Chemometrics is gaining more and more space in universities and industry. To contribute to the development and expansion of principal component analysis (PCA) teaching proposals, this work evaluated the answers of the students to a questionnaire and presented a didactic-pedagogical proposal that can contribute to solving the principal doubts achieved by students in the PCA interpretation. Based on data collected in a semi-open questionnaire, the proposal was developed based on methodological principles of historical-critical pedagogy, containing the objectives, the problems surrounding the topic, and the cultural instruments necessary for understanding and interpreting PCA in the discipline of chemometrics by using new resources and instruments, especially free software, Chemostat. This proposal covers topics related to the concept of chemometrics and PCA, the explanation of the data set, pre-processing, use of Chemostat software, and analysis of principal components. It is hoped that this proposal can promote a better understanding concerning PCA on the part of students, as well as effective incorporation of the phenomena that involve this tool and its applications, and interpretation. Likewise, it is expected that this didactic-pedagogical proposal can support new teaching practices in chemometrics subjects in higher education. industry (PCA proposals didacticpedagogical didactic pedagogical interpretation semiopen semi open historicalcritical historical critical pedagogy objectives topic software set preprocessing, preprocessing pre processing, processing pre-processing components applications Likewise education

Resumo Este estudo buscou explorar a perspectiva dos docentes de medicina sobre a saúde mental de seus alunos. Este estudo qualitativo baseado em grupo focal faz parte de uma pesquisa longitudinal que estudou a saúde mental de estudantes brasileiros. Um grupo foi conduzido com professores empregados em uma faculdade de medicina. Os temas discutidos abrangeram o conceito de saúde mental e educação médica. Seis professores participaram de um grupo. A saúde mental dos estudantes de medicina é um construto que engloba aspectos emocionais, capacidade de resolução de problemas e múltiplas facetas do ser humano, segundo os participantes. As práticas artísticas, os momentos de socialização e de lazer foram percebidos como estimuladores da boa saúde mental dos estudantes. Exigências excessivas geram competitividade e a expectativa do professor pelo bom desempenho do aluno com base na própria experiência pode prejudicar a saúde mental do aluno. Os participantes destacaram também que é necessária uma reformulação pedagógica que faça sentido para o processo de aprendizagem do aluno para atualizar os currículos tradicionais. A saúde mental dos estudantes de medicina é influenciada pelas experiências e trocas durante o curso de medicina, principalmente entre professor e aluno, entendidas como necessárias e inerentes ao processo de tornar-se médico. Os achados deste estudo mostram a necessidade de mudanças curriculares no processo de formação médica e de atualização da formação docente para boas práticas que reforcem a boa saúde mental.

Resumen Este estudio buscó explorar la perspectiva de los profesores de medicina sobre la salud mental de sus estudiantes. Este estudio cualitativo basado en un grupo focal es parte de una investigación longitudinal que estudió la salud mental de estudiantes brasileños. Un grupo se llevó a cabo con profesores empleados en una escuela de medicina. Los temas tratados abarcaron el concepto de salud mental y educación médica. Seis docentes participaron en un grupo. La salud mental de los estudiantes de medicina es un constructo que abarca aspectos emocionales, capacidad de resolución de problemas y múltiples facetas del ser humano, según los participantes. Las prácticas artísticas, los momentos de socialización y el ocio fueron percibidos como estimulantes de la buena salud mental de los estudiantes. Las exigencias excesivas generan competitividad y la expectativa del docente sobre el buen desempeño del estudiante basándose en su propia experiencia puede perjudicar la salud mental del estudiante. Los participantes también resaltaron que es necesaria una reformulación pedagógica que tenga sentido para el proceso de aprendizaje del estudiante para actualizar los currículos tradicionales. La salud mental de los estudiantes de medicina está influenciada por las experiencias y los intercambios durante la carrera de medicina, principalmente entre profesor y estudiante, entendidos como necesarios e inherentes al proceso de convertirse en médico. Los hallazgos de este estudio muestran la necesidad de cambios curriculares en el proceso de formación médica y de actualización de la formación docente hacia buenas prácticas que refuercen la buena salud mental.

Abstract This study sought to explore the perspective of medical faculty on the mental health of their students. This qualitative study based on a focus group is part of a longitudinal research that studied the mental health of Brazilian students. One group was conducted with faculty employed at a medical school. Topics discussed covered the concept of mental health and medical education. Six professors participated in one group. The mental health of medical students is a construct that encompasses emotional aspects, ability to solve problems and multiple facets of a human being, according to the participants. Artistic practices, moments of socialization and leisure were perceived as stimulating students' good mental health. Excessive demands generate competitiveness and the teacher's expectation of the student's good performance based on their own experience can harm the student's mental health. Participants also highlighted that a pedagogical reformulation that makes sense for the student's learning process is necessary to update traditional curricula. Medical students’ mental health is influenced by experiences and exchanges during the medical school, mainly between professor and student, understood as necessary and inherent to the process of becoming physician. The findings of this study show the need for curriculum changes in the medical education process and updating teacher training for good practices that reinforce good mental health.

Resumo: O objetivo deste escrito é apresentar elementos a considerar nas práticas argumentativas dos docentes de matemática do ensino secundário na Costa Rica em 2023. São abordadas as diferentes noções de argumentação e suas diferenças com a explicação e a demonstração. A Costa Rica, como muitos países perten- centes à OCDE, enfrenta o desafio de formar cidadãos competentes em diferentes áreas do saber; uma delas é a matemática e dentro desta deve ser desenvolvida a competência de argumentação, entre outras. Contudo, os resultados alcançados pelo país na sua última avaliação nos testes PISA (2018) não são bons e possuem múltiplos fatores que se vinculam neste ensaio com dados de uma experiência piloto com docentes em exercício, graduados de diferentes universidades e que trabalham em diferentes instituições, sobre suas crenças sobre a argumentação. Por fim, é revisada a importância de fomentar a argumentação desde a formação inicial de do- centes nas universidades públicas do país. A principal conclusão encontrada destaca a necessidade de formar profissionais com noção ampla de argumentação, com experiências e modelos que lhes permitam desenvolver uma mediação pedagógica desta competência no seu trabalho docente.

Resumen: El objetivo de este escrito es presentar elementos por considerar en las prácticas argumentativas de docentes de Matemáticas de la enseñanza secundaria de Costa Rica en el 2023. Se abordan las diferentes nociones de argumentación y sus diferencias con explicar y demostrar. Costa Rica, al igual que muchos países pertenecientes a la OCDE, se enfrenta al reto de formar personas ciudadanas competentes en diferentes áreas del saber; una de ellas es la Matemática y dentro de esta se debe desarrollar la competencia de argumentar, entre otras. Sin embargo, los resultados alcanzados por el país en su última evaluación en las pruebas PISA (2018) no son buenos y tienen múltiples factores que se vinculan en el presente ensayo con datos de una experiencia piloto con docentes en ejercicio, graduados de diferentes universidades y que laboran en distintas instituciones, sobre sus creencias acerca de la argumentación. Finalmente, se revisa la importancia de fomentar la argumentación desde la formación inicial de docentes en las universidades públicas del país. La principal conclusión hallada destaca la necesidad de formar profesionales con una noción amplia de argumentación, con experiencias y modelos que le permitan desarrollar una mediación pedagógica de esta competencia en su labor docente.

Abstract: This paper aims to present the elements to be considered for the argumentative practices of high school mathematics teachers in Costa Rica in 2023. The paper explains and demonstrates the different notions of argumentation and their differences. Costa Rica, like many OECD countries, faces the challenge of educating competent citizens in different areas of knowledge, including mathematics, who in turn must develop the ability to argue. However, the results obtained by the country in the most recent assessment of the PISA tests (2018) were not good. The article reviews a pilot experience conducted with practicing teachers, graduates of different universities and working in different institutions, on their beliefs about argumentation. Finally, the article reviews the reasons why the country’s public universities should promote the use of argumentation from the beginning of teacher training. The main conclusion highlights the need to train professionals who are able to argue through experiences and models that develop a pedagogical mediation of argumentation in their teaching work.

Abstract In 2017, Decree 1421 was issued in Colombia, according to which all schools in the country were to welcome students with disabilities and offer them quality opportunities for their entry, permanence and graduation. The Ministry of Education (MEN, 2017a) gave a deadline of five years for this policy to be implemented in the national territory, counted from its approval. The objective of this research is to characterize the pedagogical practices, knowledge and institutional conditions (pedagogical and administrative type) in which a sample of Colombian teachers work, six years after the decree was issued. For this purpose, a transectional non-experimental quantitative design was used and a scale was applied to 249 teachers of early childhood education, elementary school, junior high school and vocational middle school. Based on the findings obtained, it can be concluded that there is a positive change in the pedagogical practices and knowledge of those teachers who have training in inclusion and who work in private schools that receive students with these life trajectories. Even so, the institutional conditions of the teachers surveyed still do not respond to inclusive institutional projects. Since, at the time of writing this paper, we did not find other similar studies in the country, these results are discussed in the light of international research on the subject and in the framework of national policy, and allow extrapolating the challenges faced by the Colombian educational system in welcoming students with disabilities.

Resumen En 2017 se expidió en Colombia el decreto 1421, según el cual todas las escuelas del país debían acoger estudiantes con discapacidad y ofrecerles oportunidades de calidad para su ingreso, permanencia y egreso. El Ministerio de Educación dio un plazo de cinco años, contados a partir de su aprobación, para que esta política se implementara en todo el territorio nacional. El objetivo de esta investigación es caracterizar las prácticas pedagógicas, los conocimientos y las condiciones institucionales (de tipo pedagógico-administrativo), en las que labora una muestra de docentes colombianos, seis años después de expedido el decreto. Para ello, se utilizó un diseño cuantitativo no experimental transeccional y la aplicación de una escala a 249 maestros y maestras de distintos niveles educativos. Con base en los hallazgos obtenidos, puede concluirse que hay un cambio positivo en las prácticas pedagógicas y los conocimientos de aquellos docentes que cuentan con formación en inclusión y que laboran en colegios que acogen alumnado con estas trayectorias de vida. Aun así, las condiciones institucionales del profesorado encuestado todavía no responden a proyectos inclusivos. Estos resultados se discuten a la luz de los retos que enfrenta el sistema educativo colombiano en pro de atender alumnado con discapacidad.

Abstract: This study analyzes the experiences of 17 Colombian primary education teachers in caring for students with disabilities, registered in 17 educational institutions in 11 municipalities between 2018 and 2022. Through a narrative design and a questionnaire with open-ended questions, the interactions of these teachers with the educational environment were explored. Twelve psychological and thirteen pedagogical factors were identified, and their impact was examined depending on the types of disabilities and the specific characteristics of the students and educational contexts. The results reveal high variability and subjectivity in these factors, which can both favor and hinder inclusive educational practices. Additionally, the study examines the Individual Plan for Reasonable Adjustments, highlighting significant deficiencies in its implementation and resistance from some school sectors. This underscores challenges in adopting the inclusive education model promoted by the Colombian State. This analysis provides valuable insights for the continuous improvement of inclusive practices in the Colombian educational system

Resumen: Este estudio analiza las experiencias de 17 docentes colombianos de educación primaria en la atención a estudiantes con discapacidad, registradas en 17 instituciones educativas de 11 municipios entre 2018 y 2022. Mediante un diseño narrativo y un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas, se exploraron las interacciones de estos docentes con el entorno educativo. Se identificaron 12 factores psicológicos y 13 pedagógicos y se examinó su impacto en función de los tipos de discapacidad y las características específicas de los estudiantes y contextos educativos. Los resultados revelan una alta variabilidad y subjetividad en estos factores, los cuales pueden ser tanto favorecedores como obstaculizadores de las prácticas educativas inclusivas. Adicionalmente, el estudio examina el Plan Individual de Ajustes Razonables, destacando deficiencias significativas en su implementación y resistencia por parte de algunos sectores escolares, lo cual subraya desafíos en la adopción del modelo de educación inclusiva promovido por el Estado colombiano. Este análisis proporciona insights valiosos para la mejora continua de las prácticas inclusivas en el sistema educativo colombiano

Resumo: Este estudo analisa as experiências de 17 docentes colombianos do ensino primário no atendimento a alunos com deficiência, matriculados em 17 instituições de ensino em 11 municípios entre 2018 e 2022. Por meio de um desenho narrativo e de um questionário de perguntas abertas, foram exploradas as interações destes professores com o ambiente educacional. Foram identificados 12 fatores psicológicos e 13 pedagógicos e o seu impacto foi examinado em função dos tipos de deficiência e das características específicas dos estudantes e dos contextos educativos. Os resultados revelam alta variabilidade e subjetividade nesses fatores, o que pode favorecer ou dificultar práticas educativas inclusivas. Além disso, o estudo examina o Plano Individual de Ajustes Razoáveis, destacando falhas significativas na sua implementação e resistência por parte de alguns setores escolares, o que salienta desafios na adoção do modelo de educação inclusiva promovido pelo Estado colombiano. Esta análise fornece insights valiosos para a melhoria contínua das práticas inclusivas no sistema educacional colombiano

Abstract: This research aims to describe and interpret teachers' subjective theories about idiosyncratic characteristics associated with the use of non-teaching time. The study is part of a larger investigation into teachers' subjective theories regarding school time. It employs a case study design within an interpretive, mixed-methods framework, conducted in Chile with 12 teachers who were interviewed using a semi-structured format and a time perspective instrument. Data analysis involved open coding and a secondary comparison of qualitative results with findings from the time perspective scale. The results highlight common challenges such as taking work home, which impacts mental health. While some teachers describe themselves as structured and efficient, others struggle to balance family and work responsibilities. Experience influences their time management, showing a variety in the perception of personal versus work time, and revealing a trend toward a future-oriented view, though some exhibit a fatalistic present attitude

Resumen: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo describir e interpretar las teorías subjetivas de docentes sobre características idiosincráticas de los profesores asociadas al uso del tiempo no lectivo. El estudio se enmarca en una investigación mayor sobre teorías subjetivas de docentes acerca del tiempo escolar. El diseño es un estudio de casos bajo un paradigma interpretativo, mixto, realizado en Chile con 12 profesores a los que se les aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada y un instrumento de perspectiva temporal. El análisis de los datos consistió en codificación abierta y secundariamente la contrastación de los resultados cualitativos con los hallazgos derivados de aplicar la escala de perspectiva temporal. Los resultados destacan desafíos comunes como el llevar trabajo a casa, lo que afecta la salud mental. Aunque algunos docentes se describen como estructurados y eficientes, otros luchan por equilibrar responsabilidades familiares y laborales. La experiencia influye en su manejo del tiempo, mostrando variedad en la percepción del tiempo personal frente al laboral, y revelando una tendencia hacia una visión más orientada al futuro, pero con una actitud presente fatalista en algunos casos

Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever e interpretar as teorias subjetivas de docentes sobre características idiossincráticas dos professores associadas ao uso do tempo não letivo. O estudo está inserido em uma pesquisa maior sobre teorias subjetivas dos docentes sobre o tempo escolar. A metodologia aplicada foi de estudo de casos sob um paradigma interpretativo, misto, realizado no Chile com 12 professores, aos quais foram aplicados uma entrevista semiestruturada e um instrumento de perspectiva temporal. A análise dos dados envolveu codificação aberta e, secundariamente, a comparação dos resultados qualitativos com os achados derivados da aplicação da escala de perspectiva temporal. Os resultados destacam desafios comuns, como levar trabalho para casa, o que afeta a saúde mental. Embora alguns docentes se descrevam como estruturados e eficientes, outros lutam para equilibrar responsabilidades familiares e profissionais. A experiência influencia sua gestão do tempo, mostrando variação na percepção do tempo pessoal versus profissional e revelando uma tendência para uma visão mais orientada para o futuro, mas com uma atitude presente fatalista em alguns casos

Se por um lado o Brasil apresenta avanços legais nos cuidados à criança e ao adolescente, fundamentados no paradigma de proteção integral, por outro persistem inúmeras problemáticas no sistema de medidas socioeducativas. Este estudo buscou compreender o cenário da pesquisa e publicação científica concernentes à investigação da atuação docente no contexto socioeducativo. Foi utilizado o método de revisão integrativa da literatura a partir da combinação de descritores nas bases de dados Scielo, BVS e Portal CAPES. Após análise e seleção, foram incluídos 17 artigos na revisão, classificados em três grupos principais relacionados à atuação docente: formação e preparação para o trabalho, principais desafios enfrentados e estratégias e recursos para a concretização de um bom trabalho. Os resultados revelam crescimento de publicações sobre a temática nos últimos anos, aliada à diversidade de autores e periódicos; preferência a delineamentos qualitativos, sobretudo a partir de entrevista e realização de grupos; e investigação centrada na medida de internação. Em comparativo às prerrogativas legais,constatou-se que as principais problemáticas estão relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de políticas específicas, às condições adequadas de trabalho e à formação inicial e continuada; enquanto os maiores potenciais atuais da docência estão na concretização da educação enquanto mecanismo de (re)inserção social e no desenvolvimento de práticas pedagógicas inovadoras e específicas ao contexto da socioeducação.

Si bien Brasil ha presentado avances legales en los cuidados a la niñez y adolescencia, basados en el paradigma de protección integral, persisten numerosas problemáticas en el sistema de medidas socioeducativas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender el panorama de la investigación y de las publicaciones científicas relacionadas con la actuación docente en el contexto socioeducativo. Se utilizó el método de revisión integrativa de la literatura mediante la combinación de descriptores en las bases de datos Scielo, BVS y Portal CAPES. Tras el análisis y selección, se incluyeron 17 artículos en la revisión, clasificados en tres grupos principales relacionados con la actuación docente: formación y preparación para el trabajo, principales desafíos enfrentados y estrategias y recursos para la realización de un trabajo efectivo. Los resultados revelan un aumento en el número de publicaciones sobre el tema en los últimos años, junto con una diversidad de autores y revistas; una preferencia por diseños cualitativos, especialmente basados en entrevistas y grupos de discusión; y un enfoque predominante en la medida de internación. Al comparar estos hallazgos con las prerrogativas legales, se constató que las principales problemáticas están relacionadas con el desarrollo de políticas específicas, las condiciones laborales adecuadas y la formación inicial y continua. Al mismo tiempo, los mayores potenciales actuales de la docencia radican en la realización de la educación como mecanismo de (re)inserción social y en el desarrollo de prácticas pedagógicas innovadoras, adaptadas al contexto específico de la socioeducación.

Legal advances in child and adolescent care in Brazil, based on the integral protection paradigm, contrast with persistent issues within the socio-educational system. This study aimed to analyze the current state of research and scientific publications regarding the teacher's role in the socioeducational context. An integrative literature review was conducted, combining descriptors in the Scielo, BVS, and Portal CAPES databases. After selection and analysis, 17 articles were included, classified into three main categories: teacher training and preparation, key challenges faced, and strategies and resources for effective teaching. The results reveal a recent increase in publications on the topic, involving a diverse range of authors and journals; a preference for qualitative research designs, particularly interviews and focus groups; and most studies focusing on juvenile detention measure. In comparison to legal prerogatives, the main challenges include the development of specific policies, adequate working conditions, and initial and ongoing teacher training. Meanwhile, the current potentials of teaching in realizing education as a mechanism for social (re)integration and in the development of innovative pedagogical practices tailored to the socio-educational context.

Abstract: The present study examines the teaching strategies used by physics professors while providing a guide for students through learning activities that develop thinking skills, knowledge, and attitudes to solve specialty-related problems. A didactic approach is applied to teaching competency-based general physics in engineering within a modular structure. A mixed methodology is employed, with qualitative methods for the case study interpreting professors' discourse regarding classroom pedagogical design and practice, and quantitative methods examining teaching practice and its impact on academic performance. As a result, three main categories are identified: 1) didactic strategies, 2) technological resources, 3) and learning monitoring. It is observed that the teaching model influences student dropout rates and academic success. In conclusion, there is a preference for traditional strategies over constructivist strategies, regardless of the professor's experience level.

Resumen: El presente estudio examina las estrategias de enseñanza utilizadas por los docentes de física y provee una guía al estudiante a través de actividades de aprendizaje que desarrollen habilidades de pensamiento, conocimientos y actitudes para resolver problemas de la especialidad. Se aplica un enfoque didáctico para enseñar por competencias en física general en ingeniería bajo estructura modular. Se utiliza una metodología mixta, cualitativa para el estudio de caso que interpreta el discurso de los docentes en relación con el diseño y la práctica pedagógica de aula y el cuantitativo que examina la práctica docente y su impacto en el rendimiento académico. Como resultado, se identifican tres categorías principales: 1) estrategias didácticas, 2) recursos tecnológicos, y 3) seguimiento del aprendizaje. Se observa que el modelo de enseñanza influye en la tasa de deserción y el éxito académico de los estudiantes. En conclusión, se evidencia una preferencia por estrategias tradicionales sobre las constructivistas, independientemente de la experiencia del docente.

Evaluative research can advance sustainability education through the learning it can enable, at micro and systems levels. This proposition is explored by examining evaluation practice in a 6-year international programme entitled Transdisciplinary Education Collaboration for Transformations in Sustainability involving universities and biosphere reserves/regions in Germany, South Africa and Canada. A Transdisciplinary International Learning Lab (TILL) was evaluated using a theory-based evaluation approach and interviews, focus groups and questionnaires that yielded qualitative data. Through meta-reflection, we concluded that our TILL had elements of a Field School, rather than a Learning Lab, and that our curriculum required more explicit deliberation among programme developers and implementers towards a deeper and shared understanding of pedagogical assumptions and more congruent practice of transdisciplinary and transformative sustainability education. The reflective, theory-based approach enabled learning from evaluation and was captured in a shared refinement of the theory of change, which makes it explicit that learning from pedagogical innovations is not only for students but also for academics. The paper is an invitation to other innovators in sustainability science, education and evaluation in higher education, to share related findings. SIGNIFICANCE: Through evaluative research, educators gained insight into how transformative sustainability education and transdisciplinarity play out in practice, and how theory-based evaluation can inform more transformative programme design. As higher education practitioners collaborating across continents and disciplines for systemic change, we noted that transformative concepts do not immediately translate into transformative practices, unless we critically and collectively reflect on practice and outcomes. Such (meta) reflection requires data and purposefully designed evaluation frameworks-in-use. This idea is not new, but its manifestation in practice was illuminative and could also be of scholarly interest to other curriculum and evaluation designers.

Although widely acknowledged for their significance, contemporary Teacher Professional Development (TPD) initiatives have faced growing criticism due to their failure to effectively foster the seamless incorporation of technology into educators' pedagogical practices. Educators depend on their informal Communities of Practice (CoPs) rather than TPD programmes to acquire the knowledge they need to both competently and meaningfully integrate technology into their pedagogical practices. This study investigates the innovative approaches educators employ in three (n=3) Western Cape public primary schools to create a hybrid CoP in their school to improve their collective technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK). The criticism of TPD efforts extends beyond primary and secondary school contexts. This challenge substantially impacts teacher education and highlights the increasing necessity for developing digital literacy among the professoriate in this discipline. The theoretical basis for this study was Wenger's (1998) CoP social learning theory and Mishra and Koehler's (2006) TPACK model. The study employed a qualitative research approach involving a cohort of 12 educators who engaged in open-ended survey questionnaires, one-on-one semi-structured interviews, and observational sessions. Additionally, the research incorporated one (n=1) school principal and two (n=2) deputy principals who actively contributed to all data collection modalities except for the survey questionnaires. Document analysis, specifically from WhatsApp group chat screenshots, was conducted across all three (n=3) schools as part of the research approach. While the data set used in this study originates from a study involving school educators, it aims to extend the findings to determine their significance for teacher education. The results revealed that the sampled educators had established an informal hybrid CoP at their respective schools through innovative approaches, such as joint enterprise, mutual engagement, and shared repertoire. These educators gained TPACK from one another throughout this process. Universities and provincial governments might profit from the findings, the knowledge gained from which could assist in their structuring of TPD programmes in ways which would foster their organic development in educators' particular employment contexts.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to assess the effect of a writing framework model for pedagogical reflection in a sample of elementary school teachers who took part in a lifelong learning program. To do so, a combined research design was carried out, implementing, on the one hand, inferential and multivariable statistical techniques to determine the tempering effect of feedback on the performance of written reflection and, on the other hand, content analysis of the teachers' written production to identify their development of pedagogical reflection. He results reveal that encouraging this reflection in teachers' writing allows them to develop a more in-depth assessment and analysis of their own practices, which is evidenced by the use of more detailed explanations and arguments and the precision of the terminological use of specific concepts.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar el efecto de un modelo de andamiaje de la escritura para la reflexión pedagógica en un grupo de docentes de educación primaria que participaron en un programa de formación continua. Para ello se realizó un diseño de investigación mixto, aplicando, por una parte, técnicas estadísticas inferenciales y multivariables para determinar el efecto moderador de la retroalimentación en el desempeño de la reflexión escrita y, por otra, análisis de contenido de los textos del profesorado para identificar su desarrollo de reflexión pedagógica. Los resultados muestran que propiciar esta reflexión en la escritura del profesorado permite desarrollar con mayor profundidad la evaluación y el análisis de sus propias prácticas, lo que se evidencia en el uso de explicaciones y argumentaciones más elaboradas y la precisión del uso terminológico de determinados conceptos.

Abstract: Games of chance among the indigenous peoples of Latin America have a long history. Used with a ludic purpose and to make decisions in situations of uncertainty, they are a source of cultural knowledge for the development of statistical reasoning. This study proposes a curricular and teaching development alternative that links cultural knowledge about indigenous people's games of chance and the statistical reasoning expected in the curriculum, in the framework of a pedagogical duo established by a mathematics teacher and a cultural scholar. By means of a content analysis in the modeling of the activities, we studied the assessment of the proposal. The results show that the teachers focus on the equiprobability of the events, leaving aside the complexity of the cultural mathematical artifact, while the cultural scholars estimate the limits and scope of the processes in order to make them coherent with local practices.

Resumen: Los juegos de azar de los pueblos indígenas de Latinoamérica gozan de larga data. Utilizados con un propósito lúdico y para tomar decisiones en situaciones de incerteza, son una fuente de conocimiento cultural para el desarrollo del razonamiento estadístico. Este estudio propone una alternativa de desarrollo curricular y de enseñanza que vincula el conocimiento cultural sobre los juegos de azar de pueblos indígenas y el razonamiento estadístico esperado curricularmente, en el marco de una dupla pedagógica establecida por un profesor de matemática y un sabio cultural. Mediante un análisis del contenido en la modelación de las actividades, estudiamos la valoración de la propuesta. Los resultados muestran que los profesores atienden a la equiprobabilidad de los sucesos dejando de lado la complejidad del artefacto matemático cultural, mientras que los sabios culturales estiman los límites y alcances de los procesos para hacerlos coherentes con las prácticas locales.

Resumen La etnoeducación permite avanzar hacia la interculturalidad, reconociendo las diversidades de culturas con que cuenta el estado colombiano; sin embargo, no se evidencia una ruta formativa clara como proyecto social que reivindique el saber de las comunidades y que permita fortalecer los procesos de identidad cultural necesarios para la pervivencia de los Pueblos Originarios. El objetivo del trabajo es responder si la etnoeducación aporta a la promoción del desarrollo sustentable desde el acto pedagógico de los Pueblos Originarios. Para lograrlo se hizo una revisión literaria de las publicaciones más citadas de los años 2017 a 2021 en las bases de datos Scopus, Web Of Science y Dimensions, seleccionadas por el idioma inglés, español y las palabras clave indexadas en el diccionario Tesauros de la UNESCO. En el análisis de la producción científica se utilizaron las herramientas Cienciométricas RStudio-Cloud, Bibliometrix y el método de Tree of Science (ToS). Asimismo, se manipuló los softwares VOSviewer y Gephi para identificar las subáreas de investigación y generar la red de conocimiento. El trabajo permitió marcar la evolución de la producción científica anual con 1.124 documento científicos, el mapa temático con tópicos emergentes relacionados a pedagogía, docencia, cultura, conocimientos ancestrales y la red de conocimiento forjada por los autores más importantes para este trabajo. Como conclusión principal se identificó que los procesos educativos deben surgir desde las comunidades étnicas, los cuales buscan transmitir las prácticas ancestrales, impulsar la sustentabilidad, educar al ser sin adaptarlo a doctrinas y modelos educativos desarrollistas.

Abstract Ethno-education allows advancing towards interculturality, recognizing the diversity of cultures in Colombia; however, there is no evidence of a clear formative route as a social project that vindicates the knowledge of the communities and allows strengthening the processes of cultural identity necessary for the survival of the Indigenous Peoples. The objective of this work is to answer whether ethno-education contributes to the promotion of sustainable development from the pedagogical act of the Indigenous Peoples. For this, a literature review was carried out from the most cited publications from the years 2017 to 2021 in the Scopus, Web of Science and Dimensions databases, selected by the English language, Spanish and the keywords indexed in the UNESCO Thesauri dictionary. In the analysis of scientific production, the scientometric tools RStudio-Cloud, Bibliometrix and the Tree of Science (ToS) method were used. The VOSviewer and Gephi software were also used to identify the research subareas and generate the knowledge network. The work allowed marking the evolution of the annual scientific production with 1,127 scientific documents, the thematic map with emerging topics related to pedagogy, teaching, culture, ancestral knowledge, and the knowledge network forged by the most important authors for this work. As a main conclusion, it was identified that the educational processes should arise from the heart of the ethnic communities, which seek to transmit ancestral practices, promote sustainability, educate the being without adapting it to developmentalist doctrines and educational models.

Abstract This work seeks to contribute to the development of pedagogical strategies for dialogue with university students, in a national context marked by increasing levels of social violence, stemming from the “war on drugs” in Mexico. By revisiting concepts such as psychosocial trauma and education in emergency contexts, it highlights the need to open curricular spaces in university classrooms to reflect on the personal and collective impact arising from exposure to violence in its various manifestations. The pedagogical proposal is rooted in critical pedagogy for peace and incorporates elements of collective narrative practices, restorative circles, and mediation. Pedagogical tools are offered to enable faculty to conduct dialogue sessions with their students in a respectful and secure educational environment, aimed at strengthening social bonds and reflecting on the spaces and actions that, in their own lives, offer hope as well as possible resources for individual and/ or collective action. Listening, narrating, and acting are the three intertwined phases of this proposal. The outlined methodologies represent an effort from the educational space to advance the reconstruction of the social fabric in societies affected by widespread phenomena of violence.

Resumen Este trabajo busca contribuir al desarrollo de estrategias pedagógicas para el diálogo con estudiantes universitarios, en un contexto nacional marcado por crecientes niveles de violencia social derivados de la “guerra contra el narcotráfico” en México. Al retomar conceptos como trauma psicosocial y educación en contextos de emergencia, destaca la necesidad de abrir espacios curriculares para reflexionar sobre el impacto personal y colectivo de la violencia. La propuesta se inscribe en la pedagogía crítica para la paz e integra prácticas narrativas, círculos restaurativos y mediación. Herramientas pedagógicas permiten al profesorado conducir sesiones de diálogo en un entorno seguro, orientadas a fortalecer vínculos sociales y explorar recursos para la acción individual y colectiva. Escuchar, narrar y actuar son las fases de esta aproximación, que representa un esfuerzo desde la educación para reconstruir el tejido social en sociedades afectadas por violencia generalizada.

Abstract Ever since the inception of the classroom teachers have made use of its walls for displaying posters with letters and syllables. However, near the end of the XIX century, a renovation of the reading materials took place that changed its design, pedagogical basis and teaching methods. This article analyses three compilations of graphics that were endorsed by the Consejo Nacional de Educacion for jurisdiction of national law: - “Los Carteles de lectura y logografía”, by Francisco Berra - “Los carteles El Nene”, by Andrés Ferreyra - “Los carteles El Alfa”, by Eleodoro Suárez All three of these compilations support concepts such as simultaneous teaching of reading and writing, relaying on the concept of intuition, introduced by Pestalozzi (in conjunction with positivist elements), and the advantages of “smart reading” over “mechanical reading”. The combination of these components allows us to consider these posters “modern material”. Nevertheless, even though the authors agree on the importance of the “generative word” method, they differed on which was the most effective approach for its implementation. As a final point of analysis, the article exposes what realistically took place in classrooms in the city of Buenos Aires, where the use given to the posters depended on the interaction of multitude of dimensions that affected the pedagogical practices, such as the availability and conservation of the didactical materials, as well as the personal interpretation of each teacher.

Resumen La práctica de exponer carteles con letras y sílabas en las paredes de las aulas estaba presente desde sus primeras configuraciones, sin embargo, hacia fines del siglo XIX, se produjo una renovación en los soportes materiales destinados en la enseñanza inicial de la lectura que innovaba en cuanto a su diseño, sus fundamentos pedagógicos y los métodos de enseñanza. El artículo analiza tres colecciones de carteles aprobados por el Consejo Nacional de Educación para uso en la jurisdicción nacional: - Los Carteles de lectura y logografía, de Francisco Berra. - Los carteles El Nene, de Andrés Ferreyra. - Los carteles El Alfa, de Eleodoro Suárez. Las tres colecciones coinciden en la imposición de la enseñanza simultánea de la lectura y la escritura, el sustento en el concepto pestalozziano de intuición (en algunos aspectos, articulado con elementos positivistas) y la primacía del concepto de “lectura inteligente” sobre la “lectura mecánica”. La combinación de estos componentes nos lleva a plantear que se trata de soportes materiales modernos. Por otra parte, a pesar de que los autores coincidían en la importancia del método de “palabra generadora” diferían en cuanto a los procedimientos más efectivos para implementarlo. Como último punto de análisis, el artículo se refiere a lo que efectivamente sucedía dentro de las aulas de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, donde el uso de los carteles dependía de la interacción con otras dimensiones que afectan las prácticas pedagógicas, como por ejemplo la disponibilidad y conservación de estos materiales didácticos así como la apropiación particular que hacían los/as maestros y maestras.