Abstract Introduction: A recent revision of the generic classification of the Trochilidae based on DNA sequences revealed many inconsistencies with the current generic classification, largely based on plumage characters subject to homoplasy, especially in the Trochilini, the largest tribe. A thorough generic reorganization brought the classification into accord with the phylogeny, but due to lack of genetic data, two species remained unclassified. One of these was the Mangrove Hummingbird, “Amazilia” boucardi, endemic to Costa Rica and included in the IUCN red list of threatened species. Objective: To obtain molecular evidence to clarify the generic relationships of “A.” boucardi. Methods: We isolated DNA from tissues of this species and amplified 4 nuclear and 4 mitochondrial fragments and compared these with homologous fragments from 56 species in the Trochilini, constructing phylogenetic trees with maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Results: Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed the placement of boucardi in the Trochilini and definitely excluded it from Amazilia but placed it with high confidence in the genus Chrysuronia Bonaparte, 1850, within which its closest relative is C. coeruleogularis, which also inhabits mangroves. Conclusions: Our genetic data based on nuclear and mitochondrial regions clearly indicate the relationship of A. boucardi and L. coeruleogularis. Moreover, it is also supported by their habitat distribution in the mangroves of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Western Panama. Therefore, we suggested to exclude A. boucardi as “incertae sedis”.

Resumen Introducción: Una revisión reciente de la clasificación de la familia Trochilidae con base en secuencias de ADN demostró muchas incongruencias con la clasificación genérica previa, que había sido hecho con base en caracteres del plumaje muy sujetos a homoplasia, especialmente en la tribu más grande, Trochillini. Una reorganización de los géneros logró llevar su clasificación genérica a la concordancia con la filogenia, pero debido a la ausencia de datos genéticos, dos especies permanecieron sin clasificar. Una de estas fue el colibrí de manglar Amazilia boucardi, una especie endémica de Costa Rica, considerada como amenazada en la lista roja de la UICN. Objetivo: Obtener evidencia molecular para esclarecer las relaciones genéricas de A. boucardi. Métodos: Se aisló ADN de tejidos de esta especie y se amplificaron 4 fragmentos de ADN del núcleo y 5 de la mitocondria, y se compararon con fragmentos homólogos de 56 especies en la tribu Trochillini, generando árboles filogenéticos con métodos de máxima verosimilitud y bayesiano. Resultados: Los análisis filogénticos obtenidos confirmaron la ubicación de boucardi en Trochilini y definitivamente la excluyó del género Amazilia, pero la ubicó con un alto grado de confianza en el género Chrysuronia Bonaparte, 1850, dentro los cuales su pariente más cercano es C. coeruleogularis, que también habita manglares. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos genéticos basados en regiones nucleares y mitocondriales indican claramente la relación entre A. boucardi and L. coeruleogularis. Es más, lo anterior se sustenta por su distribución en los manglares de la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica y oeste de Panamá. Por lo tanto, sugerimos excluir a A. boucardi como “incertae sedis”.

Abstract Background: The chloroplast genomes of Cactaceae exhibit boundary modifications in the inverted repeat regions (IRs), gene inversions, and deletions. Among nine Mammillaria species, three distinct chloroplast structures have been identified, although not all of these correspond to the morphology-based classification of the genus. Question: Is there a distinct chloroplast genome structure in the species of Mammillaria series Stylothelae? Studied species: Mammillaria bocasana and M. erythrosperma. Study site and dates: Mexico from 2019 to 2023. Methods: Chloroplast DNA was sequenced, and chloroplast genomes were de novo assembled using the Fast-Plast program. Complete plastome sequences were annotated and verified. The sequences were aligned in MAUVE program to detect possible structural changes. A maximum likelihood phylogeny was executed to evaluate the relationships of the studied species. Results: The plastomes ranged from 107,368 bp in Mammillaria bocasana to 108,069 bp in M. erythrosperma. Both presented a quadripartite structure and contained 108 genes. The IRs were ~ 1,600 bp long and included the genes rpl2, rpl23 (pseudo), and trnI-CAU. MAUVE identified a ~ 21 kb inversion in the large single copy containing a block of genes related to photosynthesis. The phylogenetic analysis placed both species in a single clade separated from the other species within Mammillaria subg. Mammillaria. Conclusions: The studied species of Mammillaria series Stylothelae exhibited a different and synapomorphic chloroplast genome structure. Other Mammillaria chloroplast genome structures have evolved independently in different lineages.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los genomas de cloroplasto de Cactaceae exhiben modificaciones en los límites de las regiones repetidas inversas (IRs), inversiones de genes y deleciones. En nueve especies de Mammillaria, se han encontrado tres estructuras de cloroplasto distintas, aunque no todas corresponden a las clasificaciones basadas en morfología. Pregunta: ¿Existe una estructura de genoma de cloroplasto distinta en las especies de Mammillaria serie Stylothelae? Especies estudiadas: Mammillaria bocasana y M. erythrosperma. Sitio y años de estudio: México, de 2019 a 2023. Métodos: ADN de cloroplasto fue secuenciado y los plastomas fueron ensamblados de novo usando el programa Fast-Plast. Las secuencias completas fueron anotadas y verificadas. Las secuencias fueron alineadas en el programa MAUVE para detectar posibles cambios estructurales. Un análisis filogenético con máxima verosimilitud evaluó las relaciones de las especies estudiadas. Resultados: Los plastomas variaron desde 107,368 pb de longitud en Mammillaria bocasana hasta 108,069 pb en M. erythrosperma. Ambos presentaron una estructura cuadripartita y contuvieron 108 genes. Las IRs tuvieron ~1,600 pb y contuvieron los genes rpl2, rpl23 (pseudo) y trnI-CAU. MAUVE identificó una inversión de ~21 kb en la región larga de copia única que contiene genes relacionados con la fotosíntesis. El análisis filogenético recuperó a ambas especies como grupos hermanos dentro de Mammillaria subg. Mammillaria. Conclusiones: Las dos especies estudiadas de Mammillaria serie Stylothelae presentaron una estructura de plastoma sinapomórfica. Otras estructuras de plastomas de Mammillaria han evolucionado independientemente en linajes diferentes.

Resumen En este trabajo presentamos el análisis de la secuencia mitocondrial completa de una muestra biológica perteneciente a Blas Jaime, reconocido como chaná, hablante de la lengua chaná y originario de la región centro-sur de la provincia de Entre Ríos. La información se presenta en el contexto genealógico y geográfico de Jaime, y en el marco de los antecedentes genéticos disponibles para la región. El objetivo de este estudio es aportar al conocimiento, desde una perspectiva multidisciplinaria, de la lengua chaná a partir de la información lograda, desde la reconstrucción genealógica y del secuenciamiento del genoma mitocondrial de Blas Jaime. Los resultados sugieren la existencia de un vínculo filogenético y diferenciación temprana con indígenas kayapó de la región central de Brasil y con pobladores del este de Paraguay.

Abstract In this work, we present the analysis of the complete mitochondrial sequence of a biological sample belonging to Blas Jaime, recognized as Chaná, speaker of the Chaná language, and native of the southern-central region of the province of Entre Ríos. The information is presented within the genealogical and geographical context of Jaime and in the framework of the genetic background available for the region. The objective of this study is to contribute to the understanding, from a multidisciplinary perspective, of the contexts of the Chaná language based on the information obtained from genealogical reconstruction and the sequencing of the Blas Jaime’s mitochondrial genome. The results suggest the existence of a phylogenetic link and early differentiation with Kayapó indigenous peoples from the central region of Brazil and with inhabitants of eastern Paraguay.

Resumo Neste trabalho, apresentamos a análise da sequência mitocondrial completa de uma amostra biológica pertencente a Blas Jaime, reconhecido como Chaná, falante da língua Chaná e originário da região centro-sul da província de Entre Ríos. A informação é apresentada no contexto genealógico e geográfico de Jaime e no âmbito dos antecedentes genéticos disponíveis para a região. O objetivo deste estudo é contribuir para o conhecimento, a partir de uma perspectiva multidisciplinar, dos contextos da língua Chaná com base das informações obtidas na reconstrução genealógica e no sequenciamento do genoma mitocondrial de Blas Jaime. Os resultados sugerem a existência de um vínculo filogenético e diferenciação precoce com os indígenas Kayapó da região central do Brasil e com habitantes do leste do Paraguai.

Abstract The essay critically presents two territorial scale projects prepared at different times but grouped under a common approach. The reasoning starts from the notion of restoration proposed by Franco Purini that captured the attention of the scientific community at the beginning of the nineties, according to which, the historically shaped landscape needs, after the damage caused by modernity, a restoration operation. renovatio, capable of pushing beyond conservation. A position that opens fertile and generative spaces for reflection, even in relation to the operational dimension of the project. The analytical, inclusive, transversal view of the disciplines that we have adopted in the preparation of the projects is informed by a single synthetic objective that unites everything. This refers to the possibility, based on the selective recapitulation of the phylogeny, of prefiguring through guidelines, corrections and actions (material and immaterial), different scenarios with respect to the present and the evolutionary projection of a given territory. By redefining materials, weights, measures and relationships between the parts, valuing hidden or frustrated levels of the palimpsest, it is possible to reconstruct a territorial framework capable of proposing future orders, compatible with the rules of the longue durée that have acted in the formation of territories, as a result contingent of the stratification and sedimentation of signs.

Resumen El ensayo presenta críticamente dos proyectos de escala territorial confeccionados en tiempos distintos pero agrupados bajo un enfoque común. El razonamiento parte de la noción de restauración propuesta por Franco Purini que capta la atención de la comunidad científica al inicio de los años noventa, según la cual, el paisaje históricamente conformado necesita, luego de los daños provocados por la modernidad, de una operación de renovatio, capaz de empujar más allá de la conservación. Una posición que abre espacios de reflexión fértiles y generativos, incluso en relación a la dimensión operativa del proyecto. La mirada analítica, inclusiva, transversal respecto de las disciplinas, que hemos adoptado en la confección de los proyectos, está informada por un único objetivo sintético que todo lo une. Esto hace referencia a la posibilidad, a partir de la recapitulación selectiva de la filogenia, de prefigurar mediante directrices, correcciones y acciones (materiales e inmateriales), escenarios distintos respecto del presente y de la proyección evolutiva de un territorio dado. Redefiniendo materiales, pesos, medidas y relaciones entre las partes, valorizando niveles ocultos o frustrados del palimpsesto, es posible reconstruir una armadura territorial capaz de proponer órdenes futuros, compatibles con las reglas de la longue durée que han actuado en la conformación de territorios, resultado contingente de la estratificación y de la sedimentación de los signos.

Abstract Evolution has originated high levels of biodiversity that provide essential actual benefits to humans and future called option values. These resources are extracted and used to meet basic needs, such as traditional medicine, which is the result of human experience and its contact with nature over time. Traditional knowledge used as a guide for bioprospecting and ethnomedicinal research is the first step to protecting it and making it visible. The need to apply phylogenetic approaches and their importance for the development of ethnobotany in Mexico is discussed, as well as their implications for the discovery, use and conservation of medicinal resources for human well-being. This approaches, elucidating the evolutionary history of species, can improve bioprospecting practices since they point out related species which could produce useful chemical compounds, which is relevant to biotechnology and emphasizes the importance of preserving biocultural heritage.

Resumen La evolución ha producido una gran biodiversidad que proporciona al ser humano bienes esenciales actuales y opciones de valor de facturas. Estos recursos son extraídos y empleados para satisfacer necesidades básicas, como la medicina tradicional, resultado de la experiencia y el contacto humano con la naturaleza a través del tiempo. Los saberes tradicionales han sido aprovechados como guía para la bioprospección y los estudios etnobotánicos son el primer paso para visibilizarlos y protegerlos. Se plantea la necesidad de aplicar aproximaciones filogenéticas y su importancia para el desarrollo de la etnobotánica en México, así como su impacto en el descubrimiento, aprovechamiento y conservación de recursos medicinales para el bienestar humano. Estas aproximaciones, que revelan la historia evolutiva de las especies, pueden fortalecer la bioprospección, ya que señalan especies emparentadas que pudieran llegar a producir sustancias químicas útiles, lo que resulta relevante para la biotecnología y resalta la importancia de la conservación del patrimonio biocultural.

Resumo Surtos frequentes do vírus da gripe aviária H9N2 no Paquistão revelaram que esse subtipo se tornou endêmico na avicultura e, além das perdas econômicas, representa uma ameaça à saúde pública. O presente estudo descreve a caracterização molecular e as alterações patológicas em frangos de corte naturalmente infectados com a atual cepa H9N2 e sua dinâmica filogenômica. Neste estudo, amostras de tecidos (traqueia, pulmões, rim e intestino) de 100 lotes comerciais de frangos foram coletadas de julho de 2018 a agosto de 2019. As amostras foram submetidas à detecção molecular, filogenia e posterior exame patológico. O comprimento completo do gene HA foi amplificado com sucesso em cinco amostras. O sequenciamento de nucleotídeos revelou amostras positivas colocadas em um clado pertencente à sublinhagem B2 do genótipo G1 e categorizado como LPAIV com base na sequência de aminoácidos do gene da hemaglutinina (HA) no local de clivagem (PAKSSR/G). A análise genética do gene da HA revelou: nt = 80,5%-99,5%; aa = 83,8%-98,9% de homologia com cepas de H9N2 relatadas anteriormente no Paquistão e em países vizinhos (A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97). As lesões macroscópicas incluíram aerossaculite leve, hemorragias leves, congestão difusa e exsudato purulento na mucosa traqueal, cilindro fibrinonecrótico no lúmen da traqueia e congestão pulmonar leve. As alterações histopatológicas incluíram descamação de células epiteliais, infiltração de células inflamatórias na traqueia, infiltração de células mononucleares (MNCs), congestão pulmonar e exsudato no lúmen dos parabrônquios, congestão peritubular nos rins com degeneração das células epiteliais tubulares, alterações degenerativas nas células epiteliais das vilosidades intestinais e hiperplasia de células caliciformes. A análise imunoistoquímica confirmou a presença do antígeno AIVH9N2 na traqueia, nos pulmões, no rim e no intestino. A microscopia eletrônica revelou alterações ultraestruturais na traqueia, incluindo cílios degenerados, inchaço mitocondrial e retículo endoplasmático aumentado. Com base em todas as análises, o presente estudo revelou a distribuição do vírus H9N2 do genótipo G1 em Punjab, Paquistão, com patogenicidade de leve a moderada.

Abstract Frequent outbreaks of avian influenza H9N2 virus in Pakistan revealed that this subtype has become endemic in the poultry industry and, besides economic losses, poses a threat to public health. The present study describes the molecular characterization and pathological alterations in naturally infected broiler chickens with the current H9N2 field strain and their phylogenomic dynamics. In this study, tissue samples (trachea, lung, kidney and intestine) from 100 commercial chicken flocks were collected from July 2018 to August 2019. Samples were subjected to molecular detection, phylogeny and subsequent pathological examination. The complete length of the HA gene was successfully amplified in five samples. Nucleotide sequencing revealed positive samples placed in a clade belonging to the B2 sub-lineage of the G1 genotype and categorized as LPAIV based on the amino acid sequence of the HA gene at the cleavage site (PAKSSR/G). Genetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed nt: 80.5%-99.5%; aa: 83.8%-98.9% homology to H9N2 strains reported previously from Pakistan, neighbouring countries, and (A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97). Gross lesions include a slight airsacculitis, mild hemorrhages, diffuse congestion and purulent exudate in tracheal mucosa, fibrinonecrotic cast in the trachea lumen and mild pulmonary congestion. Histopathological alterations include sloughing of epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the trachea, mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltration, pulmonary congestion and exudate in the lumen of parabronchi, peritubular congestion in the kidneys with degeneration of tubular epithelial cells and degenerative changes in the intestinal villi epithelial cells and goblet cell hyperplasia. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the presence of AIVH9N2 antigen in the trachea, lungs, kidney and intestine. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes in the trachea, including degenerated cilia, mitochondrial swelling and enlarged endoplasmic reticulum. Based on all essential analysis, the present study revealed the distribution of the H9N2 virus of G1 genotype in Punjab, Pakistan, with mild to moderate pathogenicity.

ABSTRACT Changes in Neotropical bat taxonomy in the past two decades have caused significant shifts in our understanding of the diversity and distribution of the group. Taxonomic revisions have shown that the once widespread Platyrrhinus helleri (Peters, 1866) represented a species complex, which resulted in the elevation of Platyrrhinus helleri incarum (Thomas, 1912) to the species level for cis-Andean South America and the restriction of P. helleri to Central America and northern South America west of the Andes. Nevertheless, some studies still mention P. helleri for Brazil. Aiming to investigate if P. helleri occurs in Brazil, we collected specimens of small-sized Platyrrhinus in the Cerrado and Pantanal ecosystems, and revised vouchers in museum collections. Based on DNA sequence data and analysis of the pelage and craniodental morphology, we confirm that the only small Platyrrhinus species occurring in Cerrado and Pantanal of central Brazil corresponds to P. incarum. This is the first study to provide sequence data for Brazilian P. incarum. We also provide new records of P. incarum, extending its range by 390 km to southeast and 480 km to the east in Brazil. group Peters, Peters (Peters 1866 complex Thomas, Thomas (Thomas 1912 cisAndean cis Andean P Andes Nevertheless smallsized sized ecosystems collections morphology 39 48 186 191 3 4 18 19 1

ABSTRACT: Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is an important causative agent of segmental enteritis in young dogs and has globally distributed variants and subtypes. Viral mutations can alter the pathogenesis and clinical signs, making identifying the samples circulating in a given region relevant. This study described the epidemiological and clinical findings and the molecular characterization of CPV-2 samples circulating in the canine population of Uruguaiana, Rio Grande doSul (RS), Brazil. We analyzed 27 cases with a complete clinical history and at least one confirmatory etiologic diagnosis. In addition to clinical and epidemiological data, whole blood samples or tissues were tested by PCR for viral DNA detection. Amplified products were sequenced and analyzed, and phylogeny was generated with reference sequences. The disease was diagnosed especially in the summer months, and the most common clinical findings were diarrhea, anorexia, listlessness, and vomiting. Infection was predominant in young (< 6 months) unvaccinated or partially immunized dogs, with mortality exceeding 93%. It was possible to identify 15 CPV-2 samples, four of which were CPV-2a and 11 were new CPV-2a. It can be concluded that canine parvovirus is a disease with high mortality rates, with young unvaccinated dogs being more susceptible, with a predominance of the new CPV-2a variant in the western region of Rio Grande do Sul. ABSTRACT CPV2 CPV (CPV-2 subtypes signs relevant CPV- Uruguaiana RS, RS , (RS) Brazil diagnosis data detection sequences months diarrhea anorexia listlessness vomiting < ( 93 93% 1 CPV2a CPVa 2a CPV2a. 2a. rates susceptible Sul (CPV- (RS 9 (CPV

RESUMO: O parvovírus canino 2 (CPV-2) é um importante agente etiológico de enterite segmentar em cães jovens e apresenta variantes e subtipos distribuídos mundialmente. As mutações virais podem alterar a patogenia e os sinais clínicos, o que torna relevante identificar as amostras que circulam em determinada região. O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever os achados epidemiológicos, clínicos e a caracterização molecular das amostras de CPV-2 circulantes na população canina do município de Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. Foram analisados 27 casos clínicos que possuíam histórico clínico completo e pelo menos um diagnóstico etiológico confirmatório. Além dos dados clínicos e epidemiológicos, amostras de sangue total, suabes retais ou tecidos foram testados por PCR para detecção do DNA viral. Os produtos amplificados foram sequenciados, analisados e a filogenia gerada com sequências de referência. A doença foi diagnosticada especialmente nos meses de verão e os achados clínicos mais comuns foram diarreia, anorexia, apatia e vômito. A infecção foi predominante em cães jovens (< 6 meses) não vacinados ou parcialmente imunizados, com mortalidade superior a 93%. Foi possível identificar quinze amostras de CPV-2, sendo quatro CPV-2a e onze new CPV-2a. Pode-se concluir que a parvovirose canina é uma enfermidade com altos índices de mortalidade, sendo os cães jovens não vacinados mais susceptíveis, havendo predominância da variante new CPV-2a na região oeste do RS. RESUMO CPV2 CPV (CPV-2 mundialmente epidemiológicos CPV- Uruguaiana RS, RS , (RS) Brasil confirmatório total viral sequenciados referência diarreia anorexia vômito < ( imunizados 93 93% CPV2, 2, CPV2a CPVa 2a CPV2a. 2a. Podese Pode se susceptíveis (CPV- (RS 9 (CPV

Abstract A new species of Inpaichthys is described from a tributary of the rio Canamã, rio Aripuanã basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The new species can be diagnosed from its congeners by the color pattern in life and by morphometric and meristic features. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Characidae, conducted to assess the generic placement of the new species, revealed that Hasemania nambiquara is also a member of Inpaichthys and thus transferred to this genus. A monophyletic group composed of the three known species of Inpaichthys is hypothesized to be related to Nematobrycon and a clade composed of Carlana, Pseudochalceus, and Rhoadsia, among the taxa herein analyzed. A diagnosis for Inpaichthys and morphometric and meristic data of I. kerri are also presented. Canamã basin State Brazil features Characidae genus Carlana Pseudochalceus Rhoadsia analyzed I presented

Resumo Uma espécie nova de Inpaichthys é descrita de um tributário do rio Canamã, bacia do rio Aripuanã, estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. A espécie nova pode ser diagnosticada de suas congêneres por seu padrão de colorido em vida e por caracteres morfométricos e merísticos. Uma ampla análise filogenética de Characidae, conduzida para avaliar o posicionamento genérico da nova espécie, demonstrou que Hasemania nambiquara também é um membro do gênero Inpaichthys e esta espécie é aqui transferida a esse gênero. Um grupo monofilético composto pelas três espécies de Inpaichthys é hipotetizado como sendo relacionado a Nematobrycon e o clado composto por Carlana, Pseudochalceus e Rhoadsia, entre os táxons aqui examinados. Uma diagnose para Inpaichthys e os dados morfométricos e merísticos de I. kerri também são apresentados. Canamã Aripuanã Grosso Brasil Characidae Carlana Rhoadsia examinados I apresentados

Abstract We announce the mitochondrial genomes of seven species of the genus Sporophila (S. bouvreuil, S. iberaensis, S. melanogaster, S. minuta, S. nigrorufa, S. pileata, and S. ruficollis) which were validated by comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis with related species. The mitochondrial genomes of seven passerines of the genus Sporophila were assembled (three complete and four nearly complete genomes) and were validated by reconstructing phylogenetic relations within Thraupidae. The complete mitogenomes ranged from 16,781 bp in S. ruficollis to 16,791 bp in S. minuta. We identified a conserved genome composition within all mitogenomes with 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs and two rRNAs. We observed a bias in the nucleotide composition and six mutational hotspots in Sporophila mitogenomes. Our mitogenome-based phylogenetic tree has S. minuta, S. maximiliani and S. nigricollis as sister species of the remaining species in the genus. We present new mitogenome sequences for seven Sporophila species, providing new genomic resources that may be useful for research on the evolution, comparative genetics, and conservation of this threatened group. S (S bouvreuil iberaensis melanogaster minuta nigrorufa pileata three Thraupidae 16781 16 781 16,78 16791 791 16,79 1 proteincoding protein coding genes 2 rRNAs mitogenomebased based evolution genetics group 1678 78 16,7 1679 79 167 7 16,

ABSTRACT Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker, 1858) is an economically relevant polyphagous moth, widely distributed in the Neotropics and part of the Spodoptera latifascia (Walker, 1856) species group. In this study, we used extensive sampling from different regions to describe the spatial distribution of S. cosmioides in Brazil and evaluate its variability both from morphological and molecular perspectives. Variable coloration and several morphological similarities were found among S. cosmioides and congeners of the S. latifascia complex, diverging from each 0.5 to 3.5% of mitochondrial DNA. The genetic divergence at the species level of S. cosmioides was 0.5% throughout Brazil, and a geographic structure was absent, including shared haplotypes with S. descoinsi Lalanne-Cassou & Silvain, 1994. Spodoptera cosmioides was found in all six biomes of Brazil, with the highest abundance recorded in the Cerrado, followed by the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, Caatinga, Pantanal, and Pampa. Walker, Walker (Walker 1858 moth 1856 group study S perspectives complex 05 0 5 0. 35 3 3.5 DNA absent LalanneCassou Lalanne Cassou Silvain 1994 Cerrado Amazon Rainforest Caatinga Pantanal Pampa 185 3. 199 18 19 1

ABSTRACT Noroviruses are highly infectious, genetically diverse viruses. Global outbreaks occur frequently, making molecular surveillance important for infection monitoring. This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to monitor cases of norovirus gastroenteritis in the Brazilian Amazon. Fecal samples were tested by immunoenzymatic assay, RT-PCR and genetic sequencing for the ORF1/ORF2 and protease regions. Bayesian inference with a molecular clock was employed to construct the phylogeny. The norovirus prevalence was 25.8%, with a higher positivity rate among children aged 0-24 months. Genogroup GII accounted for 98.1% of the sequenced samples, while GI accounted for 1.9% of them. The GII.P16/GII.4 genotype was the most prevalent, with an evolution rate of 2.87x10−3 and TMRCA estimated in 2012. This study demonstrates that norovirus is a primary causative agent of gastroenteritis and provides data on viral genetic diversity that may facilitate infection surveillance and vaccine development. infectious viruses frequently monitoring crosssectional cross sectional Amazon assay RTPCR RT PCR ORF1ORF2 ORFORF ORF1 ORF2 ORF ORF1/ORF regions phylogeny 258 25 8 25.8% 024 0 24 0-2 months 981 98 1 98.1 19 9 1.9 them GIIP16GII4 GIIPGII P16 4 P GII.P16/GII. prevalent 287x103 x 2 87x10 3 2.87x10− 2012 development ORF1ORF 25.8 02 0- 98. 1. GIIP GIIP16GII P1 GII.P16/GII 287x10 87x1 2.87x10 201 25. 287x1 87x 2.87x1 20 287x 2.87x

ABSTRACT Wild birds have great prominence in the transmission of diseases to humans, mainly due to their ease of access to human populations, raising concerns about the potential impact of that proximity on public health. The present study reports ARV and PBV occurrence in wild birds from an environmental protection area in the Amazon biome, in Pará state, Brazil. We obtained 155 fecal specimens from 47 species of wild birds for RNA extraction, ARV and PBV detection utilizing molecular methods, nucleotide sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. ARV prevalence was 0.6% (1/155), being positive in an individual of Myrmotherula longipennis, and PBV prevalence was 1.29% (2/155), affecting two individuals of Guira guira. The PBV strains were assigned to genogroup I based on phylogenetic analysis, and they shared a strong phylogenetic link with strains isolated from different geographic locations. The ARV strain was more closely related to strains that had previously circulated in the same region. The presence of ARV and PBV in this habitat suggests that infection cycles of these agents occur naturally in the wild ecosystem, potentially triggering transmission events between bird species and humans. This is the first study on ARV detection in wild birds in Brazil and the first report on the occurrence of PBV in wild Guira guira. Additional studies are required to determine the epidemiology, origin, evolution, and emergence of new potentially pathogenic viruses in the Amazon. humans populations health biome state 15 4 extraction methods sequencing analysis 06 0 6 0.6 1/155, 1155 1/155 , 1 (1/155) longipennis 129 29 1.29 2/155, 2155 2/155 2 (2/155) guira locations region ecosystem epidemiology origin evolution 0. 115 1/15 (1/155 12 1.2 215 2/15 (2/155 11 1/1 (1/15 1. 21 2/1 (2/15 1/ (1/1 2/ (2/1 (1/ (2/ (1 (2 (

RESUMO As aves silvestres têm grande destaque na transmissão de doenças ao homem, principalmente pela facilidade de acesso à população humana, levantando preocupações sobre o potencial impacto dessa proximidade no contexto da saúde pública. O presente estudo relata a ocorrência de ARV e PBV em aves silvestres de uma área de proteção ambiental no bioma Amazônico. Obtivemos 155 espécimes fecais de 47 espécies de aves silvestres, que foram submetidos a extração de RNA, detecção de ARV e PBV por técnicas moleculares, sequenciamento nucleotídico e análise filogenética. A prevalência de infecção por ARV foi 0,6% (1/155), sendo positivo em um indivíduo de Myrmotherula longipennis, e a prevalência de PBV foi 1,29% (2/155), afetando dois insdivíduos de Guira guira. A análise filogenética agrupou as cepas de PBV no genogrupo I, mostrando intensa relação filogenética com cepas isoladas de outras regiões geográficas. A cepa de ARV esteve mais relacionada filogeneticamente a cepas previamente circulantes na mesma região. Este é o primeiro estudo sobre detecção de ARV em aves silvestres no Brasil e o primeiro relato sobre a ocorrência de PBV em Guira guira. A circulação de ARV e PBV nesse ambiente demonstra que os ciclos desses agentes estão ocorrendo de forma natural no ecossistema silvestre, o que pode desencadear possíveis eventos de transmissão entre as espécies aviárias e humanos. Estudos adicionais são necessários para determinar a epidemiologia, origem, evolução e surgimento de novos vírus potencialmente patogênicos na Amazônia. homem humana pública Amazônico 15 4 RNA moleculares 06 0 6 0,6 1/155, 1155 1/155 , 1 (1/155) longipennis 129 29 1,29 2/155, 2155 2/155 2 (2/155) guira I geográficas região silvestre humanos epidemiologia origem Amazônia 0, 115 1/15 (1/155 12 1,2 215 2/15 (2/155 11 1/1 (1/15 1, 21 2/1 (2/15 1/ (1/1 2/ (2/1 (1/ (2/ (1 (2 (

ABSTRACT Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) is widely used as a forage crop in Brazil, but its production faces disease threats. Recently, new symptoms, such as oblong to irregular brown lesions on leaves, have emerged in M. maximus across the country. Particularly severe symptoms were observed in the BRS Tamani cultivar, and some other genotypes showed lesion coalescence and intense leaf necrosis. This study aimed to identify the cause of these symptoms. A fungus was isolated from the lesions and, using morphological measurements and molecular analysis of the ITS, GPDH and TEF-1α genes, it was identified as Bipolaris yamadae. Pathogenicity tests confirmed its ability to cause disease in M. maximus cv. Tamani. A field survey of 205 M maximus genotypes showed severe symptoms in 8.35 % of the materials. Megathyrsus Brazil threats Recently leaves country cultivar necrosis ITS TEF1α TEFα TEF 1α α genes yamadae cv 20 835 8 35 8.3 materials 2 83 3 8.

RESUMO O capim-colonião (Megathyrsus maximus) é amplamente utilizado como cultura forrageira no Brasil, mas sua produção enfrenta ameaças de doenças. Recentemente, novos sintomas, como lesões marrons oblongas a irregulares nas folhas, surgiram em M maximus em todo o país. Sintomas particularmente severos foram observados na cultivar BRS Tamani, e alguns outros genótipos apresentaram coalescência de lesões e intensa necrose foliar. Objetivou-se identificar a causa desses sintomas. Um fungo foi isolado das lesões e, por meio de medidas morfológicas e análise molecular dos genes ITS, GPDH e TEF-1α, identificado como Bipolaris yamadae. Testes de patogenicidade confirmaram sua capacidade de causar doença em M. maximus cv. Tamani. Um levantamento de campo com 205 genótipos de M maximus revelou sintomas severos em 8,35 % dos materiais. capimcolonião capim colonião Megathyrsus Brasil doenças Recentemente folhas país Tamani foliar Objetivouse Objetivou se ITS TEF1α, TEF1α TEFα TEF 1α, 1α α TEF-1α yamadae cv 20 835 8 35 8,3 materiais 2 83 3 8,

Abstract Aerenchyma is a characteristic tissue of aquatic plants, characterized by the presence of air lacunae commonly septated by diaphragms. These are formed by one or more layers of stellate cells, which allow for the passage of gases. Most species of Eleocharis grow in wet or flooded soils and have aerenchyma in their aerial stems. However, extensive studies on this structure, which could contribute to ecological and phylogenetic studies of the group, are lacking. This work describes the structure of the diaphragm in the stem of Eleocharis species and investigates the evolution of this characteristic in the genus. Fifty-three species were analyzed under light and scanning electron microscopy. We analyzed the evolution of the characteristics by reconstructing their ancestral states based on the previously published original phylogeny. The diaphragms in Eleocharis vary mainly in the number of layers, cell shape, and cell wall thickness. The typical diaphragm of the genus is composed of three to four layers of stellate cells, with microprojections and secretory cells. The diaphragm of the group’s ancestor had practically the same characteristics as the genus’s typical diaphragm. plants cells gases stems However group lacking Fiftythree Fifty microscopy phylogeny shape thickness groups s genuss

Resumo Aerênquima é um tecido comum nas plantas aquáticas, caracterizado pela presença de lacunas de ar comumente septadas por diafragmas. Esses, são formados por uma ou mais camadas de células, geralmente braciformes, que permitem a passagem de gases. A maioria das espécies de Eleocharis cresce em solos úmidos ou inundados e apresenta aerênquima no caule. No entanto, essa estrutura carece de estudos amplos que poderiam contribuir aos estudos ecológicos e filogenéticos do grupo. Este trabalho descreve a estrutura do diafragma no caule de espécies de Eleocharis e investiga a evolução desse caractere no gênero. 53 espécies foram analisadas em microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura através de secções transversais e longitudinais do caule. A análise da evolução dos caracteres foi feita pela reconstrução de estado ancestral, baseada na filogenia original anteriormente publicada. Os diafragmas em Eleocharis variam principalmente em número de camadas, formato das células e espessura da parede celular. O diafragma típico do gênero é composto de três a quatro camadas de células braciformes lobadas, com microprojeções e células secretoras. O diafragma do ancestral do grupo apresentava praticamente as mesmas características do diafragma típico para o gênero. aquáticas Esses gases entanto 5 publicada celular lobadas secretoras