Abstract The improper disposal of this waste poses environmental challenges, which can be addressed through effective reuse strategies. This study aims to explore the potential of utilizing marine shell waste as partial substitutes for aggregates in concrete. The research involves investigating the physical characteristics of the recycled aggregate using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques to elucidate the contact surface with the paste. Additionally, chemical and mineralogical characteristics are analyzed through X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction tests. The compressive strength test is conducted on concrete samples to assess the performance of these materials as both aggregate (shell type A) and filler (shell type B). The findings indicate that replacing up to 20% of marine shells as coarse aggregate and 10% as filler demonstrates feasibility for applications in structural concrete. Furthermore, up to 30% replacement can be directed towards non-structural concrete, providing a comprehensive understanding of the potential applications of marine shell residues in concrete production.

Resumo As atividades de mariscagem e malacocultura produzem uma grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos compostos por conchas marinhas. O impacto ambiental do descarte inadequado pode ser atenuado com estratégias de reaproveitamento. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a viabilidade do uso de resíduo de conchas marinhas com substituintes parciais de agregados no concreto. As características físicas do agregado reciclado foram investigadas através das técnicas de Microscopia de Força Atômica (MFA) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) a fim de esclarecer aspectos da superfície de contato com a pasta; as características químicas e mineralógicas foram investigadas por meio dos ensaios de fluorescência de raios-X e difração de raios-X; e o ensaio de resistência à compressão foi conduzido em amostras de concreto foram moldadas para avaliação do comportamento destes materiais do comportamento destes materiais como agregado (concha tipo A) e fíler (concha tipo B). Concluiu-se que o uso de até 20% de substituição de concha marinha como agregado graúdo e 10% como filer mostrou viabilidade para aplicações em concretos estruturais e, de forma complementar, teores de até 30% podem ser direcionados à concretos não estruturais.

Abstract The use of supplementary cementitious materials to replace Portland clinker is one of the most effective strategies adopted by cement companies to reduce CO 2 emission on large-scale. However, due to the limited availability of traditional materials, alternative options are being investigated. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the characteristics and effect of different replacement levels of cement by dregs and grits on compressive strength. The wastes were ground and particles smaller than 75 µm were used. Chemical and physical were performed to characterize the dregs and grits. For both wastes, replacement levels of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30% of cement mass were evaluated in the mortar production. The water-cement ratio and superplasticizer admixture content were kept constant. In fresh state, the consistency index and incorporated air content were obtained. Mortars made with dregs had higher strength compared to grits due to the higher combined water content. The results showed that it is possible to replace up to 36% of cement with dregs to obtain a strength of 25 MPa; and 15% for 40 MPa.

Resumo Ouso de adições minerais em substituição ao clínquer Portland é uma das medidas mitigadoras de emissão de CO2, mais promissoras em larga escala, adotadas pelas cimenteiras. Dada a limitação de disponibilidade de algumas, materiais alternativos vêm sendo investigados. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar o efeito de diferentes teores de dregs e grits em substituição parcial ao cimento na resistência à compressão. Os resíduos foram submetidos à moagem, utilizando-se partículas inferiores a 75 µm. Foram realizados ensaios para caracterização química e física dos dregs e grits. Para ambos os resíduos, foram analisados os teores de 0, 5, 10, 20 e 30% em substituição à massa de cimento na produção de argamassas. A relação água/finos e o teor de aditivo superplastificante foram mantidos constantes. No estado fresco, foram avaliados o índice de consistência e o teor de ar incorporado. As argamassas com dregs proporcionaram maior resistência em relação às com grits devido ao maior teor de água combinada. Os resultados mostraram que é possível substituir até 36% do cimento por esse resíduo para obtenção de resistência à compressão de 25 MPa e 15% para 40 MPa.

RESUMEN La interacción roca-fluido se asocia al daño de la formación y ocurre por introducción de “fluidos extraños” que causan desequilibrios químicos y físicos en la matriz de la roca y en los fluidos en su interior, lo que reduce la permeabilidad de la formación. La investigación tiene como objetivo: evaluar propiedades de interacción roca-fluido en un proceso de recuperación mejorada, a escala de laboratorio, con inyección de formulación química, en búsqueda de alternativas para el mejoramiento de la producción de petróleo e incremento del factor de recobro de los yacimientos. Se realizaron ensayos de mojabilidad y caracterización física y química de los fluidos inyectados y los efluentes (sólidos totales disueltos, densidad, conductividad, cloruro, calcio, magnesio y pH) antes y después del contacto con la formación. Sobre la base de determinaciones de densidad, contenido de agua y sedimento, asfaltenos y comportamiento reológico, se realizó la caracterización del crudo del pozo Seboruco y también del agua de capa que fue analizada en cuanto su composición iónica y su clasificación. Tales ensayos indicaron un crudo pesado y seudoplástico y el agua de capa del tipo hidrocarbonada sódica. Los ensayos de interacción roca-fluido evidenciaron cambios significativos en la mojabilidad de la roca, de oleohumectada a acuohumectada. Los análisis de los efluentes corroboraron intercambio iónico en el sistema roca-fluido como son: los incrementos de pH y aumento de contenido de cloruro, calcio y magnesio, obtenido al paso de la formulación, que en alguna forma favorecieron al desplazamiento del crudo en el medio poroso.

ABSTRACT The rock-fluid interaction is associated with formation damage and occurs due to the introduction of foreign fluids that cause chemical and physical imbalances in the rock matrix and in the fluids insides, which reduces the permeability of formation The objective of the research is to evaluate properties of rock-fluid interaction in an improved recovery process. The research is developed on a laboratory scale with injection of chemical formulation, in search of alternatives for the improvement of oil production and the increase of the recovery factor of the reservoirs. Wettability tests and physical-chemical characterization of the injected fluids and effluents (total dissolved solids, density, conductivity, chloride, calcium, magnesium and pH) were carried out before and after contact with the formation. Based on determinations of density, water and sediment content, asphaltenes and rheological behavior, the characterization of the crude oil from the Seboruco well was carried out, as well as the layer water that was analyzed for its ionic composition and its classification. Such tests indicated a heavy and pseudoplastic crude oil, and a sodium hydrocarbonated layer water. The rock-fluid interaction tests showed significant changes in the wettability of the rock, from to oil-wet to water-wet. The analyzes of the effluents corroborated ionic exchange in the rock-fluid system such as: The increases in pH and increased content of chloride, calcium and magnesium obtained during the formulation step, which in some way favored the displacement of crude oil in the porous medium.

RESUMO: O trigo mourisco é conhecido por sua aptidão como adubo verde, melhorando as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo ao mesmo tempo que possui nenhuma ou baixíssimas requisições de fertilização, além de rápido fechamento de dossel e de não possuir pragas nem outros inimigos naturais documentados no Brasil. Essa cultura tem o potencial de cultivo para preencher o período de tempo conhecido como “vazio outonal” no Sul do Brasil, período caracterizado pela baixa ou nenhuma oferta de forragem. O valor nutritivo é bom, além de seus grãos, altamente nutritivos, também poderem ser consumidos por humanos, ruminantes e não-ruminantes. Essa revisão visa fornecer informações relevantes da pesquisa sobre o trigo mourisco nos últimos anos objetivando o incentivo a viabilização dessa cultura como alternativa no vazio outonal no sul do Brasil. RESUMO verde fertilização Brasil forragem bom grãos nutritivos humanos nãoruminantes. nãoruminantes ruminantes. não-ruminantes

ABSTRACT: Buckwheat is known for its aptitude as green manure, as it increases soil’s physical and chemical properties at the same time it has none or very few fertilization requirements besides a fast canopy closure and has no ravagers or natural enemies documented in Brazil. This crop has the potential to fill an empty period known as the “Autumn gap” in Southern Brazil, which is characterized by the low or no forage offer at all, justified by the fact its forage has the same quality as that of a grass forage, besides, its grains, highly nutritious, can also be consumed by humans, ruminants, or non-ruminants. This review aims to provide relevant information about recent buckwheat research to make it a viable alternative for the Autumn gap. ABSTRACT manure soils soil s Brazil gap all grains nutritious humans ruminants nonruminants. nonruminants non ruminants. non-ruminants

Abstract: In order to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological composition of functional beverages obtained from chayote pulp (Sechium edule) with L-carnitine. A randomized design with four replicates per treatment was used to evaluate chemical (dry matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, fiber, and ash), physical (pH, °Brix, acidity), and microbiological (mesophilic aerobes and molds and yeasts) parameters. The treatments studied were: V1, Chayote 100% plus 500 mg of L-carnitine; V2, Chayote 75% + 500 mg of L-carnitine and 25% of distilled water; V3, Chayote 75% + 250 mg of L-carnitine and 25% of distilled water; V4, Chayote 50% + 500 mg of L-carnitine and 50% of distilled water; V5, Chayote 50% + 250 mg of L-carnitine and 50% of distilled water. The pH values at V3 gradually decreased until day 21. Crude protein and ash differed (p<0.05) in V1 and V2 compared to the other treatments. While dry matter, ethereal, and nitrogen-free extract did not differ between the variants, mesophilic aerobes, molds, and yeasts were within the ranges (<3) of acceptance according to NTE INEN 1529-6 standards. Treatment V3 showed the highest pH reduction (5.09) compared to other variants after 21 days of storage. It is concluded that including different amounts of chayote pulp with L-carnitine is a suitable alternative to obtain functional beverages for human consumption.

Resumen: Con el objetivo de evaluar la composición fisicoquímica y microbiológica de las bebidas funcionales obtenidas a partir pulpa de chayote (Sechium edule) con L-Carnitina, se empleó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento se evaluaron parámetros químicos (materia seca, proteína cruda, extracto eterio, fibra y ceniza), físicos (pH, °Brix, acidez) y microbiológicos (aerobios mesófilos y mohos y levaduras). Los tratamientos estudiados fueron: V1, Chayote 100 % más 500 mg de L-carnitina; V2, Chayote 75% + 500 mg L-Carnitina y 25% agua destilada; V3, chayote 75% +250 mg L-Carnitina y 25% agua destilada; V4, Chayote 50% + 500 mg L-Carnitina y 50% agua destilada; V5, Chayote 50% + 250 mg L-Carnitina y 50% agua destilada. Los valores de pH en el V3 se redujeron gradualmente hasta el día 21. La proteína cruda y ceniza difirieron (p<0.05) en los V1 y V2 frente a los demás. Mientras que la materia seca, extracto etéreo y extracto libre de nitrógeno, no presentaron diferencia entre variantes. Los aerobios mesófilos, mohos y levaduras estuvieron dentro los rangos (<3) de aceptación según las normas NTE INEN 1529-6. El tratamiento V3 fue el que presentó mayor reducción de pH (5,09) con frente a otras variantes a los 21dias de conservado. Se concluye, que la inclusión de diferentes cantidades de pulpa de chayote con L-Carnitina es una alternativa apropiada para obtener bebidas funcionales aptos para consumo humano.

ABSTRACT • Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) is a tree native to India that, due to its multiple properties, is currently widely distributed throughout the world, mainly in tropical and semi-arid areas, being able to withstand adverse conditions such as high temperatures and soils. arid, infertile, stony or acid. Insect repellents and insecticides, fungicides and fertilizers of extraordinary value for integrated or organic agriculture are made from this plant. The objective of this research is the determination of quality parameters of the physical-chemical variables of the oil from the seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem). The oil was extracted, by artisanal cold pressing, from the seeds of fruits collected from specimens cultivated in the San Antonio del Sur municipality of the Guantánamo province. The quality parameters were determined: density, acidity index, pH, refractive, iodine and saponification indices. The values of the oil quality parameters of the neem seeds were shown to be similar to the results of other researchers and to be within the ranges required by the Codex. Of all the parameters, the only one that is above the required values is the acidity index. The Neem oil from trees located in Guantánamo could be an alternative to replace imported vegetable oils for industrial use, although with previous refining processes

RESUMEN • Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) es un árbol originario de la India que, por sus múltiples propiedades, se encuentra en la actualidad distribuido ampliamente en el mundo, principalmente en zonas tropicales y semiáridas, pudiendo soportar condiciones adversas tales como: altas temperaturas y suelos áridos, no fértiles, pedregosos o ácidos. A partir de esta planta se elaboran repelentes de insectos e insecticidas, fungicidas y fertilizantes de extraordinario valor para la agricultura integral o biológica. El objetivo de esta investigación es la determinación de parámetros de calidad de las variables físico-químicas del aceite de las semillas de Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem). El aceite se extrajo, mediante prensado al frío artesanal, de las semillas de frutos recolectados de especímenes cultivados en el municipio San Antonio del Sur de la provincia de Guantánamo. Se determinaron los parámetros de calidad: densidad, índice de acidez, pH, índices de refracción, de yodo y de saponificación. Los valores de los parámetros de calidad del aceite de las semillas de Neem mostraron ser similares a los resultados de otros investigadores y que se encuentran dentro los rangos exigidos por el Códex. De todos los parámetros el único que está por encima de los valores exigidos es el índice de acidez. El aceite de neem de árboles localizados en Guantánamo podría constituir una alternativa en la sustitución de aceites vegetales importados de uso industrial, aunque con previos procesos de refinación.

RESUMEN Introducción: La herida es una pérdida de continuidad de la piel o mucosa producida por algún agente físico o químico. Una herida es “compleja” cuando por su extensión, localización, profundidad o exposición de elementos nobles, necesita para su curación una terapéutica especial. Este es el caso de heridas con compromiso tisular que afecta a estructuras como músculos, fascias, tendones, huesos, vasos sanguíneos, nervios o las lesiones de lenta evolución como úlceras o escaras. Objetivos: Determinar el método de reconstrucción más utilizado en el manejo terapéutico de las heridas complejas del tercio distal de la pierna en los pacientes atendidos en el Hospital de Trauma y en la Unidad de Cirugía Plástica de la FCM - UNA. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de diseño observacional, tipo de estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Fueron incluidos pacientes de ambos sexos, mayores de edad, con heridas complejas en el tercio distal de la pierna, atendidos en el Hospital de Trauma y en la Unidad de Cirugía Plástica de la FCM - UNA, durante el periodo 2010 al 2019. Resultados: Se incluyó a 112 pacientes de los cuales el 80,36 % fue hombres y el 19,64 % mujeres. Las edades estaban comprendidas entre los 18 y los 73 años y una media de 33,8 ± 14 años. La edad más frecuente fue 18 años. La mediana de edad es de 30 años, lo que implica que la mitad de la muestra tuvo por lo menos dicha edad. En cuanto a la procedencia, el 41,07 % era del interior, el 30,36 % del departamento Central y el 28,57 % restante de Asunción. En cuanto al mecanismo de la lesión, se puede observar que el mecanismo más frecuente fue el accidente de tráfico, seguido por caída de altura, en un gran porcentaje. En cuanto a la evolución y complicaciones se puede ver que 92 individuos, o sea 82 % de los pacientes no tuvo ninguna evolución negativa o complicaciones. Lo más común fue la infección con 1,9% de prevalencia, la pérdida parcial del colgajo o piel representan el 2,4%, dehiscencia de la sutura el 0,9 %, hematoma 0,6 % y pérdida total del colgajo 0,54 %. En cuanto al tratamiento aplicado, se debe tener en cuenta que los pacientes pudieron haber recibido más de un tratamiento por lo que el tamaño de la muestra se refiere a las visitas. El tratamiento más frecuente fue el colgajo sural con 28,57%, tutor externo con el 20,19%, injerto de piel 16,46%, toillete 12,73% y colgajo fascio - cutáneo en 6,21%. Conclusión: La gran mayoría de los casos tratados corresponde a algún tipo de accidente de tránsito. Se necesita de un equipo multidisciplinario: ortopedistas, cirujanos plásticos, cirujanos vasculares, fisioterapeutas, etc. en trabajo coordinado para tratar estas graves lesiones de forma a obtener resultados favorables. Para la cobertura de la pierna traumatizada, con exposición ósea, recurrimos a los colgajos musculares, en el 1/3 proximal el gemelo, en el 1/3 medio el sóleo. Para la cobertura del 1/3 distal de la pierna utilizamos el colgajo neuro-veno-fascio-cutáneo (sural) a pedículo distal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The wound is a loss of continuity of the skin or mucosa produced by some physical or chemical agent. A wound is “complex” when due to its extension, location, depth, exposure of noble elements, it requires special therapy to heal. This is the case of wounds with tissue involvement that affects structures such as muscles, fascia, tendons, bones, blood vessels, nerves, or slowly evolving lesions such as ulcers or bedsores. Objectives: Determine the reconstruction method most used in the therapeutic management of complex wounds of the distal third of the leg in patients treated at the Trauma Hospital and the Plastic Surgery Unit of the FCM - UNA. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, and temporally retrospective study. Patients of both sexes, of legal age, with complex wounds in the distal third of the leg, treated at the Trauma Hospital and in the Plastic Surgery Unit of the FCM - UNA, during the period 2010 to 2019, were included. Results: 112 patients were included, of which 80.36% are men and 19.64% are women. The ages range from 18 to 73 years and an average of 33.8 ± 14 years. The most common age was 18 years. The median age is 30 years, which implies that half of the sample is at least that age. Regarding origin, 41.07% are from the interior, 30.36% from the Central department and the remaining 28.57% from Asunción. Regarding the mechanism of injury, the most frequent mechanism was a traffic accident, followed by a fall from a height, in a large percentage. Regarding the evolution and complications, 92, that is, 82% of the patients do not have any negative evolution or complications. The most common was infection with 1.9%, partial loss of the flap or skin represented 2.4%, suture dehiscence with 0.9%, hematoma 0.6%, and total loss of the flap 0.54. %. Regarding the treatment applied, it must be considered that patients may have received more than one treatment, so the sample size refers to visits. The most frequent treatment was the sural flap with 28.57%, external tutor with 20.19%, skin graft 16.46%, toilette 12.73% and fasciocutaneous flap in 6.21%. Conclusion: Most cases treated correspond to some type of traffic accident. A multidisciplinary team is needed: orthopedists, plastic surgeons, vascular surgeons, physiotherapists, etc. in coordinated work to treat these serious injuries to obtain favorable results. To cover the traumatized leg, with bone exposure, we resort to muscle flaps. In the proximal 1/3, the gastrocnemius. In the middle 1/3, the soleus. To cover the distal 1/3 of the leg we used the neuro-veno-fascio-cutaneous (sural) flap to the distal pedicle.

Abstract: This study attempts to obtain the approximate fatigue vulnerability of a steel arch bridge from the Colombian national road network. It establishes the interaction between the demand and the available capacity through the Weibull probability equation, and an AASHTO remaining-time equation indicated in (FHWA, 2015). However, the available capacity in terms of the S-N curve obtained from available international references was modified to account for the effects of corrosion present in elements and/or joints in the bridge. The load demand was modeled as the controlled action of the fatigue truck reported in AASHTO, which was systematically located on a structural model represented by Shell and Frame type finite elements, which represented the information available in drawings (in the current Colombian bridge management system), and the one obtained from structural survey activities. The structural model was further calibrated by a parametric study on the modulus of elasticity of steel, which included the minimization of the error difference in the vertical deflections of a bridge load test, keeping the magnitude within the expected ranges established in a protocol. Such reports of actual deflections were achieved using distance meters at important points of the bridge. This model allowed for estimating the magnitude of stresses in the structural elements of the bridge, especially in an area of interest for the study where chemical and physical elements of structural deficiency were determined. The results show an inverse relationship between the probability of failure and remaining service life. The effect of corrosion on the remaining capacity and the probability of failure of the structural elements is clear.

Resumen: El presente estudio busca obtener la vulnerabilidad aproximada a fatiga de un Puente de acero en arco que pertenece a la red de vías nacionales de Colombia. Se establece la interacción entre la demanda y la capacidad disponible de resistencia através de la ecuación de probabilidad de Weibull y la ecuación indicada en ela norma AASHTO para vida remanente en fatiga (FHWA, 2015). Sin embargo, la capacidad disponible con base en las curvas S-N de capacidad disponible, se modificaron para poder tener en cuenta los efectos de corrosión presentes en elementos y/o conexiones del puente. La carga se modeló mediante el camion de fatiga especificado en la AASHTO, el cual fue localizado de manera sistemática sobre los nudos de un modelo hecho en elementos finitos tipo Shell and Frame. Este modelo se construyó basado en planos disponibles y de algunas actividades de levantamiento estructural en campo. El modelo estructural fue calibrado mediante un proceso paramétrico en el modulo de elasticidad del acero, el cual minimizó el error entre las deflexiones verticales modealdas y las determinadas mediante una prueba de carga sobre el puente real. Las deflexiones reales fueron reportadas mediane el uso de distanciómetros localizados en puntos seleccionados del puente. El modelo calibrado sirvió para estimar la magnitud de los rangos de esfuerzo en los elementos modelados del Puente, especialmente en la zona de estudio, donde se determinó la presencia de corrosión. Los resultados presentan una relación inversa entre la probabilidad de falla por fatiga, y la vida remanente estimada por efectos de fatiga. Se pudo determinar con claridad el efecto de la corrosión en la capacidad del puente y la probabilidad de falla asociada.

We report on the development of a finite-element method model for a pilot furnace for the production of manganese alloys. The model is a multiphysics model that addresses material flow, electrical conditions, heat transfer, and physical and chemical transformations. It is capable of studying both quasi-steady and transient states in time-dependent simulations. The model includes common charge materials and fluxes and can simulate production of both ferromanganese and silicomanganese alloys with acid and basic slags, as well as changing charge compositions. The model output provides access to the material distribution in the furnace during furnace runs, temperature profiles, current paths, energy balances, and alloy and slag production rates and compositions.

Agroindustrial processes related to sugar cane generate agricultural waste that, for the most part, is not treated adequately and is often finally burned. This poor waste management leads to socio-economic and environmental problems, such as air, soil, and water pollution. The biomass of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) is mainly made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, the latter is a complex biopolymer which represents challenges for its degradation due to its resistance to chemical and physical treatments naturally in the environment. Therefore, the use of microorganisms and enzymes in the biological treatment of lignocellulosic materials promotes sustainability. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify the most efficient method to achieve the total decomposition of insoluble lignin present in sugarcane biomass, using four different methodological approaches to achieve integration into soils, closing the cycle. The methods used in this study achieved complete degradation of insoluble lignin, therefore, the application of solid matrix discs inoculated with Pleurotus ostreatus is recommended for the degradation of insoluble lignin.

Los procesos agroindustriales relacionados con la caña de azúcar generan residuos agrícolas que, en su mayoría, no son tratados adecuadamente y a menudo son finalmente quemados. Esta gestión deficiente de los residuos conlleva problemas socioeconómicos y medioambientales, como la contaminación del aire, el suelo y el agua. La biomasa de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum) está constituido principalmente de celulosa, hemicelulosa y lignina, siendo esta última un biopolímero complejo que representa desafíos para su degradación debido a su resistencia a tratamientos físicoquímicos y de manera natural en el ambiente, de forma que, la utilización de microorganismos y enzimas en el tratamiento biológico de materiales lignocelulósicos fomenta la sostenibilidad. Por lo tanto, el propósito de esta investigación consistió en identificar el método más eficiente para lograr la descomposición total de la lignina insoluble presente en la biomasa de caña de azúcar, utilizando cuatro enfoques metodológicos distintos a fin de lograr la integración a los suelos, cerrando el ciclo. Los métodos empleados en este estudio lograron la degradación completa de lignina insoluble, por lo cual, se recomienda la aplicación de discos de matriz sólida inoculados con Pleurotus ostreatus para la degradación de la lignina insoluble.

ABSTRACT Municipal biowaste has a high potential for agricultural use. However, it requires an additional amendment to increase the nutritional content used during the composting process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the selection of compost-enhancing amendments from municipal biowaste using bibliometric and multicriteria analysis. The municipality of Yopal (Casanare, Colombia) was chosen as a case study. Using a search equation in the Scopus and Web of Science databases over five years (2018-2022), 53 publications were discovered, from which 25 were chosen for a full review to identify alternatives for amendment. Ashes, rice husks, sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, tree pruning waste, and alfalfa hay were assessed as amendment substitutes. Criteria such as financial cost, accessibility to acquire the amendment, nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon contribution were used in the analysis of hierarchical processes. Tree pruning waste was the best option based on the criteria chosen because it is easily accessible and contributes with carbon and nitrogen (C/N: 13) to composting. Factors such as cost and affordability influence the physical and chemical characteristics that an amendment brings to the composting of municipal biowaste.

RESUMO Os biorresíduos municipais têm um elevado potencial para utilização agrícola. No entanto, requer uma alteração adicional para aumentar o conteúdo nutricional utilizado durante o processo de compostagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a seleção de aditivos melhoradores de compostagem a partir de resíduos biológicos municipais, utilizando análise bibliométrica e multicritério. O município de Yopal (Casanare, Colômbia) foi escolhido como estudo de caso. Utilizando uma equação de busca nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science ao longo de cinco anos (2018-2022), foram descobertas 53 publicações, das quais 25 foram escolhidas para uma revisão completa para identificar alternativas de alteração. Cinzas, cascas de arroz, serragem, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, podas de árvores e feno de alfafa foram testados como substitutos de emendas. Critérios como custo financeiro, acessibilidade para aquisição do aditivo, aporte de nitrogênio, fósforo e carbono foram utilizados na análise dos processos hierárquicos. A poda de árvores foi a melhor opção pelos critérios escolhidos por ser de fácil acesso e contribuir com carbono e nitrogênio (C/N: 13) para a compostagem. Fatores como custo e acessibilidade influenciam as características físicas e químicas que uma alteração traz para a compostagem de biorresíduos municipais.

ABSTRACT Applications of tebuthiuron can increase the risks of environmental contamination and hinder the cultivation of sensitive species in succession. The objective of this work was to assess the residual activity and sorption of the herbicide tebuthiuron in soils with different physical and chemical attributes. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The experiment for determining residual activity was conducted in a 2 × 7 factorial arrangement consisted of two herbicide doses (0.6 and 1.2 kg a.i. [active ingredient] ha-1) and seven sowing times (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 days after herbicide application) in sandy loam and sandy clay loam soils. The experiment for evaluating sorption was conducted in a sandy loam soil and two clay loam soils with applications of increasing tebuthiuron doses (0.025, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, and 0.80 kg a.i. ha-1). Regarding residual activity, the herbicide’s effect of the decreased over time, with no toxicity detected 360 days after application (DAA), regardless of the soils and doses used. Sandy loam soils had lower sorption, resulting in lower shoot dry weight and plant height and in higher phytotoxicity 21 days after emergence. Residual activity was detected 360 DAA in the studied soils. Tebuthiuron sorption was higher in soils with higher organic carbon and clay contents.

RESUMO A aplicação de tebuthiuron pode aumentar os riscos de contaminação ambiental e impossibilitar o cultivo sucessivo de espécies sensíveis. Neste sentido objetivou-se a atividade residual e sorção do herbicida tebuthiuron em solos com diferentes atributos físico-químicos. Os experimentos foram realizados em Iturama, MG, Brasil, em 2021, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. O experimento para determinação da atividade residual foi montado em fatorial 2 × 7, com os seguintes fatores: duas doses (0,6 e 1,2 kg i.a. [ingrediente ativo] ha-1) e 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 e 360 dias após a aplicação em solos franco-arenosos e franco-argilosos arenosos. No experimento de avaliação da sorção foram utilizados dois solos franco-arenosos e dois franco-argilosos, que receberam doses crescentes de tebuthiuron (0.025, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70 and 0.80 kg a.i. ha-1). Por meio da matéria seca foi possível obter a relação de sorção. Com o passar do tempo, no estudo de atividade residual, foi observada diminuição do efeito do herbicida, não sendo detectada isenção de intoxicação após 360 dias da aplicação tanto nos solos quanto nas doses. Solos franco-arenosos apresentaram menor sorção, obtendo menor massa seca da parte aérea, altura e maior fitotoxicidade, aos 21 dias após a emergência. A atividade residual ainda foi detectada após 360 dias da aplicação nos solos estudados. A sorção de tebuthiuron foi maior em solos com maior teor de carbono orgânico e argila do solo.

Abstract Previous investigations suggested the orange essential oil as antimicrobial and natural antioxidant; however, the high volatility and sensibility due to extern factors are imitating its applications. Thus, the encapsulation is an ideal alternative of protection for essentials oils and the molecular inclusion has greater advantages compared to others, but the drying method and temperature can influence its characteristics and stability. Therefore, the orange essential oil was microencapsulated into beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and was evaluated the effect of drying by stove, lyophilization and atomization (160, 180 and 200 °C) on humidity, water activity, encapsulation efficiency, yield, and stability (82% relative humidity for 36 days). The microparticles were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The best drying method was lyophilization achieved an encapsulation efficiency of 97,35%, humidity 1,76%, water activity 0,54, and low hygroscopicity 0,20%. The results by FTIR found the formation and loss of some bonds between orange essential oil and beta-cyclodextrin, probably by effect of temperature. The lyophilized microparticles presented best stability with final efficiency of 52,53% with low humidity and water activity. This study makes it possible to establish the best drying method in cases of molecular inclusion, which may be useful in future applications when developing products.

Resumen Previas investigaciones sugieren al aceite esencial de naranja como un antimicrobiano y antioxidante natural; sin embargo, la alta volatilidad y sensibilidad a factores externos limita sus aplicaciones. En ese sentido, la encapsulación resulta en una alternativa de protección ideal para los aceites esenciales, y la inclusión molecular tiene ventajas frente a otros métodos de encapsulación, pero el método y temperatura de secado puede influenciar en sus características y estabilidad. Por esta razón, se microencapsuló al aceite esencial de naranja en beta-ciclodextrina (β-CD); y se evaluó el efecto del secado por estufa, liofilización y atomización (160, 180 y 200 °C) sobre la humedad, actividad de agua, eficiencia de encapsulación, rendimiento y estabilidad (82% de humedad relativa por 36 días). Las micropartículas fueron analizadas mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB), y espectroscopia infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). El mejor método de secado fue la liofilización alcanzando una eficiencia de encapsulación de 97,35%, humedad 1,76%, actividad de agua 0,54, y una baja higroscopicidad de 0,20%. Los resultados por FTIR encontraron la formación y pérdida de algunos enlaces en el aceite esencial de naranja y la beta-ciclodextrina, posiblemente por efecto de la temperatura. Las micropartículas liofilizadas presentaron una mejor estabilidad en el almacenamiento logrando una eficiencia final de 52,53% con baja humedad y actividad de agua. Este estudio permite establecer el mejor método de secado en casos de una inclusión molecular; lo cual puede ser útil en aplicaciones futuras al desarrollar productos.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender melhor a dinâmica da atividade cristalogênica e inicial nos fluidos biológicos dos pacientes durante a cirurgia e na fase pós-operatória tardia da alveococose. Amostras de saliva de 22 indivíduos com alveococose foram incluídas na pesquisa. Amostras de fluidos biológicos foram coletadas no momento da admissão e antes da alta do paciente. Em seguida, foram confeccionadas lâminas utilizando a técnica de teziocristaloscopia, que combina a investigação da atividade formadora de cristais da saliva mista com suas características iniciais, utilizando uma solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9% como ingrediente-base. Usando nosso próprio conjunto de critérios, avaliamos os resultados de experimentos cristaloscópicos e tezigráficos. O exame espectrofotométrico da fácies tezigráfica e cristaloscópica foi feito usando um espectrofotômetro de microplaca PowerWave XS nos comprimentos de onda de 400, 350 e 300 nm para aumentar os resultados da morfometria ocular de microplacas de saliva seca. A terapia cirúrgica resulta na normalização parcial dos parâmetros físicos e químicos, bem como da composição dos fluidos biológicos do paciente, após a alta hospitalar.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to better understand the dynamics of crystallogenic and starting activity in biological fluids of patients throughout surgery and the late postoperative phase in alveococcosis. Samples of saliva from 22 individuals with alveococcosis were included in the research. Biological fluid samples were taken at the time of admission and before the patient was discharged. Following that, slides were made utilizing the teziocrystalloscopy method, which incorporates the investigation of the crystal forming activity of mixed saliva with its starting characteristics using a 0.9 percent sodium chloride solution as the foundation ingredient. Using our own set of criteria, we evaluated the outcomes of crystalloscopic and tezigraphic experiments. Specrophotometric examination of tezigraphic and crystalloscopic facies was done using a PowerWave XS microplate spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 400, 350, and 300 nm to augment the results from ocular morphometry of dried saliva micro slides. Surgical therapy results in a partial normalization of physical and chemical parameters, as well as the composition of the patient's biological fluids after the patient is discharged from the hospital.

Abstract In aquaculture, biological treatments usually have an excellent benefit-cost ratio. This study evaluated the efficiency of different ecotechnologies on aquaculture wastewater treatment. Two experimental units were installed. In the first one, tanks were individually vegetated with free-floating aquatic macrophytes. In the second experimental unit, 10.72 m² of artificial substrate were added for periphyton colonization. The hydraulic retention time of the wastewater was of 30 days. Both physical and chemical characterizations of the effluent were carried out at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. The periphyton community attached to the substrate was catalogued. In the first unit, the pH, nitrite, and orthophosphate values were significantly different. The tanks vegetated with Azolla filiculoides were the only ones where the electrical conductivity values were reduced. Tanks vegetated with Azolla filiculoides and Pontederia crassipes presented decreased the nitrate concentration. On the other hand, the concentration of ammonia and total phosphorus decreased in all vegetated tanks. In the second unit, only the nitrate and ammonia values did not decrease in the last day of the experiment. 33 taxa belonging to the classes Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Coleochaetophyceae, Coscinodiscophyceae and Zygnematophyceae were identified in the substrate. The experimental units were effective in mitigating the nutrients in aquaculture wastewater that cause eutrophication.