashes) to assess whether there is any type of risk by accidentally ingesting large amounts of these in certain population groups and comparing the experimental levels with those declared in the labelling. Material and methods A total of 117 samples of dental products have been analyzed by potentiometry with fluoride selective ion electrode. Results and discussion The highest concentration of fluoride (18412±0.009 mg/kg) has been recorded in the Vitis® junior tutti frutti flavor toothpaste. The highest level of fluoride found in mouthwashes (2703±38.4 mg/L) has been registered under the Lacer® Oros brand. Conclusions There is no risk if brushing is done correctly and, in the case of children, in a supervised way to avoid accidental ingestion. However, if produced, very high amounts of these products would be needed to trigger a toxic effect in the short and long term.

Resumen Introducción El uso de dentífricos y enjuagues bucales o colutorios que tienen fluoruro en su composición se ha ampliado ya que se ha demostrado que este elemento tiene una alta actividad contra las bacterias cariogénicas. Sin embargo, una ingesta excesiva de cualquiera de estos productos, puede producir intoxicaciones que conducen a diversas patologías a largo plazo. Objetivos El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el contenido de fluoruro de productos dentales (dentífricos y colutorios) para evaluar si existe algún tipo de riesgo al ingerir accidentalmente grandes cantidades de estos en ciertos grupos de población y comparar los niveles experimentales con los declarados en el etiquetado. Material y métodos Se han analizado un total de 117 muestras de productos dentales mediante potenciometría con electrodo de ion selectivo de fluoruro. Resultados y discusión Se ha registrado la mayor concentración de fluoruro (18412±0.009 mg/kg) en el dentífrico Vitis® junior sabor tutti frutti. El mayor nivel de fluoruro encontrado en los colutorios (2703±38.4 mg/L) ha sido registrado en la marca Lacer® Oros. Conclusiones No existe ningún tipo de riesgo si el cepillado se realiza correctamente y, en el caso de los niños, de forma supervisada para evitar ingestiones accidentales. No obstante, de producirse, se necesitarían cantidades muy altas de estos productos para desencadenar un efecto tóxico a corto y largo plazo.

Resumo Introdução A fluoretação das águas de abastecimento público é uma medida importante na prevenção à cárie dentária. Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e monitorar os teores de flúor nas águas de abastecimento público em um município de pequeno porte no Nordeste do Brasil. Material e método O estudo apresenta uma abordagem quantitativa de caráter descritivo. Foram selecionados 3 pontos para realizar coleta das águas duas vezes no mês na zona urbana do município durante 12 meses. A concentração de flúor foi obtida pela média das três leituras das amostras analisadas para cada ponto de coleta e classificadas conforme critério proposto pelo Centro Colaborador do Ministério da Saúde em Vigilância da Saúde Bucal. Resultado Segundo o critério utilizado (0,55 – 0,84 mg/L F), apenas 9,7% das amostras estavam dentro do considerado ideal. Conclusão Observou-se que a fluoretação das águas nesse município foi interrompida, pois muitas amostras de água apresentaram níveis de flúor abaixo dos valores mínimos aceitáveis.

Abstract Introduction Fluoridation of public water supply is an important measure in the prevention of dental caries. Objective This study aimed to monitor the fluoride (F) concentrations of a public water supply with water fluoridation program in a small municipality in the Northeast region of Brazil. Material and method It is a quantitative study with a descriptive approach. Three points of the urban area were selected for collecting water samples twice a month for 12 months. The average of F concentrations was calculated considering these three samples of each collection point at the same occasion. F concentrations in the water samples were determined by potentiometry and the results were classified according to the criterion proposed by criterion set down by Collaborating Center of the Brazilian Ministry of Health for Oral Health Surveillance. The samples were classified according to the best risk-benefit adjustment (0.55 – 0.84 mg F /L). Result Less than 10% of the samples were within the ideal range. Conclusion It was observed that water fluoridation in this municipality was interrupted since many water samples showed f-levels below the minimal acceptable values.

Abstract Objective To determine by experimentation whether micafungin and anidulafungin possess physicochemical properties suitable for nebulization. Method PH, osmolality, viscosity, density and chloride content were determined by pH monitoring, osmometry, viscometry, densitometry and potentiometry in two samples of different concentrations, 5 and 10 mg/mL each echinocandin. Results The results obtained for micafungin solution were: pH 5.80 (0.14), osmolality 293.33 (1.53) mOsm/kg, chloride content 134.67 (0.58) mmol/L and density 1,009.4 (0,1) kg/m3; while for 10 mg/mL solution: osmolality 342.00 (1.00) mOsm/kg, chloride content 139.67 (0.58) mmol/L and density 1,014.5 (0.2) kg/m3. The results obtained for 5 mg/mL anidulafungin were: pH 4.22 (0.01), osmolality 464.67 (2.52) mOsm/kg, chloride content 137.00 (0.00) mmol/L and density 1,016.5 (0,2) kg/m3; while for 10 mg/mL solution: osmolality 656.33 (1.15) mOsm/kg, chloride content 132.00 (0.00) mmol/L and density 1,029.8 (0.4) kg/m3. Conclusions PH, osmolality, chloride content and density values proved to be suitable for proper tolerability by nebulization.

Resumen Objetivo Determinar experimentalmente si micafungina y anidulafungina poseen propiedades fisicoquímicas adecuadas para su nebulización. Método Se determinó el pH, la osmolalidad, la viscosidad, la densidad y el contenido en cloruros mediante pH-metría, osmometría, viscosimetría, densitometría y potenciometría, respectivamente, en dos muestras de diferente concentración, 5 y 10 mg/ml, de cada equinocandina. Resultados Para la solución de micafungina 5 mg/ml los resultados obtenidos fueron: pH 5,80 (0,14), osmolalidad 293,33 (1,53) mOsm/kg, contenido en cloruros 134,67 (0,58) mmol/l y densidad 1.009,4 (0,1) kg/m3; y para la solución de 10 mg/ml: osmolalidad 342,00 (1,00) mOsm/kg, contenido en cloruros 139,67 (0,58) mmol/l y densidad 1.014,5 (0,2) kg/m3. Para la solución de anidulafungina 5 mg/ml los resultados obtenidos fueron: pH 4,22 (0,01), osmolalidad 464,67 (2,52) mOsm/kg, contenido en cloruros 137,00 (0,00) mmol/l y densidad 1.016,5 (0,2) kg/m3; y para la solución de 10 mg/ml: osmolalidad 656,33 (1,15) mOsm/kg, contenido en cloruros 132,00 (0,00) mmol/l y densidad 1.029,8 (0,4) kg/m3. Conclusiones Los valores de pH, osmolalidad, contenido en cloruros y densidad resultaron adecuados para una correcta tolerabilidad mediante nebulización.