ABSTRACT Introduction: Influenza is a global threat, with high epidemic potential and affects between 5 and 15% of the world's population annually. In the hospital environment, vaccination is crucial to protect healthcare professionals. However, despite international recommendations, vaccination uptake is low due to safety concerns and/or distrust. Studies show that vaccinated professionals have lower rates of absenteeism, and when infected with the virus, they present milder symptoms. In this work, a retrospective cross-sectional observational study is carried out on the vaccination rate against this disease in a population of hospital-based workers, from 2019 to 2023. To understand the importance of vaccination against Influenza in these workers and which behavioral determinants may justify considering this evolution, we carried out a review of the challenges of vaccination among health professionals and identified key points to develop strategies with the aim of promoting adherence to vaccination campaigns. Methodology: For the observational study, vaccination data from hospital health professionals by the Occupational Health Service was used, recorded on a specific form at the time of administration. Professional category was the only variable considered. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft® Excel®. For the review, the databases Medline, Science Direct and Google Scholar were used, with the keywords "Influenza vaccine”, “health professional” and “behaviour”, selecting studies from 2010 to 2024. From the result of 1277 works, the exclusion criteria, which included vaccination for other diseases and target populations that did not include health professionals, 22 bibliographic sources were selected. To reflect the national reality, articles on the topic published by the Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional Online were included, as well as complementary studies and reference documents. Results: The study of adherence to flu vaccination in this hospital peripheral to Lisbon, between 2019 and 2023, showed a variation in vaccination adherence, with an average of 30%, a value below the ones reported in other countries. The categories most hesitant about this vaccine were Nursing Staff and Technical Assistants; at the opposite extreme, there was greater adherence from Medical Personnel and Technical Assistants. During the COVID-19 Pandemic, an increasing number of professionals were vaccinated annually, with this trend reversing after the end of the global emergency of this disease. From the review of the literature on vaccine hesitancy, 8 of the 14 behavioral domains stand out that represent theories of behavioral change that constitute modifiable factors that influence behavior in relation to the vaccine. We approach each of them from this perspective, namely: knowledge, the environmental context and resources, social influence, beliefs and knowledge about consequences, beliefs about individual capacity, identity and social/professional role, reinforcement and emotion. Discussion: Flu vaccine hesitancy among healthcare professionals can be a cause of morbidity and mortality for patients. Understanding the barriers and motivation for healthcare professionals to adhere to flu vaccination campaigns is crucial. Professionals who are asymptomatic carriers become sources of transmission. Annual vaccination, although safe and effective, faces variability due to antigenic concordance. In Portugal, educational and communication strategies are vital, highlighting the role of health professionals as models of preventive behavior. Easy access to medical consultations and Occupational Health recommendations is associated with greater adherence. In times of pandemic, the propensity for vaccination has increased, and it is important to promote this change. Strategies adapted to the cultural context are essential to boost adherence to Influenza vaccination among healthcare professionals. Conclusion: The approach to combating barriers and promoting vaccination among healthcare professionals must involve multiple areas and multiple levels, with communication targeted at specific groups, to increase its effectiveness. The message must be adapted to different population groups and different levels of health literacy. Knowing these behavioral determinants can help develop vaccination promotion campaigns from new perspectives and finding strategies to increase vaccination coverage is crucial for Occupational Health Services. Due to the ethical characteristics of the professions involved in providing direct care to patients, there is a need to reinforce the idea that vaccination among healthcare professionals is not only for their benefit, but above all for the protection of their patients.

RESUMO Introdução: A Gripe é uma ameaça global, com alto potencial epidémico e afeta anualmente entre 5 a 15% da população mundial. No ambiente hospitalar, a vacinação é crucial para proteger os Profissionais de Saúde. No entanto, apesar das recomendações internacionais, a adesão é baixa devido a preocupações de segurança e/ou desconfiança. Estudos mostram que os profissionais vacinados têm menores taxas de absentismo e, perante infeção pelo vírus, apresentam sintomatologia mais ligeira. Neste trabalho é realizado um estudo observacional transversal retrospetivo da taxa de vacinação contra esta doença numa população de trabalhadores de base hospitalar, no período de 2019 a 2023. Para compreender a importância da vacinação contra a Influenza nestes trabalhadores e quais os determinantes comportamentais que podem justificar esta evolução, realizou-se uma revisão dos desafios da vacinação entre Profissionais de Saúde, para identificar pontos chave e elaborar estratégias com o objetivo de promover a adesão às campanhas de vacinação. Metodologia: Para o estudo observacional da taxa de adesão à vacinação contra a Gripe num hospital periférico foram utilizados os dados de vacinação dos Profissionais de Saúde disponibilizados nos registos do Serviço de Saúde Ocupacional. A categoria profissional foi a única variável considerada. A análise dos dados foi realizada com o Microsoft® Excel®. Para a revisão recorreu-se às bases de dados Medline, Science Direct, Google Scholar; com as palavras-chave "Influenza vaccine”; “health professional” e “behaviour" e filtraram-se estudos de 2010 a 2024. Resultaram 1277 trabalhos e, após aplicar os critérios de exclusão, que incluíam vacinação para outras doenças e populações alvo que não os Profissionais de Saúde, foram selecionadas 22 fontes bibliográficas. Para espelhar a realidade nacional foram incluídos os artigos sobre o tema publicados pela Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional Online, assim como estudos complementares e documentos de referência. Resultados: O estudo da adesão à vacinação contra a Gripe neste hospital periférico a Lisboa, entre 2019 e 2023, mostrou uma variação na adesão à vacinação, com uma média de 30%, valor abaixo dos valores reportados noutros países. As categorias com maior hesitação a esta vacina foram o Pessoal de Enfermagem e os Assistentes Técnicos. Na situação oposta estavam o Pessoal Médico e os Assistentes Técnicos. Durante a Pandemia COVID-19 existiu um número crescente de profissionais vacinados anualmente, tendo esta tendência invertido após o fim da emergência global desta doença. Da revisão da bibliografia sobre a hesitação vacinal destaca-se 8 dos 14 domínios comportamentais que representam as teorias de mudança comportamental que constituem fatores modificáveis que influenciam a atitude em relação à vacina. Abordou-se sobre esta perspetiva cada um deles, nomeadamente, o conhecimento; o contexto ambiental e recursos; influência social; crenças e conhecimento sobre consequências; bem como sobre a capacidade individual; identidade e papel social/profissional; reforço e emoção. Discussão: A hesitação vacinal contra a Gripe entre Profissionais de Saúde pode ser uma causa de morbilidade e mortalidade para os doentes. Compreender as barreiras e motivação para a adesão dos Profissionais de Saúde às campanhas de vacinação contra a Gripe é crucial. Profissionais portadores assintomáticos, tornam-se fontes de transmissão. A vacinação anual, embora segura e eficaz, enfrenta variabilidade devido à concordância antigénica. Em Portugal, estratégias educacionais e de comunicação são vitais, destacando o papel dos Profissionais de Saúde como modelos de comportamento preventivo. O acesso fácil a consultas médicas e tal ser recomendado pela Saúde Ocupacional é associado a maior adesão. Em tempos de pandemia, a propensão à vacinação aumentou, importando promover esta mudança. Estratégias adaptadas ao contexto cultural são essenciais para impulsionar a adesão à vacinação contra a Gripe entre Profissionais de Saúde. Conclusão: A abordagem para combater as barreiras e promover a vacinação nos Profissionais de Saúde deve envolver múltiplas áreas e vários níveis, com uma comunicação dirigida a grupos específicos, para aumentar a sua eficácia. Deve adaptar-se a mensagem aos diferentes grupos populacionais e aos diferentes níveis de literacia em saúde. Conhecer estes determinantes comportamentais pode ajudar a desenvolver campanhas de promoção da vacinação a partir de novas perspetivas e encontrar estratégias para aumentar a cobertura vacinal é crucial para os Serviços de Saúde Ocupacional. Pelas características éticas das profissões envolvidas na prestação de cuidados diretos aos doentes, existe a necessidade de reforçar a ideia de que a vacinação entre Profissionais de Saúde não é apenas para seu benefício mas, acima de tudo, para proteção dos seus doentes.

RESUMEN Introducción: Estudios previos han reportado que pacientes infectados con el virus del COVID-19, podrían manifestar sintomatologías a nivel de la cavidad oral. Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia de manifestaciones orales asociadas a COVID-19 en un segmento de la población paraguaya y determinar cuáles son las más prevalentes. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Fue realizada una encuesta electrónica de enero a marzo del 2022. Los datos fueron presentados como frecuencias y porcentajes y analizados mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software R versión 4.0.3. Resultados: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 478 personas. El 79,50 % correspondió al sexo femenino y el 45,19 % tenía entre 25 y 34 años. El 65,48 % informó haber experimentado al menos 1 síntoma o signo oral durante el curso de COVID-19. La pérdida de la sensación de sabores amargos, seguida de la alteración del sabor de los alimentos y la pérdida de la percepción dulce, fueron los síntomas más comunes. Se encontró una proporción significativamente mayor de manifestaciones orales en el rango de 18-24 años (χ²; p= 0,003). Entre las personas que desarrollaron COVID-19 de forma moderada a severa hubo mayor número de manifestaciones de síntomas orales (χ²; p= 0,044). Discusión: Se identificó una alta frecuencia de manifestaciones orales en pacientes con casos de moderados a severos de COVID-19, destacándose los trastornos del gusto como los más predominantes. Los individuos más jóvenes fueron los más afectados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Previous studies have reported that patients infected with the COVID-19 virus could manifest symptoms in the oral cavity. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of oral manifestations associated with COVID-19 in a segment of the Paraguayan population and determine the most prevalent ones. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. An electronic survey was conducted from January to March 2022. The data were presented as frequencies and percentages and analyzed using the chi-square test. Statistical analysis was performed with R software version 4.0.3. Results: The sample consisted of 478 individuals. 79.50% were female, and 45.19% were between 25 and 34 years old. 65.48% reported having experienced at least 1 oral symptom or sign during the course of COVID-19. The loss of the sensation of bitter tastes, followed by the alteration of the taste of foods and the loss of sweetness perception, were the most common symptoms. A significantly higher proportion of oral manifestations was found in the 18-24 age range (χ²; p= 0.003). Among people who developed COVID-19 in a moderate to severe form, a greater number of oral symptom manifestations were observed (χ²; p= 0.044). Discussion: A high frequency of oral manifestations was identified in patients with moderate to severe cases of COVID-19, with taste disorders standing out as the most predominant. Younger individuals were the most affected.

RESUMEN Introducción: la necrosis pancreática se presenta entre 10 y 20 % de los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda, tiene una mortalidad de 10 a 25 % y si se agrega infección a la necrosis entre 40 y 70 %. Objetivo: describir el manejo clínico quirúrgico de la necrosis pancreática infectada en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Nacional entre el periodo 2021-2022. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte temporal transversal. En pacientes internados en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Nacional por pancreatitis aguda grave con necrosis pancreática infectada. Resultados: se analizaron un total de 30 pacientes. La media de edad fue de 39 años. Predominó en nuestra población pacientes de sexo masculino en el 56.67 %. En cuanto a las comorbilidades asociadas un 33.3 % los pacientes presentaron principalmente Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e Hipertensión arterial; en menor medida Obesidad en un 23.3 %. De la población en estudio 76.6 % recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico y 23.33% tratamiento médico principalmente antibiótico terapia. De los pacientes sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico 9 fueron a necrosectomia abierta, 7 a drenaje percutáneo, y en menor medida drenaje biliar y endoscópico. En cuanto a la mortalidad por necrosis pancreática infectada encontramos un 10 % de mortalidad. Discusión: la mayor parte de los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave sufren de necrosis pancreática; la necrosis pancreática infectada se asocia con mayor riesgo de mortalidad y en su mayoría requieren tratamientos invasivos. Conclusión: el manejo mínimamente invasivo en el tratamiento inicial de la necrosis pancreática infectada podría resolver la mayoría de los casos sin necesidad de realizar necrosectomia; reservando esta última solo a los que fracasan en el tratamiento inicial.

ABSTRACT Introduction: pancreatic necrosis occurs between 10 and 20 % of patients with pancreatitis, has a mortality of 10 to 25 % and if infection is added to the necrosis between 40 and 70 %. Objective: to describe the surgical and clinical management of infected necrotizing pancreatitis in patients admitted to the General Surgery Service of the Hospital Nacional between the period 2021-2022. Methodology: this was an observational, descriptive and cross-section study with a temporal cut. We included patients admitted to the general surgery service of the National Hospital with severe acute pancreatitis with infected necrotizing pancreatitis. Results: a total of 30 patients were included. The mean age was 39 years. Male patients prevailed in our population in 56.67 %. Regarding the associated comorbidities, 33.3 % of the patients presented mainly type 2 diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension; to a lesser extent Obesity in 23.3 %. In the study population, 76.6 % received surgical treatment and 23.33 % medical treatment, mainly antibiotic therapy. Of the patients who underwent surgical treatment, 9 were open necrosectomy, 7 had percutaneous drainage, and to a lesser extent biliary and endoscopic drainage. Regarding mortality due to infected necrotizing pancreatitis, we found a 10% mortality. Discussion: most of the patients with severe acute pancreatitis suffer from necrotizing pancreatitis; infected necrotizing pancreatitis is associated with increased risk of mortality and most require invasive treatment. Conclusion: minimally invasive management in the initial treatment of infected necrotizing pancreatitis, which could resolve most cases without the need to perform necrosectomy; the latter should be reserved for those who fail the initial treatment.

BACKGROUND. Status epilepticus (SE) is a common medical neurological emergency in childhood, and it is often serious and life-threatening. There is a paucity of data on the aetiology and demographics of affected children in resource-limited countries. OBJECTIVE. To understand the demographics and describe common causes of convulsive SE (CSE) in our local paediatric population. METHODS. We conducted a retrospective review of the demographics, clinical features, and characterisation of CSE of children who presented to the emergency department at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, in Cape Town, South Africa, between 2016 and 2018. RESULTS. More than half (n=63; 53%) of the 119 children were male. The median (interquartile range) age was 29.6 (14.8 - 76.1) months: 22 (18%) were <12 months; 63 (53%) were 1 - 5 years; and 34 (29%) were >5 years. Thirty-one (26%) were moderately to severely underweight-for-age and 5 (4%) were HIV-infected. In seizure semiology, 82 (71%) had generalised convulsive seizures and 34 (29%) had focal seizures. Based on International League Against Epilepsy-classified aetiology, 74 (62%) were secondary to acute infective cause, 12 (10%) were classified as electroclinical syndrome, 9 (8%) were remote and 25 (22%) had unknown aetiology. A recorded tympanic membrane temperature of >38 °C was found in 49 (44%) of 112 children and 36 were below the age of 5 years, supporting the diagnosis of febrile SE in these children. Fifty children (42%) were known with epilepsy-related breakthrough seizures. Imaging was abnormal in 24 (42%) of 57 children. Cerebrospinal fluid findings were abnormal in 7 (12%) of 57 children. Most children (n=87; 75%) were stabilised adequately for admission to the short-stay ward, however, eight required admission to the intensive care unit. No deaths were recorded in the cohort. CONCLUSION. Concordant with other studies, acute infections were the most common cause of SE in our setting.

ABSTRACT Background: Helicobacter pylori is an etiologic agent of gastroduodenal diseases. The microorganism, considered a type I carcinogen, affects about 50% of the global population. H. pylori virulence factors are determinant for the clinical outcome of the infection. The outer inflammatory protein A (oipA) gene encodes an outer membrane adhesin and is related to severe gastropathies, such as gastric cancer. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the oipA gene with the severity of gastroduodenal diseases in dyspeptic patients in region Central Brazil. Methods: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the presence of H. pylori. Samples positives were used for molecular screening of the oipA gene. Gastropathies were categorized as non-severe and severe diseases. Results: Approximately 68% of patients had H. pylori and 36% were infected with H. pylori oipA+ strains. Infection was significantly associated in patients aged over 44 years (P=0.004). However, there was no association between oipA and patients’ age (P=0.89). Approximately 46% of patients infected with oipA+ strains had some severe illness. Gastric adenocarcinoma was the most frequent severe gastropathy. The H. pylori oipA genotype was inversely associated with the severity of gastroduodenal diseases (OR=0.247, 95%CI: 0.0804-0.7149 and P=0.007). Conclusion: The characterization of possible molecular markers will contribute to personalized medicine, impacting the prognosis of patients. Background microorganism carcinogen 50 population H infection (oipA gastropathies cancer Objective Brazil Methods PCR (PCR nonsevere non Results 68 36 4 P=0.004. P0004 P P=0.004 . 0 004 (P=0.004) However P=0.89. P089 P=0.89 89 (P=0.89) 46 illness gastropathy OR=0.247, OR0247 OR 247 (OR=0.247 95%CI 95CI CI 95 0.08040.7149 0080407149 0.0804 0.7149 0804 7149 0.0804-0.714 P=0.007. P0007 P=0.007 007 P=0.007) Conclusion medicine 5 6 3 P000 P=0.00 00 (P=0.004 P08 P=0.8 8 (P=0.89 OR=0.247 OR024 24 (OR=0.24 9 08040 0.08040.714 008040714 00804 0.080 07149 0.714 080 714 0.0804-0.71 P00 P=0.0 (P=0.00 P0 P=0. (P=0.8 OR=0.24 OR02 2 (OR=0.2 0.08040.71 00804071 0080 0.08 0714 0.71 08 71 0.0804-0.7 (P=0.0 P=0 (P=0. OR=0.2 OR0 (OR=0. 0.08040.7 0080407 008 0.0 071 0.7 7 0.0804-0. P= (P=0 OR=0. (OR=0 0.08040. 008040 0. 07 0.0804-0 (P= OR=0 (OR= 0.08040 0.0804- (P OR= (OR

RESUMO Contexto: Helicobacter pylori é um agente etiológico de doenças gastroduodenais. O microrganismo, considerado cancerígeno tipo I, afeta cerca de 50% da população mundial. Os fatores de virulência do H. pylori são determinantes para o desfecho clínico da infecção. O gene da proteína inflamatória externa A (oipA) codifica uma adesina da membrana externa e está relacionado a gastropatias severas, como o câncer gástrico. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação do gene oipA com a gravidade das doenças gastroduodenais em pacientes dispépticos na região Brasil Central. Métodos: A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi utilizada para determinar a presença de H. pylori. Amostras positivas foram utilizadas para triagem molecular do gene oipA. As gastropatias foram categorizadas como doenças não severas e severas. Resultados: Aproximadamente 68% dos pacientes apresentaram H. pylori e 36% estavam infectados com cepas H. pylori oipA+. A infecção foi significativamente associada em pacientes com idade superior a 44 anos (P=0,004). No entanto, não houve associação entre oipA e a idade dos pacientes (P=0,89). Aproximadamente 46% dos pacientes infectados com cepas oipA+ tiveram alguma doença severa. O adenocarcinoma gástrico foi a gastropatia severa mais frequente. O genótipo oipA de H. pylori foi inversamente associado à gravidade das doenças gastroduodenais (OR=0,247, IC95%: 0,0804-0,7149 P=0,007). Conclusão: A caracterização de possíveis marcadores moleculares contribuirá para a medicina personalizada, impactando no prognóstico dos pacientes. Contexto microrganismo I 50 mundial H (oipA Objetivo Central Métodos PCR (PCR Resultados 68 36 4 P=0,004. P0004 P P=0,004 . 0 004 (P=0,004) entanto P=0,89. P089 P=0,89 89 (P=0,89) 46 frequente OR=0,247, OR0247 OR 247 (OR=0,247 IC95% IC95 IC 0,08040,7149 0080407149 0,0804 0,7149 0804 7149 0,0804-0,714 P=0,007. P0007 P=0,007 007 P=0,007) Conclusão personalizada 5 6 3 P000 P=0,00 00 (P=0,004 P08 P=0,8 8 (P=0,89 OR=0,247 OR024 24 (OR=0,24 IC9 08040 0,08040,714 008040714 00804 0,080 07149 0,714 080 714 0,0804-0,71 P00 P=0,0 (P=0,00 P0 P=0, (P=0,8 OR=0,24 OR02 2 (OR=0,2 0,08040,71 00804071 0080 0,08 0714 0,71 08 71 0,0804-0,7 (P=0,0 P=0 (P=0, OR=0,2 OR0 (OR=0, 0,08040,7 0080407 008 0,0 071 0,7 7 0,0804-0, P= (P=0 OR=0, (OR=0 0,08040, 008040 0, 07 0,0804-0 (P= OR=0 (OR= 0,08040 0,0804- (P OR= (OR

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has had a devastating impact on the global population, with an estimated 650 million people infected and more than 6.6 million lives lost. Asymptomatic individuals have been shown to play a significant role in the transmission of the virus. Therefore, this study aims to investigate and compare the prevalence of asymptomatic individuals across three waves associated with the Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants of the virus. Methods This retrospective study was conducted between December 2020 and March 2022. The study population consisted of passengers on international flights who were referred to the Gerash Clinical and Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory. Real-time PCR was employed for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Results Out of a total of 8592 foreign travelers referred to our laboratory, 139 (1.16 %) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection and were asymptomatic. During the Beta surge, 35 (1.49 %) out of 2335 passengers tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. In the Delta surge, 31 (0.6 %) out of 5127 passengers tested positive. However, during the Omicron surge, a significantly higher number of passengers, specifically 73 (6.46 %) out of 1130, had a positive result for the SARS-CoV-2 test. Conclusion Considering the significant role of asymptomatic transmission in the spread of COVID-19, it is imperative to reconsider health policies when dealing with future surges of the Omicron subvariants. Additionally, we strongly recommend that the World Health Organization prioritize the development and distribution of second-generation vaccines that target not only disease but also infection prevention. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- virus 65 66 6 6. lost Therefore 202 2022 Laboratory Realtime Real time SARSCoV2. 2. 859 laboratory 13 1.16 116 1 16 (1.1 % surge 3 1.49 149 49 (1.4 233 0.6 06 0 (0. 512 However 7 6.46 646 46 (6.4 1130 test COVID19, 19, subvariants Additionally secondgeneration second generation prevention COVID1 COVID- SARS-CoV 20 85 1.1 11 (1. 1.4 14 4 23 0. (0 51 6.4 64 (6. 113 8 1. (1 ( 5 (6

Abstract Background: The relationship between viral infections and host factors holds high hopes for identifying the role of Interferon Lambda 3 (IFNL3) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) polymorphisms in the development of Chronic Liver Disease (CLD) in patients infected with hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with a cohort of 40 chronic HDV patients, 27 with CLD and 13 without evident liver damage. Biological samples from the participants were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, followed by sequencing by the automated Sanger method. Results: The rs8099917 T allele, from the IFNL3 gene, showed a higher frequency in both groups; however, it was not possible to establish an association with HDV infection [OR = 1.42 (0.42 - 4.75; p = 0.556 (95% CI). For IL-6, the rs1800795 G allele was superior to rs1800795 C. Analyzing both distributions in the studied groups, any association with HDV was absent (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rs8099917 T/G (IFNL3) and rs1800795 G/C (IL-6) polymorphisms are not associated with the evolution of HDV in the studied population. Background IFNL (IFNL3 IL6 IL (IL-6 (CLD (HDV Amazon Methods Crosssectional Cross sectional 4 2 1 damage PCR (PCR technique method Results rs rs809991 gene groups however OR 142 42 1.4 0.42 042 0 (0.4 4.75 475 75 0556 556 0.55 95% 95 (95 CI. CI . CI) IL6, 6, IL-6 rs180079 C 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) Conclusion TG GC population (IFNL (IL- rs80999 14 1. 0.4 04 (0. 4.7 47 7 055 55 0.5 9 (9 IL- rs18007 00 0.0 (IL rs8099 0. (0 4. 5 ( rs1800 rs809 rs180 rs80 rs18 rs8 rs1

Abstract Cyathostomins are the largest group of parasites in horses that can be controlled by ivermectin (IVM). This study aimed to run a four-dose titration trial of IVM in 28 naturally infected Thoroughbred yearlings. The local Strongyle population had been recorded to be resistant to IVM (200 µg/kg). The parasite fecal egg count (FEC) was performed to investigate the egg reappearance period (ERP) of two and five weeks (w2pt and w5pt) after IVM treatment. FEC was > 1000 on day zero for all groups. Although 100% FEC reduction was reported at w2pt for all concentrations, the FEC at w5pt revealed < 83% efficacy. This study reports the reduction of ERP using the label dose as well as 300, and 400 µg/kg (double dose) of IVM. The protocol allowed IVM to significantly suppress FEC w2pt although not eliminating adult worms, failing to guarantee an extension of its protection period over 8 weeks. Moreover, the FEC at w5pt possibly means the infection was not cleared, and worms reestablished egg laying. We raised the possibility of withdrawing IVM of control programs when the drug has less than 80% FEC reduction at w5pt. . (IVM) fourdose four 2 yearlings 200 (20 µg/kg. µgkg µg kg µg/kg) (FEC (ERP wpt w pt treatment 100 groups concentrations 83 efficacy 300 40 double Moreover cleared laying 80 (IVM 20 (2 10 30 4 ( 1 3

Resumo Ciatostomíneos são o maior grupo de parasitos de equinos, controlados com ivermectina (IVM). Este estudo teve o objetivo de realizar um teste com quatro doses de IVM, em 28 potros Puro-Sangue Inglês. Os estrôngilos eram resistentes a IVM (200 µg/kg). A contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) foi realizada após tratamento (pt), para determinar o período de reaparecimento de ovos (PRO) após duas e cinco semanas (s2pt e s5pt). A OPG foi >1000 para todos os grupos. Observou-se 100% de redução na OPG na s2pt para todas as concentrações de IVM. A OPG na s5pt revelou < 83% de redução. Este estudo relata uma redução considerável do PRO utilizando a dose de bula, e as doses de 300 e 400 μg/kg (dobro da dose) de IVM contra ciatostomíneos em equinos. O protocolo permitiu observar a redução da postura de ovos na s2pt com IVM, falhando na garantia da extensão de proteção da droga. O reaparecimento da OPG significa que a infecção não foi eliminada. Foi levantada a possibilidade de restringir o uso de IVM, quando o medicamento atingir menos de 80% de redução da OPG na s5pt. equinos . (IVM) 2 PuroSangue Puro Sangue Inglês 200 (20 µg/kg. µgkg µg/kg µg kg µg/kg) (OPG pt, pt , (pt) (PRO spt s s5pt) 1000 >100 grupos Observouse Observou se 100 83 bula 30 40 μgkg μg dobro droga eliminada 80 (IVM 20 (2 (pt >10 10 8 3 4 ( >1 1 >

ABSTRACT Traditionally, the severity of diseases, such as Asian rust, is assessed through visual inspections of infected tissues based on diagrammatic scales. However, these methods involve high costs and subjective analyses due to potential errors by the evaluators. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the image data obtained with a NIR camera, using NDVI to correlate the image data with severity and defoliation obtained in the field. Three trials were conducted at the School Farm of the State University of Londrina, during the 2016/2017 crop season, at geographical coordinates S: 23°20’34.4” W: 51°12’41.3” and 570 m altitude, in the municipality of Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil. The used cultivar was DM6563 IPRO, and the population density was 260 thousand plants per hectare. Experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replicates, each replicate consisting of plots with six 6m-width rows spaced 0.45 meters apart. The trials included one control and several treatments with different applications of fungicides that showed the best efficacy for controlling Asian soybean rust during the study period. The trials were named Consfit, Expert and STCK, and rust intensity gradient was generated by applying different fungicides at diverse phenological stages and varying numbers of applications. Good correlation indices (above 90%) were observed with 3.4 cm pixels, and as the pixel size increased, the obtained correlation with both severity and defoliation decreased. The results suggest that it is possible to use aerial images with NIR cameras on UAVs to estimate severity and defoliation by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in soybean crops. This could make the disease monitoring more effective and the decision-making more precise regarding the crop phytosanitary management, thus contributing to reduced use of agrochemicals and optimized yields. Traditionally diseases scales However evaluators Thus camera field Londrina 20162017 2016 2017 2016/201 season S 23°2034.4 2320344 23°20 34.4 23 20 34 4 23°20’34.4 W 51°1241.3 5112413 51°12 41.3 51 12 41 3 51°12’41.3 57 altitude Brazil DM DM656 IPRO 26 hectare replicates 6mwidth mwidth 6m width 045 0 45 0.4 apart period Consfit STCK above 90% 90 3. pixels increased decreased crops decisionmaking decision making management yields 2016201 201 2016/20 2034 23°2034. 232034 2320 23°2 344 34. 2 23°20’34. 1241 51°1241. 511241 5112 51°1 413 41. 5 1 51°12’41. DM65 04 0. 9 201620 2016/2 203 23°2034 23203 232 23° 23°20’34 124 51°1241 51124 511 51° 51°12’41 DM6 20162 2016/ 23°203 23°20’3 51°124 51°12’4 23°20’ 51°12’

RESUMO Tradicionalmente, a avaliação da severidade das doenças, como a ferrugem asiática, é realizada por inspeções visuais de tecidos infectados, utilizando escalas diagramáticas. Contudo, esses métodos demandam custos elevados e estão sujeitos a análises subjetivas devido a possíveis erros dos avaliadores. Com isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os dados de imagens obtidas por câmera NIR, buscando-se através do NDVI, correlacionar os dados das imagens com a severidade e desfolha obtidas no campo. Foram realizados 03 ensaios na fazenda escola da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, na safra 2016/2017, coordenadas geográficas S: 23º20’34,4” O: 51º12’41,3” e altitude de 570 m, no município de Londrina, Paraná. A cultivar utilizada foi a DM6563 IPRO, com densidade populacional de 260 mil plantas por hectare. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, sendo cada repetição constituída por parcelas de seis linhas com espaçamento de 0,45 metros, com comprimento de 6 metros. Os ensaios foram compostos por uma testemunha e diversos tratamentos com diferentes aplicações de fungicidas que apresentavam as melhores eficácias para o controle da ferrugem asiática da soja no período de estudo. Os ensaios foram denominados de Consfit, Expert e STCK e o gradiente de intensidade da ferrugem foi gerado por meio da aplicação de diferentes fungicidas em diferentes estágios fenológicos e números de aplicações variados. Observou-se nos resultados bons índices de correlação (acima de 90%) com pixels de 3,4 cm e observou-se que conforme aumentava o tamanho do pixel, reduzia a correlação obtida tanto em severidade da doença quanto em desfolha. Os resultados sugerem que é possível utilizar imagens aéreas com câmeras NIR em VANTs para estimar a severidade e desfolha de Phakopsora pachyrhizi na cultura da soja. Isso pode permitir um monitoramento mais eficaz das doenças e uma tomada de decisão mais precisa em relação ao manejo fitossanitário da cultura, contribuindo assim para a redução do uso de agroquímicos e para a otimização dos rendimentos. Tradicionalmente infectados diagramáticas Contudo avaliadores isso buscandose buscando se NDVI campo 0 Londrina 20162017 2016 2017 2016/2017 S 23º2034,4 23º20344 º 23º20 34,4 34 4 23º20’34,4 51º1241,3 51º12413 51º12 41,3 41 3 51º12’41,3 57 m Paraná DM DM656 IPRO 26 hectare acaso repetições 045 45 0,4 metros Consfit variados Observouse Observou acima 90% 90 3, observouse observou pixel rendimentos 2016201 201 2016/201 23º2034 23º2034, 23º2 344 34, 23º20’34, 51º1241 51º1241, 51º1 413 41, 51º12’41, 5 DM65 2 04 0, 9 201620 20 2016/20 23º203 23º 23º20’34 51º124 51º 51º12’41 DM6 20162 2016/2 23º20’3 51º12’4 2016/ 23º20’ 51º12’

Abstract Diseases in fish due to helminth parasites, especially Philometra species, are the primary worry in aquaculture. Philometra are responsible for health problem in fishes they directly affect fish growth and population parameters. A comprehensive survey was conducted involving the examination of the marine fish species Terapon jarbua, gathered from the coastal waters of Sindh, Pakistan In this research different Philometra species from marine fish Terapon jarbua during 2021 and 2022. Philometra nematodes, belonging to the family Philometridae, are common parasitic organisms inhabiting both marine and freshwater environments. Their prevalence, particularly when existing in high numbers within host organisms, can lead to severe and potentially lethal consequences. Employing light microscopy techniques, diverse species of Philometra were identified, including Philometra teraponi, P. jarbuai, P. arabiai, P. karachii, and P. awarii, localized primarily within the ovaries of the host fish. A total of 140 fish samples were examined and 76 were infected. The intensity of infected fish was 54.28%. The identification process encompassed meticulous analysis of crucial parameters, such as body size, esophagus length, positioning of the nerve ring, dimensions of the ventriculus, and ligament size. Intriguingly, the parasites were found in varying contexts; while some were free within the ovaries, others were embedded within tissues, inducing severe muscular dystrophy. This research presents novel findings of Philometra nematodes in the marine waters of Pakistan, extending their host and geographical distribution records. Future studies are needed to better evaluate and describe the dynamics and the epidemiology of Philometra infection in wild and cultured fish species aquaculture parameters Sindh 202 2022 Philometridae environments prevalence consequences techniques identified teraponi P jarbuai arabiai karachii awarii 14 7 5428 54 28 54.28% size length ring ventriculus Intriguingly contexts tissues dystrophy records 20 1 542 5 2 54.28 54.2 54.

Resumo Doenças em peixes causadas por parasitas helmintos, especialmente espécies de Philometra, são a principal preocupação na aquicultura. Philometra é responsável por problemas de saúde em peixes, pois afeta diretamente o crescimento destes e os parâmetros populacionais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa abrangente envolvendo o exame das espécies de peixes marinhos Terapon jarbua, coletadas nas águas costeiras de Sindh, Paquistão. Nesta pesquisa, foram identificadas diferentes espécies de Philometra em peixes marinhos Terapon jarbua durante 2021 e 2022. Nematoides Philometra, pertencentes à família Philometridae, são organismos parasitas comuns que habitam ambientes marinhos e de água doce. A sua prevalência, especialmente quando existe em grande número nos organismos hospedeiros, pode levar a consequências graves e potencialmente letais. Empregando técnicas de microscopia óptica, diversas espécies de Philometra foram identificadas, incluindo Philometra teraponi, P. jarbuai, P. arabiai, P. karachii e P. awarii, localizadas principalmente nos ovários do peixe hospedeiro. Um total de 140 amostras de peixes foram examinadas e 76 foram infectadas. A intensidade de peixes infectados foi de 54,28%. O processo de identificação envolveu análise meticulosa de parâmetros cruciais, como tamanho corporal, comprimento do esôfago, posicionamento do anel nervoso, dimensões do ventrículo e tamanho do ligamento. Curiosamente, os parasitas foram encontrados em contextos variados; enquanto alguns estavam livres nos ovários, outros estavam incorporados nos tecidos, induzindo distrofia muscular grave. Esta pesquisa apresenta novas descobertas de nematoides Philometra nas águas marinhas do Paquistão, ampliando seus registros de hospedeiros e distribuição geográfica. Estudos futuros são necessários para melhor avaliar e descrever a dinâmica e a epidemiologia da infecção por Philometra em espécies de peixes selvagens e cultivadas helmintos aquicultura populacionais Sindh Paquistão 202 2022 Philometridae doce prevalência letais óptica teraponi P jarbuai arabiai awarii hospedeiro 14 7 infectadas 5428 54 28 54,28% cruciais corporal esôfago nervoso ligamento Curiosamente variados tecidos grave geográfica 20 1 542 5 2 54,28 54,2 54,

ABSTRACT The presence of genetic mutations in HIV poses a significant challenge, potentially leading to antiretroviral resistance and hampering therapeutic development. The Brazilian population has presented variations in the HIV envelope V3 loop gene, especially the GWGR motif. This motif has been linked to reduced transmission potential and slower CD4+ T cell decline. This study aimed to assess clinical outcomes in patients with HIV-1 infected with strains containing the GWGR motif compared with those without it during long-term cART. A cohort of 295 patients with HIV was examined for the GWGR motif presence in the V3 loop. A total of 58 samples showed the GWGR signature, while 237 had other signatures. Multifactorial analyses showed no significant differences in demographic characteristics, CD4+ cell count, AIDS progression, or mortality between GWGR carriers and others. However, the mean interval between the first positive HIV test and the initial AIDS-defining event was more than two times longer for women carrying the GWGR signature (p = 0.0231). We emphasize the positive impact of cART on HIV/AIDS treatment, including viral suppression, CD4+ cell preservation, and immune function maintenance. Although no significant differences were found during cART, residual outcomes reflecting adherence challenges were observed between diagnosis and the first AIDS-defining event. The previously described outcomes, highlighting statistically significant differences between individuals carrying the GPGR motif compared with those with the Brazilian GWGR motif, may be directly linked to the natural progression of infection before advancements in cART. Presently, these physicochemical aspects may no longer hold the same relevance. challenge development V gene CD4 CD decline HIV1 1 HIV- longterm long term 29 5 23 signatures characteristics count others However AIDSdefining defining p 0.0231. 00231 0.0231 . 0 0231 0.0231) HIVAIDS treatment suppression preservation maintenance Presently relevance 2 0023 0.023 023 002 0.02 02 00 0.0 0.

Abstract Background: Pneumonia occurs in about 20% of trauma patients with pulmonary contusions. This study aims to evaluate the association between empirical antibiotic therapy and nosocomial pneumonia in this population. Methods: Retrospective cohort of adult patients admitted to a trauma-surgical ICU. The Antibiotic Therapy Group (ATG) was defined by intravenous antibiotic use for more than 48 h starting on hospital admission, while the Conservative Group (CG) was determined by antibiotic use no longer than 48 h. Primary outcome was microbiologically documented nosocomial pneumonia within 14 days after hospital admission. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between group allocation and primary outcome. Exploratory analyses evaluating the association between resistant strains in pneumonia and antibiotic use were performed. Results: The study included 177 patients with chest trauma and pulmonary contusion on CTscan. ATG were more severely ill than CG, as shown by higher Injury Severity Score, SAPS3, SOFA score, higher rates, and longer duration of mechanical ventilation. In the multivariate analysis, ATG was associated with a lower incidence of primary outcome (OR = 0.25, 95% CI 0.09-0.64; p < 0.01). Similar results were found in the sensitivity analysis with another set of variables. However, each day of antibiotic use was associated with an increased risk of pneumonia by resistant bacteria (OR = 1.18 per day, 95% CI 1.05-1.36; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Empiric antibiotic therapy was independently associated with lower incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients with pulmonary contusion. However, each day of antibiotic use was associated with increased resistant strains in infected patients. Background 20 contusions population Methods traumasurgical surgical ICU (ATG 4 admission CG (CG 1 performed Results 17 CTscan Score SAPS3 SAPS score rates ventilation OR 025 0 25 0.25 95 0.090.64 009064 0.09 0.64 09 64 0.09-0.64 0.01. 001 0.01 . 01 0.01) variables However 118 18 1.1 1.051.36 105136 1.05 1.36 05 36 1.05-1.36 Conclusions 2 02 0.2 9 090 0.090.6 00906 009 0.0 064 0.6 6 0.09-0.6 00 11 1. 051 1.051.3 10513 105 1.0 136 1.3 3 1.05-1.3 0. 0.090. 0090 06 0.09-0. 1.051. 1051 10 13 1.05-1. 0.090 0.09-0 1.051 1.05-1 0.09- 1.05-

RESUMEN Trypanosoma cruzi es el agente causal de la enfermedad de Chagas. En Paraguay se estima que existen 165.000 personas infectadas y actualmente la principal vía de transmisión es la congénita, con una prevalencia del 5% y con alrededor de 400 niños infectados nacidos por año. El departamento de Cordillera es área endémica de la Región Oriental del país, donde se implementó el Programa de Control Prenatal de Chagas en el año 1995. El objetivo de este estudio fue inferir sobre la potencial transmisión congénita de la enfermedad de Chagas en jóvenes embarazadas de segunda generación de Cordillera que asistieron a su control prenatal en el período 2010-2012, 15 años después de la implementación del Programa de Control Prenatal. De 9.588 embarazadas; 482 fueron seropositivas (5%); 2,74% en el grupo de 12 a 19 años, 4,93% de 20 a 30 años, 8,03% de 31 a 40 años y 16,11% de 41 a 48 años. Para estimar el origen de la transmisión congénita de segunda generación se tuvo en cuenta a las 72 seropositivas de 12 a 19 años y según la base de datos de las respectivas madres 61 eran seropositivas. Con esta información se estima que la transmisión a embarazadas de segunda generación de 12 a 19 años fue congénita en un 85% indicando una transmisión congénita muy significativa en la población de estudio. Esta información ayudaría al Programa Nacional de Chagas en el fortalecimiento del control de la transmisión congénita de la enfermedad de Chagas en el país.

ABSTRACT Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease. In Paraguay, it is estimated that 165,000 people are infected and currently the main route of transmission is the congenital one, with a prevalence of 5% and about 400 infected children are born per year. The Department of Cordillera is an endemic area of the Eastern Region of the country, where the Chagas Prenatal Control Program was implemented in 1995. The aim of this study was to infer the potential congenital transmission of Chagas disease towards second generation pregnant women from the Department of Cordillera who attended their prenatal control in the period 2010-2012, 15 years after the implementation of the Prenatal Control Program. Of 9,588 pregnant women; 482 were seropositive (5%); 2.74% in the group aged 12 to 19 years, 4.93% aged 20 to 30 years, 8.03% aged 31 to 40 years, and 16.11% aged 41 to 48 years. To estimate the origin of second generation congenital transmission, the 72 seropositive women aged 12 to 19 years were taken into account and according to the database of their respective mothers, 61 mothers of the 72 were seropositive. With this información, it can be estimated that 85% of the transmission to second generation pregnant women aged 12 to 19 years was congenital showing a very significant congenital transmission in the study population. This information could help the National Chagas Program in strengthening the control of congenital transmission of Chagas disease in the country.

ABSTRACT Objectives: With the advancement of the pandemic and better knowledge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), new ways of tackling this disease have come to light. Therefore, we propose this systematic review to better understand the action of vaccines in combating mortality caused by this virus, especially in transplant patients. Methods: In this systematic review with meta-analysis, the reviewers analyzed 389 eligible articles according to the criteria used and blindly selected the studies that provided data on transplant patients and mortality, resulting in 15 works included in the study. The screening results were added to a spreadsheet, and data was compiled. Results: Of the 15 articles included, it was possible to observe a significant drop in the overall mortality rates of vaccinated patients, except in studies that used the inactivated virus immunizer. Furthermore, the mortality of infected patients, even after vaccination, remained close to that of the unvaccinated group, as did the need for mechanical ventilation. Conclusion: Immunization of transplant patients can significantly reduce mortality rates for this portion of the population. However, as they have a reduced seroconversion rate, different ways of achieving an adequate immune response must be considered. Objectives 201 COVID19, COVID19 COVID 19 , (COVID-19) light Therefore Methods metaanalysis, metaanalysis meta analysis, analysis meta-analysis 38 1 study spreadsheet compiled Results immunizer Furthermore vaccination group ventilation Conclusion population However rate considered 20 COVID1 (COVID-19 3 2 (COVID-1 (COVID- (COVID

RESUMO Objetivos: Com o avançar da pandemia e o melhor conhecimento da doença do coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19), novas maneiras de enfrentar essa enfermidade vieram à tona. Assim, propomos esta revisão sistemática para entender melhor a ação das vacinas no combate à mortalidade causada por esse vírus, em especial nos pacientes transplantados. Métodos: Nesta revisão sistemática com metanálise, os revisores analisaram 389 artigos elegíveis de acordo com os critérios utilizados e selecionaram cegamente os estudos que traziam dados sobre pacientes transplantados e mortalidade, resultando no total de 15 trabalhos inseridos no estudo. Os resultados da triagem foram adicionados a uma planilha e seus dados compilados. Resultados: Dos 15 artigos incluídos, foi possível observar uma queda significativa nos índices de mortalidade geral dos pacientes vacinados, exceto nos estudos que utilizaram o imunizante de vírus inativado. Além disso, a mortalidade dos pacientes infectados mesmo após a vacinação manteve-se próxima à do grupo dos não vacinados, assim como a necessidade de ventilação mecânica. Conclusão: A imunização dos pacientes transplantados é capaz de reduzir significativamente os índices de mortalidade dessa parcela da população. No entanto, por terem uma taxa de soroconversão reduzida, diferentes maneiras de atingir uma resposta imune adequada devem ser consideradas. Objetivos 201 COVID19, COVID19 COVID 19 , (COVID-19) tona Assim Métodos metanálise 38 1 estudo compilados Resultados incluídos vacinados inativado disso mantevese manteve se mecânica Conclusão população entanto reduzida consideradas 20 COVID1 (COVID-19 3 2 (COVID-1 (COVID- (COVID

RESUMEN Introducción: La malaria es una enfermedad infecciosa provocada por parásitos del género Plasmodium, y afecta a todas las regiones del continente africano; es responsable, en Angola, del 35 % de mortalidad en niños menores de cinco años. En Huambo, en 2021, hubo un incremento del número de casos por encima de la media nacional, notificándose una tasa de incidencia de 384 casos por cada 1000 habitantes, y en el municipio Ecunha, cifras de 71 089 casos, tasa de 680 casos por cada 1000. La gota gruesa es el método de elección para el diagnóstico de la infección palúdica. Diferentes investigadores describen las tiras de diagnóstico rápido Bioline® Malaria Ag P.f/P.v, como un método adecuado para el diagnóstico de la infección palúdica. En el municipio Ecunha, existen dificultades para realizar la gota gruesa a todos los pacientes, por lo que el uso de las técnicas de tiras de diagnóstico rápido pudiera ofrecer una buena alternativa para diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento inmediato de los niños infectados. Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia del test de diagnóstico rápido Bioline® Malaria Ag P.f/P.v, para el diagnóstico precoz de la malaria en niños, en el municipio Ecunha, provincia Huambo, Angola. Métodos: Se realizó una evaluación de método diagnóstico de la infección palúdica en el Hospital Municipal do Ecunha, en Huambo, Angola, entre abril de 2021 y abril de 2022. Resultados: Si bien la malaria constituye una de las principales enfermedades metaxénicas a nivel nacional, son pocas las cifras disponibles con respecto a la utilidad de las pruebas rápidas en la población angolana, incluyendo a pacientes asintomáticos o con bajas parasitemias, en comparación con la gota gruesa y extendida. Conclusiones: El test de diagnóstico rápido Bioline® Malaria Ag P.f/P.v presentó una eficacia similar para el diagnóstico de la infección palúdica en comparación con la gota gruesa.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, and affects all regions of the African continent. In Angola, it is responsible for 35% of mortality in children under five years of age. In Huambo, in 2021, there was an increase in the number of cases above the national average, reporting an incidence rate of 384 cases per 1000 inhabitants, and in the Ecunha municipality figures of 71,089 cases, a rate of 680 cases per every 1000. The thick smear is the method of choice for the diagnosis of malarial infection. Different researchers describe the BiolineTM Malaria Ag P.f/P.v rapid diagnostic strips as a suitable method for the diagnosis of malaria infection. In the Ecunha municipality, there are difficulties in performing thick smears on all patients, so the use of rapid diagnostic strip techniques could offer a good alternative for early diagnosis and immediate treatment of infected children. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the BiolineTM Malaria Ag P.f/P.v rapid diagnostic test, for the early diagnosis of malaria in children, in the Ecunha municipality, Huambo province, Angola. Methods: An evaluation of the diagnostic method of malaria infection was carried out at the Municipal Hospital of Ecunha, Huambo, Angola, between April 2021 and April 2022. Results: Although malaria constitutes one of the metaxenic diseases at the national level, few figures are available regarding the usefulness of rapid tests in the Angolan population, including asymptomatic patients or those with low parasitemia, compared to thick and extended smear. Conclusions: The BiolineTM Malaria Ag P.f/P.v rapid diagnostic test presented a similar efficacy for the diagnosis of malaria infection compared to the thick smear.