Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to examine the effect of group cognitive-behavioral therapy (GCBT) on pathological internet use (PIU). Method The study applied a group randomized controlled trial design to assign participants to intervention and control groups. A total of 40 college students aged 18 to 30 who were pathological internet users (PIUs) participated in this study and were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. Participants completed a self-report scale entitled the Problematic Internet Use Scale (PIUS) at three time points. The intervention lasted 8 weeks. The data collected were statistically analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results The results showed that GCBT has significant efficacy, decreasing the symptoms of PIU among the GCBT participants compared to those in the control group and that the improvements were maintained at follow-up. We also found a significant interaction effect by time for PIU. Conclusion From the study findings, we can conclude that GCBT has significant benefit for mitigating the severity of PIU in college students. Therefore, mental health professionals are encouraged to explore the benefits of GCBT in treating symptoms associated with PIU in school settings and beyond. cognitivebehavioral cognitive behavioral (GCBT . (PIU) groups 4 1 3 PIUs (PIUs selfreport self report PIUS (PIUS points weeks repeatedmeasures repeated measures ANOVA. ANOVA (ANOVA) efficacy followup. followup follow up. up follow-up findings Therefore beyond (PIU (ANOVA

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar as relações entre o uso problemático do Facebook (Facebook PU) e traços patológicos, por meio de uma revisão sistemática. Os descritores foram “Facebook”, “uso problemático” e “personalidade”, e variações foram incluídas. Foi encontrado um total de 236 publicações. Entre elas, 21 foram selecionadas para leitura completa e todas foram excluídas, o que caracterizou o trabalho como uma empty review. Como uma tentativa de aumentar a probabilidade de encontrar publicações elegíveis, foi ampliado a busca para “internet”. O conjunto final de publicações após a leitura completa com base nos critérios de elegibilidade foi composto por 15 artigos. Ressalta-se que não há evidência empírica sobre a relação entre o Facebook PU e traços patológicos. Dada a proximidade entre o Facebook PU e a dependência da internet, é possível supor que existe uma relação entre traços patológicos (isto é, neuroticismo, impulsividade e psicoticismo) e o Facebook PU.

Abstract We aimed to investigate relationships between Facebook problematic use (Facebook PU) and pathological traits of personality, by a systematic review. The literature search was proceeded based on a search strategy including the keywords “Facebook”, “problematic use” and “personality”. We found a total of 236 publications and selected 21 papers for full verification. All of them were excluded, characterizing an empty review. As an attempt to increase the probability of finding eligible publications, first, we have broadened the search of the systematic review from “Facebook” to “social network sites” (and variations); and then from “social network sites” to “internet”. Regarding this last change, the final set of publications after full reading based on the eligibility criteria was composed by 15 papers. We emphasize that there was no empirical evidence on the relationship between Facebook PU and pathological traits of personality. Given the proximity between Facebook PU and internet addiction, it is possible to hypothesize that there is a relationship between pathological traits (i.e., Neuroticism, Impulsivity, and Psychoticism) and Facebook PU.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las relaciones entre el uso problemático de Facebook (Facebook PU) y los rasgos patológicos de la personalidad, a través de una revisión sistemática. La búsqueda bibliográfica incluyó los descriptores “Facebook”, “uso problemático”, “personalidad” y variaciones. Se encontró un total de 236 publicaciones, de las cuales, 21 fueron seleccionadas para la verificación completa, a pesar de que todos fueron excluidos, lo que caracterizó el trabajo como una revisión vacía. En un intento de aumentar la probabilidad de encontrar publicaciones elegibles, se amplió las palabras claves a “sitios de redes sociales” (y variaciones); y luego a “internet”. El conjunto final de publicaciones después de la lectura completa basada en los criterios de elegibilidad consistió en 15 artículos. Cabe enfatizar que no hubo evidencias empíricas sobre la relación entre el Facebook PU y los rasgos patológicos. Dada la proximidad entre Facebook PU y la adicción a Internet, es posible suponer que existe una relación entre los rasgos patológicos (i.e., neuroticismo, impulsividad y psicoticismo) y Facebook PU.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Digital game or video game disorders have been recently (June 2018) included in ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases) by the World Health Organization (WHO). The disorder can occur with or without an internet connection. OBJECTIVE: Validation of a scale to evaluate the dependence of pathological digital game (PDGD). METHOD: Validation of the PDGD was performed in 5 phases: (1) initial scale construction with 20 questions, (2) expert assessment, (3) application to 200 volunteers, (4) statistical analysis and production of results using statistical programs, (5) elaboration of the final validated scale. RESULTS: We used the R statistical program Version 3.4.2 and the “dplyr” package to present the descriptive statistics, the hypotheses tests of differences of means and the factorial analysis. The last step was to calculate Cronbach’s alpha, in order to measure the internal consistency of the questionnaire. The value found was 0.955, which is very good. CONCLUSIONS: This research allowed us to construct a final version of the PDGD suitable for the clinical contexts and usable in research on the dependence of digital games. This scale may contribute to future studies, conscious use of technologies, reduction of physical and emotional damage and improvement of the quality of life.

Abstract This research aimed to relate the possibility of submitting the Type A and the Type B behavior patterns to the no-substance addiction. We investigated the Internet addiction, the gambling, the shopping, and the misuse of mobile in a sample of youth people. With a prospective design ex-post-facto two groups, a questionnaire was developed to collect sociodemographic data, in which we included the Test of Shopping Addiction, the Test of Internet Addiction from Echeburúa (2003), the Pathological Gambling Brief Questionnaire from Fernandez-Montalvo Echeburúa y Baez (1997), some items on Mobile Phone Usage, and the Jenkins Activity Survey. Young people from the Province of Córdoba, Spain, have participated (N = 3815, age range between 18 and 29). Results indicated that young people characterized as Type A behavior pattern show bigger propension to shopping, to playing, to Internet connection, and to use of mobile phone. According to logistic regression, The Type B behavior pattern showed to be a protective factor for addiction to shopping. In conclusion it can be inferred that young people of Type A behavior pattern are more likely to have addictive behaviors that young people of Type B behavior pattern.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue relacionar el patrón de conducta Tipo A y B (PCTA y PCTB) con la posibilidad de presentar adicciones a Internet, juego, compras y abuso del teléfono móvil en una muestra de jóvenes de la provincia de Córdoba (España). Con un diseño prospectivo expost-facto con dos grupos, se elaboró un cuestionario con el que se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, y en el que se incluyeron otros cuestionarios como el Test de adicción a las compras, el Test de adicción a Internet de Echeburúa (2003), el Cuestionario Breve de Juego Patológico de Fernández-Montalvo, Echeburúa y Baéz (1997); algunos ítems sobre el uso del teléfono móvil; y el cuestionario de PCTA de Jenkins. Participaron 3815 jóvenes de la provincia de Córdoba (España) con un rango de edad entre los 18 y 29 años. Los resultados indican que los jóvenes PCTA son los que más compran, juegan, se conectan a Internet y usan el móvil. En conclusión se puede inferir que los jóvenes con patrón de personalidad Tipo A tienen más posibilidades de presentar conductas adictivas que los jóvenes de patrón de conducta Tipo B.

INTRODUÇÃO: O sistema nervoso autônomo (SNA) pode ser investigado de forma não invasiva a partir da análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) e sua utilização para avaliação do SNA tem contribuído com várias áreas da saúde, dentre elas, a fisioterapia. OBJETIVOS: Reunir estudos publicados em periódicos de circulação nacional da área que abordassem a utilização da VFC em fisioterapia, a fim de fornecer uma atualização dos achados para a área. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados, na lista de periódicos do WebQualis da área 21, todos os periódicos de circulação nacional que utilizam a palavra fisioterapia em seu título, com disponibilidade livre e textos completos em algum sítio da internet e que possuíssem classificação maior ou igual a B2. Com esses critérios, foram selecionados artigos das seguintes revistas: Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia, Fisioterapia e Pesquisa e Fisioterapia em Movimento. Para essa busca, foram utilizados os descritores: "sistema nervoso autônomo", "sistema nervoso simpático", "fisioterapia" e "variabilidade da frequência cardíaca". RESULTADOS: A busca resultou em 19 artigos, sendo 17 ensaios clínicos e dois relatos de caso. CONCLUSÃO: A VFC tem sido utilizada no âmbito da fisioterapia como recurso para avaliação de intervenções fisioterapêuticas, como forma de investigação de condições patológicas comuns à prática clínica e para interpretação de condições fisiológicas. A sua utilização é feita principalmente pela especialidade de fisioterapia cardiorrespiratória.

INTRODUCTION: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) could be investigated in a noninvasive way by the heart rate variability analysis (HRV) which has contributed to several health areas such as physiotherapy. OBJECTIVE: To gather information regarding the use of HRV on physiotherapy aims at providing an update of the findings for the area on journals of national circulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The journals of national circulation classified as greater than B2 or B2 and with free access and complete texts in some internet sites were searched on 21 area WebQualis resulting on selection of Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia, Fisioterapia e Pesquisa and Fisioterapia em Movimento using the keywords: autonomic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, physiotherapy and heart rate variability. RESULTS: The search resulted in 19 articles being 17 clinical trials and two case reports. CONCLUSION: The HRV has been used as a resource of interventions evaluation, as pathological conditions common to clinical practice investigation and to physiological conditions interpretation in physiotherapy. The HRV is principally used to the cardiorespiratory specialty of physiotherapy.

In the last years there has been increase preoccupation about of problematic use of the Internet. Different mechanisms involved in them have been studied. Of all characteristics proposed, exist two in common: excessive use of the Internet with a preoccupation for lost control about its use and adverse consequences for too time spent in Internet. Actually there have not been agreed about of if the problematic use of the Internet represents a distinct class of disorder or a manifestation related to other underlying diagnosis. There are different denominations because there are not agreed about the mechanisms possible involved in the problematic use of the Internet. A revision about the terminology used and the psychopathologic mechanisms found in the literature is done. The main mechanisms describe in the literature are addiction, behaviour addiction, impulsion and compulsion. Similarities and differences about of the different psychopathologies mechanism involved are described. As well as study psychopathologic mechanisms is necessary study the different applications of the Internet used, whereas the neurobiology, genetic and response of treatment to be able to find clarity conceptual of the different disorders underlie of problematic use of the Internet.

En los últimos años está creciendo la preocupación por el uso problemático de Internet. Se están estudiando los diferentes mecanismos implicados en ello. De todas las características propuestas, existen dos que son comunes: uso excesivo de Internet con una preocupación por la pérdida del control con respecto a su uso y las consecuencias adversas de invertir demasiado tiempo en Internet. En la actualidad no hay un acuerdo acerca de si es una entidad nueva o forma parte de otro trastorno psiquiátrico. Existen diferentes denominaciones debido a que no hay un acuerdo acerca de los posibles mecanismos implicados en el uso problemático de Internet. Se realiza una revisión de la terminología y los mecanismos psicopatológicos encontrados en la literatura. Los principales mecanismos descritos en la literatura son adicción, adicción conductual, impulsión e compulsión. Se describen las similitudes y diferencias entre los diferentes mecanismos psicopatológicos implicados. Además de los mecanismos psicopatológicos es necesario estudiar las diferentes aplicaciones utilizadas en Internet, así como la neurobiología, genética y respuesta a los tratamientos para poder llegar a una claridad conceptual de los diferentes trastornos que subyacen en el uso problemático de Internet.

Background and Objectives: With the Cyberspace´s exponential growth of influence questions arise about its mental impacts. The presented study examines the question whether the dependent use of the Internet can be understood as an impulse control disorder, an addiction or as a symptom of other psychiatric conditions. Methods: Internet dependent patients seeking for psychiatric assistance and fulfilling the criteria for pathological Internet use (PIU) were examined with the Structured Clinical Interview according to DSM-IV (SCID), and a variety of questionnaires including the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES). The patient group was compared to a matched group of healthy controls. Results: The adult patient-group consisted of 25 subjects, 76% male, with a mean age of 29.36 years. Average time spent in Cyberspace was 6.47 h/d, mostly in online-role-playing games. According to SCID I and BDI, 19 patients (76%) suffered from a depressive syndrome, with 10 cases of major depressive disorder (40%) and 8 cases of adjustment disorder with depression (32%). Six patients (24%) suffered from a comorbid anxiety disorder. Compared to controls, the patient group presented significantly higher levels of depression (BDI), impulsivity (BIS) and dissociation (DES). Conclusions: PIU shares common psychopathological features and comorbidities with substance related disorders. Therefore, it might be seen as a diagnostic entity in itself in a spectrum of behavioural and substance dependencies. Especially Internet role play may contain an addictive potential for adolescents and adults with subclinical psychopathology.

OBJETIVO: Com a inclusão das novas tecnologias contemporâneas, a Internet e os jogos eletrônicos tornaram-se ferramentas de uso amplo e irrestrito, transformando-se em um dos maiores fenômenos mundiais da última década. Diversas pesquisas atestam os benefícios desses recursos, mas seu uso sadio e adaptativo progressivamente deu lugar ao abuso e à falta de controle ao criar severos impactos na vida cotidiana de milhões de usuários. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar de forma sistemática os artigos que examinam a dependência de Internet e jogos eletrônicos na população geral. Almejamos, portanto, avaliar a evolução destes conceitos no decorrer da última década, assim como contribuir para a melhor compreensão do quadro e suas comorbidades. MÉTODO: Foi feita uma revisão sistemática da literatura através do MedLine, Lilacs, SciELO e Cochrane usando-se como parâmetro os termos: "Internet addiction", pathological "Internet use", "problematic Internet use", "Internet abuse", "videogame", "computer games" e "electronic games". A busca eletrônica foi feita até dezembro de 2007. DISCUSSÃO: Estudos realizados em diferentes países apontam para prevalências ainda muito diversas, o que provavelmente se deve à falta de consenso e ao uso de diferentes denominações, dando margem à adoção de distintos critérios diagnósticos. Muitos pacientes que relatam o uso abusivo e dependência passam a apresentar prejuízos significativos na vida profissional, acadêmica (escolar), social e familiar. CONCLUSÕES: São necessárias novas investigações para determinar se esse uso abusivo de Internet e de jogos eletrônicos pode ser compreendido como uma das mais novas classificações psiquiátricas do século XXI ou apenas substratos de outros transtornos.

OBJECTIVE: With the introduction of the new technologies to our daily lives, the Internet and electronic games have become widely and unrestrictedly used tools and one of the major global phenomena in the last decade. Several investigations have attested the benefits from such resources; however, their healthy, adaptive use progressively gave place to their abuse and the lack of control, which have severely impacted on the daily life of millions of users. The objective of this study was to systematically review the articles looking into Internet and electronic games addiction in the general population. We intend, therefore, to evaluate the progression of these concepts in the course of the last decade, as well as contributing to better understand this condition and its comorbidities. METHOD: A systematic literature review was conducted by means of MedLine, Lilacs, SciELO, and Cochrane using the following terms as a parameter: "Internet addiction", "pathological internet use", "internet abuse", "videogame" , "computer games" and "electronic games". The electronic search was done up to December 2007. DISCUSSION: Studies conducted in distinct countries still indicate very different prevalence rates; this is probably due to the absence of consensus and the use of diverse names, which brings about the adoption of distinct diagnostic criteria. Many patients reporting abusive use and dependence show significant consequences to their professional, academic (school), social and family lives. CONCLUSIONS: Further investigations are needed to determine whether this abusive Internet and electronic game use should be understood as one of the newest psychiatric classifications of the 21st century or just substrates of other disorders.

Introducción: La adicción a Internet (AI) es una dependencia psicológica caracterizada por un incremento en las actividades que se realizan por este medio, con malestar cuando la persona no está en línea, tolerancia y negación de su problemática. Objetivos: Realizar una revisión crítica, profunda y actualizada de la literatura sobre la AI. Desarrollo y conclusión: Su importancia para la salud pública radica en el creciente aumento de su prevalencia en el mundo, especialmente en adolescentes, con graves consecuencias en la salud mental, como problemas familiares, relaciones sociales, rendimiento académico, abuso de sustancias, alcohol y cigarrillo y trastornos mentales: depresión, trastorno bipolar, défi cit de atención e hiperactividad y suicidio. Aunque la sociedad colombiana y los medios de comunicación han llamado la atención sobre su presencia y consecuencias, no hay estudios sobre la prevalencia de la AI en Colombia y sus factores de riesgo o asociados. Esto se debe, en parte, a la ausencia de instrumentos válidos y confi ables para tamizar o diagnosticar este trastorno.

Introduction: Internet Addiction (IA) is a psychological dependence. Symptoms of IA often include increased preoccupation with online activities, symptoms of withdrawal when not online, tolerance and denial of IA. Objective: The objective of this paper is to make a critical, in depth and update review of the scientifi c literature about IA. Results- conclusion: IAs importance in public health lies in the ongoing increase of its prevalence around the world especially in adolescents, with serious consequences on their mental health such as family problems, impaired social relations and academic achievement, alcohol, cigarette and other substance abuse and the presence of mental disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, ADHD (Attention Defi cit Hyperactivity Disorder) and suicidal behavior. Even though Colombian society and the media have shed a light upon its presence and consequences, there are not any studies about the prevalence of Internet Addiction in Colombia and its associated risk factors, explained in part by the absence of a psychometrically developed assessment instrument.

Tendo em vista a insistência da mídia brasileira em divulgar resultados de pesquisas estrangeiras, principalmente norte-americanas, que sistematicamente apontam os efeitos negativos do uso intensivo da Internet, foi realizada uma pesquisa em profundidade com usuários "pesados" brasileiros. Foram minuciosamente entrevistados 20 homens e mulheres que se conectam diariamente à Rede durante no mínimo duas horas de seu tempo de lazer. O levantamento de seus hábitos, preferências e opiniões revela que esses usuários enfrentam um dilema de difícil solução. Por um lado, sequer cogitam se contrapor a um discurso que lhes é passado como científico -- e, portanto, confiável -- , mesmo quando este avalia o uso intensivo da Internet sob a ótica da patologia. Por outro, são instados por seu cotidiano, em cuja rotina a Internet se inseriu sem maiores problemas, a dar crédito à sua própria experiência positiva na Rede. Para resolver o problema, lançam mão de estratégias de distanciamento, relativização e até mesmo desqualificação bem-humorada do discurso da patologia divulgado pela mídia.

Given Brazilian media's insistence in making public the results of foreign, mainly American, investigations that systematically point out the negative effects of the intensive use of the Internet, an in-depth research was conducted on Brazilian "heavy" users. Twenty men and women, who log on to the Net daily for at least two hours of their leisure time, were interviewed in detail. Knowledge of their habits, preferences and opinions reveals that these users are faced with a difficult dilemma. On the one hand, they do not dare criticize the negative discourse that reaches them through the media. They consider it trustworthy because of its alleged scientific bases. On the other hand, they are urged by their daily life, which has absorbed the Internet in its routine without any major problems, to give credit to their own positive experience on the Net. In order to solve the problem, they resort to strategies that distance themselves from what the media say and even disqualify it in a good-humoured manner.