ABSTRACT The caterpillar Ascia monuste orseis (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) stands out as one of the main defoliating pests of brassicas. To mitigate the damage and reduce the impact on human health and the environment that results from the persistent and indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides, it is crucial to consider the use of botanical insecticides as a fundamental alternative for pest control. The aim was therefore to investigate the stimulus-response of the hydroalcoholic crude extract of Ocimum campechianum and of its dichloromethane (DCM) fraction on A. monuste orseis. Leaf consumption (cm2) of caterpillars exposed to the extract, caterpillar mortality in 24 h, total caterpillar mortality, pupal mortality, pupal period duration, and morphological malformation in adults were evaluated. Feeding the caterpillars for eight days with cabbage impregnated with the crude extract and its DCM fraction resulted in decreased caterpillar feeding, increased larval mortality (90%), lengthening of the pupal period (two days), and an increase in adult deformation (50%). Therefore, the crude extract of O. campechianum and its DCM fraction have potential for use in the alternative control of A. monuste orseis. Godart (Godart Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Pieridae brassicas stimulusresponse stimulus response (DCM A cm2 cm (cm2 2 h duration evaluated feeding 90%, 90 90% , (90%) two days, days) 50%. 50 50% . (50%) Therefore O (cm 9 (90% 5 (50% (90 (50 (9 (5 (

RESUMO A lagarta Ascia monuste orseis (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), destaca-se como uma das principais pragas desfolhadoras das brássicas. Para mitigar os danos e reduzir os impactos na saúde humana e no meio ambiente, decorrentes do uso persistente e indiscriminado de inseticidas químicos, é crucial considerar a utilização de inseticidas botânicos como uma alternativa fundamental para seu controle. Deste modo, o objetivo foi investigar o estímuloresposta do extrato bruto hidroalcoólico de Ocimum campechianum e de sua fração diclorometano (DCM) sobre A. monuste orseis. Avaliou-se o consumo foliar (cm2) das lagartas expostas aos extratos, mortalidade de lagartas em 24 h, mortalidade total de lagartas, mortalidade de pupas, duração do período de pupa e malformação morfológica em adultos. A alimentação das lagartas de oito dias, com a couve impregnada com o extrato bruto e sua fração DCM, resultou em diminuição da alimentação das lagartas, aumento da mortalidade larval (90%), alongamento do período pupal (2 dias) e aumento da deformação em adultos (50%). Portanto, o extrato bruto e sua fração DCM de O. campechianum apresentam potencial para uso no controle alternativo de A. monuste orseis. Godart (Godart Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Pieridae, Pieridae , Pieridae) destacase destaca se brássicas ambiente químicos modo (DCM Avaliouse Avaliou cm2 cm (cm2 extratos 2 h pupas dias 90%, 90 90% (90%) ( 50%. 50 50% . (50%) Portanto O (cm 9 (90% 5 (50% (90 (50 (9 (5

Abstract Green areas in urban landscapes are under strong anthropogenic pressure, and, at the same time are fundamental to maintaining biodiversity, as they provide resources for many animal and plant species. Knowing these species is fundamental for its maintenance and conservation, and inventories are extremely important for monitoring fauna and conserving it. Therefore, the goal of this research is to inventory the butterflies species in the park of the Instituto Butantan (Ibu), located in an urban area in the city of São Paulo, southeast Brazil. The surveys of butterflies were conducted through visual censuses from August 2017 to July 2019 and recorded a total of 324 butterfly species. The most speciose family was Hesperiidae, followed by Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, and Papilionidae. Among the sampled species, there is Euselasia zara which is a new record for the state of São Paulo. Neither the species accumulation nor the richness estimator curves tended to reach an asymptote, suggesting that additional butterflies’ species will be recorded with more sampling effort on the site. Even with a flora composed mainly of exotic and ornamental plants, the park of Instituto Butantan exhibits a very rich butterfly community. This community exhibits a pattern of seasonally variation, with the peak of species richness related to the rainy season. When compared with Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira (USP), another nearby urban green area, which is larger, more heterogeneous and sampled over a longer period, it is possible to notice that the Ibu butterfly community is a subsample of this larger one. These results highlight the potential that urban parks have for the maintenance and conservation of butterfly species. pressure biodiversity Therefore Ibu, , (Ibu) Paulo Brazil 201 32 Hesperiidae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Pieridae Riodinidae Papilionidae asymptote site plants variation season USP, USP (USP) period one (Ibu 20 3 (USP 2

Resumen Se determinan las relaciones biogeográficas entre áreas aisladas de bosque tropical húmedo de México a partir de sus faunas de mariposas. Los análisis se hicieron a partir de los registros de 676 especies pertenecientes a las familias Papilionidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae y Nymphalidae en unidades geográficas de Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí y Campeche, mediante el uso de algoritmos de parsimonia y similitud. Ambos métodos corroboraron que las unidades mejor estudiadas forman un grupo consistente: Sierra de Juárez-Los Tuxtlas-Chajul-Huichihuayán, mientras que Soconusco representa el área más diferenciada.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to determine the biogeographical relationships between isolated areas of tropical rainforests in Mexico from their butterfly faunas. The analysis were made from the records of 676 species belonging to the families Papilionidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae in 12 geographic units in Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí and Campeche, through the use of parsimony and similarity algorithms. Both methods corroborated that the best studied units form a consistent group: Sierra de Juárez–Los Tuxtlas–Chajul–Huichihuayán, while Soconusco represents the most differentiated area.

Resumen Hicimos un muestreo de las mariposas de algunos bosques del municipio de Solano, departamento de Caquetá, en la Amazonia colombiana. La recolección de mariposas se llevó a cabo durante cuatro días consecutivos en cuatro localidades de estudio, utilizando trampas con atrayentes y redes de búsqueda activa. Cada localidad contó con 12 puntos de muestreo con distancia de 250 m entre puntos, para un recorrido total de tres kilómetros. Se recolectaron 487 individuos, pertenecientes a 110 especies, 80 géneros, 28 tribus, 17 subfamilias y seis familias. Las familias con mayores abundancias y número de especies fueron Nymphalidae, con 68.2 % (75 spp.), Riodinidae 11.8 % (13 spp.) y Pieridae 10 % (11 spp.). La subfamilia mejor representada fue Satyrinae (N=228), destacando la tribu Morphini (N=65). Se destacan el hallazgo de seis especies de Marpesia, la tercera parte de las especies descritas para el género, y el de Gunayan rubricollis, una especie rara en Colombia. La presente investigación confirma la diversidad de mariposas en bosques amazónicos, donde más del 40 % de las especies son indicadoras de buen estado de conservación de los bosques.

Abstract We sampled the butterfly community in the municipality of Solano, department of Caquetá, in Colombian Amazonia. The collection of butterflies was carried out during four consecutive days at four study locations, using bait traps and active search nets. Each location had 12 sampling points, with a distance of 250 m between points, for a total sampling length of three kilometers. We collected 487 individuals belonging to 110 species, 80 genera, 28 tribes, 17 subfamilies and six families. The families with the highest abundance and number of species were Nymphalidae, with 68.2 % (75 spp.), Riodinidae 11.8 % (13 spp.) and Pieridae 10 % (11 spp.). The best represented subfamily was Satyrinae (N=228), particularly the tribe Morphini (N=65). Remarkable findings include six species of Marpesia, one third of the species described for the genus, and Gunayan rubricollis, a rare species in Colombia. The present research confirms the diversity of butterflies in Amazon forests, where more than 40 % of the species are indicators of the forest’s good state of conservation.

Abstract The sample was collected during the Characterization of wild Entomofauna of the Frio river basin jurisdiction of CDMB, in secondary forests in an altitudinal gradient from 1,000 to 2,911 masl. 79 specimens of the family Pieridae were collected, belonging to 13 genera of which Leptophobia had 5 species, and Catasticta and Eurema had 3 species each. We obtained 22 species distributed in six sampling locations, where the highest richness of species was in Diviso Experimental Center with 12 species and Esperanza Experimental Center with 10. The analysis of the inventory quality showed a potential richness of 32.81 species, a proportion of the observed species of 67.05% and a sampling effort of 76.41%. The comparison of inventories for each locality showed a certain similarity between La Nevera, La Mariana and La Judia, and fewer similarities with El Diviso. While La Esperanza had the least similarity with all the others sampling locations, which could be explained by the altitudinal distance from the other localities.

Resumen El muestreo se realizó durante la Caracterización de la Entomofauna Silvestre de la cuenca de río Frío del área de jurisdicción de la CDMB, dentro de bosques secundarios a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal desde los 1.000 hasta los 2.911 msnm. Se capturaron 79 especímenes de la familia Pieridae, pertenecientes a 13 géneros de los cuales Leptophobia tuvo 5 especies, y Catasticta y Eurema presentaron 3 especies cada uno. Se encontraron 22 especies distribuidas en las cinco localidades muestreadas, donde El Diviso presentó mayor abundancia (29) y riqueza de especies (12). El análisis de la calidad del inventario indicó una riqueza potencial de 32,81 especies, una proporción de especies observadas del 67,05% y un esfuerzo de muestreo del 76,41%. La comparación de los inventarios entre sitios de muestreo permitió observar cierta similitud entre La Nevera, La Mariana y La Judía, con menor proporción con El Diviso, mientras que La Esperanza presentó la menor similitud con todos los sitios de muestreo, lo cual podría explicarse por la distancia altitudinal con las otras localidades.

Abstract Colombia is a privileged country given the geographical position, the diversity of ecosystems and the great complexity in plant communities, conditions that allow it to occupy the third place in diversity of butterflies on the World. We establish the composition of species of family Pieridae in four sites of Playonero river basin, located in the northeast of the Colombian Andes in the department of Santander. We made captures of Pieridae butterflies in the project Characterization of the wild Entomofauna of Playonero river basin. We collected 84 individuals belonging to four genera and 12 species. The analysis of sampling quality estimated a potential richness of 14.51 species, a proportion of observed species of 82.71% and a sampling effort of 90.71%. The analysis of similarity shows a grouping of La Tigra, Planadas and La Naranjera. We report the presence of Eurema gratiosa (Doubleday, 1847) and Perrhybris lypera sulphuralis (Butler, 1896), thus expanding the list of species registered in Colombian dry forests.

Resumen Colombia es un país privilegiado dada su posición geográfica, la diversidad de ecosistemas y la gran complejidad en las comunidades vegetales, condiciones que le permiten ocupar el tercer lugar en diversidad de mariposas en el mundo. Se estableció la composición de especies de la familia Pieridae en cuatro localidades de la cuenca del río Playonero, en el nororiente de los Andes colombianos, en el departamento de Santander. Se realizaron capturas de mariposas de la familia Pieridae en el marco del proyecto Caracterización de la Entomofauna Silvestre de la cuenca del río Playonero. Se recolectaron 84 individuos pertenecientes a cuatro géneros y 12 especies. La calidad del muestreo estimó una riqueza potencial de 14,51 especies, una proporción de especies observadas del 82,71% y un esfuerzo de muestreo estimado del 90,71%. El análisis de similitud presentó una agrupación de La Tigra, Planadas y La Naranjera. Se reporta la presencia de Eurema gratiosa (Doubleday, 1847) y Perrhybris lypera sulphuralis (Butler, 1896), con lo cual se amplía el listado de especies registradas en los bosques secos colombianos.

Resumen Introducción: Una lista de especies confiable y el análisis de los patrones de diversidad de taxones hiperdiversos, como las mariposas, son fundamentales para el monitoreo y manejo de recursos biológicos. Oaxaca es uno de los estados más diversos de México y mucha de su diversidad aun es desconocida. Objetivo: Estimar y describir la riqueza de especies y diversidad de Papilionidae y Pieridae en un gradiente altitudinal y cinco tipos de vegetación presentes en la Región Loxicha, Oaxaca, en la Sierra Madre del Sur. Métodos: El esfuerzo de muestreo comprendió 222 días a lo largo de siete años. Se estima la diversidad alfa para 17 sitios dentro de un gradiente altitudinal de 880 a 2 850 m con cinco tipos de vegetación: bosque tropical caducifolio, bosque tropical subcaducifolio, bosque mesófilo (nivel bajo y medio), bosque de pino-encino con bosque mesófilo (nivel alto) y bosque de pino-encino. Resultados: Se obtuvo una lista de 69 especies (27 Papilionidae y 42 Pieridae), de 34 géneros y cinco subfamilias, a partir de los registros en la literatura y el trabajo de campo. Estas especies representan el 60 % de los Pieridae y el 48 % de los Papilionidae registrados para el estado. A nivel nacional, la región Loxicha tiene el 36 % de las Pieridae y el 30 % de las Papilionidae del país. Las familias presentan patrones diferentes de riqueza de especies por tipo de vegetación. Papilionidae es más rica en el bosque tropical caducifolio con 23 especies estimadas y la mayoría de las especies de esta familia (84 %) están por debajo de los 500 m Mientras que la riqueza de especies de Pieridae no presenta diferencias significativas entre los tipos de vegetación, excepto por el bosque de pino-encino que tiene menos especies que los demás tipos. El gradiente altitudinal se dividió en tres pisos (0-750, 750-1 800, 1 800-2 850 m) con una reducción de la riqueza de especies y diversidad de ambas familias en altitudes mayores. Conclusiones: Las especies de Papilionidae están más restringidas a un tipo de vegetación o piso altitudinal que las especies de Pieridae. Probablemente por la gran vagilidad, valencia ecológica más amplia y capacidad de migraciones altitudinales de la mayoría de las Pieridae.

Abstract Introduction: A reliable list of species and the analysis of diversity patterns of hyperdiverse taxa, like butterflies, are fundamental for monitoring and managing biological resources. Oaxaca is one of the most diverse states in Mexico for many groups including Lepidoptera and most of its diversity is unknown. Objective: To estimate and describe the species richness and diversity of Papilionidae and Pieridae along an altitudinal gradient and five vegetation types in the Loxicha Region, Oaxaca, Sierra Madre del Sur. Methods: Sampling effort comprised 222 collecting days during a period of seven years. We estimated the alpha diversity for 17 sites within an elevational gradient from 80 to 2 850 m, with five vegetation types: tropical deciduous forest (TDF), tropical sub-deciduous forest (TSDF), cloud forest (low and middle levels) (CF), oak-pine and cloud forest (high level) (OPCF) and oak-pine forest (OPF). Results: We obtained a list of 69 species (27 Papilionidae and 42 Pieridae), of 34 genera and five subfamilies, from literature records and fieldwork. These species are 60 % of the Pieridae and 48 % of the Papilionidae recorded for the state. The Loxicha Region has 36 % of the Pieridae and 30 % of the Papilionidae of Mexico. Both families present different species richness patterns by vegetation type. Papilionidae is richer in the TDF with 23 estimated species and most of the species of this family (84 %) occur below 500 m. Meanwhile, species richness of Pieridae has non-significant differences among vegetations types, except for OPF which has fewer species than the other types. The elevational gradient was divided into three levels (0-750, 750-1 800, 1 800-2 850 m) showing a reduction of species richness and diversity for both families at higher altitudes. Conclusions: Papilionidae species are more restricted to a vegetation type or elevational level than Pieridae species. Likely reasons are higher vagility (including migrations) and wider ecological tolerance of most Pieridae.

Resumen Objetivo. Dado que el Bioma Bosque seco tropical (Bs-T) en Colombia está en peligro y por ende puede desaparecer, se da conocer por primera vez una lista de las especies de mariposas (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea-Papilionoidae) para Colombia, se indican los vacíos de información existentes en algunas regiones y se proponen algunas especies típicas del Bs-T. Metodología. A partir de una revisión de literatura, salidas de campo, consulta de colecciones biológicas y ayuda de algunos especialistas se genera una lista taxonómica de mariposas para este ecosistema. Resultados. Un total de 2222 registros y 1825 individuos fueron revisados que corresponden a 662 especies, donde la familia Nymphalidae presento 274 especies, seguida por Hesperiidae con 183, Riodinidae 69, Pieridae 52, Lycaenidae 73 y Papilionidae con 21 especies. Además se proponen y figuran 15 especies de mariposas características de este tipo de ecosistema. Alcance. Se aporta conocimiento sobre la diversidad mariposas para un ecosistema en estado crítico como lo es el Bs-T, al igual que se genera una aproximación sobre su riqueza que permite proponer estrategias de conservación para el ecosistema.

Abstract Objective. To present for the first time the list of butterfly species (Lepidoptera: HesperioideaPapilionoidae) for the Tropical Dry Forest (Bs-T) of Colombia, the information gaps in some regions are indicated and some are proposed typical species of Bs-T. Methodology. Based on a review of literature, field trips, consultation of biological collections and the help of some specialists, a taxonomic list of butterflies for this ecosystem is proposed. Results. A total of 2222 records and 1825 individuals were reviewed corresponding to 662 species, where the Nymphalidae family presented 274 species, followed by Hesperiidae with 183, Riodinidae 69, Pieridae 52, Lycaenidae 73 and Papilionidae with 21 species. In addition, 15 species of butterflies characteristic of this type of ecosystem are proposed and listed. Scope. Knowledge is provided about the diversity of butterflies for an ecosystem in critical condition such as Bs-T, as well as an approximation of its wealth that allows to propose conservation strategies for the ecosystem.

Resumen Se realizó un monitoreo ecológico en dos propiedades sometidas a manejo forestal sostenible (MFS), ubicadas en la Zona Norte de Costa Rica. Para el monitoreo se eligió como indicador de filtro grueso el área basal y como indicador de filtro fino la composición, y diversidad de mariposas diurnas de las familias Nymphalidae, Papilionidae y Pieridae. Los resultados indican que los bosques sometidos a MFS, que además fueron afectadas por el paso del Huracán Otto, sufrieron una pérdida importante de área basal, lo que implica ajustes en el nuevo ciclo de corta que aseguren la recuperación de las áreas de bosque. Se comprobó que a menor cobertura forestal mayor abundancia, riqueza y composición de mariposas. Para lograr utilizar los monitoreos de mariposas como indicador de la sostenibilidad se requiere de un esfuerzo mayor para lograr construir líneas de referencia para este indicador.

Abstract An ecological monitoring was carried out on two properties subject to sustainable forest management (SFM), located in the Northern Zone of Costa Rica. For monitoring purposes, the basal area was chosen as the gross filter indicator, and the composition and diversity of diurnal butterflies of the Nymphalidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae families was chosen as a fine filter indicator. The results indicate that forests subjected to SFM , which were also affected by the passage of Hurricane Otto, suffered a significant loss of basal area, which implies adjustments in the new cutting cycle to ensure the recovery of forest areas. It was found that as lower forest cover, the greater abundance, richness and composition of butterflies. In order to use the monitoring of butterflies as an indicator of sustainability, a greater effort is required to achieve the construction of reference lines for this indicator.

Resumen El Patía, (Cauca, Colombia) es una zona caracterizada por ser vulnerable a intervenciones antrópicas y fenómenos naturales, lo cual motiva a realizar estudios que reflejen las dinámicas ecológicas empleando organismos indicadores biológicos como las mariposas. Esta investigación evaluó el efecto de la matriz ganadera sobre la comunidad de mariposas diurnas (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) en Las Martas y La Pachuca, dos fragmentos de bosque seco del Patía. Se emplearon dos métodos de captura: jama entomológica y trampas van Someren Rydon cebadas con pescado y banano descompuestos, establecidos en dos transectos de 300 m cada uno, para cada fragmento. Los muestreos se realizaron entre septiembre 2014 y febrero 2015. Entre los dos fragmentos se registraron 679 individuos, distribuidos en seis familias Nymphalidae (61,12 %), Pieridae (19,00 %), Hesperiidae (13,99 %), Papilionidae (2,65 %), Lycaenidae (2,21 %) y Riodinidae (1,03 %), 14 subfamilias y 81 especies. El coeficiente de Jaccard obtuvo 0,43 de similitud entre la comunidad de lepidópteros diurnos, compartiendo 35 especies del total registrado. La eficiencia del muestreo estuvo entre 48,38 y 67,9 %, sugiriendo continuar con los muestreos en los fragmentos. Se concluye que existe un fuerte efecto de la ganadería extensiva en la comunidad de lepidópteros diurnos, sin embargo, las especies que se registraron como euritopas y estenotopas pueden ser clave para elaborar planes de conservación basados en corredores biológicos.

Abstract The Patía region (Cauca, Colombia) is an area that is vulnerable to anthropic interventions and natural phenomena; this condition motivated the realization of this study, which reflects the ecological dynamics of using butterflies as biological indicator organisms. This research evaluated the effects of the cattle ranching matrix on the community of diurnal butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera), in two fragments of Patía dry forest, Cauca: Las Martas and La Pachuca. Two capture methods were used: entomological net and van Someren Rydon traps primed with fish and decomposed banana, and established in two transects of 300 m each, for each fragment. Sampling was carried out from September 2014 to February 2015. Between the two fragments were 679 individuals distributed in six families: Nymphalidae (61.12 %), Pieridae (19.00 %), Hesperiidae (13.99 %), Lycaenidae (2.21 %), Papilionidae 2.65 %) and Riodinidae (1.03 %), 14 subfamilies and 81 species. The Jaccard coefficient of 0.43 showed similarity among the diurnal lepidopteran community, which shared 35 species of the total recorded. The sampling efficiency was between 48.38 and 67.9 %, which suggesting continuity in the sampling of the fragments. It is concluded that a strong effect of extensive cattle ranching exists in the community of diurnal Lepidoptera, however, the species that were registered as euritopes and stenotopes may be key to developing conservation plans based on biological corridors.

Resumo Apesar de ser um dos grupos mais bem estudados no Brasil, as borboletas da região Nordeste, especialmente ao norte da foz do Rio São Francisco, são ainda pouco conhecidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um inventário da fauna de borboletas em um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica no estado de Pernambuco, como uma contribuição para compreensão sobre a distribuição desses insetos. O estudo foi realizado em um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica de 384.7 hectares do Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, localizado na região metropolitana de Recife. As borboletas foram amostradas mensalmente, de agosto de 2011 a julho de 2012 e de janeiro a agosto de 2016, com auxílio de redes entomológicas. Registros adicionais foram obtidos de duas Coleções Entomológicas e de duas coletas prévias em julho de 2003 e agosto de 2006. Um total de 273 espécies foi registrado em 464 horas e 15 espécies adicionais registradas a partir de Coleções Entomológicas, totalizando 288 espécies de borboletas registradas. A família mais rica foi Hesperiidae (108 espécies), seguida por Nymphalidae (80), Lycaenidae (43), Riodinidae (37), Pieridae (16) e Papilionidae (4). A fauna de borboletas foi dominada por espécies generalistas com uma ampla distribuição geográfica, muitas delas encontradas comumente em áreas abertas, bordas de mata e em vegetação secundária. Roeberella lencates (Hewitson, 1875) e Pheles atricolor atricolor (Butler, 1871) (Riodinidae) representam um novo registro para o Nordeste do Brasil.

Abstract Despite being one of the groups most well studied in Brazil, the butterfly fauna of northeastern Brazil, especially north of the mouth of São Francisco River, is poorly known. The aim of this study was to inventory the butterfly fauna in a remnant of Atlantic Forest in the state of Pernambuco as a contribution to understanding the distribution of these insects. The study was carried out in a 384.7 hectares fragment of Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, in the metropolitan region of Recife. The butterflies were sampled monthly with insect nets from August 2011 to July 2012 and from January to August 2016. Additional records were obtained from two entomological collections and from two previous visits to the area in July 2003 and August 2006. A total of 273 species was sampled in 464 hours, with an additional 15 species recorded from the Entomological Collections, totaling 288 butterfly species recorded. The richest family was Hesperiidae (108 species), followed by Nymphalidae (80), Lycaenidae (43) Riodinidae (37), Pieridae (16) and Papilionidae (4). The fauna was dominated by generalist species with a broad geographical distribution, many of them commonly found on open areas, forest edges and secondary vegetation. Roeberella lencates (Hewitson, 1875) and Pheles atricolor atricolor (Butler, 1871) (Riodinidae) represent new records for northeastern Brazil.

Resumen Se determinó la diversidad de mariposas diurnas asociadas a tres hábitats con diferentes grados de conservación en el corregimiento de Pacurita, Quibdó, Chocó, Colombia. Para la captura de mariposas durante 38 días de muestreos entre los meses de julio y diciembre del 2016, se empleó una red entomológica y seis trampas Van Someren- Rydon cebadas con pescado en descomposición y frutas fermentadas. Se capturaron 284 individuos de 44 especies pertenecientes a las familias Nymphalidae (S=38) Papilionidae (S=3), Pieridae (S=1) y Riodinidae (S=2). Según el tipo de hábitats, las especies más abundantes fueron Pierella luna lesbia y Heliconius erato venus en el hábitat de bosque conservado; Pierella luna lesbia, Heliconius erato venus y Colobura dirce en el bosque secundario, y Anartia jatrophae, Heliconius erato venus y Anartia amathea en el hábitat de intervención permanente. En los hábitats de bosque conservado y bosque secundario se registró un 62 % de similitud en cuanto a la composición y la estructura de las especies de mariposas, lo cual no ocurrió en el hábitat de intervención permanente. De las 44 especies reportadas en este estudio, 25 constituyen nuevos registros para la localidad de Pacurita, siendo la familia Nymphalidae la predominante. Las especies P. luna lesbia, A. jatrophae, H. erato venus, A. demophon muson y S. magdalena cleove fueron las mejor representadas, aunque con cambios en su abundancia según el tipo de hábitat.

Abstract We determined the diversity of butterflies associated with three habitats with different level of conservation in the village of Pacurita, Quibdó, Chocó, Colombia. For the capture of butterflies during 38 days of sampling between the months of July and December 2016, an entomological network and six Van Someren-Rydon traps baited with decaying fish and fermented fruits were used. A total of 284 individuals of 44 species were captured, from the families Nymphalidae (S=38), Papilionidae (S=3), Pieridae (S=1), and Riodinidae (S=2). The most abundant species were Pierella luna lesbia and Heliconius erato venus in the preserved forest; Pierella luna lesbia, Heliconius erato venus, and Colobura dirce in the secondary forest, and Anartia jatrophae, Heliconius erato venus, and Anartia amathea in the habitat of permanent intervention. In the preserved and secondary forests, there was a 62% similarity in the composition and structure of butterfly species, but not so in the permanent intervention habitat. Out of the 44 species reported in this study, 25 constitute new species records for Pacurita locality; the Nymphalidae family was the predominant one. The species P. luna lesbia, A. jatrophae, H. erato venus, A. demophon muson, and S. magdalena cleove were the best represented despite experiencing changes in their abundance according to the type of habitat.

Resumen: Los cultivos de café de sombra generan ambientes similares a los ecosistemas de montaña en comparación con los monocultivos de café expuestos al sol. Aunque las mariposas se consideran bioindicadoras del estado de salud del ecosistema se desconoce su diversidad en sistemas cafeteros de Santander, donde el café se siembra exclusivamente bajo sombra. Se describe la estructura y composición del ensamblaje de mariposas (Papilionoidea) en un cafetal con sombrío (hacienda La Capellanía, Curití, Santander) a 1.756 m (agosto-septiembre, 2014). En tres transectos paralelos de 50 m dentro del cultivo se ubicaron nueve trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con fruta descompuesta, y especímenes adicionales fueron capturados con red entomológica. La representatividad del muestreo (Ecuación de Clench) fue 81,67 %. Se capturaron 341 individuos de 49 especies de las familias Nymphalidae (S = 39), Pieridae (S = 7), Papilionidae (S = 2) y Lycaenidae (S = 1). Las especies más abundantes fueron Cissia pompilia, Graphita griphe y Hermeuptychia harmonia. Se describió la riqueza (α =16), dominancia (D = 0,07), equidad (J´= 0,81) y los números efectivos de especies (°D = 58,8, 1D= 23,73 y 2D = 14,2 6). Se relacionó la estructura vegetal con la composición de mariposas (análisis de correspondencia canónica). El porcentaje de cobertura arbórea, la altura, el DAP y la cantidad de los árboles explicaron significativamente la abundancia de mariposas. Este estudio es de los pioneros en describir la diversidad de mariposas en cafetales con sombrío del departamento del Santander. Los agroecosistemas cafeteros de sombra tradicional pueden beneficiar la diversidad de mariposas, debido a que la heterogeneidad de su estructura vegetal ofrece mayor disponibilidad de recursos y refugio.

Abstract Shade grown coffee crops generate environments more similar to mountain ecosystems than monocultures of coffee exposed to direct sunlight. Although butterflies are considered useful bioindicators of the state of ecosystem health, their diversity remains unknown in coffee agroecosystems in Santander, where coffee is grown under shade. The structure and composition of the assembly of the Papilionoidea in a shade coffee plantation (Hacienda La Capellanía, Curití, Santander) at an altitude of 1756 m (August-September, 2014) are described. In three parallel transects of 50 m inside the crop, nine Van Someren-Rydon traps were baited with decomposed fruit, and additional specimens were captured with an entomological net. The sampling coverage was estimated at 81.67 % (Clench equation). Overall, 341 individuals of 49 species of the family Nymphalidae (spp. = 39), Pieridae (spp. = 7), Papilionidae (spp. = 2) and Lycaenidae (sp. = 1) were captured. The most abundant species were Cissia pompilia, Graphita griphe and Hermeuptychia harmonia. Species richness (α = 16), dominance (D = 0.07), evenness (J’ = 0.81) and effective number of species (°D = 58.8, 1D = 23.73 and 2D = 14.26) were estimated. Vegetation structure was related to the composition of butterfly communities (canonical correspondence analysis). The abundance of butterflies was significantly associated with the percentage of tree cover, height, trunk diameter, and the abundance of trees in the coffee plantation. This study is one of the first to describe the diversity of butterflies associated with shade coffee in the department of Santander. Traditional shade coffee agroecosystems may benefit the diversity of butterflies because the heterogeneity of their plant structure offers a greater availability of resources and shelter for them.

Abstract: A thorough study on the taxonomic composition and altitudinal distribution of butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea) in the Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca is presented. Systematic field collecting was conducted in 12 localities between 90 and 2200 meters above sea level, representing all the climate and vegetation types and subtypes. Field work inlcuded two approaches: searches with entomological nets in different microhabitats, and placement of 5-7 Van Someren-Rydon traps baited with fermented banana. This work yielded 3,108 specimens, with their taxonomic identification, and the review of 89 specimens and 302 database records of the MARIPOSA database, at the Museo de Zoología de la Facultad de Ciencias de la UNAM, and data from other Mexican collections, generated an integrated list of 460 taxones included in 6 families, 19 subfamilies and 246 genera. Of these, 353 taxones are new records for the Sierra Mazateca, and 4 are new to the state of Oaxaca. The most diverse family was Nymphalidae (168 taxones), followed by Hesperiidae (141 taxones), Lycaenidae (57 taxones), Pieridae (42 taxones), Riodinidae (33 taxones) and Papilionidae (19 taxones). The better represented genera were: Urbanus Hübner, Calephelis Grote & Robinson, Adelpha Hübner, Anthanassa Scudder, 1875, Hamadryas Hübner, Eurema Hübner, Autochton Hübner, Chlosyne A. Butler, Parides Hübner, Heliconius Kluk, Memphis Hübner, Emesis Fabricius, Catasticta A. Butler, and Astraptes Hübner y Phoebis Hübner. Based on the species accumulation curve, using the Clench model, 71.3% (380 taxones) of the total estimated for the area was collected, and 87.2% of the total estimate considering additional collections. Regarding altitudinal distribution, 77% (360 taxones) occurred between 90-500 masl, making this interval the most diverse in the Sierra.

Resumen: Se realizó un estudio sobre la composición y distribución altitudinal de las mariposas diurnas (superfamilia Papilionoidea) en la Sierra Mazateca, Oaxaca. Se efectuaron recolectas sistemáticas en 12 localidades ubicadas entre los 90 y 2200 msnm, que representan los tipos y subtipos climáticos y de vegetación del área. En las recolectas se emplearon dos técnicas: búsqueda dirigida con red entomológica aérea en los diferentes microhábitats y colocación de cinco a siete trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con plátano fermentado. Este trabajo permitió obtener 3,108 ejemplares, cuya determinación taxonómica y la revisión de 89 ejemplares y 302 registros de la base de datos Mariposa, del Museo de Zoología de la Facultad de Ciencias de la UNAM y los datos provenientes de otras colecciones mexicanas, generaron una lista integrada de 460 taxones, incluidos en seis familias, 19 subfamilias y 246 géneros. De éstos, 353 taxones son nuevos registros para la Sierra Mazateca y 4 son nuevos para el estado de Oaxaca. La familia más diversa fue Nymphalidae (168 taxones), seguida Hesperiidae (141 taxones), Lycaenidae (57 taxones), Pieridae (42 taxones), Riodinidae (33 taxones) y Papilionidae (19 taxones). Los géneros mejor representados en cuanto a riqueza fueron: Urbanus Hübner, Calephelis Grote & Robinson, Adelpha Hübner, Anthanassa Scudder, 1875, Hamadryas Hübner, Eurema Hübner, Autochton Hübner, Chlosyne A. Butler, Parides Hübner, Heliconius Kluk, Memphis Hübner, Emesis Fabricius, Catasticta A. Butler, Astraptes Hübner y Phoebis Hübner. Con base en la curva de acumulación de especies, empleando el modelo de Clench, se recolectaron el 71.3% (380 taxones) de lo estimado para el área y un total de 87.2% de lo estimado considerando las colecciones adicionales. Respecto a la distribución altitudinal el 77% (360 taxones) son frecuentes en los 90-500 msnm.

A couve, Brassica oleracea var. acephala, destaca-se entre as plantas hortícolas como sendo frequentemente atacada por pragas, dentre as quais o curuquerê da couve, Ascia monuste orseis (Godart, 1819) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). O controle desse inseto tem sido feito com inseticidas. Na agricultura orgânica, o uso dos referidos produtos é proibido e já existem alguns casos em que agricultores estão substituindo-o, por outras alternativas menos danosas ao meio ambiente, como as soluções homeopáticas, substâncias apontadas como ferramentas para Agroecologia. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar se soluções homeopáticas proporcionam mecanismos de antibiose, como deterrência alimentar, em Ascia monuste orseis, em couve 'manteiga cv. Santo Antônio' e se podem ser utilizadas no controle de pragas. As soluções testadas foram: - Sulphur 12CH; Phosphorus 5CH; Magnesia carbonica 30CH; Ruta 5CH. A testemunha foi água destilada + álcool de cereais 70% 5CH. Para o preparo de cada solução, foram retirados 0,2 ml de cada preparado homeopático, adicionados a 200 ml de água destilada pulverizados nas folhas e nos solo dos vasos. As características analisadas foram peso de lagartas no início e no final do 4° instar; peso seco de pupa (biomassa incorporada), comprimento de lagarta no 4° instar, duração do ciclo ovo-adulto, percentagem de emergência de adultos, comprimento alar, fecundidade das fêmeas e valor nutritivo das couves tratadas. Sulphur 12CH pode ser recomendado como método alternativo eficiente no controle de A. monuste orseis. Todas as soluções homeopáticas, com exceção do Phosphorus 5CH, promoveram deterrência alimentar, mecanismo de antibiose, interferindo no ciclo biológico de A. monuste orseis.

The kale, Brassica oleracea var. acephala , stands out among vegetables for being frequently by pests, in particular the leafworm kale, Ascia monuste orseis (Godart, 1819) (Lepidoptera : Pieridae ). The control of this insect has been carried out using insecticides. In organic agriculture, the use of these products is prohibited and there are already some examples where farmers are replacing their use for other alternative forms, less harmful to the environment, such as homeopathic solutions, which are substances identified as a tool to Agroecology. The objective of this study was to determine whether homeopathic solutions provide antibiosis mechanism, such as food deterrence in Ascia monuste orseis in 'manteiga cv. Santo Antonio' kale and whether they could be used to control pests. The solutions tested were as follows: Sulphur 12CH; Phosphorus 5CH ; Magnesia carbonica 30 CH; Ruta 5CH. The control was distilled water + grain alcohol 70% 5CH. For the preparation of each solution, 0.2 ml was taken from each homeopathic preparation, added to 200 ml of distilled water, sprayed onto the leaves and soil in the pots. The traits analyzed were as follows: weight of caterpillars at the beginning and end of the 4th instar; dry weight of pupa (incorporated biomass); length of the caterpillar at the 4th instar; length of egg to adult cycle, percentage of adult emergence; wing length; fecundity of the females and nutritive value of the treated kales. Sulphur 12CH can be recommended as an effective alternative method to control A. monuste orseis. All homeopathic solutions, except Phosphorus 5CH , promoted feeding deterrence, antibiosis mechanism, interfering with the biological cycle of A. monuste orseis.