Resumen: Este estudio buscó evaluar los aportes de un entrenamiento parental híbrido realizado con ocho madres de niños preescolares con trastorno del espectro autista basado en la ciencia del análisis aplicado de la conducta para la reducción del estrés parental. Se llevó a cabo la construcción e implementación de un entrenamiento parental híbrido. Se dividió la muestra en grupo de tratamiento y control, y se realizaron comparaciones del nivel de estrés en el período pre/postintervención, así como el análisis de la práctica directa con el niño en un cara a cara con el grupo de tratamiento. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que las madres del grupo de tratamiento reaccionaron positivamente a los videos y materiales presentados; sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas que sugieran una reducción en el nivel de estrés entre los dos grupos. Las limitaciones del estudio fueron el pequeño tamaño de la muestra y el hecho de que los niños de ambos grupos continuaron recibiendo tratamiento de terapia intensiva durante la implementación de la capacitación de los padres.

Resumo: Este estudo buscou avaliar as contribuições de um treinamento parental híbrido realizado com oito mães de crianças pré-escolares com transtorno do espectro do autismo baseado na ciência da análise do comportamento aplicada para a redução do estresse parental. Foi realizado a construção e implementação do treinamento parental híbrido. A amostra foi dividida em grupo tratamento e controle. Em termos de análise de dados, foram feitas comparações do nível de estresse no período pré/pós-intervenção, assim como a análise de uma prática direta com a criança de forma presencial com o grupo tratamento. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as mães do grupo tratamento reagiram positivamente com as vídeos e materiais apresentados. No entanto, não foi observado diferenças estatísticas significativas para sugerir a redução do nível de estresse entre os dois grupos. As limitações do estudo foram o tamanho reduzido da amostra e o fato das crianças de ambos os grupos continuarem recebendo o tratamento em terapia intensiva durante a aplicação do treinamento parental.

Abstract: This study sought to evaluate the contributions of a hybrid parental training carried out with eight mothers of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder, based on the science of applied behavioral analysis for reducing parental stress. The hybrid parental training was constructed and implemented by the researchers. The sample was divided into two groups: a Treatment Group and a Control Group. In the data analysis, comparisons were made of the levels of stress pre- and post-intervention and for the treatment group, direct practice with the child in a face-to-face environment was also analyzed. The results showed that the mothers in the treatment group reacted positively to the video and materials presented; however, no significant statistical differences were found that would suggest a reduction in stress levels between the two groups as a result of the training given. The limitations of the study were its small sample size and the fact that the children in both groups continued to receive intensive therapy treatment during the application of the parental training.

Abstract Maladaptive behaviors in children constitute a problem that affects their overall development. Various studies have explored the role of parenting styles as a factor associated with these behaviors. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between parenting styles and maladaptive behaviors in a sample of 100 students aged 8 to 11 from the city of Ambato, Ecuador. A non-experimental, correlational, cross-sectional design was used. Participants were selected through stratified probability sampling from a school in the city. The Behavior Assessment System for Children and Adolescents (BASC-3) was administered to measure maladaptive behaviors, and the Abbreviated Parenting Styles Perception Questionnaire (CRPBI) was used to assess perceived parenting styles. The results indicate that 48% of the sample exhibited some behavior problems according to the BASC-3, primarily of an externalizing nature. Correlational analysis revealed that the parenting style of affection is negatively associated with behavior problems, while psychological control and rejection are positively related. The parenting style that best predicts the presence of behavior problems is parental rejection according to the regression analysis conducted. In conclusion, parenting styles characterized by low levels of affection and high levels of psychological control and rejection are associated with a greater presence of maladaptive behaviors in children. It is recommended to implement parent guidance programs to promote positive parenting styles and prevent behavior problems from an early age.

Resumen Las conductas desadaptativas en los niños constituyen un problema que afecta su desarrollo integral. Diversos estudios han explorado el rol de los estilos parentales de crianza como factor asociado a estas conductas. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre los estilos parentales y las conductas desadaptativas en una muestra de 100 estudiantes de 8 a 11 años de la ciudad de Ambato, Ecuador. Se utilizó un diseño no experimental, correlacional y de corte transversal. Los participantes fueron seleccionados mediante un muestreo probabilístico estratificado de una escuela de la ciudad. Se administró el Sistema de Evaluación de la Conducta de Niños y Adolescentes (BASC-3) para medir las conductas desadaptativas y el Cuestionario de Percepción de Estilos de Crianza Abreviado (CRPBI) para evaluar los estilos parentales percibidos. Los resultados indican que la muestra presentó algún problema de comportamiento según el BASC-3, principalmente de tipo externalizante. El análisis correlacional evidenció que el estilo parental de afecto se asocia negativamente con los problemas de conducta, mientras que el control psicológico y el rechazo se relacionan positivamente. El estilo de crianza que mejor predice la presencia de problemas de conducta es el de rechazo parental según el análisis de regresión efectuado. En conclusión, los estilos parentales caracterizados por niveles bajos de afecto y altos de control psicológico y rechazo se asocian a mayor presencia de conductas desadaptativas en los niños. Se recomienda implementar programas de orientación a padres para promover estilos de crianza positivos y prevenir problemas de comportamiento desde edades tempranas.

ABSTRACT This article shows the results of an educational research whose purpose was to understand the influence of educational practices on the self-regulatory process of students in Colombia. The methodological approach was qualitative with a descriptive scope that sought details about the teaching process and classroom learning. The sample is made up of 137 participants distributed among 90 students, 24 teachers and 23 parents to whom a characterization sheet, an interview and a focus group are applied throughout 9 areas of the country: Garzón (Huila), Fortul. (Arauca), Bucaramanga (Santander), Bogotá, Tenjo, Guayabal de Siquima (Cundinamarca), Urabá, Medellín, Rionegro (Antioquia), Ibagué (Tolima), Granada (Meta), Santiago de Cali (Valle del Cauca) and Almaguer (Cauca). For the analysis of the information, a triangulation matrix was used and its subsequent interpretative exercise. The results show that teaching practice encourages students' autonomy and self-control when learning, while there is a need to provide training on parental monitoring guidelines. In this sense, it is recognized that education in context based on games, creativity and group work encourages self-regulation learning skills such as metacognition, monitoring, delegation of tasks, planning and projection of goals to reach.

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación educativa cuyo propósito fue comprender la influencia de las prácticas educativas en el proceso autorregulatorio de los estudiantes en Colombia. El enfoque metodológico fue de tipo cualitativo con un alcance descriptivo que buscó detalles sobre el hacer docente y el aprendizaje de aula. La muestra se compone de 137 participantes distribuidos en 90 estudiantes, 24 docentes y 23 padres de familia a quienes se les aplicaron una ficha de caracterización, una entrevista y un grupo focal a lo largo de 9 zonas del país: Garzón (Huila), Fortul (Arauca), Bucaramanga (Santander), Bogotá, Tenjo, Guayabal de Siquima (Cundinamarca), Urabá, Medellín, Rionegro (Antioquia), Ibagué (Tolima), Granada (Meta), Santiago de Cali (Valle del Cauca) y Almaguer (Cauca). Para el análisis de la información se contó con una matriz de triangulación y su posterior ejercicio interpretativo. Los resultados muestran que la práctica docente fomenta en los estudiantes su autonomía y su autocontrol a la hora de aprender, mientras que se ve la necesidad de brindar formación sobre las pautas de monitoreo parental. En ese sentido, se reconoce que la educación en contexto a partir de los juegos, la creatividad y el trabajo en grupo incentivan las habilidades de autorregulación del aprendizaje como la metacognición, el monitoreo, la delegación de tareas, la planeación y proyección de las metas a alcanzar.

Resumen. En este artículo se muestra la persistencia del nivel socioeconómico de la familia y la escolaridad de los padres como elementos que condicionan el logro académico en México, entre otras razones, por la desigualdad que impera en el país. Esos elementos están fuera del control de los estudiantes e influyen en su desempeño, principalmente en la educación básica. El trabajo se realizó mediante un análisis documental de los reportes de las pruebas del Plan Nacional para la Evaluación de los Aprendizajes. Los resultados del estudio muestran que los elementos mencionados influyen en los puntajes obtenidos por los estudiantes, sin importar disciplina, nivel o grado escolar. Estos hallazgos corroboran lo que ha mostrado la investigación correspondiente. Las políticas y los programas para atender los desafíos de calidad y equidad educativas han subutilizado ese tipo de reportes, por lo que es recomendable estudiar estos insumos para conocer más sobre los procesos educativos y delinear alternativas para la acción pública.

Abstract. This study shows persistence socioeconomic family level and parental education as elements that determine academic achievement in Mexico, among other reasons, due to the inequality that prevails in this country. These elements are not in students control and their influence occurs mainly in basic education. The study was made through documentary analysis of reports National Plan for the Evaluation of Learning. The findings show that these elements influence students’ scores, regardless of discipline, level or school grade; these findings corroborate corresponding research. Policies and programs to address educational quality and equity challenges have underused these reports. It is necessary to analyze these sources because help to learn more about educational processes and to find alternatives for the educational policies.

Abstract Background: During adolescence positive mental health is indispensable for optimal development. Objective: Positive mental health in adolescents was predicted from the perception of parenting and resilience. Methods: 426 students from Toluca, State of Mexico between 14 and 18 years of age (M = 15.6 years; SD = 1.14), 44% male and 56% female, were evaluated with the Perception of Parenting Scale, the Resilience Questionnaire and the Positive Mental Health Scale. Results: Through stepwise multiple linear regression, it was found that the criterion variable is predicted to a greater extent by the internal protective factors of resilience and to a lesser extent by the father’s and mother’s interest in the child’s activities. This model combining both constructs has an explained variance of 51.6%, which is considered satisfactory explanatory power. Conclusions: The influence of internal protective factors of resilience on adolescents’ problemsolving and actualization skills, self-control and autonomy is emphasized.

Resumen Antecedentes: en la adolescencia la salud mental positiva es indispensable para el desarrollo óptimo. Objetivo: se predijo la salud mental positiva en adolescentes a partir de la percepción de la crianza parental y la resiliencia. Método: participaron 426 estudiantes de Toluca, Estado de México entre los 14 y 18 años (M = 15.6 años; DE = 1.14), el 44% fueron hombres y 56% mujeres. Se les evaluó con la escala de percepción de crianza parental, el cuestionario de resiliencia y la escala de salud mental positiva. Resultados: a través de la regresión lineal múltiple por pasos se encontró que la variable criterio es predicha en mayor medida por los factores protectores internos de la resiliencia y en menor proporción por el interés del padre y la madre en las actividades del hijo. Este modelo que combina ambos constructos tiene una varianza explicada de 51.6%, lo que se considera un poder explicativo satisfactorio. Conclusiones: se enfatiza la influencia de los factores de protección internos de la resiliencia sobre la capacidad de resolución de problemas y actualización, el autocontrol y la autonomía de los adolescentes.

Resumo A coruja-das-torres americana (Tyto furcata) vive em ambientes urbanos e se alimenta principalmente de pequenos roedores, sendo de grande importância no controle biológico de pragas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os hábitos alimentares, parentais e reprodutivos de um casal de corujas-das-torres americanas, naturalmente vivendo fora de uma residência na zona urbana do município de Campos dos Goytacazes, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Uma caixa de madeira foi instalada em uma parede externa da casa, monitorada por uma câmera de vídeo. Uma planilha foi criada para manter o controle das observações registradas. A fêmea pôs quatro ovos, e após período de incubação de 30-32 dias todos os ovos eclodiram, mas apenas dois filhotes sobreviveram após o canibalismo entre os filhotes. Inicialmente, o macho fornecia a comida aos filhotes e a fêmea permanecia no ninho cuidando da ninhada. Depois de cerca de um mês, a fêmea também começou a sair do ninho e voltar com a presa, que era oferecida aos filhotes, com o macho também continuando com esse comportamento. Os filhotes deixaram o ninho em setembro de 2017. Os dados obtidos mostram a existência de cooperação e divisão de tarefas entre corujas machos e fêmeas durante o período reprodutivo.

Abstract The American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) lives in urban, periurban and wild environments and feeds mainly on small rodents, meaning it has great importance in the biological control of pests. The aim of this work was to describe the reproductive, parental and eating habits of a pair of American barn owls naturally living outside a residence in the urban area of the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. A wood box was installed on an outside wall of the home, monitored by a video camera. A spreadsheet was created to keep track of the observations recorded. The female laid four eggs, and after an incubation period of 30-32 days all the eggs hatched, but only two chicks survived after cannibalism among the chicks. Initially, the male provided the food to the chicks and the female remained in the nest caring for the brood. After approximately a month, the female also began to leave the nest and return with prey, which was offered to the chicks, with the male also continuing this behavior. The chicks left the nest in September, 2017. The data obtained show the existence of cooperation and division of tasks between male and female owls during the reproductive period.

Resumen Objetivo Comprender el significado del dolor pélvico crónico bajo la perspectiva de mujeres diagnosticadas y analizar los factores determinantes para el alta ambulatoria. Métodos Investigación de naturaleza cualitativa, que utilizó el marco referencial teórico metodológico de la investigación social estratégica. Participaron en el estudio 14 mujeres, de las cuales siete estaban realizando seguimiento ambulatorio y siete fueron dadas de alta, en consultorios externos de ginecología de un hospital universitario en el municipio de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, con preguntas orientadoras. El análisis de los resultados se basó en la modalidad temática del análisis de contenido, de acuerdo con Bardin. Resultados El análisis de los datos culminó en tres categorías temáticas: Antes del dolor, Convivir con el dolor y Tratar el dolor. El abandono afectivo parental, el duelo, falta de entendimiento con los padres y dificultades en la infancia fueron prominentes antes del inicio del dolor. El surgimiento del dolor se relacionó con el nacimiento de los hijos, menarca, cirugías y conflictos familiares. La convivencia con el dolor causó gran sufrimiento, miedo, perjuicio en las relaciones y en la actividad laboral. La mejora del estado emocional y de las condiciones financieras, la resolución de los conflictos matrimoniales, la oportunidad de poder expresarse y hablar con otras pacientes, el uso de medicamentos y algunos procedimientos quirúrgicos fueron determinantes para el control del dolor y el alta ambulatoria. Conclusión El dolor pélvico crónico se relacionó con el sufrimiento socioeconómico, emocional y físico. La resolución de estos aspectos contribuyó al alta ambulatoria. ambulatoria cualitativa estratégica 1 Goiânia Goiás Brasil semiestructuradas orientadoras contenido Bardin temáticas parental duelo hijos menarca familiares miedo laboral financieras matrimoniales pacientes socioeconómico físico

Abstract Objective To understand the meaning of chronic pelvic pain from the perspective of diagnosed women and analyze the determining factors for outpatient discharge. Methods This is qualitative research, using strategic social research as its theoretical methodological framework. 14 women participated in the study, seven of whom were undergoing outpatient follow-up and seven who were discharged from the gynecology outpatient clinic of a university hospital in the city of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with guiding questions. The analysis of results was based on the thematic modality of content analysis, according to Bardin. Results Data analysis culminated in three thematic categories: “Before the pain”, “Living with the pain” and “Treating the pain”. Parental emotional abandonment, grief, disagreement with parents and childhood difficulties were prominent before the onset of pain. The onset of pain was related to the birth of children, menarche, surgeries and family conflicts. Living with pain promoted great suffering, fear, harm to relationships and work activity. The improvement in emotional state and financial conditions, the resolution of marital conflicts, the opportunity to express oneself and talk to other patients, the use of medication and some surgical procedures were decisive for pain control and outpatient discharge. Conclusion Chronic pelvic pain was related to socioeconomic, emotional and physical suffering. The resolution of these aspects contributed to outpatient discharge. discharge framework 1 study followup follow up Goiânia Goiás Brazil Semistructured Semi structured questions Bardin categories Before pain, , Treating . abandonment grief children menarche conflicts suffering fear activity conditions patients socioeconomic

Resumo Objetivo Compreender o significado da dor pélvica crônica sob a ótica das mulheres diagnosticadas e analisar os fatores determinantes para a alta ambulatorial. Métodos Pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, tendo como referencial teórico metodológico a Pesquisa Social do tipo Estratégica. Participaram do estudo 14 mulheres, sendo sete em seguimento ambulatorial e sete que receberam alta, no ambulatório de ginecologia de um hospital universitário no município de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, com questões norteadoras. A análise dos resultados baseou-se na modalidade temática da análise de conteúdo, segundo Bardin. Resultados A análise dos dados culminou em três categorias temáticas: “Antes da dor”, “Convivendo com a dor” e “ Tratando a dor”. O abandono afetivo parental, o luto, o desentendimento com os pais e dificuldades na infância foram proeminentes antes do início da dor. O surgimento da dor relacionou-se ao nascimento dos filhos, menarca, cirurgias e conflitos familiares. A convivência com a dor promoveu grande sofrimento, medo, prejuízo aos relacionamentos e à atividade laboral. A melhora do estado emocional e das condições financeiras, a resolução dos conflitos matrimoniais, a oportunidade de poder expressar-se e conversar com outras pacientes, o uso de medicamentos e alguns procedimentos cirúrgicos foram determinantes para o controle da dor e da alta ambulatorial. Conclusão A dor pélvica crônica relacionou-se a sofrimentos socioeconômicos, emocionais e físicos. A resolução destes aspectos contribuíram para a alta ambulatorial. qualitativa Estratégica 1 Goiânia Goiás Brasil semiestruturadas norteadoras baseouse baseou se conteúdo Bardin temáticas Antes dor, , Convivendo . parental luto relacionouse relacionou filhos menarca familiares sofrimento medo laboral financeiras matrimoniais expressarse expressar pacientes socioeconômicos físicos

Abstract Objective This study aims to assess the emotional impacts of the baby’s physical disability on the mother. Method It is an exploratory investigation carried on with two mother-infant dyads, only one of which gave birth to a physically disabled baby, both participating in a larger case-control investigation. The tools used included the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories, the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire, the Ages and Stages Questionnaire as well as semi-structured interviews. Results Both mothers showed similar reports and parenting levels, but the one whose baby had a disability scored higher on anxiety and depression, in connection with the baby’s low level of development. Conclusion It is concluded that, in order to achieve the same levels of a typical parenting condition, greater adaptation mechanisms are required. babys s mother motherinfant infant dyads casecontrol case control Inventories semistructured semi structured interviews depression development that condition required

Resumo Objetivo Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar impactos emocionais da deficiência física do bebê na mãe. Método Trata-se de um estudo exploratório realizado com duas díades, uma composta um bebê com deficiência e sua mãe e outra por um bebê sem deficiência e sua mãe, provenientes de uma pesquisa maior com desenho caso-controle. Foram utilizados a Entrevista Semiestruturada, Inventários Beck de Ansiedade e Depressão, Questionário de Função Reflexiva Parental e Ages and Stages Questionnaire. Resultados As mães demonstraram relatos e níveis de parentalidade semelhantes, mas a do bebê com deficiência apresentou maiores scores para ansiedade e depressão, relacionados ao baixo nível de desenvolvimento do filho. Conclusão Conclui-se que mecanismos de adaptação são necessários para se obter os mesmos níveis de parentalidade de uma condição típica. Tratase Trata díades casocontrole. casocontrole caso controle. controle caso-controle Semiestruturada Depressão Questionnaire semelhantes depressão filho Concluise Conclui típica

ABSTRACT: This study carried out early selection of soybean progenies that are productive and resilient to environmental conditions. The experiment took place at the Genetic Breeding Program of UNIJUI (University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul), located in Ijuí - RS, Brazil. The experiment used augmented blocks design with interim checks. The regular treatments correspond to 24 soybean F2 populations and the common treatments were 18 commercial checks, arranged in four replications. At full physiological maturity, in each experimental unit, five plants were randomly collected to obtain seed weight per plant (SWP, g). The Jinks and Pooni methodology was used to calculate the probability of extracting superior lineages from the evaluated populations. The best control and promising cultivars to compose the parent bank are BMX FORÇA RR, FUNDACEP 66 RR and TMG 7062 IPRO. Jinks and Pooni’s methodology identified populations IRC001, IRC002, IRC017, IRC019, IRC028, IRC030, IRC032, IRC033, IRC035, IRC036, IRC039 and IRC040 as having high potential for extraction of superior lineages. ABSTRACT conditions University Sul, Sul , Sul) RS Brazil checks 2 F 1 replications maturity unit SWP, SWP (SWP g. g . g) 6 706 IPRO Poonis s IRC001 IRC IRC002 IRC017 IRC019 IRC028 IRC030 IRC032 IRC033 IRC035 IRC036 IRC03 IRC04 70 IRC00 IRC01 IRC02 IRC0 7

RESUMO: O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar a seleção precoce de progênies de soja produtivas e resilientes às condições ambientais. O experimento foi realizado no Programa de Melhoramento Genético da Universidade do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI), localizado em Ijuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foi utilizado o delineamento incompleto de blocos aumentados com testemunhas intercalares. Os tratamentos regulares correspondem a 24 populações de soja F2 e os tratamentos comuns foram 18 testemunhas comerciais, arranjadas em quatro repetições. Em plena maturidade fisiológica, em cada unidade experimental, cinco plantas foram coletadas aleatoriamente para obtenção do peso de sementes por plantas. Utilizou-se a metodologia de Jinks e Pooni para calcular a probabilidade de extração de linhagens superiores das populações avaliadas. As cultivares de melhor controle e promissoras para compor o banco parental foram BMX FORÇA RR, FUNDACEP 66 RR e TMG 7062 IPRO. A metodologia de Jinks e Pooni identificou as populações IRC001, IRC002, IRC017, IRC019, IRC028, IRC030, IRC032, IRC033 IRC035, IRC036, IRC039, e IRC040 como de alto potencial para extração de linhagens superiores. RESUMO ambientais UNIJUI, UNIJUI , (UNIJUI) Ijuí Brasil intercalares 2 F 1 comerciais repetições fisiológica experimental Utilizouse Utilizou se avaliadas 6 706 IPRO IRC001 IRC IRC002 IRC017 IRC019 IRC028 IRC030 IRC032 IRC03 IRC035 IRC036 IRC039 IRC04 (UNIJUI 70 IRC00 IRC01 IRC02 IRC0 7

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association between maternal and paternal licit and illicit drug use, smoking and drinking and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We conducted a case-control study with children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD and neurotypical individuals. The data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire administered during interviews with the children’s mothers or guardians. The following variables were analyzed: child sex and age; maternal and parental age; use of medicines before and during pregnancy; classes of medicines used during pregnancy; maternal and paternal smoking; maternal and paternal drinking; maternal and paternal illicit drug use. The data were analyzed using logistic regression and crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR). After adjustment, the results showed an association between maternal use of antipyretics/pain killers during pregnancy (OR = 2.26; 95%CI 1.29-3.95; p < 0.040) and ASD. No association was found between maternal and paternal smoking, drinking and illicit drug use before and during pregnancy and ASD. The findings suggest that the development of ASD is influenced by environmental factors. . (ASD) casecontrol case control individuals semistructured semi structured childrens s guardians age OR. OR (OR) adjustment antipyreticspain antipyretics pain 2.26 226 2 26 95CI CI 95 1.293.95 129395 1.29 3.95 1 29 3 1.29-3.95 0.040 0040 0 040 factors (ASD 2.2 22 9 293 1.293.9 12939 129 1.2 395 3.9 1.29-3.9 0.04 004 04 2. 1.293. 1293 12 1. 39 3. 1.29-3. 0.0 00 1.293 1.29-3 0. 1.29-

Resumo O presente estudo objetivou investigar a associação entre o TEA e o uso materno e paterno de medicamentos, tabaco, álcool e drogas ilícitas. Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle realizado com crianças e adolescentes diagnosticados com TEA e indivíduos neurotípicos. Os dados foram colhidos por meio de entrevista com as mães ou responsáveis. Foram analisadas as variáveis sexo e idade das crianças/adolescentes; idade dos pais; uso de medicamentos antes e durante a gestação; classes de medicamentos usados na gestação; tabagismo materno e paterno; etilismo materno e paterno; uso de drogas ilícitas pelos pais. Para a análise das informações, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão logística, além da razão de chances (OR) bruta e ajustada. Os resultados mostraram que, após os ajustes, foi encontrada associação entre o uso materno na gestação de antitérmicos/analgésicos (OR = 2,26; IC95% 1,29-3,95; p < 0,040) com o TEA. Já o uso de tabaco, álcool e drogas ilícitas materno e paterno, antes e durante a gestação, não apontou relação com o TEA. Os dados encontrados sugerem que existe influência de fatores ambientais no desenvolvimento do TEA. tabaco Tratase Trata se casocontrole caso controle neurotípicos responsáveis crianças/adolescentes criançasadolescentes pais informações utilizouse utilizou logística OR ajustada ajustes antitérmicosanalgésicos antitérmicos analgésicos 2,26 226 2 26 IC95 IC 1,293,95 129395 1,29 3,95 1 29 3 95 1,29-3,95 0,040 0040 0 040 2,2 22 IC9 293 1,293,9 12939 129 1,2 395 3,9 9 1,29-3,9 0,04 004 04 2, 1,293, 1293 12 1, 39 3, 1,29-3, 0,0 00 1,293 1,29-3 0, 1,29-

Resumen: Antecedentes: Mediante un meta-análisis de tres niveles, el objetivo de esta investigación fue examinar la relación entre la participación de los padres en los deberes escolares y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes, así como estudiar el rol mediador en esta relación de ciertas variables que podrían haber estado relacionadas con algunos resultados inconsistentes en estudios primarios. Método: Se identificaron 28 estudios, con 252 tamaños del efecto, para un total de 378222 participantes. Resultados: Los resultados revelaron una débil relación negativa entre la implicación de los padres en los deberes y el rendimiento de los estudiantes (r = −0,064, p < 0,001). Esta relación fue moderada por el tipo de implicación parental. Específicamente, el rendimiento de los estudiantes se relacionó positivamente con el apoyo a la autonomía, pero no con el apoyo al contenido, el control de los padres, la frecuencia y la combinación de estas dimensiones. Además, dicha relación fue moderada por la medida de rendimiento, el curso de los estudiantes y el género de los padres. Conclusiones: Es necesaria más investigación cualitativa sobre lo que ocurre en torno a las interacciones entre padres e hijos a la hora de la realización de los deberes escolares.

Abstract: Background: Applying a three-level meta-analysis, the goal of our investigation was to examine the relationship between parental homework involvement and students' achievement, and to investigate whether certain study features could have resulted in the inconsistent results relating to this relationship from prior studies. Method: We identified a total of 28 studies (32 independent samples) with 252 effect sizes for a total of 378222 participants. Results: Our meta-analysis revealed an overall weak negative relationship between parental homework involvement and students' achievement (r = −0.064, p < .001). The overall relationship was moderated by the dimension of parental homework involvement. Specifically, students' achievement was positively related to autonomy support, but largely unrelated to content support, parental control, frequency, and mixed. Additionally, the overall relationship was moderated by achievement measure, grade level, and parent gender. Conclusions: Given that parental autonomy support was the only dimension that was positively related to students' achievement, it would be important to conduct qualitative research that provides longitudinal descriptions of parent-child interactions relating to homework tasks as children make their transition from elementary to middle and high school.

Abstract This study aimed to test the validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of the “Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised for Dental” (IPQ-RD) in parents/guardians of children aged six to 14 years. The sample consisted of 63 parents/guardians of schoolchildren from the municipal school system of Teófilo Otoni, MG. Remote and virtual data collection consisted of self-completion of personal data, socioeconomic questionnaire and the Brazilian short versions of the “Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire” (16-P-CPQ) and the “Family Impact Scale” (4-FIS). The IPQ-RD was applied by telephone interview. Almost half of the sample belonged to socioeconomic classes C1 and C2. Approximately 1/3 classified their child’s oral health as “regular” or “poor”, while 11.1% reported “strong” or “very strong” impact on their child’s well-being. The items most frequently cited as having an impact on the four domains of the 16-P-CPQ were: “bad breath” (23.8%), “mouth breathing” (20.7%), “feeling anxious or afraid” (20.7%), and “paying attention at school” (10%). In the 4-FIS, 11.1% “had little time for themselves or the family”. There were higher IPQ-RD scores in the “disease coherence” domain for women and lower values of “emotional dimensions” for parents/guardians with incomplete education. The mean IPQ-RD score was 126.4 (±15.1), and domain scores were positively correlated. The internal consistency was “almost perfect” for the IPQ-RD total score, ranging from “moderate” to “almost perfect” for the “child-control” and “child-consequences” domains. The intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.04 (poor) to 0.68 (substantial). The Brazilian Portuguese version of the IPQ-RD proved to be valid and reliable for assessing the cognitive and emotional perception of parents/guardians about childhood dental caries. Illness QuestionnaireRevised Questionnaire Revised Dental IPQRD IPQ RD (IPQ-RD parentsguardians parents guardians 1 years 6 Otoni MG selfcompletion self completion ParentalCaregiver Parental Caregiver 16PCPQ PCPQ 16 P CPQ (16-P-CPQ Family Scale 4FIS. 4FIS FIS 4 . (4-FIS) interview C C2 13 3 1/ childs child s regular “regular poor, poor , “poor” 111 11 11.1 strong “strong very wellbeing. wellbeing well being. being well-being bad breath 23.8%, 238 23.8% 23 8 (23.8%) mouth breathing 20.7%, 207 20.7% 20 7 (20.7%) feeling afraid paying 10%. 10 10% (10%) 4FIS, FIS, 4-FIS had family. family family” disease coherence dimensions education 1264 126 126. ±15.1, 151 ±15.1 15 (±15.1) correlated almost perfect moderate “moderate childcontrol control “child-control childconsequences consequences “child-consequences 004 0 04 0.0 (poor 068 68 0.6 substantial. substantial (substantial) caries (4-FIS “poor 11. 23.8 2 (23.8% 20.7 (20.7% (10% 12 ±15. (±15.1 00 0. 06 (substantial 23. (23.8 20. (20.7 (10 ±15 (±15. (23. (20. (1 ±1 (±15 (23 (20 ( ± (±1 (2 (±

ABSTRACT The study focused on developing a valid and reliable questionnaire to measure adolescents' perception of parental control. The research was conducted with a sample of 535 Peruvian adolescents, aged between 12 and 22 years. This instrument was structured in three dimensions (Behavioral Control, Parental Support, and Control over the Use of Technological Media) and 23 items, which underwent a rigorous validation process, employing techniques such as the Content Validity Index (CVI), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Analysis (KMO), and Cronbach's Alpha reliability test. Each item obtained a CVI higher than 0.7, and the KMO analysis yielded a result of 0.963, indicating suitability for conducting the CFA. The reliability, assessed using Cronbach's Alpha, was generally 0.947. It is concluded that the Questionnaire revealed to be a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the perception of parental control from the perspective of adolescents.

RESUMEN El estudio se centró en desarrollar un cuestionario válido y confiable para medir la percepción del control parental en adolescentes. La investigación se llevó a cabo con una muestra de 535 adolescentes peruanos, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 22 años. Este instrumento se estructuró en tres dimensiones (Control Conductual, Apoyo Parental y Control sobre el uso de Medios Tecnológicos) y 23 ítems, el cual fue sometido a un riguroso proceso de validación, empleando técnicas como el Índice de Validez de Contenido (IVC), Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC), Análisis de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) y la prueba de fiabilidad de Alfa de Cronbach. Cada ítem obtuvo un IVC superior a 0,7, y el análisis de KMO produjo un resultado de 0,963, indicando idoneidad para realizar el AFC. La fiabilidad, evaluada mediante el Alfa de Cronbach, fue en general de 0,947. Se concluye que el Cuestionario reveló ser una herramienta válida y confiable para evaluar la percepción del control parental desde la perspectiva de los adolescentes.

Resumen La conducta agresiva representa uno de los problemas más relevantes en la actualidad. Por ello, es imperativo estudiar sus causas, procesos y consecuencias, así como las posibles formas en las que puede ser tratada y prevenida. Uno de los factores con los que este comportamiento ha sido asociado son las prácticas parentales. Este estudio buscó analizar la relación entre las prácticas de comunicación, autonomía, imposición, control psicológico y control conductual por parte de ambos padres y la conducta agresiva en adolescentes. Se llevó a cabo un estudio no experimental, cuantitativo, transversal y correlacional, en el que se administraron el cuestionario de agresividad y la escala de prácticas parentales a 1171 estudiantes entre 15 y 19 años (M = 15.95; 53 % mujeres). La prueba rho de Spearman permitió observar correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las dimensiones que componen la escala de prácticas parentales y las dimensiones de la conducta agresiva. Las prácticas de comunicación, autonomía y control conductual de ambos padres se asociaron negativamente con la CA, mientras que las de imposición y control psicológico se relacionaron positivamente. Una crianza caracterizada por niveles altos de comunicación, fomento de autonomía y adecuado control conductual se asocia con menores niveles de conductas agresivas en los hijos.

Abstract Aggressive behavior represents one of the most relevant problems at present. Therefore, it is imperative to study its causes, processes, and consequences, as well as how it can be prevented and treated. One of the factors with which this behavior has been associated is parental practices. This study aimed to analyze practices of communication, autonomy, imposition, psychological control and behavioral control, and aggressive behavior in adolescents. A non-experimental, quantitative, cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out. Aggression Questionnaire and Parental Practices Scale were administered to a sample of 1,171 students between 15 and 19 years old (M=15.95), 53% of whom were female. Through Spearman’s Rho test, statistically significant correlations were found between the five dimensions of Parental Practices and the four of the Aggressive Behavior variables. Both parents' communication, autonomy and behavioral control were associated negatively, while imposition and psychological control did so positively. Rearing characterized by high levels of communication, promotion of autonomy, and adequate behavioral control, is associated with lower levels of aggressive behavior in adolescents.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las metas de logro y prácticas parentales de apoyo a la autonomía y control psicológico, para determinar la relación entre estas medidas, según el nivel de estudios, el sexo de los progenitores y de los adolescentes de Cuenca, Ecuador. Para ello, se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, relacional de corte transversal con una muestra constituida por 713 madres (Meda d = 43, DT = 7), 543 padres (Medad = 46, DT = 8) y 1085 adolescentes (Medad = 16.1, DT = 1.1). Se aplicó el cuestionario Parental de Metas Orientadas al Logro, adaptado al español del instrumento Parental Achievement Goals AGQ y Autonomy Support Scale. La subteoría de contenido de metas de la teoría de la autodeterminación ha sido la base teórica para explicar que las metas de logro parental orientan el apoyo a la autonomía y el control psicológico. Se emplearon las pruebas .-Student, ANOVA, chi-Cuadrado de independencia para tablas de contingencia y el coeficiente de correlación . de Pearson para establecer la relación lineal de las variables de estudio. Los resultados revelan que las metas de logro dominio de la tarea y éxito en la tarea son predominantes, mientras que la evitación del fracaso en la tarea es baja. Por otro lado, la práctica de apoyo a la autonomía se percibe alta y significativamente mayor al control psicológico. Finalmente, se confirma la relación de las medidas parentales con el nivel de estudios y el sexo de los progenitores y de los adolescentes.

Abstract The importance of parental practices as one the most direct influences on the development of minors and adolescents has generated an increased relevance in recent decades of the study of parental expectations on the psychological adjustment of children. In this sense, the Goal Content Subtheory of Self-Determination Theory has been the theoretical basis to explain that the purpose of human behavior responds to an extrinsic or intrinsic motivation. That is why, extrinsic motivation guides parents towards parental goals: the success of the task and the avoidance of task failure and they adopt more parental control strategies with their progeny, while intrinsic motivation guides the mastery goals of the task which would explain parental support behaviors. The objective of the study was to identify the achievement goals and parenting practices, support for autonomy-psychological control, and to determine the relationship between these parenting measures, according to the sex and educational level of the parents from Cuenca, Ecuador. For this, a quantitative, relational, cross-sectional study was carried out with 713 mothers (Medad = 43, DT = 7), 543 fathers (Medad = 46, DT = 8) and 1 085 adolescents (Medad = 16.1, DT= 1.1). The participants were selected from within 18 educational institutions through a probabilistic sample calculated with a 95 % confidence level, and a 3 % margin of error. For data collection, the Parental Achievement-Oriented Goals questionnaire was applied, adapted to Spanish from the Parental Achievement Goals AGQ instrument; and Autonomy Support Scale. In the data analysis, the T-Student test, ANOVA, Chi-Square, test of independence for contingency tables and the Pearson r correlation coefficient, were used for the linear relationship of the study variables. The results reveal that the achievement goals: mastery of the task and success in the task predominate and the avoidance of failure in the task is low, in terms of the sex of the parents, the parents were oriented towards the mastery of the task while mothers toward goals focused on homework success. Likewise, parents with a low level of education orient themselves to success in the result of the task and the avoidance of failure in the task, while parents with a higher level of education orient their goals of parental achievement towards the mastery of the homework. The perception of support for autonomy is high and significantly upper than the psychological control of the parents, it was found that the manifestation of support “being aware of accepting and acknowledging the child's feelings” is the most valued statement in the mother in relation to the dad. On the other hand, adolescents perceive greater psychological control from mothers than from fathers, in the demonstrations “threatening to punish the child” and “induce guilt”. Regarding the level of studies of the parents, the results indicate that the higher the level of studies, the greater the support for autonomy and when is lower the level of studies, there is greater psychological control. This research has confirmed the relationship between the level of education of the parents, the sex the adolescent and parents with the goals of parental achievement, support and psychological control; this shows that these characteristics affect parental practices. It is necessary for future research to attention on the educational level of the parents, as this is one of the most consistent family variables that can favor appropriate parental goals and practices for the psychosocial adjustment of the children.