Resumo No contexto social e político em que vivemos, com um incremento de atores sociais neopopulistas e um cenário de instabilidade democrática, é fundamental entender a qualidade do jornalismo na pós-democracia. A situação de infodemia, que vivemos durante a pandemia da COVID-19, ressaltou os aspetos negativos do uso das redes sociais como ferramenta de informação que ajuda a desenvolver as competências básicas para exercer uma cidadania ativa na democracia liberal. Nestas circunstâncias, é fundamental analisar o papel do jornalismo de referência no combate à desinformação e a sua importância no fomento do pensamento crítico da cidadania, para, desse modo, inserir na agenda pública temas de interesse público. O objetivo principal desta investigação é analisar a qualidade do conteúdo produzido por jornais espanhóis de referência e disponibilizado aos cidadãos por meio das redes sociais. Para isso, utilizamos como metodologia os paradigmas qualitativo e quantitativo, centrados no quadro epistemológico em que estão circunscritos, para realizar uma análise ao conteúdo, a sua tendência e viés político relativamente aos boatos sobre o coronavírus publicados pelos jornais de referência no cenário nacional e regional nos seus perfis do Facebook. Os resultados desta investigação revelam uma baixa interação da audiência com as publicações e abrem novas discussões sobre o tipo de matérias que atraem a atenção do público e que, ao mesmo tempo, podem cumprir com a formação e o fomento do pensamento crítico da cidadania.

Abstract In today’s social and political landscape, marked by the rise of neopopulist social players and heightened democratic uncertainty, it becomes imperative to understand the quality of journalism in post-democratic frameworks. The infodemic witnessed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the pitfalls of relying on social media as a primary information source able to facilitate the development of fundamental skills necessary for active citizenship within liberal democracies. Given these circumstances, it is essential to analyse the pivotal role of mainstream journalism in countering disinformation and fostering critical thinking among citizens, thereby elevating public interest concerns onto the societal agenda. The primary objective of this research is to assess the quality of the content produced by prominent Spanish newspapers and disseminated to the public via social media. Employing both qualitative and quantitative paradigms as a methodology within the epistemological framework that guides them, we analyse the content’s tendencies and political biases concerning rumours about the coronavirus published by leading national and regional newspapers on their Facebook profiles. The findings of this investigation indicate minimal audience engagement with the posts, prompting further discussions on the kinds of stories that capture public interest while also nurturing critical thinking skills among citizens.

Resumen Introducción: En el presente artículo de reflexión se plantea que, por sus características, el modelo de ciudadanía republicana es la mejor alternativa para promover la participación ciudadana en las democracias occidentales contemporáneas. Objetivo: El propósito del texto es analizar las ventajas de la ciudadanía republicana respecto a otros modelos, así como explicar las razones por las que se le considera el enfoque más adecuado para el desarrollo teórico y práctico de la participación ciudadana. Método: Para su elaboración, se recurrió al método de investigación documental. En cuanto a la estructura del artículo, primero, se presenta el debate entre las visiones de democracia representativa y democracia participativa; posteriormente, se examina la influencia de los paradigmas realista e idealista como corrientes filosóficas políticas que subyacen y sustentan las principales premisas de ambas perspectivas de democracia. Al final, se describen los modelos de ciudadanía liberal, comunitarista y republicana, así como sus implicaciones para la participación ciudadana. Resultados: Del análisis realizado se concluye que el modelo de ciudadanía republicana permite superar la dicotomía representación-participación, además de brindar un cimiento más sólido y congruente tanto a la teoría como a la praxis del involucramiento ciudadano en los asuntos públicos. Introducción características contemporáneas Objetivo Método elaboración documental primero participativa posteriormente final liberal Resultados representaciónparticipación, representaciónparticipación representación participación, representación-participación públicos

Abstract Introduction: This article argues that, due to its characteristics, the republican citizenship model is the best alternative for promoting citizen participation in contemporary Western democracies. Objective: The purpose of the text is to analyze its advantages over other citizenship models, as well as to explain the reasons why it is considered the most appropriate approach for the theoretical and practical development of citizen participation. Method: For the elaboration of the article, the documentary research method and the argumentative analysis were used. First, the debate between the visions of representative democracy and participatory democracy is presented, to later examine the influence of the realist and idealist paradigms as political philosophical currents that underlie and sustain the main premises of each of these perspectives of democracy. Results: From the analysis, it is concluded that the republican citizenship model allows overcoming the representation-participation dichotomy, in addition to providing a more solid and congruent foundation for both the theory and the praxis of citizen involvement in public affairs. Introduction characteristics democracies Objective models Method used First presented Results representationparticipation representation dichotomy affairs

RESUMEN El artículo desarrolla una secuencia descriptivo-analítica que identifica las debilidades conceptuales de diversos modelos de comunicación fundados en la subjetividad, la hermenéutica y las teorías del emisor, cuya hegemonía se mantiene estable en las mediaciones antropológicas. Todo ello en medio de los intensos cambios que ha significado el complejo concepto de Antropoceno. En efecto, el centro gravitacional del análisis se sitúa en los postulados del giro anti-hermenéutico, donde la estructura es la base de la sensibilidad humana, y una concepción materialista de los medios que se aparta de la fenomenología y el discurso antropológico. La arqueología de los medios trabaja con materias primas, soportes, infraestructuras, máquinas mediales que distan del análisis cualitativo y los paradigmas complejos del antropoformismo que han sido prominentes en autores de la relevancia de Marshall McLuhan. En el ámbito de la contemporaneidad, esto nos lleva a distinguir entre una geología medial y medios de comunicación, mediante algunas tesis sustanciales de autores como Friedrich Kittler y Jussi Parikka.

ABSTRACT The article develops a descriptive-analytical sequence that identifies the conceptual weaknesses of various communication models based on subjectivity, hermeneutics and the theories of the emitter, whose hegemony remains stable in anthropological mediations. All this in the midst of the intense changes that the Anthropocene has meant. Indeed, the gravitational center of analysis is situated in the postulates of the anti-hermeneutic turn, a task that implies a materialist conception of the media that departs from phenomenology. Here, the so-called media archaeology works with supports, infrastructures, machines and expressive materialities that distance themselves from the qualitative analysis of the discourse and the paradigms of the subject -anthropomorphism- that have been prominent in authors of the relevance of Marshall McLuhan. In the field of contemporaneity, this leads us to distinguish between a medial geology and media, through some substantial theses by authors such as Friedrich Kittler and Jussi Parikka.

RESUMO O artigo desenvolve uma sequência descritivo-analítica que identifica as fragilidades conceituais de diversos modelos de comunicação baseados na subjetividade, na hermenêutica e nas teorias do emissor, cuja hegemonia permanece estável nas mediações antropológicas. Tudo isso em meio às intensas mudanças que o complexo conceito de Antropoceno significou. De fato, o centro gravitacional da análise situa-se nos postulados da viragem anti-hermenêutica, onde a estrutura é a base da sensibilidade humana, e uma concepção materialista dos meios de comunicação que se afasta da fenomenologia e do discurso antropológico. A arqueologia mediática trabalha com matérias-primas, suportes, infraestruturas, máquinas mediáticas que estão distantes da análise qualitativa e dos paradigmas complexos do antropoformismo que têm tido destaque em autores da relevância de Marshall McLuhan. No campo da contemporaneidade, isso nos leva a distinguir entre geologia medial e mídia, através de algumas teses substanciais de autores como Friedrich Kittler e Jussi Parikka.

Abstract: Since the 2011 revolution, Tunisia has undergone a transformative phase characterized by emerging models of governance that prioritize grassroots initiatives and community participation in local affairs. Despite its manifold challenges, this political renewal has unfolded during political, socioeconomic, and security crises. Through a case study of the commune of Mhamdia, this article aims to examine two key aspects: (1) how communes can approach built heritage amidst the presence of national, international, governmental, non-governmental, profit, and non-profit actors, and (2) how heritage management can pose challenges, occasionally leading to the destruction of historical elements. This qualitative analysis, rooted in practitioner research, explores shifting paradigms and evolving dynamics within traditional and novel practices, shedding light on their impact on built heritage. The results demonstrate that, similar to national players, local elites also leverage built heritage to fortify their legitimacy, albeit through different means.

Resumen: Desde la revolución de 2011, Túnez ha experimentado una fase transformadora caracterizada por modelos emergentes de gobernanza que priorizan las iniciativas de base y la participación comunitaria en los asuntos locales. Esta renovación política, a pesar de sus múltiples desafíos, se ha llevado a cabo en períodos de crisis recurrentes que abarcan los dominios político, socioeconómico y de seguridad. A través de un estudio de caso del municipio de Mhamdia, este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar dos aspectos fundamentales: (1) cómo las comunas pueden abordar el patrimonio construido en presencia de actores nacionales, internacionales, gubernamentales, no gubernamentales, lucrativos y sin fines de lucro, y (2) cómo la gestión del patrimonio puede ser desafiante y llevar en ocasiones a la destrucción de elementos históricos. Este análisis cualitativo, enraizado en la investigación práctica, busca explorar los paradigmas cambiantes y las dinámicas en evolución tanto en prácticas tradicionales como novedosas, arrojando luz sobre su impacto en el patrimonio construido. Los resultados demuestran que, al igual que los actores nacionales, las élites locales también aprovechan el patrimonio construido para fortalecer su legitimidad, aunque a través de medios diferentes.

RESUMEN Las herramientas interactivas, con frecuencia, se excluyen de las aulas, limitando al uso de metodologías de enseñanza tradicionales; sin embargo, su inclusión en la enseñanza de Química ofrece nuevos paradigmas que buscan lograr resultados eficaces en el aprendizaje. En este sentido, el presente estudio aplica la herramienta interactiva liveworksheet en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de Química. Se asumió una metodología cuali-cuantitativa con diseño cuasiexperimental, se trabajó con una muestra censal de 146 participantes, 76 del grupo experimental y 70 del grupo control que cursaron tercero de bachillerato en la Unidad Educativa San Felipe Neri, durante el periodo académico 2021-2022, donde se aplicaron pre-pospruebas, y una encuesta de satisfacción. Los resultados del estadístico t-student evidenciaron cambios conceptuales y actitudinales al uso de liveworksheet, confirmando la mejora en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, y un mayor rendimiento académico al rechazar Ho por tener un p-valor < 0.05. En cuanto al conocimiento proporcionado, el 80.0 % lo califica como satisfactorio; así mismo, el 87.0 % señala las expectativas cumplidas como excepcionales, que fueron relevantes al mejorar significativamente el interés y motivación de los estudiantes por aprender. En consecuencia, se destaca que el uso de las herramientas interactivas influye en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de Química, con óptimos resultados.

ABSTRACT Interactive tools are often excluded from the classroom, limiting the use of traditional teaching methodologies; however, their inclusion in chemistry teaching offers new paradigms that seek to achieve effective learning results. In this sense, the present study applies the interactive tool "liveworksheet" in the teaching-learning process of chemistry. A qualitative-quantitative methodology with a quasi-experimental design was used, working with a census sample of 146 participants, 76 from the experimental group and 70 from the control group, who attended the third year of upper secondary at the San Felipe Neri Educational Unit, during the 2021-2022 academic period, where pre-tests and a satisfaction survey were applied. The results of the t-student statistic evidenced conceptual and attitudinal changes to the use of "liveworksheet," confirming the improvement in the teaching-learning process and higher academic performance by rejecting Ho for having a p-value < 0.05. Regarding the knowledge provided, 80.26% rate it as satisfactory, while 86.84% point out the expectations fulfilled as exceptional, which were relevant by significantly improving the students' interest and motivation to learn. Consequently, it is highlighted that using interactive tools influences the teaching-learning of Chemistry, with optimal results.

Abstract: The Apartment Building in Virrey Avilés and the Small Family Cohousing are shaped by the constraints of their respective sites. The former occupies a typical lot in Buenos Aires, with a width of 8.66 meters, where circulations and collective spaces are organized towards the center of the urban block. A staircase in the middle of the courtyard blurs the boundaries between common spaces and the external areas designated for each unit’s use. The Small Family Cohousing projects are designed for plots stemming from the historic Site Operation in Santiago, measuring 9 meters wide by 18 meters long. Within them, a building of two to three stories is erected to alleviate overcrowding for multiple families currently living under one roof. The use of adaptable typologies and prefabrication technologies minimizes construction timelines, ensuring that the families remain away from their site for no longer than 6 months. Moreover, in both cases, architectural design is intertwined with the establishment of new paradigms of co-ownership and co-financing, serving as a testament that the pursuit of collectivity in housing transcends mere spatial considerations.

Resumen: El edificio en Virrey Avilés y los Pequeños Condominios Familiares se diseñan desde las constricciones de sus respectivos sitios. El primero ocupa un lote típico de Buenos Aires, con un ancho de 8,66 metros, donde las circulaciones y espacios colectivos se organizan hacia el interior de la manzana. Una escalera en medio del patio difumina los límites entre los espacios comunes y los exteriores de uso de cada unidad. Los Pequeños Condominios Familiares se construyen en lotes de la Operación Sitio de 9 metros de ancho por 18 metros de largo. En ellos, se levanta un edificio de dos a tres pisos que busca sacar del hacinamiento a familias de allegados. Tipologías adaptables y tecnologías de prefabricación minimizan los tiempos de construcción, evitando alejar a las familias del sitio por más de 6 meses. Los potenciales ámbitos de colectividad en torno a la vivienda tampoco se limitan a sus condiciones espaciales. En ambos casos, la gestión y el diseño de la vivienda colectivas van acompañados de la formación de nuevos regímenes de copropiedad y cofinanciamiento.

Abstract: The Apartment Building in Virrey Avilés and the Small Family Cohousing are shaped by the constraints of their respective sites. The former occupies a typical lot in Buenos Aires, with a width of 8.66 meters, where circulations and collective spaces are organized towards the center of the urban block. A staircase in the middle of the courtyard blurs the boundaries between common spaces and the external areas designated for each unit’s use. The Small Family Cohousing projects are designed for plots stemming from the historic Site Operation in Santiago, measuring 9 meters wide by 18 meters long. Within them, a building of two to three stories is erected to alleviate overcrowding for multiple families currently living under one roof. The use of adaptable typologies and prefabrication technologies minimizes construction timelines, ensuring that the families remain away from their site for no longer than 6 months. Moreover, in both cases, architectural design is intertwined with the establishment of new paradigms of co-ownership and co-financing, serving as a testament that the pursuit of collectivity in housing transcends mere spatial considerations.

Resumen: El Edificio en Virrey Avilés y los Pequeños Condominios Familiares se diseñan desde las constricciones de sus respectivos sitios. El primero ocupa un lote típico de Buenos Aires, con un ancho de 8,66 metros, donde las circulaciones y espacios colectivos se organizan hacia el interior de la manzana. Una escalera en medio del patio difumina los límites entre los espacios comunes y los exteriores de uso de cada unidad. Los Pequeños Condominios Familiares se construyen en lotes de la Operación Sitio de 9 metros de ancho por 18 metros de largo. En ellos, se levanta un edificio de dos a tres pisos que busca sacar del hacinamiento a familias de allegados. Tipologías adaptables y tecnologías de prefabricación minimizan los tiempos de construcción, evitando alejar a las familias del sitio por más de 6 meses. Los potenciales ámbitos de colectividad en torno a la vivienda tampoco se limitan a sus condiciones espaciales. En ambos casos, la gestión y el diseño de la vivienda colectivas van acompañados de la formación de nuevos regímenes de copropiedad y cofinanciamiento.

RESUMEN Esta pesquisa de tipo documental pretende describir y analizar los rasgos de las organizaciones educativas, así como sus propósitos involucrados en la formación del ser humano, de conformidad con los principios fundamentales de los paradigmas del positivismo y pospositivismo, la teoría de la complejidad y la visión holística. Se establecen las limitaciones del positivismo y pospositivismo con respecto a la conceptualización y los propósitos de las organizaciones escolares. Se destaca de igual forma la concomitancia entre la concepción del ser humano y los fines de la educación, reconociendo que estos últimos deben responder a la visión que la sociedad tiene acerca del hombre, del mismo modo que las organizaciones educativas deben adoptar el propósito o norte de formar al ser humano integralmente.

ABSTRACT This documentary type research aims to describe and analyze the features of educational organizations, as well as their purposes involved in the formation of the human being, in accordance with the fundamental principles of the paradigms of positivism and post-positivism, the theory of complexity and the holistic vision. The limitations of positivism and post-positivism with respect to the conception and purposes of school organizations are established. The concomitance between the conception of the human being and the purposes of education is also highlighted, recognizing that these should respond to the vision that society has of man, in the same way that educational organizations should adopt the purpose or north of forming the human being integrally.

Abstract The purpose of the article is to reconstruct a critical relationship between Guerreiro Ramos, as an intellectual of the Teatro Experimental do Negro (TEN), and the theory of assimilation developed by the Chicago School and disseminated in Brazil by Donald Pierson. We start from a historical analysis showing how this theory was transplanted by Pierson here and became very influential in the 1940s. Next, we briefly discuss the relationships that were established between scholars and the intelligentsia of TEN. Finally, we made a comparison between the text of Pierson, Brancos e Pretos na Bahia, and the essays by Guerreiro Ramos, showing the criticisms of the latter to the concepts used in this work. We found a critique of ethnocentrism and racism incorporated in these concepts and also a reformulation of them in order to overcome these elements and think about a process in which the black people would be protagonists of their history. We recover this criticism with the aim of contributing to the decolonization and deprovincialization of sociology, recovering the agency of an important black intellectual and militant who built strong and well-founded criticisms of one of the main paradigms of the social sciences about race relations.

Resumen El propósito del artículo es reconstruir la relación crítica entre Guerreiro Ramos, como intelectual del Teatro Experimental del Negro (TEN), y la teoría de la asimilación desarrollada por la Escuela de Chicago y divulgada en Brasil por Donald Pierson. Partimos de un análisis histórico mostrando cómo esa teoría fue transferida por Pierson para Brasil y se volvió muy influyente en la década de 1940. Luego, abordamos brevemente las relaciones que se establecieron entre académicos vinculados a las ciencias sociales y la intelligentsia del TEN. Finalmente, realizamos una comparación entre el texto de Pierson, Brancos e Pretos na Bahia, y algunos ensayos de Guerreiro Ramos escritos al inicio de la década de 1950, mostrando las críticas de este autor a los conceptos empleados en dicha obra. Constatamos que existe una crítica al etnocentrismo y al racismo incorporados en esos conceptos y también una reformulación de estos, con el objetivo de superar esos elementos y pensar en un proceso en el que el pueblo negro sería protagonista de su historia. Al recuperar esa crítica, nuestro objetivo es contribuir a la descolonización y desprovincialización de la sociología, recuperando la agencia de un importante intelectual y militante negro que construyó críticas contundentes y bien fundamentadas a uno de los principales paradigmas de las ciencias sociales acerca de las relaciones raciales.

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est de reconstruire la relation critique entre Guerreiro Ramos, en tant qu’intellectuel du «Teatro Experimental do Negro» (TEN), et la théorie de l’assimilation développée par l’École de Chicago, diffusée au Brésil par Donald Pierson. Nous partons d’une analyse historique et nous montrons comment cette théorie a été transplantée par Pierson et comment elle est devenue très influente dans les années 1940. Ensuite, nous abordons brièvement les relations qui se sont établies entre les universitaires des sciences sociales et de «l’intelligentsia» du TEN. Enfin, nous faison une comparaison entre le texte de Pierson, «Brancos e Pretos na Bahia», et quelques essais de Guerreiro Ramos écrits au début des années 1950, montrant les critiques de ce dernier aux concepts employés dans cet ouvrage. Nous constatons une critique de l’ethnocentrisme et du racisme incorporés dans ces concepts ainsi qu’une refonte de ceux-ci visant à surmonter ces éléments et à penser un processus dans lequel le peuple noir serait protagoniste de son histoire. En reprenant cette critique, notre objectif est de contribuer à la décolonisation et à la déprovincialisation de la sociologie, en rétablissant l’agence d’un important intellectuel et militant noir qui a construit des critiques percutantes et bien fondées envers l’un des principaux paradigmes des sciences sociales concernant les relations raciales.

Resumo O propósito do artigo é reconstruir a relação crítica entre Guerreiro Ramos, enquanto intelectual do Teatro Experimental do Negro (TEN), e a teoria da assimilação desenvolvida pela Escola de Chicago e divulgada no Brasil por Donald Pierson. Partimos de uma análise histórica mostrando como essa teoria foi transplantada por Pierson para cá e se tornou muito influente nos anos 1940. Em seguida, abordamos brevemente as relações que se estabeleceram entre acadêmicos ligados às ciências sociais e a intelligentsia do TEN. Por fim, realizamos uma comparação entre o texto de Pierson, Brancos e Pretos na Bahia, e alguns ensaios de Guerreiro Ramos escritos no início da década de 1950, mostrando as críticas desse último aos conceitos empregados naquela obra. Constatamos uma crítica ao etnocentrismo e ao racismo incorporados nesses conceitos e também uma reformulação dos mesmos visando superar esses elementos e pensar um processo em que o povo negro seria protagonista de sua história. Ao recuperar essa crítica nosso objetivo é contribuir para a descolonização e desprovincialização da sociologia, recuperando a agência de um importante intelectual e militante negro que construiu críticas contundentes e bem fundamentadas a um dos principais paradigmas das ciências sociais acerca das relações raciais.

ABSTRACT In April 2022, the Ministry of Health published the Ordinance No 715, aiming to establish the new Maternal and Infant Health Care Network (RAMI). Having in mind the pre-existence of an organized network to protect and promote maternal and infant health (Rede Cegonha), we aimed to analyze the models of care intrinsic to each of them. For this purpose, we used the research with discursive practices as a theoretical-methodological framework, identifying repertoires regarding three predefined categories: subjects, places, and agents of care. In our analysis, we could observe paradigmatic differences between the two health care networks. From such distinctions, we conclude that the ‘Rede Cegonha’ is based on a conception of pregnancy and childbirth as normal events of sexual and reproductive life, whereas ‘RAMI’ is structured through an emphasis on risk, which results in a model of care centered on the doctor and the hospital as a privileged location for childbirth.

RESUMO Em abril de 2022, o Ministério da Saúde publicou a Portaria GM/MS nº 715, que altera a Portaria de Consolidação GM/MS nº 3, de 28 de setembro de 2017, com o objetivo de instituir a Rede de Atenção à Saúde Materna e Infantil (Rami). Tendo em vista a preexistência da Rede Cegonha, também voltada a essa parcela da população, objetivou-se analisar os modelos de atenção ao ciclo gravídico-puerperal intrínsecos a cada um dos métodos de estruturação organizacional adotados. Para tanto, utilizou-se, como referencial teórico-metodológico, a pesquisa com práticas discursivas, o que possibilitou identificar os repertórios relativos a três categorias predefinidas: os sujeitos, os locais e os agentes da assistência. Na análise, puderam-se observar diferenças paradigmáticas entre as duas redes de atenção. A partir de tais distinções, concluiu-se que a Rede Cegonha está fundamentada em uma concepção de gestação e parto como eventos normais da vida sexual e reprodutiva, enquanto a Rami se estrutura por meio da ênfase no risco, propondo um modelo centrado no hospital e na figura do médico.

ABSTRACT Metamorphosis is a term inherent to colonial reality in which ontological and identity paradigms and conceptions reveal a recurring question in African literature: Who am I? Based on this, this article aims to analyze the phenomenon of metamorphosis/transmutation as a characteristic of real-animist texts, which is an aesthetic consequence arising from the animistic conception of perceiving the world. We will discuss how the presence of the imaginary of traditional African religiosity translates into recurrent unusual episodes, such as transmutations, through the works of African writers such as Nigerian Amos Tutuola, Angolan Décio Bettencourt, and Mozambican Mia Couto. Finally, we will observe that the presence of this phenomenon translates not only into a mythical imaginary but also into becoming-individual and becoming-nation in societies fragmented identity-wise by colonialism.

RESUMO “Metamorfose” é um termo inerente à realidade colonial, em que os paradigmas e concepções ontológicas e identitárias descortinam uma questão recorrente na literatura africana: Quem sou eu? A partir disso, este artigo objetiva analisar o fenômeno da metamorfose/transmutação como uma das características do texto real-animista, consequência estética advinda da concepção animista de ver o mundo. Para tanto, discutiremos como a presença do imaginário da religiosidade tradicional africana se traduz em recorrentes episódios insólitos - como a transmutação -, através da obra de escritores africanos, como o nigeriano Amós Tutuola, o angolano Décio Bettencourt e o moçambicano Mia Couto. Por fim, veremos que a presença deste fenômeno traduz não só um imaginário mítico, mas os devires homem e nação em sociedades fragmentadas identitariamente pelo colonialismo.

The Zondo Commission's report of 2022 plays a decisive role in the motivation to write the article. Considering recent political developments in South Africa, specifically the uprising of violent protests on grassroots level in many townships, it has become paramount for research in theology, specifically, the branches of practical and pastoral theology, to give thorough attention to the following research questions: How can the discipline of pastoral care contribute to social change on grassroots level as well as promote the spiritual healing of communities exposed to constant forms of violence? How does the quest for social and community transformation impacts on theory formation in the discipline of pastoral caregiving? The article takes up the challenge posed by Desmond Tutu: Change the Rainbow Nation into a compassionate society. What will be the implication for pastoral caregiving and the ecclesial ministry? A trans-epistemological analysis of the notion of democracy has been performed. The root of democratic thinking is revisited and critically analysed by means of Plato's radical critique on the 'democratic type'. While taking the mad option of Desmond Tutu seriously, it becomes obvious that pastoral caregiving should shift from a problem-solving approach to a community engagement approach. This approach should explore the irrational option of an ethos of sacrifice, based on divine madness. Paul calls this spiritual option: The weakness and foolishness of God (1 Cor 1:18-25). The divine sacrificial option implies the radical engagement of a theology of pastoral madness. CONTRIBUTION: My choice for a praxis approach to human suffering within contexts of civil societal unrest and demeaning forms of social stigmatisation like xenophobia, is the transformation of ecclesial and ministerial paradigms emanating from cathedral thinking (churches as demonstration of clerical power and abstract liturgies) into xenodochia thinking: Churches as safe havens (xenodochia) for the stigmatised outsiders in civil society. In this regard, the theological notion of the folly of God, should serve as the Christian spiritual cornerstone for implementing the concept of God as Friend and Partner or Host for Life. The latter is our choice for the madness of pastoral engagements in civil society. The sacrificial grace of God illustrates sheer divine irrationality: xenophilia as xenodochia.

The parables of Jesus are often susceptible to patriarchal, androcentric interpretations. By using a realistic reading and social-scientific criticism, this article will investigate the voices, roles, and presence of women in the parable of the Good Samaritan, and how the 1st-century audience of the parable would most likely have understood women to be present, even if not mentioned in the parable. Women played critical roles in terms of hospitality, travel, innkeeping, and healing. These roles and voices of women are often ignored by modern interpreters and exegetes. This article not only emphasises the valuable roles that women fulfilled in the time of Jesus but also critiques the lack, or absence, of women as a point of discussion, acknowledgement, and study in most biblical commentaries and books concerning the parable of the Good Samaritan. The aim of this research is to contribute to the unhiding of women voices in patriarchal, androcentric texts thereby reconstructing and deconstructing gender paradigms within biblical scholarship. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: The interdisciplinary nature of this article contributes to the debate on the roles and importance of women in the church by investigating the value that women had in the parables of Jesus. By reading women as present in the text, emphasis is given to the voices of women in the Bible and the importance of their representation today. This research is also in line with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5: Gender equality and women empowerment

BACKGROUND: Indigenous knowledge (IK) is specific to a community for its economic development. However, the processes involved in the documentation of IK in the university of Zululand are not readily known OBJECTIVE: The study's aim is to find out the strategies used by the University of Zululand (UNIZULU) for documenting, disseminating and accessing IK METHOD: The study adopted both interpretivist and positivist research paradigms where both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used through a case study of the University of Zululand. The study targeted both academic and non-academic staff members where 23 of them were purposely selected and interviewed. In addition, the quantitative research approach using simple bibliometrics was used to collect data from IK-related theses and dissertations from the UNIZULU Institutional Repository between 2009 and 2019 RESULTS: The study revealed that many departments and faculties across the University of Zululand were involved in the creation of IK-related content led by the Department of African Languages. The multidisciplinarity of IK in the university was confirmed for further exploitation. The dominant challenges relate to IK sharing, limited facilities, a lack of policy and inadequate partnership among the stakeholders. The creation and documentation of IK by different departments was another challenge CONCLUSION: This study recognises the existence of IK policy in the country but found minimal implementation of the policy at the university. The authors recommend the development of IK policy, increased awareness, mapping and auditing of IK research and teaching, partnership with stakeholders to be included in the university agenda CONTRIBUTION: This study contributes to the current literature and discourse on indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) and their documentation for policy and comparative studies. The appropriateness of using the socialisation, externalisation, combination and internalisation (SECI) model in similar studies is also confirmed