Resumen En este artículo se estudiaron los efectos de las leyes de "piedad Ilustrada" implementadas por el Estado de Venezuela en la península Goajira durante las décadas de 1830 y 1840 con el fin de restablecer el régimen misional. Para su elaboración se utilizó el método de investigación histórica socio-política. A partir de los datos encontrados y de la metodología aplicada se concluyó que estas leyes tuvieron como propósito el restablecimiento y organización secular del régimen misional para proteger e incorporar a los indígenas goajiros a la sociedad y a la economía nacional; para, restituir la propiedad de las parcialidades indígenas sobre el territorio de los resguardos despojados durante la República de Colombia (Gran Colombia); para, establecer normas de comercio entre indígenas y criollos; para fomentar la colonización criolla de las riberas del río Limón y del piedemonte de los montes de Oca con el fin de fortalecer la presencia venezolana sobre la península Goajira. Sin embargo, y con excepción del avance venezolano en la franja oriental de dicha península con el establecimiento de las "Guardias de Afuera", el Gobierno venezolano no alcanzó los resultados esperados y siguió de manera inadvertida o intencional una línea de continuidad con el antiguo régimen misional colonial al persistir algunos de sus mecanismos básicos de funcionamiento como la tutela, la civilización forzada, la reducción y la expediciones militares de pacificación o "entradas".

Resumo Este artigo estudou os efeitos das leis de "Piedade ilustrada" implementadas pelo Estado da Venezuela na península de Goajira durante as décadas de 1830 e 1840 para restabelecer o regime missionário. Para sua elaboração, utilizou-se o método de pesquisa sócio-política histórica. Com base nos dados encontrados e na metodologia aplicada, concluiu-se que essas leis tinham como finalidade o restabelecimento e a organização laica do regime missionário para proteger e incorporar os indígenas Goajiros à sociedade e à economia nacional; restaurar a propriedade dos grupos indígenas sobre o território das reservas desapropriadas durante a República da Colômbia (Gran Colombia); estabelecer regras de comércio entre indígenas e crioulos; promover a colonização crioula das margens do rio Limón e do sopé dos Montes de Oca para fortalecer a presença venezuelana na península de Goajira. No entanto, com exceção do avanço venezuelano na orla oriental da referida península com o estabelecimento dos "Guardas Externos", o governo venezuelano não alcançou os resultados esperados e, inadvertida ou intencionalmente, seguiu uma linha de continuidade com o antigo regime missioneiro colonial na medida em que persistiram alguns de seus mecanismos básicos de funcionamento, como a tutela, a civilização forçada, a redução e as expedições de pacificação militar ou "entradas".

Abstract This article studied the effects of the "Illustrated piety" laws implemented by the State of Venezuela in the Goajira peninsula during the 1830s and 1840s in order to reestablish the missionary regime. For its elaboration, the socio-political historical research method was used. Based on the data found and the methodology applied, it was concluded that the purpose of these laws was the reestablishment and secular organization of the missionary regime to protect and incorporate the indigenous Goajiros into society and the national economy; to restore the property of the indigenous groups over the territory of the reservations dispossessed during the Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia); to establish rules of trade between indigenous people and Creoles; to promote the Creole colonization of the banks of the Limón River and the foothills of the Montes de Oca in order to strengthen the Venezuelan presence in the Goajira peninsula. However, with the exception of the Venezuelan advance in the eastern fringe of said peninsula with the establishment of the "Outside Guards", the Venezuelan Government did not achieve the expected results and inadvertently or intentionally followed a line of continuity with the old colonial missionary regime as some of its basic operating mechanisms persisted, such as tutelage, forced civilization, reduction, and military pacification expeditions or "entries".

Abstract Echinoderms are a major group of marine invertebrates that often play integral roles within the marine ecosystem. Studies about their occurrence, abundance, and distribution in Venezuela are focused in the central-eastern coasts; hence the aim of this study is to describe the echinoderm community in the north-western coast of the Gulf of Venezuela. Samples were collected from three sites in the Venezuelan Guajira Peninsula (Castilletes, Porshoure, and Kazuzain) where patchy coral reefs and seagrass meadows are abundant. According to the substrate, two methods were performed using quantitative (1 m2 quadrates), and qualitative free-diving observations. All organisms were counted and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level; finally, diversity (Shannon diversity index), richness (number of species), and dominance in the different sampled substrates were recorded. The updated list of echinoderms of the Gulf of Venezuela reported in this research, includes 20 genera, 15 families, 10 orders, four classes, and 28 species. The richest class was Ophiuroidea, with 18 species, followed by Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea, with three species each. Castilletes was the sampling site with the higher number of species (18 species), followed by Porshoure (15 species), and lastly Kazuzain (12 species). Our observations indicate that the number of species and abundance were higher when found in coral reefs (21 species, 80.69% of the total collected individuals) in contrast to the species found in seagrass beds (16 species, 19.31% of the total of individuals collected). This updated list of echinoderms represents 11.54% of the total diversity of the phylum in the marine areas from the coast of Venezuela; it is suggested that this percentage is greatly influenced by the differences of habitats and substrates alongside the north-western coast in the Gulf of Venezuela.

RESUMEN La presente investigación tuvo por objeto evaluar los posibles impactos que habría en la distribución espacial del recurso hídrico sobre el territorio colombiano, bajo dos escenarios de cambio climático, a mediados del siglo XXI. Para el efecto, se utilizaron dos indicadores hídricos ambientales (Índice de Aridez y Balance Hídrico), con los cuales, se estima y se cuantifica la oferta hídrica del territorio colombiano, a partir de datos climatológicos del período de referencia 1976-2005 y, posteriormente, utilizando los datos de las variables climatológicas de los escenarios RCP 4,5 y 6,0, de la tercera comunicación nacional de Colombia ante la convención marco de cambio climático. Los resultados de esta modelación arrojaron los siguientes resultados: el régimen hidrológico del país, se caracteriza por tener una escorrentía promedio de 1.644mm, con valores que van desde una escorrentía promedio de 100mm al año, en la península de la Guajira, hasta escorrentías mayores de 6.000mm, en el Pacífico. El índice de aridez modelado arrojó un valor promedio de 0,23, ubicando a Colombia en condiciones Moderadas y Excedentes de agua. Se presentarían reducciones significativas en el volumen de escorrentía hasta en un 18% en promedio para los dos escenarios. La menor reducción se daría en el escenario RCP 4,5, con un 12% de la escorrentía actual y la reducción más drástica, se presentaría en el RCP 6,0, hasta en un 18%. En cuanto al Índice de Aridez, se sugiere que el escenario más fuerte es el RCP 6,0, con un valor promedio de 0,50 lo que significa una mderada situación deficitaria de agua.

ABSTRACT The possible impacts from the spatial distribution of the water resource over the Colombian territory are analyzed under two scenarios of climate change in the middle of the 21st century. For the effect, two environmental water indicators were used (Aridity index and Water Balance) to estimate, quantify and water supply of the Colombian territory, from the climate data during the period of reference 1976-2005 in spatial resolution of 900 meters. In this modeling, the water regimen of the country is characterized by its average runoff of 1644mm, with values that are between an annual average runoff of 100mm in the Guajira peninsula until higher runoffs of 6000 millimeters in the Pacific. The aridity index in such modeling generated an average of 0,37, putting Colombia in moderate conditions of aridity, which shows sectors with a high-water deficit such as the Guajira peninsula and in the north of Magdalena and Atlántico regions. Additionally, the climate variables for Colombia were taken by a regional climate modeling in two scenarios RCP 4,5 and 6,0 for the period 2011-2040 and the environmental water indicators were generated. Across a comparison between the indicators of the current (1976-2005) and future period 2011-2040, the changes that would appear in the water availability towards those periods in both scenarios were established. The results are summarized in: substantial reductions in the runoff volume in respect to the current values in an 18% average for all scenarios, the lowest reduction would appear in 4,5 with 12% of the current runoff and the most drastic reduction presents in 6,0 in the middle of the century until 18%. Regarding the aridity index, the most aggressive scenario is 6.0 with an average value of 0,50, which refers to a water deficit, while by the middle of the century 6,0 and 4,5 would locate the country in a moderate condition of water deficit.

Abstract This article discusses the 19th-century perceptions and strategies described by the governor of Riohacha, Nicolas Prieto, regarding border problems involving La Guajira (now a department of Colombia occupying the northernmost peninsula of South America). Prieto’s biography and his colonization plans are key to studying the perceptions elites had of the political borders that delimited the civilized world of the Colombian nation-state (then the Republic of New Granada) under construction and what was termed the barbarian space of La Guajira, populated by the Wayuu indigenous people.

Resumen El presente artículo expone las percepciones y estrategias elaboradas por Nicolás Prieto, el gobernador de Riohacha, acerca de la problemática fronteriza de la península de La Guajira (Departamento de Colombia, extremo Norte de América del Sur) a mediados del siglo XIX. La biografía del gobernador Prieto y sus planes de colonización son una base para estudiar las percepciones y representaciones que las élites tenían de las fronteras políticas que delimitaban el mundo civilizado del Estado nación colombiano (neo-granadino en este caso) en construcción y el espacio bárbaro de La Guajira, poblado por los indios Wayuus.

Resumen En abril de 2018 el Museo Geológico “José Royo y Gómez” recibió el reporte del hallazgo de material paleontológico en cercanías del corregimiento de La Mata, en el municipio de Chimichagua (Cesar), a orillas de la ciénaga de Zapatosa. El material recolectado por pobladores del lugar incluía un gran diente de caimán (Purussaurus), restos de tortugas (Podocnemididae?) y matamata (Chelus), y un fragmento de maxilar de Hilarcotherium sp. (Mammalia, Astrapotheria), conocido previamente por los hallazgos de la especie tipo Hilarcotherium castanedaii (Vallejo-Pareja, et al., 2015) en los estratos del Grupo Honda (Formación La Victoria) en el municipio de Purificación, Tolima, y de Hilarcotherium miyou (Carrillo, et al., 2018) de la Formación Castilletes, al sureste de la península de La Guajira. Además, este informe constituye el primer registro de rocas continentales del Mioceno en esta región del país.

Abstract In April 2018, the “José Royo y Gómez” Geological Museum received a report on the discovery of paleontological material in the vicinity of La Mata village, in the municipality of Chimichagua (Cesar), on the banks of the Zapatosa wetlands. The material collected by local residents included a large alligator tooth (Purussaurus), remains of (Podocnemididae?) and matamata turtles (Chelus), and a maxillary fragment of Hilarcotherium sp. (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) known so far for the findings of the type species Hilarcotherium castanedaii (Vallejo-Pareja, et al., 2015) in the strata of the Honda Group (La Victoria Formation) in the town of Purificación, Tolima, and of Hilarcotherium miyou (Carrillo, et al., 2018) from the Castilletes Formation in the southeast area of La Guajira peninsula. Additionally, this report is the first record of Miocene continental rocks in this region of the country.

Resumo O presente estudo apresenta uma metodologia para enfrentar o desafio de mostrar objetivamente os Serviços Hidrológicos Ecossistêmicos (SHE). Um estudo de caso é utilizado na região da Península La Guajira (Colômbia), com ênfase sobre os SHE de regulação do fluxo de água. A metodologia proposta estabelece, como hipóteses, que os SHE não têm sido objetivamente mostrados, levando à falha na implementação de diretrizes de Pagamentos por Serviços Ambientais (PSA). Nesse sentido, objetivou-se compreender e quantificar a relação entre a cobertura vegetal e a regulação da vazão do rio. Para provar essa relação e a existência dos mencionados SHE nos ecossistemas de La Guajira, determinaram-se as mudanças na cobertura vegetal entre 2000 até 2013 utilizando o Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI). Também foi quantificada a regulação da vazão usando séries de tempo hidrológicas e meteorológicas da área de estudo. Os métodos utilizados foram insuficientes para determinar a influência da vegetação na regulação hídrica dos SHE, porém, evidenciou-se uma maior influência da morfometria em bacias de tamanho médio e grande. Outro resultado importante mostra a relevância de se selecionar uma resolução espacial e temporal adequada quando se quantificam serviços de regulação hídrica e sua relação com as características da cobertura vegetal. Desta maneira, esse trabalho mostra a complexidade de se quantificar os SHE. Além disso, realça alguns aspectos que devem ser tomados em conta para quantificar corretamente a regulação da vazão devido à cobertura vegetal.

Abstract This study presents a methodology to address the challenge of objectively demonstrating Ecosystem Hydrological Services (EHS). A case study is used in the region of the La Guajira Peninsula (Colombia), with a focus on the EHS of water flow regulation. The proposed methodology hypothesizes that EHS that have not been objectively demonstrated lead to failures in the implementation of guidelines of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES). Following this idea, we have tried to understand and quantify the relationship between vegetation coverage and streamflow regulation. To prove this relationship and the existence of the mentioned EHS in the La Guajira Ecosystem, we determined land cover changes from 2000 to 2013 using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and we also quantified the streamflow regulation using hydrological and meteorological time series in the study area. The analysis methods used were insufficient to determine the influence of vegetation on hydric regulation EHS; nevertheless, a greater influence of morphometry was observed in medium-and large-sized basins. Another important finding shows the relevance of selecting an adequate spatial and time resolution when quantifying water flow regulation services and its relationship with land cover characteristics. In this way, this exercise shows the complexity of quantifying EHS. Furthermore, we highlight some aspects that must be taken into account to properly quantify streamflow regulation due to vegetation coverage.

This study presents the analysis of the emission, dispersion, and concentration of PM10, CO, NO2, COV y HAP (Hazardous Air Pollutants), emitted from a modular station of compression, processing and measurement of natural gas located on the peninsula of La Guajira in northern Colombia. To estimate the concentrations of pollutants was applied Gaussian dispersion WKBK2 model for point source. Emissions of the pollutants are estimated using the US Environmental Agency emission factor. The application of the model was validated with PM10 and NO2 measured at a site near the Industrial Plant. The maximum concentration occurs between 100 to 200 meters from the source. The maximum concentrations of PM10 exceeded the World Health Organization guideline value of 20 µg/m³. In four indigenous communities located in the area, the levels were lower than those established in the Colombian norm.

Este estudio presenta el análisis de la emisión, dispersión y concentración de PM10, CO, NO2, COV y HAP (contaminantes peligroso del aire), emitida desde una estación modular de compresión, tratamiento y medición de gas natural, ubicada en la península de La Guajira al norte de Colombia. Se aplicó el modelo de dispersión Gaussiana WKBK2 para fuentes puntuales para estimar las concentraciones de los contaminantes. Las emisiones de los contaminantes se estimaron utilizando los factores de emisiones de la Agencia Ambiental de los Estados Unidos USEPA. La aplicación del modelo fue validado con PM10 y NO2 medido en un sitio cerca de la planta industrial. Las máximas concentraciones ocurren entre 100 a 200 metros de la fuente. Las concentraciones máxima estimadas de PM10 estaría violando el estándar anual de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. En las cuatro comunidades indígenas ubicadas en la zona, se estimaron niveles menores a los establecidos en la norma Colombiana.

Introducción. En los últimos 18 años, no se han vuelto a registrar epizootias de encefalitis equina venezolana en áreas con antecedentes históricos de epidemia (1925-1995) en la península de La Guajira. Objetivo. Establecer si en la Alta Guajira colombiana se mantienen las condiciones que favorecen la reaparición de las cepas epizoóticas del virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó en las localidades afectadas por la epidemia de 1995, y se evaluaron los siguientes aspectos: 1) abundancia y variación estacional de las poblaciones de los mosquitos vectores; 2) disponibilidad de mamíferos sensibles amplificadores del virus, y 3) conocimiento de los habitantes sobre la enfermedad y sus vectores. Resultados. La mayoría de las especies de mosquitos, incluidas las de los vectores, se encontraron durante la estación lluviosa. Aedes taeniorhynchus y Psorophora confinnis presentaron relación con la precipitación y la temperatura. Deinocerites atlanticus estuvo siempre presente, independientemente de las condiciones climáticas. No se encontraron anticuerpos de tipo IgG en los sueros de humanos menores de 17 años, tampoco en los de los animales caprinos y bovinos analizados. En la encuesta sobre conocimientos, se detectó que la tercera parte de los encuestados recordaba la última epidemia y tenía conocimientos básicos sobre la enfermedad. Solamente 20 % de las familias poseía équidos y el 8 % estaba informado sobre la necesidad de vacunarlos. Conclusiones. Se mantienen algunas condiciones epidemiológicas que eventualmente podrían favorecer la reaparición del virus, pero el número de equinos en riesgo es escaso, lo cual constituye el cambio más notable y lo que, aparentemente, ha impedido la reaparición del virus.

Introduction: In the last 18 years, epizootics of Venezuelan equine encephalitis have not occurred in places with historic epidemic register (1925-1995) in the Guajira Peninsula, Colombia. Objective: To assess if the Guajira Peninsula, Colombia, still maintains the epidemiological conditions for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus reemergence. Materials and methods: Research was carried out in places affected by the 1995 epidemic. We evaluated: 1) abundance and seasonal variation of vector mosquito populations; 2) availability of mammals that are potential amplifiers of the virus, and 3) knowledge among the community about the disease and its vectors. Results: Most of the 16 mosquito species were found during the rainy season. Aedes taeniorhynchus and Psorophora confinnis showed direct relation with rainfall and temperature. In contrast, the dominant species, Deinocerites atlanticus , was always present in the collections, regardless of climatic conditions. No IgG antibodies were found in humans younger than 17 years old, goats or bovine sera. One third of those interviewed remembered the last epidemic and had basic understanding of the disease. Only 20% of the families were owners of equines, and 8% was informed of the importance of equine vaccination. Conclusions: Some epidemiological conditions that eventually could help epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus reemergence are maintained. However, an abrupt decrease in the number of susceptible equines was found in the area. Apparently, this new condition has not allowed the virus reemergence and is the biggest observed change.

The relationship between climatic periods and intensity of 2 upwelling cores located in the Colombian Caribbean from the time analysis of climatic indicators and sea surface temperature (SST) for the period 1990-2009 were analyzed. Four climatic seasons are described for this region with differences and similarities between points located in front of the Guajira Peninsula and Tayrona National Natural Park (PNNT). Spectral analysis of the Ekman transport and differences of SST with the furthest points of the coast estimates, as indicators of the wind stress and the magnitude of the upwelling along the studied period, allow establishing a direct correspondence between the season and the upwelling regime. In the case of surface water off the Guajira Peninsula, there are some oscillations periods that not correspond with wind regime in the area. These oscillations could be influenced by the behavior of the Caribbean Current and/or upwelling cores off Venezuela and/or Trinidad and Tobago. According to the spectral and descriptive analysis applied to ERA Interim data, these reflect well the behavior of the climate in the area, despite their low temporal and spatial resolution.

Se analizó la relación entre las épocas climáticas y la intensidad de 2 centros de surgencia localizados en el Caribe colombiano a partir del análisis temporal de indicadores climáticos y la temperatura superficial del mar (TSM), para el período 1990-2009. Se describen 4 épocas climáticas en la región con diferencias y similitudes entre puntos localizados frente a la Península de la Guajira y en cercanías del Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona (PNNT). El análisis espectral de las estimaciones de transporte de Ekman y diferencias de TSM, con los puntos más alejados de la costa, como indicadores del esfuerzo del viento y la magnitud de los afloramientos a lo largo del período estudiado, indica una correspondencia directa entre la época climática y el régimen de surgencia. En el caso de las aguas superficiales frente a la Península de la Guajira, se encuentran períodos de oscilación en la TSM distintos al régimen de vientos en la zona. Estas oscilaciones podrían estar influenciadas por el comportamiento de la corriente del Caribe y/o focos de surgencia frente a Venezuela y/o Trinidad y Tobago. De acuerdo al análisis espectral y descriptivo realizado a los datos de ERA Interim, estos reflejan bien el comportamiento del clima en la zona, a pesar de su baja resolución temporal y espacial.

Este trabajo tiene como propósito brindar nuevos datos analíticos, complementando los ya existentes de las rocas volcánicas de edad jurásica del Cerro La Teta y el Arroyo Jurarein en el sector de la Alta Guajira. Se realizó una caracterización geoquímica para tres muestras recolectadas en el área, donde se analizaron elementos mayores, menores y traza, que indican que estás rocas poseen una afinidad subalcalina de la serie calco-alcalina. Los diagramas normalizados a condrito muestran abundancias de elementos de tierras raras livianas (LREE) (La/Yb)N de 6,38 - 37,17 y de (La/Ce)N de 1,31 - 1,35 con relación a las tierras raras pesadas (HREE) (Gd/Yb)N de 1,15 - 1,35. Los diagramas geotectónicos evidencian que estas rocas se formaron en ambientes colisionales con afinidad calco-alcalina. En este trabajo se sugiere que durante la generación de las volcanitas de la unidad Riodacita del Cerro de La Teta la Península de la Guajira Colombiana se hallaba en una posición más al suroccidente de la sugerida por Kennan and Pindell (2009), mucho más cerca de la zona de subducción de la Placa Farallón.

This work aims to provide new analytical data, complementing the existing information about the Jurassic volcanic rocks of Cerro La Teta and Jurarein creek in the high area of la Guajira. A Geochemical characterization for three field samples collected in the area was made; major, minor and trace elements were analyzed, indicating a sub alkaline affinity from calc-alkaline series using characterization diagrams for volcanic rocks. The chondritic normalized diagrams show abundance of light rare earth elements (LREE) (La/Yb) N of 6,38 - 37,17 and of (La/Ce)N of 1,31 - 1,35 instead of heavy rare earth elements (HREE) (Gd/Yb) N of 1,15 - 1,35. Geotectonic diagrams suggest that these rocks were formed in a collisional environment, with a calc-alkaline affinity. Analyzing these data we can suggest that during the generation of the volcanic rhyodacite of the Cerro La Teta, the Colombian Guajira Peninsula was in a more southwestern position than the proposed by Kennan and Pindell (2009), closer to Farallon Plate subduction zone.

Resumen La historia del mestizaje refleja más que el aspecto biológico asociado a la mezcla de razas que genera un prototipo humano, y se sitúa también en las variadas dinámicas históricas que posibilitan a las sociedades relacionarse en diferentes niveles y construir, desde esas relaciones, complejos procesos identitarios. En ese sentido, este artículo analiza el proceso de mestizaje en el pueblo de Boronata, ubicado en el sur de la península de la Guajira durante el período 1696-1776, donde los elementos culturales nativos jugaron un papel central en las relaciones que se dieron entre las sociedades criolla y aborigen. Para ello se analizan e interpretan una variedad de fuentes de la época consistentes en censos de poblaciones e informes de militares y misioneros que se desempeñaron en la Guajira.

Abstract The history of mestizaje reflects more than the biological aspects associated with the mixture of races that generates a human prototype, and is also in the various historical dynamics that enable companies interact at different levels and build, from these relations, complex processes identity. In that sense, this article analyzes the process of miscegenation boronate in the village, located in southern Guajira peninsula during the period 1696-1776, where native cultural elements played a central role in relations that occurred between Creole and Aboriginal societies. We analyze and interpret a variety of sources from the period consisting of population censuses and reports of military and missionaries who served in the Guajira.

En la península de La Guajira en el periodo 1830-1860 interactuaron dos corpus "legales" para dirimir las disputas en los conflictos interétnicos suscitados entre indígenas guajiros y la sociedad criolla. Uno, el de la república, que buscaba someter a los nativos no reducidos a las leyes como parte de las estrategias de control de la población en el contexto de la consolidación del Estado-Nación. Otro, el de los indígenas wayú, basado en derechos y deberes consuetudinarios cuyo carácter era colectivo y corporativo. En este artículo se muestra cómo, en los intentos de las autoridades granadinas y venezolanas por arbitrar las disputas entre ambos grupos, se produjeron prácticas en las que se incorporaron elementos de la ley nativa guajira, cuestión que se venía haciendo desde el periodo español y que permitió, en el nuevo contexto político de la República, manejar los conflictos con los indígenas de forma negociada.

During the period from 1830 to 1860, two legal traditions interacted to resolve the inter-ethnic conflicts that arose between the indigenous population and criollo society in the Guajira peninsula. That of the Republic sought to subject the natives to the law, as part of the population control strategies in the context of the consolidation of the nation-state. The other, that of the wayú indigenous population, based on customary rights and duties,featured a collective and corporative nature. The article shows how the efforts of the authorities in New Granada and Venezuela to arbitrate disputes between those groups generated practices that included elements of guajiro native law, something that had been done since the Spanish period and which made it possible to handle conflicts with the indigenous population through negotiation in the new political context of the republic.

El presente estudio se centra en la manera como el control territorial y la disputa por el poder sobre la circulación mercantil dinamizaron las relaciones sociales de los individuos que habitaron el Caribe colombiano en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, más específicamente, en la península de la Guajira. Se mostrará como los pobladores de esta península se favorecieron de la geografía de su territorio para vincularse a las dinámicas de la circulación mercantil mediante la ejecución de prácticas como el contrabando.

This study is focused on the way the territorial control and dispute for power on trading helped to dynamize the social relationships of those peoples who lived in the Colombian Caribbean during the second half of the 18th century, mainly in La Guajira peninsula. It shall be presented the way the settlers from this peninsula took advantage from the region geography for being linked to the trading dynamics by means of the smuggling.

This study focuses on how the territorial control and power struggle over commodity circulation energized social relations of individuals who lived in the Colombian Caribbean in the second half of the eighteenth century, more specifically, in the peninsula of La Guajira. It will show how the inhabitants of this peninsula were favored by the geography of a territory whose accidents along the coastline -natural harbors- allow them to link the business dynamics of the region through smuggling activities with aliens.

El presente estudio se centra en la manera como el control territorial y la disputa por el poder sobre la circulación mercantil dinamizaron las relaciones sociales de los individuos que habitaron el Caribe colombiano en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, más específicamente en la península de la Guajira. Se mostrará como los pobladores de esta península se favorecieron de la geografía de un territorio cuyos accidentes a lo largo de su litoral -puertos naturales- les permitieron vincularse a las dinámicas comerciales de la región mediante la ejecución del contrabando con los extranjeros del Caribe insular.

The red lionfish was captured in the northeast Colombian Caribbean, in "El Yoyo" fishing ground, located in La Guajira peninsula (Riohacha). The Guajira continental shelf, located between Santa Marta and Venezuela, should be a stepping area for lionfish pelagic larvae.