ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic has been shown to be a probable aggravator of psychological responses such as anxiety and depression. This study aimed to assess the correlation between symptoms of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic and the existence of symptoms associated with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) in a Brazilian university population. METHODS: This epidemiological, cross-sectional clinical study evaluated its variables of interest using the COVID-19 Fear Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A and HADS-D), Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Dysfunction (DC/TMD) and Oral Behavior Checklist (OBC) questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 373 participants (females = 273) with a mean age of 23.8±5.45 years were included in this study. In addition, 78.2% of participants with anxiety symptoms and 54.5% of participants with depression symptoms reported a high level of TMD-related parafunction (p<0.01). The presence of anxiety symptoms increased the odds of developing intense fear of COVID-19 by 14.9 times (p<0.001) and the odds of developing moderate fear of COVID-19 by 3.5 times (p<0.001). The presence of an intense fear of COVID-19 increased the chances of developing anxiety symptoms by 17.15 times (p<0.001), while the presence of a moderate fear increased these chances by 3.12 times (p<0.001). In addition, the presence of intense (p=0.01) or moderate (p=0.018) COVID-19 fears increased the odds of developing TMD-related pain symptoms by 2.47 and 1.84 times, respectively, in this population. CONCLUSION: The presence of painful TMD symptoms was possibly influenced by fear of COVID-19. This, in turn, was related to the presence of anxiety and depression symptoms reported by the target population of this study. OBJECTIVES COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 (TMD METHODS epidemiological crosssectional cross sectional HADSA HADS HADSD, HADSD D , HADS-D) DC/TMD DCTMD DC (DC/TMD OBC (OBC questionnaires RESULTS 37 females 273 238545 23 8 5 45 23.8±5.4 addition 782 78 2 78.2 545 54 54.5 TMDrelated p<0.01. p001 p p<0.01 . 0 01 (p<0.01) 149 14 9 14. p<0.001 p0001 001 (p<0.001 35 3 3. p<0.001. 1715 17 15 17.1 p<0.001, 312 12 3.1 p=0.01 (p=0.01 p=0.018 p0018 018 (p=0.018 247 47 2.4 184 1 84 1.8 respectively CONCLUSION COVID19. 19. turn COVID1 COVID- HADS-D 27 23854 4 23.8±5. 7 78. 54. p00 p<0.0 (p<0.01 p<0.00 p000 00 (p<0.00 171 17. 31 p=0.0 (p=0.0 24 2. 18 1. 2385 23.8±5 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p=0. (p=0. 238 23.8± p<0 (p<0. p=0 (p=0 23.8 p< (p<0 p= (p= 23. (p< (p

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A pandemia de COVID-19 mostrou-se um provável agravante de respostas psicológicas como ansiedade e depressão. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a correlação entre sintomas de ansiedade e depressão durante o período da pandemia de COVID-19 e a existência de sintomas associados à disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) em uma população universitária brasileira. MÉTODOS: Este estudo clínico epidemiológico e transversal avaliou as suas variáveis de interesse por meio dos questionários Escala de Medo do COVID-19, Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HADS-A e HADS-D), Critérios Diagnósticos para Disfunção Temporomandibular (DC/DTM) e Checklist de Comportamentos Orais (OBC). RESULTADOS: Ao todo, 373 participantes (sexo feminino = 273), com média de idade de 23,8±5,45 anos foram incluídos neste estudo. Ademais, 78,2% dos participantes com sintomas de ansiedade e 54,5% dos participantes com sintomas de depressão reportaram alto nível de parafunção relacionada à DTM (p<0,01). A presença de sintomas de ansiedade aumentou em 14,9 vezes as chances de desenvolvimento de um quadro de medo intenso do COVID-19 (p<0,001) e de um quadro de 3,5 vezes nas chances de desenvolvimento de medo moderado do COVID-19 (p<0,001). A presença de um medo intenso do COVID-19 aumentou em 17,15 vezes as chances de desenvolvimento de sintomas de ansiedade (p<0,001), enquanto a presença de um medo moderado aumentou essas chances em 3,12 vezes (p<0,001). Ademais, a presença de medos intensos (p=0,01) ou moderados (p=0,018) do COVID-19 aumentou 2,47 e 1,84 vezes, respectivamente, as chances de desenvolvimento de sintomatologias dolorosas relacionadas à DTM nessa população. CONCLUSÃO: A presença dos sintomas dolorosos da DTM foi possivelmente influenciada pelo medo do COVID-19. Isso, por sua vez, esteve relacionado à presença de sintomas de ansiedade e de depressão, reportados pela população-alvo deste estudo. OBJETIVOS COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 mostrouse mostrou se (DTM brasileira MÉTODOS COVID19, 19, HADSA HADS HADSD, HADSD D , HADS-D) DC/DTM DCDTM DC (DC/DTM OBC. OBC . (OBC) RESULTADOS todo 37 sexo 273, 273 273) 238545 23 8 5 45 23,8±5,4 Ademais 782 78 2 78,2 545 54 54,5 p<0,01. p001 p p<0,01 0 01 (p<0,01) 149 14 9 14, p<0,001 p0001 001 (p<0,001 35 3 3, p<0,001. 1715 17 15 17,1 p<0,001, 312 12 3,1 p=0,01 (p=0,01 p=0,018 p0018 018 (p=0,018 247 47 2,4 184 1 84 1,8 respectivamente CONCLUSÃO COVID19. 19. Isso vez populaçãoalvo alvo COVID1 COVID- HADS-D (OBC 27 23854 4 23,8±5, 7 78, 54, p00 p<0,0 (p<0,01 p<0,00 p000 00 (p<0,00 171 17, 31 p=0,0 (p=0,0 24 2, 18 1, 2385 23,8±5 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 p=0, (p=0, 238 23,8± p<0 (p<0, p=0 (p=0 23,8 p< (p<0 p= (p= 23, (p< (p

Abstract Is our goal in this paper to discuss the current concepts about bruxism, a topic that has been a matter of discussion on the dental field for many years. Recent International efforts have been made to challenge bruxism old definitions; this has derivate to a consensus and an actual new concept that defines bruxism as a behavior instead of a disorder. As a behavior, it is explained in this review how it can have negative health consequences, can be innocuous and how new research support that bruxism can even be a protective factor. Different etiological factors are reviewed in this paper as well the influence of external and internal mechanism related to medications, emotional stress, systemic factors, and potential pharmacological pathways. Moreover, it is briefly summarized the role of oral appliances on sleep bruxism. Finally, clinical considerations and recommendation for the dental professional regarding sings that should be notice during the exam are part of this overview.

Resumen Es nuestro objetivo en este artículo discutir los conceptos actuales sobre el bruxismo, un tema que ha sido motivo de discusión en el campo odontológico durante muchos años. Se han hecho esfuerzos internacionales recientes para desafiar las viejas definiciones de bruxismo; esto ha derivado en un consenso y en la actualidad un nuevo concepto que define al bruxismo como un comportamiento en lugar de un trastorno. Como conducta, se explica en esta revisión cómo puede tener consecuencias negativas para la salud, puede ser inocuo y cómo nuevas investigaciones avalan que el bruxismo puede incluso ser un factor protector. En este artículo se exponen diferentes factores etiológicos, así como la influencia de mecanismos externos e internos relacionados como: medicamentos, estrés emocional, factores sistémicos y posibles vías farmacológicas. Además, se resume brevemente el papel de los aparatos orales en el bruxismo del sueño. Finalmente, se presentan consideraciones clínicas y la recomendación para el profesional en odontología con respecto a los signos que deben ser observados durante el examen clínico son parte de esta revisión.

ABSTRACT: Stress is a normal reaction in humans. When it is maintained for a log time, it could cause imbalances in the systems, such as in the stomatognathic, presenting itself as a parafunction called bruxism, externalizing as a clenching, grinding or both, bringing negative oral repercussions. College students and high-performance athletes are more exposed to stress. The objective was to correlate stress levels with bruxism during the pandemic in university students and athletes who requested the Comprehensive Health Care Unit (UAIS in spanish) service at home virtually from the Autonomous University of Yucatán (UADY in spanish), Mexico, January-April-2021, Observational, correlational, analytical, prospective, cross-sectional study. Sample of 66 university students and athletes who requested the serice virtually during the COVID-19 pandemic, to whom two instruments were applied: the Perceived Stress Scale (PPS) by Cohen et al. (1983) and the instrument for the measurement of bruxism elaborated and adapted by PhD Celia Elena del Perpetuo Socorro Mendiburu-Zavala, presented some leve lof perceived stress, 83.3 % (n=55). Regarding bruxism, 86.4 % (n=57) had presence of it. It was identified that men are more affected tan women. It is observed reflected in sleep bruxism and in non-athletes. It is concluded that there is a relationship between stress and bruxism in students and athletes.

RESUMEN: El estrés es una reacción normal en humanos. Cuando se mantiene durante tiempo prolongado, pudiera ocasionar desequilibrios en los sistemas, como en el estomatognático presentándose como una parafunción llamada bruxismo, exteriorizándose como apretamiento, rechinamiento o ambos, trayendo repercusiones orales negativas. Los estudiantes universitarios y deportistas de alto rendimiento están más expuestos al estrés. Correlacionar los niveles de estrés con el bruxismo durante la pandemia en estudiantes y deportistas universitarios que solicitaron el servicio de Unidad de Atención Integral de la Salud (UAIS) en casa de manera virtual de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), México, enero-abril-2021, estudio observacional, correlacional, analítico, prospectivo, corte transversal. Muestra de 66 estudiantes y deportistas universitarios que solicitaron el servicio de manera virtual durante la pandemia de COVID-19, a los cuales se les aplicó dos instrumentos: la Escala de Estrés Percibido (EPP) de Cohen et al. (1983) y el instrumento para la medición del bruxismo elaborado y adaptado por la Dra. Celia Elena del Perpetuo Socorro Mendiburu-Zavala. Para el análisis se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. El 83,3 % (n=55) presentó algún nivel de estrés percibido. Con respecto al bruxismo, el 86,4 % (n=57) tuvo presencia. Al correlacionar ambos, se identificó que los hombres son más afectados que las mujeres. Se observa reflejado en el bruxismo de sueño y en no deportistas. Se concluye que sí existe una relación entre el estrés y bruxismo en estudiantes y deportistas.

ABSTRACT Bruxism is a neuromuscular dysfunction considered a parafunction nowadays, either conscious (awake bruxism) or unconscious (sleep bruxism). The early treatment is very important due to the possible damage that can cause in the structures of the stomatognathic system, hence the necessity of an early diagnosis to apply preventive and healing measures. Taking into acount the above-mentioned, the present study was carried out aimed at supporting different aspects concerning the topic in question.

RESUMEN El bruxismo es una disfunción neuromuscular considerada hoy día una parafunción, ya sea consciente (bruxismo en vigilia) o inconsciente (bruxismo del sueño). Debido al posible daño que puede ocasionar en las estructuras del aparato estomatognático, el tratamiento precoz resulta muy importante, de ahí la necesidad de un diagnóstico temprano para aplicar medidas preventivas y curativas. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, se realizó el presente estudio con el objetivo de fundamentar diferentes aspectos concernientes al tema en cuestión.

ABSTRACT: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic of this year 2020, problems of great consequence have been developing in consequences in general health, including mental and oral health. Stress and anguish have generated psychosocial clinical manifestations such as anxiety, depression, among others. Oral problems such as bruxism defined as unconscious grinding of teeth and persistent mandibular parafunction results in pathological problems in the temporomandibular joint, associated muscles, periodontal ligament and tooth fracture. Stress, being a psychosocial factor that increased by this pandemic, is a risk factor for developing periodontal disease. A person with stress has been studied to release molecules in the body that lead to depression, and this metabolism can lead to discouragement, impaired in a reluctance to perform oral hygiene habits or to look at tobacco to release stress, so these are conditions that go vicious circle that affect periodontal health. Chronic stress is harmful since it is maintained over time by stimulating the hypothalamus in a series of hormones, triggering the release of glucocorticoids such as cortisol, shown in studies related to a decrease in the body's defenses and this will become a risk factor to develop periodontal disease. In addition to all this, bruxism leads to a parafunction where an occlusal trauma will occur affecting the periodontal ligament and the bone. Many cases of dental fractures have been reported due to the stress generated by bruxism. There are many methods to prevent and eliminate stress such as physical activity, healthy food among others that can have a positive impact and help in psychosocial conditions in this COVID 19 pandemic.

RESUMEN: Por la pandemia de COVID-19 que inició año 2020 se ha venido desarrollando problemas de gran consecuencia afectando a la salud general, incluyendo a la salud mental y bucodental. El estrés, y angustia ha generado manifestaciones clínicas psicosociales como la ansiedad, depresión entre otros. Problemas orales como el bruxismo definido como el rechinamiento de dientes inconscientemente y parafunción mandibular persistente trae como consecuencias problemas patológicos en la articulación temporomandibular, los músculos asociados, ligamento periodontal y la fractura de dientes. El estrés siendo un factor psicosocial que aumentó por esta pandemia es un factor de riesgo para desarrollar enfermedad periodontal. Ha sido estudiado una persona con estrés libera moléculas en el organismo que llevan a depresión, y este metabolismo puede llevar a un desánimo repercutido en poca disposición para realizar los hábitos de higiene oral o buscar en el tabaco para liber ar el estrés, por eso estas son condiciones que van en círculo vicioso que afectan la salud periodontal. El estrés crónico es noci vo ya que se mantiene a lo largo del tiempo estimulando al hipotálamo en una serie de hormonas desencadenando liberación de glucocorticoides como el cortisol demostrado en estudios relacionado a una baja de defensas del organismo y este va hacer un factor de riesgo a desarrollar la enfermedad periodontal. Sumado a todo esto el bruxismo con lleva a una parafuncion donde se va a producir un trauma oclusal afectando el ligamento periodontal y al hueso. Se han reportado muchos casos de fracturas dentales a causa del estrés que genera el bruxismo. Existen muchos métodos para prevenir y eliminar el estrés como, actividad física, comida saludable entre otras que pueden tener un impacto positivo y ayudar en las afecciones psicosociales en esta pandemia de COVID 19.

ABSTRACT The occlusal faceting has been determined as a sign of parafunction during adulthood, but it´s common to find such worn on the deciduous dentition considered as a physiological trait. Objective: To determine the prevalence of occlusal worn on the deciduous dentition of 6 years old students in a determined Mexican population. Methods: 52 plaster models of 6 years old children were assessed, on which the facets found in deciduous teeth, as terminal planes were registered. The Student t-test statistics and Chi-square test were used for data analysis. Results: The number of worn pieces was significantly higher in male than female children. The number of faceted parts by tooth type in each gender differed signifi cantly. The faceted infant pieces average did not differ signifi cantly between straight and mesial terminal plane. Nevertheless, trend (P<0.10) was obtained at a greater number of parts in the mesial faceted plane (13.71 ± 2.46; n2=14) than in the straight terminal plane (11.68 ± 4.30; n1=19). Conclusion: The evaluation of occlusal worn in the deciduous dentition in children affects equally both genders. There is a greater prevalence of worn by chewing movement on certain teeth and it differs according to gender.

RESUMEN El desgaste oclusal se ha determinado como un signo de parafunción en edad adulta; sin embargo, es frecuente encontrar dichos desgastes en la dentición decidua considerándose un rasgo fisiológico. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de desgaste dental en piezas temporales en escolares de seis años en una población mexicana. Métodos: Se evaluaron 52 modelos de yeso de niños de seis años, en los cuales se registraron las facetas encontradas en las piezas dentarias deciduas, al igual que los planos terminales. Se usaron las pruebas estadísticas t-Student y ji cuadrada. Resultados: En los niños resultó significativamente mayor el número de piezas desgastadas que en las niñas. Difirió signifi ativamente el número de piezas facetadas por tipo de diente en cada género. El promedio de piezas infantiles facetadas no difirió significativamente entre el plano terminal recto y el mesial. Sin embargo, se obtuvo tendencias (p < 0.10) a un mayor número de piezas facetadas en el plano mesial (13.71 ± 2.46; n2 = 14) que en el plano terminal recto (11.68 ± 4.30; n1 = 19). Conclusión: La evaluación del desgaste oclusal en dentición decidua en la población infantil afecta en igual forma a ambos géneros. Por movimientos masticatorios hay mayor prevalencia de desgastes en ciertas piezas dentarias y diferencia con respecto al género.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the temporomandibular joint is very complex and is composed of the temporal bone and the lower jaw or mandible. Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) comprises a series of signs and symptoms, including orofacial pain and functional alterations such as joint noises and limitations to mandibular movements. Objective: to describe the most frequent causes of TMD and its possible treatments in adult patients. Methodology: a bibliographic review of electronic databases of the last 10 years was carried out. Case reports were excluded. Results: 40 articles were detected in internet bibliographic bases, of which 30 were included that met the inclusion criteria. Joint pain and noise were found as the most frequent symptoms of TMD and are associated with female sex and bruxism or parafunction in higher percentages. The neuromyorelaxing plaque is the most mentioned treatment. Conclusions: TMJ pain was the most widely measured variable. Among the factors that were found associated with TMD, the female sex had a higher percentage followed by bruxism or parafunction and partially edentulous patients.

RESUMEN Introducción: la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) es muy compleja y está compuesta por el hueso temporal y el maxilar inferior o mandíbula. La disfunción temporomandibular (DTM) comprende una serie de signos y síntomas, entre ellos el dolor bucofacial y las alteraciones funcionales como los ruidos articulares y las limitaciones a los movimientos mandibulares. Objetivo: realizar revisión bibliográfica sobre las causas más frecuentes de la DTM y sus posibles tratamientos en pacientes adultos. Metodología: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de bases de datos electrónicas de los últimos 10 años. Se excluyeron reportes de casos. Resultados: se detectaron 40 artículos en bases bibliográficas de internet de los cuales se incluyeron 30 que reunían los criterios de inclusión. Se encontró al dolor y al ruido articular como síntomas más frecuentes de la DTM y está asociada con el sexo femenino y el bruxismo o parafunción en mayores porcentajes. La placa neuromiorelajante es el tratamiento más mencionado. Conclusiones: el dolor de la ATM fue la variable medida en mayor proporción. Entre los factores que se encontraron asociados a la DTM, tuvo mayor porcentaje el sexo femenino seguido del bruxismo o parafunción y los pacientes parcialmente edéntulos.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A prática de atividades físicas é considerada uma forma benéfica de redução de estresse diário. Quando não eliminado, o estresse é capaz de promover grande aumento de tensão muscular, hipertensão, asma, arritmias cardíacas e desenvolvimento de parafunções. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre a presença de hábitos parafuncionais e a prática de atividade física na adolescência. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 200 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 10 e 19 anos, recrutados das clínicas do Curso de Odontologia da Universidade de Araraquara ou de escolas públicas e particulares do município. A presença de hábitos parafuncionais orais, apertamento diurno e de bruxismo do sono foram rastreados por meio de um questionário de autorrelato (sim/não). Os indivíduos responderam a um questionário para a identificação da prática de atividade física de acordo com o instrumento adotado na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE - 2012). Para o estudo de associação, os indivíduos foram divididos em relação à prática de atividade física em ativos (>300 minutos de atividade na semana) e inativos (≤300 minutos de atividade na semana). RESULTADOS: Observou-se que os meninos praticavam mais atividade física e por mais tempo quando comparado às meninas, entretanto, a prática de exercícios não apresentou associação significativa com a presença, quantidade ou o tipo de hábito parafuncional, e nem com a presença de dor extrafacial (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O nível de atividade física não se associou à parafunção oral nem com pontos de dor extrafacial.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Physical activities are considered beneficial to reduce daily stress. If not eliminated, stress is able to promote large increases in muscle tension, hypertension, asthma, heart arrhythmia and the development of parafunctions. Then, the aim of this study is to evaluate the association between the presence of parafunctional habits and the practice of physical activity in adolescence. METHODS: The sample comprised of 200 adolescents, boys and girls, from 10 to 19 years old, recruited from the clinics of the Dentistry Course of the University of Araraquara or from public and private schools from the city. The presence of parafunctional oral habits, daytime teeth clenching, and sleep bruxism was obtained through a self-report questionnaire (yes/no). The individuals answered a questionnaire to identify the practice of physical activity according to the instrument adopted in the National School Health Survey (PeNSE - 2012). For the associations, subjects were divided according to the practice of physical activity into active (>300 minutes of activity in the week) or inactive (≤300 minutes of activity in the week). RESULTS: It was observed that boys practiced more physical activity and for a longer period when compared to girls. However, the practice of exercises did not present a significant association with the presence, quantity or type of the oral parafunction (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The level of physical activity is not associated with oral parafunction nor with extrafacial pain areas.

Background: bruxism is a rending sign of the stomatognathic system for being an anesthetic mutilator which has a profound effect on the quality of life of the people who suffer from it. Objective: to present a current panorama of bruxism and the necessary information for a correct diagnosis and treatment with an interdisciplinary approach among the different health branches. Methods: a bibliographic revision was carried out from January to July 2016, in the library of the Dentistry Faculty in Camagüey, where available printed bibliography was consulted (classic books, theses, magazines) besides the wide searching of published investigations in databases such as: Medline, Lilacs, Dialnet, Redalyc, Latindex, Hinari, Doyma, Biomed- UniNet, Ash online org, Index Copernicus, Science Direct, SciELO, with the descriptors: bruxism, dental occlusion, sleep bruxism, genetic, diagnosis, treatment. Articles in Spanish English, and Portuguese from the last five years were consulted. Among a total of 70 articles, only 47 were included. Development: the result of the performed revision about the current panorama was presented. It includes the historical backgrounds of the health problem, concepts, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, classification and approaching of an integral treatment. Conclusions: bruxism is a health problem that is beyond the different causes of the phenomena that take part in modern life. It is as old as the beginning of humanity. It was complex to define it within a concept, either as a habit, parafunction or parasomnia, with a high prevalence and incidence. It affects any sex and age. It is an expression of the oral, emotional and complex condition, of a multifactorial and contradictory etiology, variable treatment which has brought about the approaching and analysis in depth of the topic by many researchers.

Fundamento: el bruxismo es un exponente desgarrador del sistema estomatognático por ser perpetuante y mutilador estético, al impactar de manera importante en la calidad de vida de las personas que la padecen. Objetivo: exponer una panorámica actual del bruxismo y la información necesaria para un adecuado diagnóstico y tratamiento con enfoque interdisciplinario entre las diferentes ramas de la salud. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de enero a julio de 2016, en la biblioteca de la facultad de Estomatología de Camagüey, donde se consultó la bibliografía impresa disponible (libros clásicos y revistas), además de la amplia búsqueda de investigaciones publicadas en bases de datos como: Medline, Lilacs, Dialnet, Redalyc, Latindex, Hinari, Doyma, Biomed- UniNet; Asn-online.org ,Index Copernicus , Science Direct, SciELO. Se incluyeron artículos en idioma español, inglés, y portugués de los últimos cinco años. De un total de 70 artículos utilizados para la investigación de ellos, solo se incluyeron 47 artículos. Desarrollo: se expone el resultado de la revisión realizada en cuanto a la panorámica actual que incluye los antecedentes históricos del problema de salud, conceptos, epidemiología, causa, diagnóstico, signos y síntomas, clasificación y abordaje de un tratamiento integral. Conclusiones: el bruxismo es un problema de salud que no escapa de la multicausalidad de los fenómenos que forman parte de la vida moderna, antiguo como el surgimiento de la humanidad, complejo al momento de conceptualizarlo sea como hábito, parafunción o parasonnia, con alta prevalencia e incidencia, no discrimina por sexo y edad. Expresión de la condición dental y emocional compleja, de causa multifactorial y contradictoria, tratamiento variable, lo que ha suscitado el abordaje y la profundización del tema por numerosos investigadores.

Background: people who have visual problems are not exempted from presenting parafunctional alterations and there are not informative proposals in Braille system that deal with the topic. Objective: to assess the utility of a parafunction text in Braille system for blind and poor vision patients. Methods: a quasi-experimental review was conducted from January 2014 and January 2015, by specialists from the Occlusion consultation in the provincial dental clinic Ismael Clark y Mascaró. The universe was composed of 1 766 blind and poor vision people. Non probabilistic sample consisted of 476 patients, according to criteria of inclusion. The research was organized into five stages: coordination, search-selection, approval, intervention and evaluation. Results: before showing the Braille text to blind and poor vision patients, the unsatisfactory level of information was 83, 19 %. After being shown satisfactory level prevailed in 98, 94 %. The concept of parafunctions was the first aspect to include in the text according to 100 % of experts. The teaching staff who was satisfied accounted for 97, 14 %. The utility of the text was demonstrated in 97, 68 % of the patients. The text was considered useful according to 97 % of these people. Conclusions: conceptualization of parafunctions was the first aspect reconciled by all experts. It was agreed the acceptance of the text in Braille system by the majority of teachers dedicated to the teaching of blind and poor vision patients. Great part of the patients with visual handicap found the text useful.

Fundamento: las personas con defectos visuales no están exentas de presentar alteraciones parafuncionales y no existen propuestas informativas en sistema braille que les acerque al tema. Objetivo: evaluar la utilidad de un texto de parafunciones en sistema braille para pacientes ciegos y de baja visión. Métodos: se desarrolló un estudio cuasiexperimental desde enero de 2014 hasta enero de 2015, por especialistas vinculadas a la consulta de Oclusión de la clínica estomatológica docente provincial Ismael Clark y Mascaró. El universo lo formaron 1 766 personas ciegas y de baja visión, la muestra no probabilística quedó integrada por 476 pacientes, según criterios de inclusión. Se estructuró la investigación en cinco fases: coordinación, búsqueda-selección, aprobación, intervención y evaluación. Resultados: antes de aplicar el texto en braille a los pacientes ciegos y de baja visión el nivel de información no satisfactorio se encontró en el 83, 19 %, después de aplicado predominó el nivel satisfactorio en el 98, 94 %. El concepto de parafunciones fue el primer aspecto a incluir en el texto por el 100 % de los expertos. El 97, 14 % del personal docente se mostró conforme. La utilidad del texto se manifestó en el 97, 68 % de los pacientes. El texto fue considerado útil por el 97 % de estos. Conclusiones: la conceptualización de las parafunciones fue el primer aspecto conciliado por todos los expertos, se pronunció conforme de aceptación del texto en sistema braille, por la mayoría de los docentes dedicados a la enseñanza de personas ciegas y de baja visión. Gran parte de los pacientes con déficit visual consideró el texto útil.

Aim: To investigate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in undergraduate students and to correlate its prevalence with occlusal factors and parafunctional habits. Methods: 201 undergraduate students were evaluated. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) was filled out at the beginning of the study, followed by occlusal analysis based on morphological and functional alterations. The identification of tooth grinding and clenching was carried out by self-reports. Statistical analysis was based on chi-square and multivariate logistic regression analyses. p-value for all statistical analysis was set at 5%. Results: According to RDC/TMD, 18.4% of subjects experienced myofascial pain (G-MPD), and 12.4% had joint disorder with disc displacement (G-DD). Tooth clenching was statistically associated with TMD (p=0.000). In the occlusal factors, overjet showed statistically significant correlation only with myofascial pain. No association between functional alteration and TMD was found. No statistically significant correlation was found between G-DD and occlusal alterations or parafunctional habits. Conclusions: Overjet and tooth clenching were correlated with G-MPD. Occlusal alterations or parafunctional habits did not show correlation with G-DD.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre o bruxismo do sono, bruxismo diurno e qualidade do sono entre estudantes de odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Um estudo transversal foi desenvolvido com 183 estudantes de odontologia brasileiros com idade entre 17 e 46 anos. O curriculum completo do curso consiste de 9 semestres. Estudantes matriculados no primeiro semestre, no semestre do meio e no último semestre do curso participaram do estudo. O PSQI-BR (versão brasileira do Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire Index) foi utilizado para a coleta dos dados. O PSQI-BR foi distribuído em sala de aula. O diagnóstico de bruxismo do sono e bruxismo diurno foi baseado em auto-relato dos estudantes. Análise descritiva, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney e regressão de Poisson com estimativa robusta foram os testes estatísticos utilizados. A prevalência do bruxismo do sono foi de 21,5% e a prevalência do bruxismo diurno foi de 36,5%. O componente duração do sono apresentou associação com bruxismo do sono (PR=1,540; 95%IC: 1,00-2,37) e com bruxismo diurno (PR=1,344; 95%CI: 1,008-1,790). Houve associação entre bruxismo diurno e o componente eficiência habitual do sono (PR=1,323; 95%IC: 1,03-1,70). O componente distúrbio do sono e o bruxismo diurno também apresentaram associação (PR=1,533; 95%IC: 1,03-2,27). A má qualidade do sono foi um fator importante tanto entre os universitários que relataram bruxismo do sono quanto entre os que apresentaram bruxismo diurno

The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of sleep bruxism, awake bruxism and sleep quality among dental students of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was performed including 183 Brazilian dental students aged from 17 to 46 years old. The complete course curriculum consists of 9 semesters. Students enrolled in the first semester, the middle semester and the final semester of the course participated in the survey. The PSQI-BR (the Brazilian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire Index) was used for data collection. The PSQI-BR was distributed during lecture classes. Sleep bruxism and awake bruxism diagnosis was based on self-reported data. Descriptive analysis, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Poisson regression with robust estimator were the statistical tests used. Sleep bruxism prevalence was 21.5% and awake bruxism prevalence was 36.5%. Sleep duration components were associated with sleep bruxism (PR=1.540; 95% CI: 1.00-2.37) and awake bruxism (PR=1.344; 95% CI: 1,008-1,790). There was an association between awake bruxism and habitual sleep efficiency component (PR=1.323; 95% CI: 1.03-1.70). Sleep disturbance component and awake bruxism were associated (PR=1.533; 95% CI: 1.03-2.27). Poor sleep quality was an important factor among dental students, who reported sleep bruxism as well as among those who presented awake bruxism

Saliva is essential to maintain the oral health. 99% of its composition is water. The most common trigger of dry mouth is taking medication, usually accompanied with low fluid intake. Its complications include xerostomia, dysgeusia and burning mouth, among others. These symptoms are a common triad of burning mouth syndrome (BMS). Its etiology is multifactorial, vague and without specific clinical or laboratorial data. In its pathogenesis are involved local, systemic and psychological factors. As common associations are evident dental and lingual parafunctional habits, with impact on hard tissues (dental wear, TMJ) and soft tissues (factitious injury, irritation of tongue papillae). BMS affects more women in perimenopausal age, in proportion up to 7:1 compared to men. Often anxiety or depression are associated. In this work the swallowing parafunction as part of the syndrome is discussed.

La saliva es esencial para mantener la salud oral. El 99% de su composición es agua. El desencadenante más común de boca seca es la toma de medicamentos, generalmente acompañada de escasa ingesta de líquidos. Entre sus complicaciones cabe destacar xerostomía, disgeusia y ardor bucal, entre otras. Estos síntomas son tríada frecuente del síndrome de boca ardiente (SBA). Su etiología es imprecisa y multifactorial, sin datos clínicos o de laboratorio específicos. En su patogenia intervienen factores locales, sistémicos y psicológicos. Es común la asociación de hábitos parafuncionales evidentes, dentarios y linguales, con repercusión en tejidos duros (desgaste, ATM) y blandos (lesiones facticias, irritación de papilas linguales). Afecta más a mujeres en edad perimenopáusica, en proporción hasta 7:1 respecto a los hombres. A menudo se asocian ansiedad o depresión. En este trabajo se propone la parafunción deglutoria como parte integrante del síndrome.

INTRODUÇÃO: As disfunções temporomandibulares (DTM) e os transtornos alimentares (TA) envolvem a função e a parafunção da cavidade oral e apresentam altos índices de comorbidade médica e psicológica. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre as possíveis associações entre essas entidades clínicas, e poucos artigos avaliaram a existência de uma relação elas. MÉTODOS: Uma busca foi realizada nas bases de dados SciELO, LILACS e PubMed/MEDLINE a fim de encontrar artigos relevantes escritos em inglês e português. Apenas estudos envolvendo seres humanos foram incluídos, e não foi estabelecido um limite para ano de publicação. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: Há evidências da correlação entre DTM e TA, mas essa comorbidade precisa ser melhor compreendida. A presença de sintomas depressivos é um fator agravante que também precisa ser levado em consideração durante o diagnóstico e tratamento desses pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and eating disorders (ED) affect function and parafunction of the oral cavity and have high rates of medical and psychological comorbidity. However, little is known about the possible associations between them, and few studies have investigated the existence of such associations. METHODS: A search was conducted on the SciELO, LILACS, and PubMed/MEDLINE databases to find relevant articles written in English and Portuguese. Only studies involving human beings were included, and there was no limit for year of publication. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence of the correlation between TMD and ED, but their comorbidity must be better understood. The presence of depressive symptoms is an aggravating factor that must also be taken into account during the diagnosis and treatment of those patients.

Introduction: Oral parafunctions are considered one of the causal factors of temporomandibular disorders and have gained importance in recent decades, especially in child and young populations, although evidence is scarce in the preschool children and nonexistent in the indigenous groups. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of oral parafunctions and the presence of caries in pehuenche preschool children, from Alto Biobio commune , the poorest one in Chile, as well as the possible association of the ethnodemographic and the socioeconomic characteristics. Methods: A sample comprised 71 children from 2 to 5 years attending kindergarten; the permission of local authorities and the informed consent of parents were granted. Socio-ethno-demographic variables, decay presence in primary teeth (dmft index) according to WHO criteria and the presence of 8 oral parafunctions: finger sucking, object sucking, sucking on bottle, pacifier and lip sucking, tongue thrust, onychophagia and mouth breathing, were all evaluated through a survey made to kindergarten educators. Results: Of the studied children, 9.86% were caries-free and the dmft index was 6.83 ±4.65, increasing with the age, hence, it was 2.8 at age 2 and 8.23 at age 5. Oral parafunctions average was 1.73 ±1.06 per child, significantly higher in women, pehuenches and extremely poor children. Prevalence for any of the 8 oral parafunctions was 90.86% and for those associated with non-nutritive sucking was 77.46%. The most prevalent were bottle and labial sucking (26.76%), onychophagia (29.58%) and finger sucking (47.89%). Conclusions: Decay presence in these preschool children is very high, whereas the prevalence of oral parafunctions is similar to that of other populations, affecting more children in extreme poverty setting and pehuenches. All this is possibly related to the social vulnerability of the commune. These results highlighted the urgent need of implementing preventive, promotional and therapeutic strategies in this population.

Introducción: las parafunciones bucales son consideradas uno de los factores causales de los trastornos temporomandibulares que han tomado mucha relevancia en las últimas décadas, especialmente en poblaciones infanto-juveniles, aunque la evidencia en preescolares es escasa y nula en grupos indígenas. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la prevalencia de parafunciones bucales y presencia de caries en preescolares de comunidades pehuenches, de la comuna de Alto Biobio, la más pobre de Chile, así como su posible relación con características etnodemográficas y socioeconómicas. Métodos: se tomó una muestra que estuvo conformada por 71 niños de 2 a 5 años los cuales asisten a jardín infantil. Se contó con la autorización de las autoridades locales y el consentimiento informado de los padres. Se evaluaron variables socio-etnodemográficas, presencia de caries en dientes temporales (índice ceod) de acuerdo con los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la presencia de 8 parafunciones bucales: succión digital, de objetos, de mamadera, de chupete, labial, interposición lingual, onicofagia y respiración bucal mediante encuesta a las educadoras de los jardines. Resultados: el 9,86 % de preescolares estaba libre de caries y el ceod fue 6,83 ± 4,65, lo que aumenta con la edad, 2,8 (a los 2 años) y 8,23 (a los 5 años). El promedio de parafunciones bucales por preescolar fue 1,73 ± 1,06, significativamente mayor en mujeres, pehuenches y preescolares de extrema pobreza. La prevalencia para alguna de las 8 parafunciones bucales fue de 90,86 % y 77,46 % para las asociadas a succión. Las más prevalentes son succión de mamadera y labial (26,76 %), onicofagia (29,58 %) y succión digital (47,89 %). Conclusiones: la presencia de caries en estos preescolares es muy alta, mientras que la prevalencia de parafunciones bucales es similar a otras poblaciones, lo que afecta más a preescolares de extrema pobreza y pehuenches, posiblemente relacionado con las condiciones de vulnerabilidad social de la comuna. Estos resultados resaltan la urgencia de implementar medidas promocionales, preventivas y terapéuticas en esta población.