Abstract: The present study seeks to verify that the bidders of the construction bidding processes tend to reduce their bid budgets with the intention of obtaining a better qualification, increasing their probability of being awarded. It is considered that a decrease in the capital would lead to a reduction in the quality of the materials used in the construction stage, having a negative impact on the final quality. A data survey was carried out on all the bidding processes for works that were published on the SERCOP portal. This sample was classified into quartiles according to the amount awarded, with quartile 1 encompassing the processes awarded to the lowest bid and quartile 4 encompassing the processes awarded to the highest bid, to correlate the quality of the works two surveys were applied, one addressed to inspectors and another to the users of each work, hence, according to the quartile that each process belongs to, it was observed that there is a tendency to award the processes with the lowest offer as long as it complies with the guidelines of the best cost. With the Pearson correlation coefficient, it was identified that there is a very low positive correlation and in zone 3 of the country it is observed that the impact of awarding the bidding processes for works to the bidders with the lowest budget has very slight relevance in the final quality of the structure.

Resumen: En el presente estudio se busca verificar que los oferentes de los procesos de licitación de obra tienden a disminuir sus presupuestos de las ofertas con la intención de obtener una mejor calificación, incrementando su probabilidad de hacerse adjudicatario de la misma, se considera que una disminución en el capital conduciría a una reducción en la calidad de los materiales empleados en la etapa de construcción, teniendo un impacto negativo en la calidad final. Se hizo un levantamiento de datos de todos los procesos de licitación de obra que fueron publicados en el portal SERCOP, esta muestra fue clasificada en cuartiles según el monto adjudicado, siendo el cuartil 1 el que engloba a los procesos adjudicados a la oferta más baja y el cuartil 4 abarca a los procesos adjudicados a la oferta más alta, para correlacionar la calidad de las obras se aplicó dos encuestas, una dirigida a los fiscalizadores y otra para los usuarios de cada obra, acorde al cuartil que pertenece cada proceso se observó que existe una tendencia a adjudicar los procesos con la oferta más baja siempre que cumpla con los lineamientos del mejor costo, con el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson se identificó que existe una correlación positiva muy baja ,en la Zona 3 de la país se observa que el impacto de adjudicar los procesos de licitación de obra a los ofertantes con el presupuesto más bajo tiene relevancia muy leve en la calidad final de la estructura.

Resumen El presente estudio tiene como objetivo realizar un diagnóstico de la responsabilidad social corporativa y sostenibilidad en la Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito 15 de Abril, una empresa ecuatoriana del rubro financiero. El procedimiento realizado se sustentó en un enfoque mixto, combinando técnicas de corte cualitativo y cuantitativo. De tal manera que se aplicó una revisión bibliográfica para fundamentar teóricamente a los conceptos de la responsabilidad social corporativa y la sostenibilidad. Así mismo, se empleó el método cuantitativo mediante el uso de una encuesta aplicada a los empleados de la cooperativa, además de la combinación de técnicas estadísticas para establecer la correlación entre las responsabilidad social corporativa y sostenibilidad. Por ende, se efectuó el cálculo de la correlación mediante el coeficiente de Pearson y el nivel de significancia mediante una prueba bilateral. A partir del análisis de los resultados de estas pruebas, se estableció que existe una correlación positiva alta entre la responsabilidad social corporativa y la sostenibilidad, lo que significa que esta institución realiza actividades en beneficio de sus grupos de interés las cuales son sostenibles.

Abstract The objective of this study is to carry out a diagnosis of corporate social responsibility and sustainability in the 15 de Abril Savings and Credit Cooperative, an Ecuadorian company in the financial sector. The procedure carried out was based on a mixed approach, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques. In such a way that a bibliographic review was applied to theoretically substantiate the concepts of corporate social responsibility and sustainability. Likewise, the quantitative method was used through the use of a survey applied to the cooperative's employees, in addition to the combination of statistical techniques to establish the correlation between corporate social responsibility and sustainability. Therefore, the correlation was calculated using the Pearson coefficient and the level of significance using a bilateral test. From the analysis of the results of these tests, it was established that there is a high positive correlation between corporate social responsibility and sustainability, which means that this institution carries out activities for the benefit of its interest groups which are sustainable.

Resumen: El tránsito de avenidas por lo general es usado en el análisis y evaluación de inundaciones, sin embargo, ha sido poco estudiado en la extensión y determinación de caudales. Por ello, esta investigación tuvo por objetivo generar caudales aplicando un método simple de tránsito de avenidas conocido como Muskingum a nivel mensual, en la cuenca La Leche de Perú. Se escogió la cuenca en mención, pues en los últimos 40 años ha sufrido grandes inundaciones, viéndose afectada gran parte de la población, terrenos de cultivo e infraestructura local, por lo que se requiere abordar su estudio. La metodología fue del tipo aplicada y de diseño no experimental comparativo. Debido a que el tránsito de avenidas emplea los parámetros de proporcionalidad de volumen y ponderación del tránsito en intervalos de tiempo definido, se creyó conveniente usar indicadores estadísticos para optimizar la comparación de los caudales registrados en las estaciones hidrométricas y los hidrogramas de la simulación de un modelo hidrológico tipo precipitación-escorrentía para diferentes períodos de retorno, obteniéndose significativos resultados en cada caso, según la correlación de Pearson, el criterio de Schultz, el criterio de Nash-Sutcliffe, el error de balance de masas y la prueba t para dos muestras suponiendo varianzas iguales. Finalmente, se concluye que se pueden establecer caudales empleando el tránsito de avenidas con el método Muskingum en la cuenca La Leche, además pueden utilizarse en descargas simuladas donde se disponga de información meteorológica e hidrométrica.

Abstract: The flood routing is generally used in the analysis and evaluation of floods; however, it has been scarcely explored in the extent and determination of flows. Therefore, this research aimed to generate flows applying a simple method of flood routing known as Muskingum to monthly level, in the La Leche basin of Peru. The basin in question was chosen, since in the last 40 years it has suffered major floods, affecting a large part of the population, farmland and local infrastructure, which is why it is necessary to address its study. The methodology was of applied type and comparative non-experimental design. Due to the fact that the flood routing uses the parameters of proportionality of volume and weighting of routing in defined intervals of time, it was considered convenient to use statistical indicators to optimize the comparison of the flows registered in the hydrometric stations and the hydrographs of the simulation of a hydrological model rainfall-runoff type for different return periods, obtaining significant results in each case, according to the Pearson correlation, the Schultz criterion, the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion, the mass balance error and the t-test for two samples assuming equal variances. Finally, it is concluded that flows can be established using the flood routing with the Muskingum method in the La Leche basin, and can also be used in simulated discharges where meteorological and hydrometric information is available.

Abstract Background: Verbesina molinaria B.L. Rob. & Greenm. and V. oncophora B.L. Rob. & Seaton constitute species with conflicting circumscription; different authors consider them as two different or just one species (V. oncophora). Questions: ¿Are they one or two species of Verbesina? ¿A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) will differentiate them as two species? Species studied/Mathematic model: Verbesina molinaria and V. oncophora / Royston, Shapiro-Wilk, Levene, correlation (Pearson), Variance inflation factor (VIF), and LDA. Study site and years: Mexico; 2022-2023. Methods: Types, protologues, as well as herbarium specimens at ENCB, HUMO, MEXU, and UAMIZ of the two species were analyzed, assigning a preliminary name to each one. A data matrix with the characters and character states was created to carry out the statistical analyses. Box plots were generated to evaluate differences among characters and the statistical tests were done using the software Rstudio. Results: Types and protologs analyses revealed morphological differences between both species. Royston and Shapiro-Wilk tests supported normality among characters evaluated, and the Levene test suggests there are no significant differences among them. Finally, Pearson correlation and the VIF values suggested the absence of correlation or collinearity. The LDA analysis showed 100 % accuracy in the assigning of specimens to the a priori species allocated. Conclusions: The two species represent distinct taxa based on the morphological differences and statistical support, one of them widespread in central Mexico (V. oncophora) and the other (V. molinaria) restricted as far as now to the states of Mexico, Morelos, and Michoacán.

Resumen Antecedentes: Verbesina molinaria B.L. Rob. & Greenm. y V. oncophora B.L. Rob. & Seaton son especies con circunscripción conflictiva; algunos autores las consideran como especies distintas mientras que otros como una sola (V. oncophora). Preguntas: ¿Son dos especies de Verbesina? ¿Un análisis linear discriminante (LDA) ayudará a diferenciarlas? Especies de estudio/Modelo matemático: Verbesina molinaria y V. oncophora / Pruebas de Royston, Shapiro-Wilk, Levene, correlación (Pearson), factor de inflación de la varianza (VIF) y LDA. Sitio y años de estudio: México; 2022-2023. Métodos: Se revisaron tipos, protólogos, así como ejemplares de ambas especies depositados en ENCB, HUMO, MEXU y UAMIZ, asignándoles un nombre preliminar y elaborando una matriz de datos. Se generaron diagramas de cajas para evaluar diferencias entre los caracteres analizados; las pruebas estadísticas se realizaron utilizando el software Rstudio. Resultados: Los tipos y protólogos permitieron identificar diferencias morfológicas entre ellas. Las pruebas de Royston y Shapiro-Wilk respaldaron la normalidad entre los caracteres evaluados. La prueba de Levene sugiere que no hay diferencias significativas entre los caracteres; finalmente, la correlación de Pearson y el VIF indican ausencia de correlación o colinealidad. El análisis LDA mostró una precisión del 100 % en la asignación de los ejemplares con las asignaciones a priori. Conclusiones: Las diferencias morfológicas y las pruebas estadísticas, apoyan el reconocimiento de dos entidades distintas, V. oncophora con amplia distribución en el centro de México y V. molinaria con distribución más restringida, mejor conocida hasta la fecha en los estados de México, Michoacán y Morelos.

ABSTRACT Gamification allows the student to acquire the skills necessary to understand, express and appropriately regulate emotional appearance and increase motivation. The objective of the research is to develop a didactic strategy based on gamification for reading and writing in first grade students of the Jaime Roldós Aguilera Educational Unit. A quantitative approach is proposed, with an experimental, correlation and longitudinal type. The starting point is a theoretical review of the experiences and theories developed for gamification and a diagnosis with the application of a checklist based on the criteria set forth by Ricardo Olea's reading and writing test to a population of 37 students. The validation of the instrument is carried out with the application of Cronbach's Alpha and R square tests (SPSS V25 software) with results of 0.909 and 1.00 respectively. The list is applied before and after the strategy, the first as a diagnosis, the second as an evaluation. The correlation test applied by the Pearson Coefficient allowed us to verify the relationship between the learning results for reading and writing with respect to the variables to be considered in the strategy. The relevant positive results in the application of the strategy are demonstrated by the comparison of the selected variables with a significant difference between the mean values, verified with the ANOVA test, significance level equal to 0.0018 <0.05, so the Gamification contributed to improving literacy levels.

RESUMEN La gamificación permite que el estudiante adquiera aptitudes necesarias para entender, expresar y regular de forma apropiada la apariencia emocional y aumentar la motivación. El objetivo de la investigación es desarrollar una estrategia didáctica basada en la gamificación para la lecto-escritura en estudiantes de primero de básica de la Unidad Educativa Jaime Roldós Aguilera. Se propone un enfoque cuantitativo, con tipo experimental, correlacionar y longitudinal. Se parte de una revisión teórica acerca de las experiencias y teorías desarrolladas para la gamificación y un diagnóstico con la aplicación de una lista de chequeo sustentada en los criterios expuestos por la prueba de lectura y escritura de Ricardo Olea a una población de 37 estudiantes. Se realiza la validación del instrumento con la aplicación de las pruebas de Alpha de Cronbach y R cuadrado (software SPSS V25) con resultados de 0.909 y 1,00 respectivamente. La lista se aplica antes y después de la estrategia, la primera como diagnóstico, la segunda, como evaluación. La prueba de correlación aplicada por el Coeficiente de Pearson permitió comprobar la relación existente entre los resultados del aprendizaje para la lectura y la escritura respecto a las variables a considerar en la estrategia. Se demuestran los resultados positivos relevantes en la aplicación de la estrategia por la comparación de las variables seleccionadas con diferencia significativa entre los valores medios, comprobados con la prueba ANOVA, nivel de significancia igual a 0,0018<0,05, por lo que la gamificación contribuyó a mejorar los niveles de lectoescritura.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Basic demographic indicators constitute a statistical operation, conformed by a collection of indicators that allow analyzing the incidence of the basic demographic phenomena in a society. Objective: To design an indicator, taking the masculinity index as a starting point, for the evaluation of population ageing through a hierarchical scale. Methods: An ecological study was carried out that included any population with existent information, from the age 0 to a final open group of 75 years and over, subdivided by five-year groups and sex. The sample was selected by random simple sampling. The mean arithmetic, medium arithmetic, typical deviation and percentiles were among the descriptive measures; also, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for goodness of fit, the receiver operating characteristic curve, Youden index, Pearson correlation coefficient, kappa coefficient as a measure of concordance and chi-square test of independence were applied. Results: A good or high concordance existed with the Sundbarg index and a high correlation with all the aging indicators, except the dependence index. Conclusion: The pondered masculinity ratio provides an excellent measuring of the aging degree in a population, whenever the final age interval is 75 years and over.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los indicadores demográficos básicos constituyen una operación estadística, conformada por una colección de indicadores que permiten analizar la incidencia de los fenómenos demográficos básicos en una sociedad. Objetivo: Diseñar un indicador, a partir del índice de masculinidad, para la evaluación del envejecimiento poblacional a través de una escala jerárquica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico, que incluyó a cualquier población con información existente desde la edad 0 hasta un grupo abierto final de 75 y más años, subdivididos por grupos quinquenales y sexo. La muestra fue seleccionada por muestreo simple aleatorio. Entre las medidas descriptivas figuraron la media aritmética, la mediana, la desviación típica y los percentiles; asimismo, fueron aplicadas la prueba de bondad de ajuste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, la curva de la característica operativa del receptor, el índice de Youden, el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, el coeficiente kappa como medida de concordancia y la prueba de la Χ2 de independencia. Resultados: Existió una concordancia buena o elevada con el índice de Sundbarg y una alta correlación con todos los indicadores de envejecimiento, excepto con el índice de dependencia. Conclusiones: La razón de masculinidad ponderada proporciona una excelente medición del grado de envejecimiento de una población, siempre que el intervalo de edad final sea de 75 años y más.

ABSTRACT: This study addresses the need to understand the presence of functional microorganisms in tropical soils, providing valuable information for conservation and sustainable management. The main objective is to analyze the variability of functional microorganisms at different soil depths and their correlations with physicochemical parameters. To this end, soil samples were collected from 15 random points in a reserved forest and analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological properties at two depths (10 and 20 cm). The following functional microorganisms were quantified: viable aerobes, lactobacilli, actinomycetes, fungi, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria using specific protocols. The non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used to determine differences between depths, and the Pearson correlation coefficient (|ρ| ≥ 0.8) was used to analyze correlations between physicochemical parameters and microorganisms. The results suggest that the abundance of viable aerobic microorganisms, Lactobacillus, Actinomycetes, and Fungi decreases with soil depth, while nitrogen-fixing bacteria show no significant differences. The decrease in abundance is related to factors such as nutrient and oxygen availability and microenvironmental conditions. There is a strong positive correlation between the amount of viable aerobic microorganisms and Lactobacillus with phosphorus content, and a negative correlation between Actinomycetes and clay content. Actinomycetes prefer sandy soils, while Fungi thrive in soils rich in organic matter. The negative correlation between Fungi and Actinomycetes suggests competition for limited resources and possible chemical interactions, such as the production of antibiotic compounds by Actinomycetes. This study demonstrates that a detailed understanding of soil microbiota can offer new opportunities to improve agricultural practices, especially in terms of soil fertility management and environmental sustainability.

RESUMEN: Este estudio aborda la necesidad de entender la presencia microorganismos funcionales en suelos tropicales, proporcionando información valiosa para la conservación y manejo sostenible. Tiene como principal objetivo analizar la variabilidad de microorganismos funcionales en diferentes profundidades del suelo y las correlaciones con los parámetros fisicoquímicos. Para ello se recolectaron muestras de suelo de 15 puntos aleatorios en un bosque reservado y se analizaron propiedades fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas a dos profundidades (10 y 20 cm). Se cuantificaron los siguientes microorganismos funcionales: aerobios viables, lactobacilos, actinomicetos, hongos y bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno utilizando protocolos específicos. Se empleó la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon para determinar diferencias entre profundidades y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (|ρ| ≥ 0,8) para analizar correlaciones entre parámetros fisicoquímicos y microorganismos. Los resultados sugieren que la abundancia de microorganismos aerobios viables, Lactobacillus, Actinomicetos y Fungi disminuye con la profundidad del suelo, mientras que las bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno no muestran diferencias significativas. La disminución de la abundancia se relaciona con factores como la disponibilidad de nutrientes y oxígeno y las condiciones microambientales. Existe una correlación positiva fuerte entre la cantidad de microorganismos aerobios viables y Lactobacillus con el contenido de fósforo, y una correlación negativa entre Actinomicetos y el contenido de Arcilla. Los Actinomicetos prefieren suelos arenosos, mientras que los Fungi prosperan en suelos ricos en materia orgánica. La correlación negativa entre Fungi y Actinomicetos sugiere competencia por recursos limitados y posibles interacciones químicas, como la producción de compuestos antibióticos por parte de los Actinomicetos. Este estudio demuestra que la comprensión detallada de la microbiota del suelo puede ofrecer nuevas oportunidades para mejorar las prácticas agrícolas, especialmente en términos de gestión de la fertilidad del suelo y sostenibilidad ambiental.

Resumo Smog tornou-se a quinta estação do Paquistão, especialmente na cidade de Lahore. Acredita-se que o aumento do nível de poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) seja responsável pela formação de poluição atmosférica em Lahore. Portanto, o presente estudo foi realizado para a avaliação dos poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) do smog na fronteira de Wagah em particular e em outros locais (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. Para este propósito, os dados de referência sobre a poluição atmosférica de inverno de março a dezembro sobre poluentes atmosféricos primários e secundários e parâmetros meteorológicos foram coletados do Departamento de Proteção Ambiental e do Departamento Meteorológico do Paquistão, respectivamente. Dispositivos sendo usados em ambos os departamentos para análise de parâmetros também foram estudados. Os dados coletados foram posteriormente analisados estatisticamente para determinar a correlação dos parâmetros com as condições meteorológicas e foram submetidos ao índice de qualidade do ar. De acordo com os resultados, PM 10 e PM 2,5 foram encontrados muito acima do NEQS. As concentrações de NOx também estavam muito acima dos limites permitidos, enquanto SO2 e O3 foram encontrados abaixo do NEQS, portanto, não têm papéis na formação de smog. O índice de qualidade do ar (AQI) de poluentes foi PM 2,5 (86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) e SO2 (10-95). O AQI de PM 2,5 permaneceu entre níveis moderados a muito prejudiciais à saúde. O AQI de PM 10 permaneceu entre níveis bons e perigosos. AQI de NOx permaneceu entre bom e não saudável para os níveis de grupos sensíveis. O AQI de O3 e SO2 permaneceu entre níveis bons a moderados. A correlação de Pearson mostrou que cada poluente tem uma relação diferente com parâmetros diferentes ou iguais em áreas diferentes. Conclui-se do presente estudo que o material particulado foi muito mais responsável pela formação de smog. Embora o NOx também tenha desempenhado um papel na formação do smog. Portanto, é necessário reduzir as fontes de partículas e NOx, especificamente para reduzir a formação de smog em Lahore.

Abstract Smog has become the fifth season of Pakistan especially in Lahore city. Increased level of air pollutants (primary and secondary) are thought to be responsible for the formation of smog in Lahore. Therefore, the current study was carried out for the evaluation of air pollutants (primary and secondary) of smog in Wagah border particularly and other sites (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. For this purpose, baseline data on winter smog from March to December on primary and secondary air pollutants and meteorological parameters was collected from Environmental Protection Department and Pakistan Meteorological Department respectively. Devices being used in both departments for analysis of parameters were also studied. Collected data was further statistically analyzed to determine the correlation of parameters with meteorological conditions and was subjected to air quality index. According to results, PM 10 and PM 2.5 were found very high above the NEQS. NOx concentrations were also high above the permissible limits whereas SO2 and O3 were found below the NEQS thus have no roles in smog formation. Air Quality Index (AQI) of pollutants was PM 2.5(86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) and SO2 (10-95). AQI of PM 2.5 remained between moderate to very unhealthy levels. AQI of PM 10 remained between good to hazardous levels. AQI of NOx remained between good to unhealthy for sensitive groups’ levels. AQI of O3 and SO2 remained between good to moderate levels. Pearson correlation showed that every pollutant has a different relation with different or same parameters in different areas. It is concluded from the present study that particulate matter was much more responsible for smog formation. Although NOx also played role in smog formation. So there is need to reduce sources of particulate matter and NOx specifically in order to reduce smog formation in Lahore.

Resumo O trabalho de pesquisa foi projetado para investigar a densidade e diversidade de rotíferos pelágicos em um lago perto de Marala Headworks. Foram avaliados os parâmetros físico-químicos da água como pH, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, condutividade elétrica, transparência e turbidez. A correlação entre rotíferos e esses parâmetros também foi estudada. A amostragem do plâncton foi realizada mensalmente para verificar a densidade populacional dos rotíferos. No total, foram identificadas 18 espécies de rotíferos pertencentes a 11 gêneros. O maior número de rotíferos e sua diversidade foi demonstrado pelos gêneros Brachionus, Keratella e Filinia. O Brachionus calyciflorus foi a espécie dominante em todas as amostras, com densidade populacional média (41%). A análise de variância dos parâmetros físico-químicos mostrou que a temperatura do ar e da água, condutividade elétrica, transparência, oxigênio dissolvido e saturação de oxigênio foram estatisticamente significantes em todos os meses. Enquanto o pH foi estatisticamente não significativo (p≥0,05), a correlação de Pearson mostrou que o oxigênio e a transparência foram negativamente correlacionados com a densidade e diversidade dos rotíferos. A temperatura do ar e da água, a concentração de íons de hidrogênio (pH), a condutividade elétrica e a salinidade mostraram relação positiva com a densidade e diversidade de rotíferos.

Abstract Research work was designed to investigate the density and diversity of pelagic rotifers in a Lake near Marala Headworks. The physico-chemical parameters of water such as pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, electrical conductivity, transparency and turbidity were evaluated. Correlation between rotifers and these parameters was also studied. Plankton sampling was done on monthly basis in order to check the population density of rotifers. In total, 18 species of rotifers were identified which belonged to 11 genera. The highest number of rotifers and their diversity was shown by genera namely Brachionus, Keratella, and Filinia. The Brachionus calyciflorus was dominant species in all the samples with mean population density (41%). Analysis of variance of physico-chemical parameters presented that the air and water temperature, electrical conductivity, transparency, dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation were statistically significant in all the months. While pH was statistically non-significant (p≥0.05. Pearson correlation showed that oxygen and transparency were negatively correlated with rotifers density and diversity. Air and water temperature, concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), electrical conductivity and salinity showed positive relationship with density and diversity of rotifers.

Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the evolution of the distribution of dentists and undergraduate courses in Dentistry in Brazil between 1960 and 2022, based on institutional data and its correlation with economic and demographic data. The proportions between number of dentists and population were calculated for the federative units in different periods, and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) was used. to determine the concentration of dentists, population and undergraduate courses in Dentistry. The Pearson test was used, with a significance level of 95%, to test the correlation between variables. In the period from 1960 to 2022, the ratio of dentists per 10,000 inhabitants increased from 3.3 to 16.9. Moreover in 2022, the federative units with the highest average household income per capita were closely correlated with the highest concentration of dentists (R2= 0.90; p < 0.00). However, from 1975 to 2022, the concentration of dentists measured by the HHI dropped from 45.1 to 33.4. The decrease in the geographic concentration of Dentistry courses was even more pronounced, with the HHI rising from 39.3 in 1991, to 25.6 in 2022.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a evolução da distribuição de dentistas e cursos de graduação em odontologia no Brasil entre 1960 e 2022, a partir de dados institucionais e de sua correlação com dados econômicos e demográficos. Foram calculadas as proporções entre número de dentistas e população para as unidades federativas em diferentes períodos, e para determinar a concentração de dentistas, da população e dos cursos de graduação em odontologia,foi utilizado o índice Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI). Para testar a correlação entre variáveis foi empregado o teste de Pearson, com um nível de significância de 95%. Entre 1960 e 2022, a proporção de dentistas por 10 mil habitantes aumentou de 3,3 para 16,9. Ainda em 2022, as unidades federativas com maior renda média domiciliar per capita estavam fortemente correlacionadas à maior concentração de dentistas (R2 = 0,90; p < 0,00). Entretanto, de 1975 a 2022, a concentração de dentistas medida pelo HHI caiu de 45,1 para 33,4. A diminuição da concentração geográfica dos cursos de odontologia foi ainda mais pronunciada, tendo o HHI passado de 39,3 em 1991 para 25,6 em 2022.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The regulatory effect of microRNA on diseases has been confirmed. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of microRNA-210-3p in age-related cataracts and assess the effect of abnormal miR-210-3p expressions on H2O2-induced SAR01/04 cells. Methods: Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction method was performed to assess the levels of miR-210-3p in aqueous humor samples. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was employed to assess the discrimination ability of miR-210-3p between patients with age-related cataracts and healthy people, and Pearson correlation analysis was used to identify the correlation between miR-210-3p and oxidative stress indices such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, malonaldehyde. Cell counting kit-8 assay and Transwell assay were used to estimate the biological function of H2O2-induced age-related cataract cell model. The levels of oxidative stress indices such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and malonaldehyde were measured to evaluate the degree of oxidative stress damage in the age-related cataract cell model. The relationship between miR-210-3p and its target gene was verified by luciferase reporter gene analysis. Results: The miR-210-3p expression was elevated in the aqueous humor of patients with age-related cataracts. A high miR-210-3p expression showed a high diagnostic value for age-related cataracts and was significantly associated with the level of oxidative stress markers in patients with age-related cataracts. The inhibition of miR-210-3p can reverse oxidative stress stimulation and adverse effects on H2O2-induced cell function. Conclusions: The results suggested that miR-210-3p could promote cell viability, cell migration, and oxidative stress by targeting autophagy-related gene 7 in in vitro age-related cataract cell model.

RESUMO Objetivo: O efeito regulador do microRNA em doenças tem sido confirmado, e este artigo tentou avaliar a expressão do microRNA-210-3p na catarata relacionada à idade e avaliar o efeito da expressão anormal do miR-210-3p em células SAR01/04 induzidas por H2O2. Métodos: O método de transcrição reversa seguida de reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR) quantitativa foi realizado para avaliar os níveis de miR-210-3p em amostras de humor aquoso. Análise de características operacionais do receptor foi feita para avaliar a capacidade de discriminação do miR-210-3p entre pacientes com catarata relacionada à idade e pessoas saudáveis. A análise de correlação de Pearson identificou a correlação do miR-210-3p e índices de estresse oxidativo, como superóxido dismutase, glutationa peroxidase, malonaldeído. O ensaio de contagem de células kit-8 (cck-8) e o ensaio no sistema Transwell foram utilizados para estimar a função biológica do formato de células de catarata relacionada com a idade induzida por H2O2. Os níveis de índices de estresse oxidativo como superóxido dismutase, glutationa peroxidase e malonaldeído foram detectados para avaliar o grau de dano do estresse oxidativo em formato de células de catarata relacionada à idade. A relação entre miR-210-3p e seu gene alvo foi verificada por análise do gene repórter luciferase. Resultados: A expressão miR-210-3p foi elevada no humor aquoso de pacientes com catarata relacionada à idade. A expressão miR-210-3p altamente expressiva mostrou alto valor diagnóstico para catarata relacionada à idade e foi significativamente associado ao nível de marcadores de estresse oxidativo em pacientes com catarata relacionada à idade. A inibição de miR-210-3p pode reverter a estimulação do estresse oxidativo e os efeitos adversos da função celular induzida por H2O2. Conclusões: Esses dados sugeriram que a expressão miR-210-3p poderia promover a viabilidade celular, migração celular e estresse oxidativo ao direcionar genes ATG 7 relacionados à autofagia em modelo in vitro de células de catarata relacionadas à idade.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of serum microRNA-146a and pro-inflammatory factors in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia after azithromycin treatment. microRNA-146a is known to regulate inflammatory responses, and excessive inflammation is a primary characteristic of MPP. Methods Children with MPP received conventional symptomatic therapy along with intravenous administration of azithromycin for one week. Serum levels of microRNA-146a and pro-inflammatory factors were measured using RT-qPCR and ELISA kits, respectively. The correlation between microRNA-146a and pro-inflammatory factors was analyzed by the Pearson method. Pulmonary function indexes were assessed using a pulmonary function analyzer, and their correlation with microRNA-146a and pro-inflammatory factors after treatment was evaluated. Children with MPP were divided into effective and ineffective treatment groups, and the clinical significance of microRNA-146a and pro-inflammatory factors was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves and logistic multivariate regression analysis. Results Serum microRNA-146a was downregulated in children with MPP but upregulated after azithromycin treatment, contrasting with the trend observed for pro-inflammatory factors. MicroRNA-146a showed a negative correlation with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pulmonary function parameters were initially reduced in children with MPP, but increased after treatment, showing positive/inverse associations with microRNA-146a and pro-inflammatory factors. Higher microRNA-146a and lower pro-inflammatory factors predicted better efficacy of azithromycin treatment. MicroRNA-146a, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and forced expiratory volume in the first second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) were identified as independent factors influencing treatment efficacy. Conclusion Azithromycin treatment in children with MPP upregulates microRNA-146a, downregulates pro-inflammatory factors, and effectively improves pulmonary function.

Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the evolution of the distribution of dentists and undergraduate courses in Dentistry in Brazil between 1960 and 2022, based on institutional data and its correlation with economic and demographic data. The proportions between number of dentists and population were calculated for the federative units in different periods, and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) was used. to determine the concentration of dentists, population and undergraduate courses in Dentistry. The Pearson test was used, with a significance level of 95%, to test the correlation between variables. In the period from 1960 to 2022, the ratio of dentists per 10,000 inhabitants increased from 3.3 to 16.9. Moreover in 2022, the federative units with the highest average household income per capita were closely correlated with the highest concentration of dentists (R2= 0.90; p < 0.00). However, from 1975 to 2022, the concentration of dentists measured by the HHI dropped from 45.1 to 33.4. The decrease in the geographic concentration of Dentistry courses was even more pronounced, with the HHI rising from 39.3 in 1991, to 25.6 in 2022.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a evolução da distribuição de dentistas e cursos de graduação em odontologia no Brasil entre 1960 e 2022, a partir de dados institucionais e de sua correlação com dados econômicos e demográficos. Foram calculadas as proporções entre número de dentistas e população para as unidades federativas em diferentes períodos, e para determinar a concentração de dentistas, da população e dos cursos de graduação em odontologia,foi utilizado o índice Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI). Para testar a correlação entre variáveis foi empregado o teste de Pearson, com um nível de significância de 95%. Entre 1960 e 2022, a proporção de dentistas por 10 mil habitantes aumentou de 3,3 para 16,9. Ainda em 2022, as unidades federativas com maior renda média domiciliar per capita estavam fortemente correlacionadas à maior concentração de dentistas (R2 = 0,90; p < 0,00). Entretanto, de 1975 a 2022, a concentração de dentistas medida pelo HHI caiu de 45,1 para 33,4. A diminuição da concentração geográfica dos cursos de odontologia foi ainda mais pronunciada, tendo o HHI passado de 39,3 em 1991 para 25,6 em 2022.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Dry eye disease is a multifactorial disease that is very common in clinical ophthalmic practice. The use of validated dry eye questionnaires makes it possible to screen this disease in the general population and assess the prevalence of symptoms and frequency of diagnosis, allowing early and appropriate treatment for this condition. The 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5) is a tool that is used to assess the frequency and intensity of ocular discomfort and dryness and the frequency of tearing, which has already been validated in English and Spanish, but not in Portuguese. The aim of this study is to translate and validate the DEQ-5 to Portuguese. Methods: The DEQ-5 was used, consisting of five simple and direct questions: two questions for ocular discomfort, two for ocular dryness, and one for tearing. The initial translation of the English version of the questionnaire into Portuguese was conducted by two Portuguese native-speaking translators, followed by an evaluation and compilation of a single version by an interdisciplinary committee of the translated versions. Furthermore, this version was translated back into English by two individuals whose first language was English, followed by the evaluation and comparison with the original version in English by the same interdisciplinary committee. Afterwards, the final version of the questionnaire was administered to 31 volunteers at two different times. Results: The interobserver reliability of the five questions ranged from 0.584-0.813, and the Pearson correlation from 0.755-0.935, with a p-value of <0.0001. Internal consistency was α=0.887. All questions had moderate to high agreement. Conclusions: The statistical analysis of the collected data found excellent concordance rates (moderate to high for all analyzed questions), allowing the use of the Portuguese version of DEQ-5 in research as a screening test for dry eye disease and tool used to monitor the symptoms.

RESUMO Ojetivos: O olho seco é uma doença multifatorial, muito comum na prática clínica oftalmológica. A utilização de questionários validados de sintomas de olho seco permite rastrear de maneira mais objetiva essa doença na população geral, avaliar a prevalência dos sintomas e frequência de diagnóstico, permitindo o tratamento precoce e adequado dessa condição. O 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5) é um questionário em inglês que avalia a frequência e a intensidade do desconforto e ressecamento ocular e a frequência do lacrimejamento, já validado no inglês e espanhol, porém não no português até o presente momento. O objetivo deste estudo foi traduzir e validar o questionário DEQ-5 para a língua portuguesa. Métodos: Foi utilizado o questionário DEQ-5, composto por 5 perguntas simples e diretas - 2 relacionadas ao desconforto ocular, 2 ao ressecamento ocular e 1 ao lacrimejamento. Foi realizada a tradução inicial da versão em inglês para o português por dois tradutores de língua materna portuguesa, seguido de uma avaliação e compilação de uma versão única por um comitê interdisciplinar das versões traduzidas. Em seguida, tal versão foi traduzida de volta para o inglês por 2 indivíduos que possuíam o inglês como primeira língua, seguido de avaliação e comparação com a versão original em língua inglesa pelo mesmo comitê interdisciplinar. Após, a versão final do questionário foi aplicada em 31 voluntários em dois momentos differentes. Resultados: A confiabilidade interobservador das 5 perguntas variou de 0,584-0,813 e a correlação de Pearson de 0.755-0.935, sendo o p-valor <0,0001 em todas elas. A consistência interna foi α=0,887. Todas as perguntas apresentaram concordância de moderada a alta. Conclusões: A análise estatística dos dados coletados encontrou ótimos índices de concordância - moderada a alta para todas as questões analisadas -, permitindo o uso do DEQ-5 na língua portuguesa em pesquisas e também como forma de triagem para doença de olho seco e acompanhamento dos sintomas.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Few food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) have been validated for pregnant women, particularly those in small- and medium-sized cities in different regions of Brazil. OBJECTIVES: To validate and calibrate a semiquantitative FFQ for pregnant women. DESIGN AND SETTING: The study was validated with a sample of 50 pregnant women (≥ 18 years) enrolled in Brazilian prenatal services. METHODS: An FFQ and a 24-hour recall were used to evaluate dietary intake. Dietary variables were tested for normality and log-converted when asymmetrical. Pearson's Correlation Coefficient was used to validate the questionnaire. Linear regression was applied to extract calibration factors. All variables underlying the consumption analysis were adjusted for energy. RESULTS: The mean age of the pregnant women was 26 years ± 6.2 years; 58% were in their first trimester, and 30% were identified as overweight/obese. The Pearson correlation analysis results indicated that the FFQ overestimated energy and nutrient intake, whose coefficients ranged from −0.15 (monounsaturated fat) to 0.50 (carbohydrate). Adjusting for energy reduced the mean values of intake coefficients, which now ranged from −0.33 (sodium) to 0.96 (folate). The calibration analysis results indicated variation in the coefficients from −0.23 (sodium) to 1.00 (folate). Calibration produced satisfactory coefficients for the FFQ compared with the reference standard for energy, macronutrients, monounsaturated fat, cholesterol, vitamins B12/C, folate, sodium, iron, and calcium. CONCLUSIONS: After validating and calibrating tests, we observed that the FFQ was adequately accurate for assessing the food consumption of the pregnant women in this study.