Resumo A subtracção gera desafios e perigos para a vítima que clamam por implementação de medidas mais efectivas em relação ao progenitor incumpridor da decisão judicial de regulação das responsabilidades parentais de modo a prevenir ofensas a bem jurídicos da vitima que se caracteriza pela sua vulnerabilidade em razão da sua idade dependência face ao progenitor. Questiona-se, tendo em referência a protecção dos direitos fundamentais do menor subtraído; as dificuldades probatórias que subjaz ao crime de subtracção de menor; a presunção da inocência a favor do arguido; a antecipação da tutela processual penal e a tomada das declarações do menor. a a intensidade e a relevância da lesão, face a uma vítima que se caracteriza pela sua vulnerabilidade. Em sede de conclusões, observa-se que a realidade fáctica subjacente à subtracção carece da introdução de mecanismos legais de tutela mais efectivos e abrangentes de prevenirem incumprimentos das decisões dos tribunais, com o fito de reforçar a protecção das crianças e dos pais vítimas deste tipo de crime no quadro do exercício do poder paternal. Questionase, Questionase Questiona se, Questiona-se subtraído arguido lesão conclusões observase observa tribunais paternal

Abstract Abduction creates challenges and dangers for the victim who call for the implementation of more effective measures in relation to the parent who fails to comply with the judicial decision regulating parental responsibilities in order to prevent offenses to the victim’s legal rights, which is characterized by its vulnerability due to its age dependence on the parent. It is questioned, with reference to the protection of the fundamental rights of the subtracted minor; the probative difficulties underlying the crime of child abduction; the presumption of innocence in favor of the defendant; the anticipation of criminal procedural protection and the taking of the minor’s statements the intensity and relevance of the injury, compared to a victim who is characterized by his vulnerability. In terms of conclusions, it is observed that the factual reality underlying subtraction requires the introduction of more effective and comprehensive legal mechanisms of guardianship to prevent non-compliance with court decisions, with the aim of strengthening the protection of children and parents victims of this type of crime within the framework of the exercise of parental authority. s questioned minor abduction defendant minors injury conclusions noncompliance non compliance decisions authority

Resumen El síndrome de niño(a) agredido(a) comprende múltiples aspectos desde la definición propia del abuso infantil, en donde se incluye tanto cualquier acto como la omisión que arremeta contra la salud o el desarrollo del menor. Siendo necesario la valoración integral de cada uno de los casos sospechosos abarcando tanto aspectos relacionados con posibles maltratos físicos como los correlacionables por omisión de cuido de menor. Se presenta el caso de una evaluada con denuncia por Abuso de Patria Potestad para ser valorada por sospecha de maltrato infantil.

Abstract The battered child syndrome encompasses multiple aspects from the very definition of child abuse, which covers any act or omission that affects the health or development of the minor. The comprehensive assessment of each of the suspected cases is necessary, covering both aspects related to possible physical abuse and those correlatable by omission of childcare. The case of female with a complaint for Abuse of Parental Authority to be assessed for suspicion of child abuse is presented.

BACKGROUND. Decisions to test, enrol and disclose HIV status are among the ethical challenges that may influence adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and HIV care and treatment in adolescents living with HIV. In the Tanzanian setting, how parental perceptions of ethical issues affect adolescents' adherence to HIV care and treatment is not well known. OBJECTIVE. To explore parental perceptions of ethical issues in adolescent HIV care and treatment. METHODS. The study employed a descriptive qualitative exploratory design and was conducted at Temeke Regional Referral Hospital in Dar es Salaam Care and Treatment Centre (CTC) in the Outpatient Department (OPD). The study population were parents and non-parent caregivers of HIV-infected adolescents 10 - 19 years of age. A total of 16 persons participated in semi-structured interviews after their consent was obtained. All interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim in Swahili and back-translated into English. An inductive content analysis was used, and standards of qualitative rigour applied. RESULTS. Three qualitative themes emerged: balancing adolescents' autonomy with parents' desire to protect their children; parental dilemmas regarding disclosure of adolescents' HIV status; and parental reasons for delayed disclosure. CONCLUSION. Participants perceived that parental authority should override adolescents' autonomy in HIV care and treatment. Disclosure of HIV status to adolescents is a challenge to parents. Delays in disclosure often occur because parents feel guilty and because they have fears of rejection by their adolescent children.

Abstract This article lectures the problematic arising from the appreciation of children as subjects of rights, which indicates progressive autonomy; this has triggered a paradigm swing regarding the exercise of rights by themselves, which has led to a change in the dynamics between children and adults in relation to the exercise of their rights. Progressive autonomy has directed to the questioning of two legal institutions: parental authority and the legal capacity of individuals. One of the problems is that parental authority and legal capacity are out of date with the standards that today demands. The current paradigm in most civil legislations in the Mexican Republic considers children as legally incapable subjects, and as an inherent result of such affirmation, they are fully subject to parental authority until they reach the age of majority. This means that the substantive provisions do not expressly recognize progressive autonomy. The main target is to demonstrate that legal capacity and parental authority (institutions still in force) are a drag on the progressive autonomy of children. Resulting from the foregoing, as a secondary target it is proposed to analyze whether the new paradigm implies a progressive reduction of parental authority, along with the gradual progress of autonomy.

Resumen El presente artículo de investigación aborda el problema surgido a partir del reconocimiento hacia los niños como sujetos de derechos, lo que lleva implícito la autonomía progresiva; esto ha provocado un cambio de paradigma respecto al ejercicio de los derechos por sí mismos, lo que ha llevado a modificar la dinámica entre niños y adultos en relación con el ejercicio de sus derechos. La autonomía progresiva ha ocasionado el cuestionamiento de dos instituciones jurídicas: la patria potestad y la capacidad jurídica de las personas. Uno de los problemas reside en que la patria potestad y la capacidad jurídica se encuentran desfasadas con los estándares que la actualidad exige. El paradigma actual en la gran mayoría de las legislaciones civiles en la República Mexicana considera a los niños como sujetos incapaces jurídicamente, y como resultado inherente a tal afirmación, se encuentran sometidos plenamente a la patria potestad hasta alcanzar la mayoría de edad. Lo anterior conlleva a que las disposiciones sustantivas no reconozcan expresamente la autonomía progresiva. El objetivo principal es demostrar que la capacidad legal y la autoridad parental (instituciones aún vigentes) son un obstáculo para la progresiva autonomía de los niños. Derivado de lo anterior, como objetivo secundario se pretende analizar si el nuevo paradigma implica una reducción progresiva de la autoridad parental, junto con el progreso gradual de la autonomía.

Because of the need to mitigate the damage done to children by chronic conflict between co-parents after divorce or family breakdown, the process of parenting coordination has been embraced by South African courts. In terms of the process, a parenting coordinator will first attempt to facilitate resolution of the parenting disputes by agreement of the parties, but if this attempt fails, the parenting coordinator has the power to make directives regarding the disputes which are binding on the parties until a competent court directs otherwise or the parties jointly agree otherwise. Although parenting coordination has flourished over the past decade, there still seems to be uncertainty and a lack of uniformity about various aspects regarding the process and the role and functions of a parenting coordinator. First of all, South Africa has the Guidelines on the Practice of Parenting Coordination (SA Guidelines), drafted by a task team of the National Accreditation Board for Family Mediators (NABFAM) to provide guidance for parenting coordinators concerning minimum qualifications, ethical obligations and conduct, practice and procedure, and children's participation in the process. In addition, the South African Law Reform Commission published the draft Family Dispute Resolution Bill, 2020, which deals with the process of parenting coordination in Chapter 7. Very importantly, there are also various court decisions dealing with parenting coordination in South Africa, which provide some guidance. However, the SA Guidelines, the provisions of Chapter 7 of the Bill and the court decisions are not always aligned and provide different answers to important underlying theoretical questions about various issues, such as the circumstances under which a parenting coordinator should be appointed; the issues that could be dealt with by a parenting coordinator; whom to appoint as a parenting coordinator; the approach to be followed in the parenting coordination process; the inclusion of children in the parenting coordination process; the nature of the parenting coordination process; confidentiality in the process; and a parenting coordinator's relationship with the court and the parties' legal representatives. A lack of consensus regarding these issues has given rise to diverse practices among professionals and confusion for all involved in the parenting coordination process. This article therefore endeavours to provide more clarity and certainty on these issues, taking international best practice into account.

The debate in legal circles in South Africa about the lawfulness of the common-law defence, until recently available to parents, of parental entitlement to administer moderate and reasonable chastisement to their children has been going on for more than a hundred years. Notwithstanding the long duration of the debate and the important effect of the constitutional developments in South Africa under the Constitution of the RSA, 1996, in conjunction with the requirements of international law, legal certainty about this particular legal question was only achieved in September 2019. In Freedom of Religion SA v Minister of Justice and Others, the Constitutional Court, the highest court in South Africa, decided that the common-law defence of parental authority to administer moderate and reasonable chastisement to their children, even in the privacy of their own homes, is unconstitutional and therefore invalid. After weighing up all competing interests and rights of both parents and their children, the court came to the final conclusion that no lawful justification remains for the retention of the defence of parental entitlement to administer physical chastisement to their children, not even on religious grounds, and that the limitation of the rights of children who are subjected to such practices are unjustified and not legally permissible. Unless legal amendments are effected in South Africa in the future, this decision of the court dealt parents' entitlement to administer moderate and reasonable chastisement to their children a mortal blow.

Die regsdebat oor die geldigheid van die gemeenregtelike verweer waaroor ouers tot onlangs nog binne die Suid-Afrikaanse regstelsel beskik het, naamlik die bevoegdheid tot redelike en matige tugtiging van hulle kinders, word al meer as 'n honderd jaar lank in Suid-Afrika gevoer. Nieteenstaande die lang duur van die debat en die belangrike uitwerking van die staatsregtelike ontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika onder die Grondwet van die RSA, 1996, in samehang met die vereistes van die internasionale reg, het daar eers in September 2019 regsekerheid oor dié bepaalde regsvraag gekom. In Freedom of Religion SA v Minister of Justice and Others het die Konstitusionele Hof, Suid-Afrika se hoogste hof, beslis dat die gemeenregtelike verweer van ouerlike bevoegdheid tot redelike en matige tugtiging van hulle kinders, selfs in hulle private wonings, ongrondwetlik en derhalwe ongeldig is. Ná opweging van al die mededingende belange en regte van sowel ouers as hulle kinders kom die hof tot die finale beslissing dat daar regtens geen regverdiging meer bestaan vir die voortgesette behoud van fisieke ouerlike tugtiging nie, selfs nie eens op grond van godsdienstige riglyne nie, en derhalwe ook nie vir die volgehoue inbreukmaking op die regte van kinders wat aan sodanige tugtigingspraktyke blootgestel word nie. Tensy daar ander regswysigings binne die Suid-Afrikaanse regstelsel aangebring word, beteken hierdie beslissing van die hof dat die toediening deur ouers van redelike en matige fisieke tugtiging aan hulle kinders 'n finale doodskoot gekry het.

Résumé Objectif: Connaitre comment les abus sexuels vécus par les hommes dans l'enfance affectent leur expérience actuelle de parentalité. Matériels et méthodes: La méthode de la recherche est qualitative, exploratoire et descriptive. La technique pour le recueil de données est l’entretien centré sur l'abus vécu dans le passé et l'expérience actuelle de paternage en référence à cet abus. L'échantillon intentionnel est constitué par 6 hommes qui sont pères et se sont portés volontaires pour participer. Apres leur avoir exposé l'objectif, leur consentement éclairé a été obtenu ainsi que leur récit oral. Le processus d'analyse des narrations obtenues permet d'identifier l’évolution diachronique et des catégories d'analyse communes aux participants. Résultats: Les entrevues réalisées avec six hommes, qui sont des pères et sont âgés de 26 à 38 ans, ont permis d’obtenir leur narration et d’identifier les catégories suivantes: violence vécue dans l'enfance, dommages, conséquences et répercussions dans la vie adulte, expérience d'abus dans leur paternage et type de parentalité. Conclusions: Le traumatisme laissé par la violence a créé une empreinte psychique qui a un effet réactif ou transformateur sur l’expérience de paternage. Des idées sont identifiées sur la justification du comportement de leurs parents, figures parentales ou d'autorité. L'expérience actuelle de paternage fait bouger des évènements des abus du passé et dénormalise la violence vécue. Les conséquences dans la vie adulte sont également identifiées, en particulier le manque de stratégies efficaces pour gérer le comportement envers leurs enfants. Cette étude tente de souligner l'importance de la dénaturalisation de l'éducation violente et de prévenir ainsi les perturbations des processus de développement infantile. Pour cela, il est nécessaire de générer une parentalité positive basée sur le choix d'une éducation exempte de tout type de maltraitance envers les enfants.

Resumo Objetivo: Conhecer como o abuso infantil afeta, na atual experiência dos pais. Materiais e métodos: A metodologia da pesquisa é qualitativa, exploratória, descritiva, a técnica de obten9áo de dados foi a entrevista focada no abuso vivido no passado e a experiência atual da paternidade com base no que foi vivido, a amostra foi intencional 6 homens que são pais cuja partição é voluntária, após explicar o objetivo da mesma, obtém-se o consentimento informado e, com ela, o relato verbal. O processo de análise das narrativas obtidas nos permite identificar a evolu9ao diacrónica da história, identificando categorias comuns de análise dos participantes. Resultados: Após a entrevista com seis homens, pais com idades entre 26 e 38 anos, foram obtidas as narrativas da história, identificando as seguintes categorias: violência vivenciada na infância, danos, consequências e repercussões na vida adulta, experiência de abuso na paternidade e tipo de paternidade. Conclusões: O trauma que a violência deixou para trás criou uma marca psíquica que afeta reativa ou transformativamente a experiência dos pais, são identificadas idéias que justificam o comportamento de seus pais, pais ou figuras de autoridade, a experiência atual dos pais remove os eventos de abuso passados e, desse modo, desnormaliza a violência experimentada, as consequências na vida adulta e a falta de estratégias eficazes de gerenciamento de comportamento em rela9ao aos filhos. O presente estudo tenta enfatizar a importância de desnaturar a educa9ao violenta e, assim, evitar prejudicar o processo evolutivo de menores, para isso é necessário gerar uma parentalidade positiva baseada na escolha de se libertar de qualquer tipo de abuso infantil.

Abstract Objective: To know how childhood abuse affects, in the current parenting experience. Materials and methods: The research methodology is qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, the technique used to obtain data was the interview, focused on abuse lived in the past and the current experience of parenting based on past events, the sample was intentional from 6 men who are fathers, whose participation is voluntary, after explaining the purpose of the same, their informed consent is obtained and with it the verbal storytelling. The process of analysis of narratives obtained allows us to identify the diachronic evolution of the story by identifying common categories of analysis of the participants. Results: After interviewing six men, who are parents whose ages range from 26 to 38 years old, the narratives of the story were obtained, identifying the following categories: violence experienced in childhood, damages, consequences and repercussions in the adult life, experience of abuse in parenthood and type of parenting. Conclusions: The trauma left by the abuse created a psychic imprint that has a reactive or transformative impact on their parenting experience, ideas are identified around to justify the behavior of their parents, parental or authority figures, the current parenting experience removes past abuse events and thereby violence experienced is not normal. The consequences in adulthood and the lack of effective behavior management strategies towards their children are also identified The present study tries to emphasize the importance of changing violent upbringing and there by prevent damage to the evolutionary process of young children. This requires to generate a positive parenting based on choosing to raise free of any type of child abuse.

Resumen: Objetivo: Conocer como afecta el abuso vivido en la infancia, en la experiencia de parentalidad actual. Materiales y métodos: La metodología de investigación es cualitativa, exploratoria, descriptiva, la técnica para la obtención de datos fue la entrevista, centrada en el abuso vivido en el pasado y la experiencia actual de paternaje con base a lo vivido, la muestra fue intencional de 6 hombres que son padres, cuya participación es voluntaria, luego de exponerles el objetivo de la misma, se obtiene su consentimiento informado y con ello el relato verbal. El proceso de análisis de las narrativas obtenidas, permite identificar evolución diacrónica del relato, identificando categorías de análisis comunes de los participantes. Resultados: A partir de entrevistar a seis hombres, que son padres, cuyas edades oscilan entre los 26 a los 38 años de edad, se obtuvieron las narrativas del relato, identificándose las siguientes categorías: violencia vivida en la infancia, daños, consecuencias y repercusiones en la vida adulta, experiencia del abuso en su paternaje y tipo de parentalidad. Conclusiones: El trauma que dejo la violencia, creó una huella psíquica que repercute de manera reactiva o transformativa en su experiencia de paternaje, se identifican ideas en torno a justificar la conducta de sus padres, figuras parentales o de autoridad, la experiencia del paternaje actual remueve eventos del abuso del pasado y con ello se desnormaliza la violencia vivida, se identifican también las consecuencias en la vida adulta y la falta de estrategias efectivas de manejo de la conducta hacia sus hijos. El presente estudio intenta poner énfasis en la importancia de desnaturalizar la crianza violenta y prevenir con ello dañar el proceso evolutivo de los menores, para ello se requiere generar una parentalidad positiva basada en elegir criar libre de cualquier tipo de abuso infantil.

En este artículo se analizan los significados del ser padre trabajador bajo sistemas de turno en la industria minera. Se realizaron entrevistas. Concluimos que estos hombres, al igual que otros trabajadores latinoamericanos, comparten el malestar entre el modelo de masculinidad / cabeza de familia versus responder a las demandas sociales. Se observa que los símbolos con poder de mandatos fijos e incuestionables, han quedado desnudos en la relación padre-hijo, mostrando su resquebrajamiento. Cambios que desvalorizan y desacreditan la figura del padre en la escena familiar, acentuada con las altas exigencias de flexibilidad laboral minera.

Neste artigo analisam-se os significados de ser pai trabalhador em sistemas de turno na indústria da mineração. A partir de entrevistas, concluiu-se que estes homens, tal como outros trabalhadores latino-americanos, compartilham o desconforto entre o modelo de masculinidade / chefe de família versus responder às demandas sociais. Observa-se que os símbolos com mandatos fixos e inquestionáveis têm ficado a nu na relação pai-filho mostrando a sua rutura. Mudanças que desvalorizam e desacreditam a figura do pai no cenário familiar acentuam-se com as altas exigências de flexibilidade do trabalho na mineração.

Cet article traite de la signification d’être père et de travailler en système de travail posté dans l’industrie minière. Des entrevues ont été menées. Nous concluons que ces hommes, comme d’autres travailleurs latino-américains, partagent le malaise entre le modèle de la masculinité / chef de famille, par rapport aux demandes sociales. On observe que les symboles ayant des mandats fixes de puissance sont remis en question et mis à nu dans la relation père-fils montrant leur rupture. Les changements qui dévalorisent et discréditent la figure du père s’accentuent avec les exigences de la flexibilité du travail dans les mines.

In this article we analyzed the implications of being a father who works shifts in the mining industry. Through interviews we concluded that these men, like other Latin American workers, share the uneasiness between the masculinity / head of household model and the responsibilities of responding to social demands. It was observed that the traditional symbols of power and unquestionable patriarchal authority have been unattended to in the father-son relationship, causing fracturing of said paradigm. Changes that devalue and discredit the father figure in family dynamics are accentuated by the high demands of the mining work schedule.

Abstract Students are influenced by various external factors, such as social, biological, family and intellectual, some of the factors can directly or even indirectly influence student behavior, learning, action etc., human beings by nature they are entities of constant relationship in the environments where there is interaction, therefore, this research aims to understand behavior problems and parental sociali- zation styles in the classroom of students of the open modality of the English language level B1 + , the applied research methodology is of a qualitative approach, with types of documentary and field bibliographic research, in addition there was a descriptive scope, as evaluation instruments, ESPA 29 was used to know the parental styles and the TOCA-R test for identify the presence of behavioral problems, the results obtained in the study were and the prevalence of the authorizing style in mo- thers and fathers, despite this, there are no behavioral problems in the majority of those evaluated, it is concluded that there is minimal presence of problems of acceptance of authority and social contact.

Resumen Los estudiantes son influidos por varios factores externos, como sociales, biológicos, familiares e intelectuales, algunos de los factores pueden incidir de forma directa o incluso indirectamente en el comportamiento de los estudiantes, en el aprendizaje, en el accionar etc., los seres humanos por naturaleza son entes de constante relación en los ambientes en donde existe interacción, por ello, la presente investigación tiene como fin, comprender los problemas de comportamiento y los estilos de socialización parental en el aula de estudiantes de la modalidad abierta del idioma ingles nivel B1+, la metodología de investigación aplicada es de enfoque cualitativo, con tipos de investigación biblio- gráfico documental y de campo, además se contó con un alcance descriptivo, como instrumentos de evaluación, se utilizó ESPA 29 para conocer los estilos parentales y el test TOCA-R para identificar la presencia de problemas de comportamiento, los resultados obtenidos en el estudio fue la preva- lencia del estilo autorizativo en madres y padres, a pesar de ello, no existe problemas de comporta- miento en la mayoría de evaluados, se concluye que existe presencia mínima de problemas acepta- ción de autoridad y de contacto social.

Abstract This study seeks to investigate the types of responses by children aged between 3 and 7 years in argumentative discussions relating to parental rules and prescriptions. The data corpus is composed of 132 argumentative discussions selected from 30 video-recorded meals of 10 middle to upper-middle-class Swiss and Italian families. Data are presented through discursive excerpts of argumentative discussions and analysed by the pragma-dialectical ideal model of critical discussion. The findings show that when parents advance context-bound arguments such as the arguments of quality (e.g., very good, salty, or not good) and quantity (e.g., too little, quite enough, or too much) of food, the arguments advanced by children mirror the same types of arguments previously used by parents. On the other hand, when parents advance more complex, elaborated, and context-unbound arguments such as the appeal to consistency’s argument, the argument from authority and the argument from analogy, the children typically did not advance any argument, but their response is an expression of further doubt or a mere opposition without providing any argument. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the types of children’s responses are strictly connected to the type of argument previously advanced by their parents. This aspect is particularly relevant in terms of children’s capacities to engage in argumentative exchanges and to react in rational ways during the confrontation with the parents. Further research in this direction is needed in order to better understand specific potentialities of language in the everyday process of socialization within the family context.

Resumen Este estudio se propone investigar los tipos de respuestas de los niños de edades comprendidas entre 3 y 7 años en discusiones argumentativas relacionadas con las reglas y normas de los padres. El corpus de datos se compone de 132 discusiones argumentativas seleccionadas de 30 comidas grabadas en video de 10 familias suizas y italianas. Los datos se presentan mediante extractos discursivos de discusiones argumentativas y se analizan mediante el modelo ideal pragma-dialéctico de discusión crítica. Los hallazgos muestran que cuando los padres usan argumentos contextuales como los argumentos de calidad de comida, los niños reflejan los mismos tipos de argumentos. Por otro lado, cuando los padres utilizan argumentos más complejos, elaborados y sin contexto, los niños generalmente no usan ningún argumento, pero su respuesta es una expresión de dudas o una mera oposición sin proporcionar ningún argumento. En general, los resultados de este estudio indican que los tipos de respuestas de los niños están estrictamente conectadas con el tipo de argumento previamente utilizado por sus padres. Este aspecto es particularmente relevante en términos de las capacidades de los niños para participar en intercambios argumentativos y reaccionar de manera racional durante el enfrentamiento con los padres. Se necesita una investigación adicional en esta dirección para comprender mejor las potencialidades específicas del lenguaje en el proceso cotidiano de socialización dentro del contexto familiar.

Abstract The recent cases involving the death of children due to the suspension of life support, even with the strong opposition of their parents, demonstrate the need for a transdisciplinary debate on the content of the principle of the best interests of the child and the extension of the powers-duties arising from the parental authority. Could death, in certain situations, represent the best interest of the child? Based on the cases of Charlie Gard and Alfie Evans, this article aims to search for parameters for the decision-making in situations of terminally ill infants. Through an interdisciplinary bibliographical review, it is sought the confirmation or refutation of the hypothesis that death can be configured as the best interest of the child in specific contexts.

Resum Els recents casos que involucren la mort de nens a causa de la suspensió del suport vital, fins i tot amb l'enèrgica oposició dels pares, demostren la necessitat d'un debat transdisciplinar sobre el contingut del principi del millor interès del nen i l'extensió dels poders-deures derivats de l'autoritat parental. Podria la mort, en determinades situacions, suposar el millor interès del nen? A partir dels casos Charlie Gard i Alfie Evans, aquest article objectiva la recerca de paràmetres per a la presa de decisions dirigides al final de vida infantil. Per mitjà d'una revisió bibliogràfica interdisciplinària, es pretèn confirmar o refutar la hipòtesi que la mort pot ser configurada com el millor interès del nen en contextos específics.

Resumo Os recentes casos envolvendo a morte de crianças em razão da suspensão do suporte vital, mesmo com a incisiva oposição dos pais, demonstram a necessidade de um debate transdisciplinar sobre o conteúdo do princípio do melhor interesse da criança e a extensão dos poderes-deveres decorrentes da autoridade parental. Poderia a morte, em determinadas situações, representar o melhor interesse da criança? Partindo dos casos de Charlie Gard e Alfie Evans, este artigo tem por objetivo a busca de parâmetros para a tomada de decisões voltadas à terminalidade da vida infantil. Por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica interdisciplinar, buscam-se fundamentos para confirmar ou refutar a hipótese de que a morte pode ser configurada como o melhor interesse da criança em contextos específicos.

Resumen Los recientes casos que involucran la muerte de niños en razón de la suspensión del soporte vital, incluso con la incisiva oposición de los padres, demuestran la necesidad de un debate transdisciplinario sobre el contenido del principio del mejor interés del niño y la extensión de los poderes-deberes derivados de la autoridad parental. ¿Podría la muerte, en determinadas situaciones, representar el mejor interés del niño? A partir de los casos Charlie Gard y Alfie Evans, este artículo objetiva la búsqueda de parámetros para la toma de decisiones dirigidas a la terminalidad de la vida infantil. Por medio de una revisión bibliográfica interdisciplinaria, se buscan fundamentos para confirmar o refutar la hipótesis de que la muerte puede ser configurada como el mejor interés del niño en contextos específicos.

Abstract: In the context of the return to democracy, efforts were made to remove from family legislation those principles that did not seem to be in tune with the new spirit. A change in the parental authority regime was then approved, which equalised the rights between the spouses and included a related divorce. The objective of this article is to analyze the interventions of different actors within Catholicism in the context of the reform of the parental power regime and the influence of the perspectives defended by the Church in the legislative discussion developed between 1984 and 1985. We consider that, in Catholicism, differences arose around this debate that manifested themselves in the doctrinal contents and practices through which the Church's positions in the public arena were defined and defended. Likewise, we understand that in the legislative debate, together with a discourse that sought to redefine the frameworks of action of ecclesiastical power, different ways of integrating principles and claims coming from the Church were shown. In this sense, the durability of the communicating vessels between political power and ecclesiastical power and the centrality of Catholicism in Argentine political culture was expressed.

Resumen En el contexto del retorno de la democracia se buscó eliminar de la legislación sobre la familia aquellos principios que no parecían sintonizar con el nuevo espíritu. Se aprobó entonces una modificación en el régimen de patria potestad que equiparó los derechos entre los cónyuges y se incluyó el divorcio vincular. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las intervenciones de diferentes actores dentro del catolicismo en el contexto de la reforma del régimen de patria potestad y el influjo de las perspectivas defendidas por la Iglesia en la discusión legislativa desarrollada entre 1984 y 1985. Consideramos que, en el catolicismo, afloraron alrededor de este debate diferencias que se manifestaron en los contenidos doctrinarios y en las prácticas a través de los cuales se buscó definir y defender las posiciones de la Iglesia en la escena pública. Asimismo, entendemos que, en el debate legislativo, junto a un discurso que buscó redefinir los marcos de acción del poder eclesiástico, se pusieron de manifiesto diferentes formas de integrar principios y reclamos provenientes de la Iglesia. En este sentido, se expresó la perdurabilidad de los vasos comunicantes entre poder político y poder eclesiástico y la centralidad del catolicismo en la cultura política argentina.

RESUMEN El proceso de Destitución del Poder Familiar involucra niños o adolescentes en situaciones de riesgo, de abandono y de violencia intrafamiliar, una vez que no se cumple con lo previsto en el Estatuto del Niño y del Adolescente brasileño. En ese contexto, el Estado interviene en la familia e instaura el proceso contra los padres, es decir, ellos están en riesgo de perder el poder familiar sobre sus hijos. A partir de eso, este estudio buscó comprender cuales aspectos de la transmisión psíquica transgeneracional están presentes en el desempeño del rol parental de padres y madres que han estado en la eminencia de perder la custodia de sus hijos. Este estudio tiene como metodología la investigación documental y usa como objeto procesos judiciales de Destitución del Poder Familiar, referente a los años de 2010 a 2015 de la Jurisdicción de la Infancia de la Comarca de Joinville, lo que ha totalizado nueve procesos. Con el análisis de los laudos psicológicos y de los estudios sociales producidos para los procesos judiciales de destitución del poder familiar, se ha constatado indicios de la transmisión psíquica transgeneracional, específicamente con respeto a las formas de violencia intrafamiliar y al proceso de negligencia afectiva presentes en la historia anterior de esos padres y madres.

ABSTRACT The process for removal of the Family Power withdraw legal authority from careless parents involves children and adolescents in situations of risk, of abandonment, and of domestic violence, as it fails to comply with the Brazilian Statute of Children and Adolescents. In this context, the State intervenes in the family and institutes this process against the parents, that is, the risk of losing legal authority over their children. This study sought to understand what aspects of transgenerational psychic transmission are present in the performance of the parental role of fathers and mothers who were in the eminence of losing custody of their children. This study’s methodology is document research, with the research of legal authority processes between the years 2010-2015 of Joinville County, totaling nine processes. With the analysis of the psychological reports and social studies produced for the judicial processes of withdraw legal authority, evidence of the transgenerational psychic transmission was verified, specifically regarding the forms of intrafamily violence and the process of affective negligence present in the previous history of these parents.

RESUMO O processo de Destituição do Poder Familiar envolve crianças ou adolescentes em situações de risco, de abandono e de violência intrafamiliar, uma vez que se deixa de cumprir com o que prevê o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente brasileiro. Diante desse contexto, o Estado intervém na família e instaura o processo contra os pais, ou seja, eles correm o risco de perder o poder familiar sobre seus filhos. A partir disso, este estudo buscou compreender quais aspectos da transmissão psíquica transgeracional se fazem presentes no desempenho do papel parental de pais e mães que estavam na eminência de perder a guarda de seus filhos. Este estudo tem como metodologia a pesquisa documental e usa como objeto processos judiciais de Destituição do Poder Familiar referente aos anos de 2010 a 2015 da Vara da Infância da Comarca de Joinville, o que totaliza nove processos. Com a análise dos laudos psicológicos e dos estudos sociais produzidos para os processos judiciais de destituição do poder familiar, constatou-se indícios da transmissão psíquica transgeracional, especificamente quanto às formas de violência intrafamiliar e ao processo de negligência afetiva presentes na história pregressa desses pais e mães.

Resumo A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo principal a investigação das concepções educativas morais de crianças e adolescentes, focando em suas compreensões acerca do papel dos pais como educadores e formadores. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, descritiva e de análise qualitativa e quantitativa. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas estruturadas, utilizando um instrumento embasado na teoria do domínio social e na Piagetiana. Participaram 45 sujeitos, de 10 a 13 anos, alunos de uma escola pública de um bairro periférico de um município da Grande São Paulo. Os resultados indicaram: pouca presença de justificativas morais e a grande proporção de justificativas convencionais; obediência mesmo quando não legitimando a autoridade parental; pouca reivindicação por autonomia; notou-se que a legitimidade da autoridade parental, a obrigatoriedade da regra e a obediência da regra predominam, em maior grau, nas situações que foram classificadas previamente como sendo de domínios moral, prudencial e convencional, diferente das situações que envolvem o domínio pessoal. Ao considerar os resultados encontrados, pode-se afirmar que, sob o ponto de vista dos participantes dessa amostra, o papel dos pais está muito relacionado ao estabelecimento de regras sobre todos os conteúdos das interações sociais dos filhos. Além disso, a autoridade deles é frequentemente legitimada, com exceção dos assuntos percebidos como de domínio pessoal. Ao consultar a literatura da área, observa-se que pais e filhos têm percepções diferentes sobre justiça, obediência, autonomia e respeito em suas relações. Sugerem-se novas pesquisas com diversificação da amostragem e a inserção da variável religião, dada a quantidade de justificativas referentes à temática.

Abstract The main objective of this research was to investigate the moral educational conceptions of children and adolescents, focusing on their understanding of the role of parents as educators and character formers. It is an exploratory, descriptive research of qualitative and quantitative analysis. The data were collected through structured interviews, using an instrument based on social domain theory and Piaget’s theory, with participation of 45 persons aged 10 to 13 years, students of a public school in a peripheral neighborhood of a municipality in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. The results indicated: little presence of moral justifications and the large proportion of conventional justifications; obedience even when not legitimizing parental authority; little claim for autonomy; it was noted that the legitimacy of parental authority, the binding character of a rule and rule compliance predominate to a greater degree in situations that have previously been classified as being of moral, prudential and conventional domains, different from situations of personal domain. Considering the results it can be said that, from the point of view of the participants in this sample, the role of the parents is strongly related to the establishment of rules about all the contents of the children’s social interactions. In addition, their authority is often legitimized, except on matters perceived as personal domain. In consulting the literature of the area, it is observed that parents and children have different perceptions about justice, obedience, autonomy and respect in their relationships. We suggest new researches with diversification of the samples and the insertion of the variable “religion”, given the amount of justifications referring to it.

Resumo Os adolescentes estão cada vez mais conectados às redes sociais, especialmente com o surgimento dos dispositivos digitais móveis. O uso intenso desses aparelhos pelos jovens tem gerado preocupação nos pais, familiares e educadores. Orientadas pela psicanálise, compreendemos a adolescência como um tempo lógico de elaboração simbólica do real da puberdade, trabalho psíquico que requer o desligamento da autoridade dos pais e a inserção no laço social. Nas sociedades tradicionais, a passagem da vida infantil para a vida adulta conta com marcadores sociais estabelecidos, como os ritos de passagem, que auxiliam a inclusão do jovem na comunidade. Nas sociedades ocidentais contemporâneas, a rarefação dos referentes simbólicos dificulta essa transição do espaço familiar para o grupo social mais amplo. Assim, buscamos, neste artigo, empreender uma discussão teórica relacionando os riscos na internet com os ritos de passagem no tempo lógico da adolescência. Como apoio para esta reflexão, utilizamos fragmentos de conversação realizada com adolescentes. Consideramos que, na atualidade, os impasses dessa operação de passagem se exprimem pela profusão de atos de caráter sacrificial que a juventude apresenta, contando com o papel decisivo da visibilidade proporcionada pelas tecnologias digitais.

Abstract Adolescents are increasingly connected to social networks, especially with the appearance of mobile devices. The intense use of such devices has generated worry for parents, family and educators. Guided by psychoanalysis, we understand that adolescence is a logical time of subjective elaboration of “the real” of puberty, psychic work that requires the detachment of parental authority and insertion into the social environment. In traditional societies, the passage from childhood to adult life has established social markers, such as rites of passage, which help to include the young person in the community. In contemporary western societies, the rarefaction of symbolic references creates difficulties for that transition from the family space towards the general social group. Therefore, we intend in this article to undertake a theoretical discussion that relates the risks on the internet with the rites of passage in the logical time of adolescence. In support of this reflection, we used fragments of the Methodology of the Conversation with adolescents. We consider that, at present, the impasses of this operation of passage are expressed by the profusion of sacrificial acts that the youth presents, counting on the decisive role of the visibility provided by digital technologies.

Resumen Los adolescentes están cada vez más conectados a las redes sociales, especialmente con el surgimiento de los dispositivos digitales móviles. El uso intenso de estos aparatos por los jóvenes ha generado preocupación en los padres, familiares y educadores. Orientadas por el psicoanálisis, comprendemos la adolescencia como un tiempo lógico de elaboración simbólica de lo real de la pubertad, trabajo psíquico que requiere el desligamiento de la autoridad de los padres y la inserción en el lazo social. En las sociedades tradicionales, el paso de la vida infantil a la vida adulta cuenta con marcadores sociales establecidos, como los ritos de paso, que auxilian la inclusión del joven en la comunidad. En las sociedades occidentales contemporáneas, la rarefación de los referentes simbólicos dificulta esa transición del espacio familiar al grupo social más amplio. Así, buscamos, en este artículo, emprender una discusión teórica relacionando los riesgos en Internet con los ritos de paso en el tiempo lógico de la adolescencia. Como apoyo para esta reflexión, utilizamos fragmentos de conversación realizada con adolescentes. Consideramos que en la actualidad los impases de esa operación de paso se expresan por la profusión de actos de carácter sacrificial que la juventud presenta, contando con el papel decisivo de la visibilidad proporcionada por las tecnologías digitales.