RESUMO O presente trabalho objetiva apresentar uma análise de um livro didático de língua inglesa com o intuito de verificar a predominância dos paradigmas do Inglês como Língua Estrangeira (ILE) e do Inglês como Língua Franca (ILF) nas atividades de compreensão oral em língua inglesa de um livro didático aprovado pelo PNLD em 2018, usado em escolas públicas do município de Ilhéus - BA. Apoiamo-nos nos conceitos subjacentes ao ILE e ILF discutidos por Jenkins (2000; 2002; 2006; 2009) e Jenkins, Cogo & Dewey (2011), e, também, nos princípios da Pedagogia Crítica de Freire (1987), da Linguística Aplicada Crítica, apresentada por Pennycook (2001) apud Urzêda-Freitas & Rocha (2012) e da Pedagogia Pós-Método, proposta por Kumaravadivelu (2003). A metodologia foi de natureza qualitativa, utilizando-se a pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, bem como a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo proposta por Bardin (1977), para a sistematização dos dados. Os resultados da análise demonstram uma compreensão de que o ILE foi o modelo mais recorrente ao longo das seções de compreensão oral, o que evidencia a perpetuação de valores da colonialidade na elaboração de livros didáticos de língua inglesa. (ILE (ILF 2018 BA Apoiamonos Apoiamo 2000 (2000 2002 2006 2009 2011, 2011 , (2011) também 1987, 1987 (1987) 2001 (2001 UrzêdaFreitas Urzêda Freitas 2012 (2012 PósMétodo, PósMétodo Pós Método, Método Pós-Método 2003. 2003 . (2003) qualitativa utilizandose utilizando se descritiva 1977, 1977 (1977) dados 201 200 (200 (2011 198 (1987 (201 (2003 197 (1977 20 (20 19 (198 (197 2 (2 1 (19 ( (1

ABSTRACT This work aims to present an analysis of an English language textbook to verify the predominance of the paradigms of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) in the activities of oral comprehension in English of a textbook approved by the PNLD in 2018, used in public schools in the municipality of Ilhéus - BA. We rely on the concepts of ILE and ILF discussed by Jenkins (2000; 2002; 2006; 2009) and Jenkins, Cogo & Dewey (2011), and also on the principles of Freire›s Critical Pedagogy (1987), of Critical Applied Linguistics, presented by Pennycook (2001) apud Urzêda-Freitas & Rocha (2012) and of the Postmethod Pedagogy, proposed by Kumaravadivelu (2003). The methodology was qualitative, using exploratory and descriptive research, as well as the Content Analysis technique proposed by Bardin (1977), for data systematization. The analysys results demonstrate an understanding that the EFL was the most recurrent model throughout the listening comprehension sections, which evidences the perpetuation of coloniality values in the elaboration of English language textbooks. (EFL ELF (ELF 2018 BA 2000 (2000 2002 2006 2009 2011, 2011 , (2011) Freires Freire s 1987, 1987 (1987) Linguistics 2001 (2001 UrzêdaFreitas Urzêda Freitas 2012 (2012 2003. 2003 . (2003) qualitative research 1977, 1977 (1977) systematization sections textbooks 201 200 (200 (2011 198 (1987 (201 (2003 197 (1977 20 (20 19 (198 (197 2 (2 1 (19 ( (1

Abstract Barriers to compare opposed or alternative scientific theories exist, based on diverse premises. One is the concept of incommensurability, the idea suggesting that different paradigms or theories cannot be contrasted since they do not share common tenets. This paper proposes the use of nested models for testing the efficacy of isolated disciplinary explanations of psychological and social problems versus the power of interdisciplinary explanations. According to this approach, such nested models would include alternative disciplinary theories competing against each other and against an inclusive model that combines these unidisciplinary explanations. This situation is illustrated with an empirical study using a questionnaire on predictors of precautionary behaviors against COVID-19. Data was analyzed using structural equations, considering a psychological and a health-science perspective, and integrated into an interdisciplinary model. Results from this study showed that the best model was the interdisciplinary model, thus providing some evidence for the use of nested models as a method to integrate different disciplines. The advantages of this approach are discussed in the face of the growing, complex, and serious problems that humanity is nowadays experiencing.

Resumen Basadas en diversas premisas, existen barreras para comparar teorías científicas opuestas o alternativas. El concepto de inconmensurabilidad es una de estas dificultades, la idea que sugiere que diferentes paradigmas o teorías no pueden contrastarse porque no comparten principios comunes. Este artículo propone el uso de modelos anidados para probar la eficacia de explicaciones disciplinarias aisladas de problemas psicológicos y sociales en comparación con la de explicaciones interdisciplinarias. Según este enfoque, tales modelos anidados incluirían teorías disciplinarias alternativas que compiten entre sí y contra un modelo inclusivo que combine estas explicaciones unidisciplinarias. Esta situación se ilustra con un estudio empírico sobre predictores de conductas de precaución frente al COVID-19. Los resultados fueron analizados mediante ecuaciones estructurales, considerando una perspectiva psicológica y de ciencias de la salud, e integrados en un modelo interdisciplinario. Los hallazgos mostraron que era mejor el modelo interdisciplinario, proporcionando evidencia para el uso de modelos anidados como método para integrar diferentes disciplinas. Se discuten las ventajas de utilizar este enfoque frente a los crecientes, complejos y graves problemas que vive hoy la humanidad.

Abstract. Common sense is a controversial concept in philosophy and the social sciences. It is generally understood as a shared intentionality, a set of self-evident intuitions and beliefs that guide our ideas and behaviors. But there is a tendency to disagree when it comes to discussing the origin and scope of this intentionality. From a critical reading of different contemporary approaches to common sense (G. E. Moore, C. Geertz, A. Gramsci, E. Laclau, C. Mouffe, and C. Pérez), in this paper I present two archetypal conceptions of this set of intuitions and beliefs and two criticisms in this regard, with a purpose of synthesis for practical philosophy. The general aim is to show the relevant correlation between new technologies and common sense and the need to understand this correlation critically for ethical and political reflection.

Resumen. El sentido común es un concepto controvertido en filosofía y ciencias sociales. Por lo general, se entiende como una intencionalidad compartida, un conjunto de intuiciones y creencias autoevidentes que guían nuestras ideas y conductas. Cuando se tiende a discrepar es al discutir el origen y el alcance de dicha intencionalidad. A partir de una lectura crítica de diferentes planteamientos contemporáneos del sentido común (G. E. Moore, C. Geertz, A. Gramsci, E. Laclau, C. Mouffe, y C. Pérez), en este artículo presento dos concepciones arquetípicas de este conjunto de intuiciones y creencias y dos críticas al respecto con una finalidad de síntesis para la filosofía práctica. El objetivo general es mostrar la relevante correlación entre nuevas tecnologías y sentido común y la necesidad de entender dicha correlación críticamente para la reflexión ética y política.

Abstract Given a diagnosis of the multiple crises, which involves a socio-environmental dimension, it is the task of a transformative political project to turn its attention to the different forms of social regulation, which forge the social framework of our ways of producing and experiencing relations with the world, whether in culture or nature. This article introduces the dossier ‘Law and Praxis 15 years: Perspectives for the horizon of the critique of law’ and proposes a political-philosophical reflection on the role of law as an institutional dimension of the multiple crises and the possibility of articulating alternatives. To this purpose, the paper intends to contribute to the foundations of the concept of the philosophy of praxis based on Gramsci's work and its reception in the Brazilian and international debates. It then proposes a new gaze to the philosophy of praxis in dialogue with the philosophy of liberation, from an ethical perspective of radical alterity - under the inflexion of the ecological turn - to overcome the traditional concept of the subject of rights. Finally, the paper concludes with an analysis of the role of law as a field of disputes, with the aim of contributing to an approach to the legal phenomenon that suggests opening up to the imagination of a future that integrates humans and nature, beyond a limited view of social relations from egocentric and anthropocentric paradigms. socioenvironmental socio environmental regulation world nature Law 1 years politicalphilosophical philosophical alternatives purpose Gramscis Gramsci s debates liberation rights Finally disputes paradigms

Resumo Face a um diagnóstico da crise múltipla, que envolve uma dimensão socioambiental, é dever de um projeto político transformador se voltar para as diferentes formas de regulação social, as quais forjam o enquadramento social de nossas maneiras de produzir e de experienciar as relações com o mundo, seja na cultura, seja na natureza. O presente artigo introduz o dossiê “Direito e Práxis 15 anos: Perspectivas para o horizonte da crítica do direito” e propõe uma reflexão político-filosófica sobre o papel do direito enquanto dimensão institucional da crise múltipla e possibilidade de articulação de alternativas. Para isso, o trabalho retoma os fundamentos do conceito de filosofia da práxis com base na obra gramsciana e suas recepções no debate brasileiro e internacional. Em seguida, propõe outro olhar para a filosofia da práxis em diálogo com a filosofia da libertação, a partir de uma perspectiva ética de radical alteridade - sob a inflexão da virada ecológica - como forma de superação do conceito tradicional de sujeito de direitos. Por fim, o trabalho conclui com uma análise sobre o papel do direito como um campo de disputas, visando contribuir com uma abordagem do fenômeno jurídico que sugere a abertura para o imaginário de um futuro que integre o humano e natureza para além de uma visão limitada das relações sociais forjada sob os paradigmas egocêntrico e antropocêntrico. socioambiental mundo cultura Direito 1 anos políticofilosófica filosófica alternativas isso internacional seguida libertação direitos fim disputas antropocêntrico

Die inflasiekoers en die produksiegaping speel 'n belangrike rol in die monetêrebeleidstand-punt. Alhoewel die publiek inflasie redelik goed verstaan, is die produksiegaping 'n relatief onbekende begrip. Definisies van potensiële produksie kan dubbelsinnig wees, aangesien die term dikwels gebruik word om verwante, maar logies afsonderlike, konsepte te beskryf. Die produksiegaping word ook nie direk waargeneem nie en word afgelei uit beramings van potensiële produksie, wat self nie waarneembaar of meetbaar is nie en dus beraam moet word. Hierdie beramings kan egter sensitief wees vir verskillende metodologiese paradigmas en databeskikbaarheid. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om by te dra tot 'n beter begrip van en groter deursigtigheid in plaaslike monetêre beleid deur die rol van die produksiegaping in Suid-Afrikaanse monetêre beleid te verduidelik. Eerstens word die idees onderliggend aan die konsep van die produksiegaping bespreek, waarna 'n werksdefinisie van die produksiegaping in die konteks van monetêre beleid voorgestel word. Verskeie metodologieë en empiriese tegnieke waarvolgens potensiële produksie en die produksiegaping beraam kan word, word bespreek, insluitende eenveranderlike statistiese tegnieke, strukturele modelle en semistrukturele benaderings. Die artikel verduidelik voorts hoe die Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank (SARB) die plaaslike produksiegaping beraam en hoe hierdie beraamde produksiegaping op die monetêrebeleidstand-punt inwerk. Ten slotte word die SARB se monetêrebeleidstandpunt beskou met betrekking tot die inflasiekoers en produksiegapingsberamings oor die afgelope twee dekades ten einde die reaksie van die plaaslike monetêre beleid op groot ekonomiese skokke soos die wêreldwye finansiële krisis en COVID-19 te illustreer, en ten einde die beramings se sensitiwiteit vir datahersienings uit te lig.

The inflation rate and the output gap are two of the main determinants of the monetary policy stance. However, while inflation is relatively well understood by the public, the output gap is not. The output gap is not directly observed and is derived from estimates of potential output. Potential output is also not observable or measurable, and therefore needs to be estimated. Such estimates can, however, be sensitive to different methodological paradigms and the availability of data, while definitions of potential output may be ambiguous, because the term is often used to describe related, but logically distinct, concepts. With the aim of contributing to a better understanding of and greater transparency in domestic monetary policy, this paper describes the role of the output gap in South African monetary policy by broadly examining the following three questions: (i) What exactly is the output gap?; (ii) How is it measured? and (iii) Why is it important? To begin with, the idea underlying the concept of the output gap is explained and a tentative working definition of the output gap in the context of monetary policy is provided. Various methodologies and empirical techniques of estimating potential output and the output gap are then discussed, including univariate statistical techniques, structural models and semi-structural approaches. This is followed by an explanation of how the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) estimates the domestic output gap, and how the estimated output gap feeds into the monetary policy stance. Finally, the SARB's monetary policy stance is viewed in relation to the inflation rate and output gap estimates over the last two decades to illustrate the domestic monetary policy response to notable economic events such as the global financial crisis and the COVID-19 shock, and to highlight the sensitivity of the estimates to data revision. This paper shows that both actual and potential economic growth have declined over the last decade, even without taking into account the COVID-19 shock. This is consistent with the South African empirical literature, and points to a worrying and persistent stagnation in domestic economic activity. After strong economic activity during the early 2000s, the economy started slowing down in 2008. This may be ascribed to a number of factors, including the introduction of load-shedding in 2007, changes in the global economic landscape following the globalfinancial crisis, dwindling infrastructure investment after the 2010 FIFA World Cup tournament, and uncertainty about domestic economic policy. COVID-19 brought about a massive economic shock in 2020. Lockdown regulations saw capital and labour withdrawn from economic use, which caused real GDP and potential output to contract by 6,2% and 2,7%, respectively, for the year. The output gap, which has mainly remained in negative territory since 2009, fell to -7,9% in the second quarter of 2020. In response to the crisis, the SARB drastically lowered the policy rate and applied several other financial market interventions, but even this extensive range of stimuli failed to prevent an economic collapse. Moreover, the output gap has remained negative despite a minor rebound of the economy in 2021 and 2022, which indicated that economic activity remained on its weakpre-COVID-19 trajectory. Inflation has stabilised markedly since 2010. This may be partly due to weak domestic economic activity that does not exert significant domestic inflationary pressures. In fact, many of the notable inflationary episodes of the last 25years were largely caused by external factors, such as the rand depreciation shock and the global financial crisis. This benign domestic inflationary environment has arguably made it easier for the SARB to achieve its inflation target. Such consistency has contributed to an increase in the SARB's credibility, which, in turn, has led to inflation expectations that are lower and better anchored.

Resumen Este artículo expone los resultados de una investigación del año 2022 sobre el modelo de reinserción de la cárcel concesionada CCP Biobío localizado en la región chilena que lleva ese mismo nombre. La investigación se enfoca en un estudio de caso, por medio de la metodología de análisis documental, que examina cómo las políticas y los programas se constituyen en el marco mediante el cual se trabajan los procesos de reinserción social. Dentro de los hallazgos se identificaron serias deficiencias del modelo, que cuestionan la posibilidad de alcanzar la reinserción social en el sistema penitenciario licitado. Ello revela, en primer lugar, la necesidad de realizar ajustes significativos para lograr procesos efectivos de resocialización, además, demuestra cómo la gestión mediante licitación limita la flexibilidad y ralentiza los cambios. Finalmente, se propone redefinir las perspectivas de reinserción al incorporar paradigmas más amplios que involucren la colaboración entre actores gubernamentales, políticas sociales y entidades privadas, como eje fundamental para mitigar el daño que causa la privación de libertad.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma investigação de 2022 sobre o modelo de reintegração da prisão concessionada do CCP Biobío localizado na região chilena que leva ese mesmo nome. A investigação centra-se num estudo de caso utilizando a metodologia de análise documental que examina como se constituem as políticas e programas no quadro através do qual são trabalhados os processos de reinserção social. Dentre as constatações, foram identificadas graves deficiências do modelo que questionam a possibilidade de alcançar a reinserão social no sistema penitenciário licitado, revelando antes de tudoa necessidade de realizar ajustes significativos para alcançãr procesos de ressocializaão eficazes, além disso, a gestão por meio de concurso limita a flexibilidad y ralentiza as mudanças. Por fim, propõe-se redefinir as perspectivas de reintegração, incorporando paradigmas mais amplos que envolvam a colaboração entre atores governamentais, políticas sociais e entidades privadas como eixo fundamental para mitigar os danos causados pela privação de liberdade.

Abstract This article presents the results of a 2022 investigation into the reintegration model of the CCP Biobío concessioned prison located in the Chilean region that bears that same name. The research focuses on a case study using the methodology of documentary analysis that examines how policies and programs are constituted in the framework through which social reintegration processes are worked. Among the findings, serious deficiencies of the model were identified that question the possibility of achieving social reintegration in the tendered penitentiary system, revealing first of all the need to make significant adjustments to achieve effective resocialization processes, in addition management through tender limits flexibility and slows down the changes. Finally, it is proposed to redefine the perspectives of reintegration, incorporating broader paradigms that involve collaboration between government actors, social policies and private entities as a fundamental axis to mitigate the damage caused by the deprivation of liberty.

Abstract The conceptualization of peace education has been approached from different paradigms with specific historical and contextual developments, which reveals that the notion of peace is not univocal. This work is based on the recognition of the diverse forms of violence present in Mexico and aims to present a critical reflection on the conceptualization of peace education, as well as to propose a frame of reference for its implementation in the country through the incorporation of feminist and decolonial perspectives that can enrich the approaches to peace education work. First, a conceptualization of the development of peace studies and research, and the way in which peace education has been constructed from more classical perspectives, is presented. Subsequently, these conceptualizations are questioned and expanded from what is known as “other pedagogies”, arguing that thinking about peace and its education from the criteria of experience, tenderness, hope, and resistance is relevant, given that it is necessary to start from the specific ways in which peace is lived, felt and constructed in the Mexican context.

Resumen La conceptualización de la educación para la paz se ha abordado desde diferentes paradigmas con desarrollos históricos y contextuales específicos, lo que pone de manifiesto que la noción de paz no es unívoca. Este trabajo parte del reconocimiento de las diversas formas de violencia presentes en México y tiene como objetivo presentar una reflexión crítica en torno a la conceptualización de la educación para la paz, así como proponer un marco de referencia para su implementación en el país a través de la incorporación de perspectivas feministas y decoloniales que puedan enriquecer los planteamientos del trabajo educativo para la paz. En primer lugar, se presenta una conceptualización del desarrollo de los estudios y la investigación para la paz, y de la manera en que se ha construido la educación para la paz desde perspectivas más clásicas. Posteriormente, se cuestionan y amplían estas conceptualizaciones desde lo que se conoce como “pedagogías otras”, argumentando que pensar la paz y su educación desde los criterios de la experiencia, la ternura, la esperanza y la resistencia es pertinente, dado que es necesario partir de las formas propias en las que se viven, sienten y construyen las paces en el contexto mexicano.

RESUMEN En el análisis de género de la cultura, en la estructura cultural del género, es muy importante estudiar la relación entre los estilos de pensamiento por sexo y los paradigmas de comprensión masculinos y femeninos. En las sociedades patriarcales, durante mucho tiempo se ha formado la idea de que las mujeres no tienen la capacidad de pensar con lógica, este privilegio le fue otorgado al hombre. Sin embargo, las investigaciones ya muestran resultados en contra de esta idea. En una sociedad dominada por la lógica masculina, la mujer se socializa aceptando las reglas del pensamiento masculino, incluida la adopción de roles y estereotipos de género. En tal situación, o, mejor dicho, la cosmovisión formada durante el período en que prevalece la lógica masculinista, determina la asimetría de género. Si bien las expectativas sobre el sexo pueden variar mucho entre culturas, algunas de sus características son comunes a muchas culturas. Hoy en día existe un debate en curso sobre si los roles y tipos de género están determinados biológicamente o son el resultado de constructos socioculturales. Así, los estudios de género, que son un campo multidisciplinario de la ciencia, estudian los temas que estudian en la intersección de varias ciencias (sociología, filosofía, pedagogía, psicología, ciencias políticas, historia, estudios culturales, etc.). En esta investigación se abordan conceptos y estereotipos básicos de género en el aspecto sociocultural y se destaca el contexto de Azerbaiyán.

ABSTRACT In the gender analysis of culture, in the cultural structure of gender, it is very important to study the relationship between male and female thinking styles, and masculine and feminine paradigms of understanding. In patriarchal societies, for a long time, an idea has been formed that woman cannot think logically, this privilege was given to a man. However, research already shows results against this idea. In a society dominated by male logic, a woman is socialized by accepting the rules of male thinking, including adopting gender roles and stereotypes. In such a situation, or rather, the worldview formed during the period when masculinist logic prevails, determines gender asymmetry. While expectations about sex can vary greatly between cultures, some of its characteristics are common to many cultures. Today, there is an ongoing debate about whether gender roles and types are biologically determined or the result of sociocultural constructs. Thus, gender studies, which is a multidisciplinary field of science, studies the topics it studies at the intersection of several sciences (sociology, philosophy, pedagogy, psychology, political sciences, history, cultural studies, etc.). In this research, basic gender concepts and stereotypes are addressed in the socio-cultural aspect, and the context of Azerbaijan is highlighted.

ABSTRACT Psychotherapists draw on various theoretical approaches to address the mental health issues with which they work. However, this poses at least two problems: that what is called ‘mind’ is not a homogeneous, clear, and explicit construct in each current and that each conception of ‘the mental’ implies a particular episteme of such phenomena. This article seeks to address such problems; therefore, it aims to delimit and epistemologically analyze the tacit construct of mind present in the fundamental psychotherapeutic currents. Through an exploratory-descriptive qualitative approach, a hermeneutical-analogical analysis is carried out in which the mental construct of each current is delimited and then analyzed under the eaves of a series of epistemological paradigms. The conception of the mind is heterogeneous and presents various epistemological assumptions associated with each current: psychodynamic (rationalism/phenomenology), cognitive-behavioral (empiricism/positivism -rationalism/constructiveness), humanistic (critical theory/constructiveness), and systemic (constructive/rationalism). The mind construct is not transversal or objective, but relative to each psychotherapeutic current, with particular and diverse epistemological assumptions that condition the way in which mental phenomena are known. Finally, we reflect on the implications of the results in psychotherapeutic praxis.

RESUMEN Los psicoterapeutas se nutren de diversas aproximaciones teóricas para abordar los asuntos de salud mental con los que trabajan. Sin embargo, esto supone al menos dos problemas: que aquello llamado ‘mente’ no es un constructo homogéneo, claro y explícito en cada corriente y que cada concepción de ‘lo mental’ implica una episteme particular de los fenómenos de tal índole. Este artículo busca abordar tales problemas, por tanto, su objetivo es delimitar y analizar epistemológicamente el constructo tácito de mente presente en las corrientes psicoterapéuticas fundamentales. Mediante una aproximación cualitativa exploratorio-descriptiva se realiza un análisis hermenéutico-analógico en el que se delimita el constructo mente de cada corriente para luego analizarlo en torno a una serie de paradigmas epistemológicos. La concepción de la mente es heterogénea y presenta supuestos epistemológicos diversos asociados a cada corriente: psicodinámica (racionalismo/fenomenología), cognitivo-conductual (empirismo/positivismo-racionalismo/constructividad), humanista (teoría crítica/constructividad) y sistémica (constructividad/racionalismo). El constructo mente no es transversal ni objetivo, sino relativo a cada corriente psicoterapéutica, contando con supuestos epistemológicos particulares y diversos que condicionan la manera en la que se conocen los fenómenos mentales. Finalmente, se reflexiona sobre las implicancias de los resultados en la praxis psicoterapéutica.

Abstract In today’s social and political landscape, marked by the rise of neopopulist social players and heightened democratic uncertainty, it becomes imperative to understand the quality of journalism in post-democratic frameworks. The infodemic witnessed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the pitfalls of relying on social media as a primary information source able to facilitate the development of fundamental skills necessary for active citizenship within liberal democracies. Given these circumstances, it is essential to analyse the pivotal role of mainstream journalism in countering disinformation and fostering critical thinking among citizens, thereby elevating public interest concerns onto the societal agenda. The primary objective of this research is to assess the quality of the content produced by prominent Spanish newspapers and disseminated to the public via social media. Employing both qualitative and quantitative paradigms as a methodology within the epistemological framework that guides them, we analyse the content’s tendencies and political biases concerning rumours about the coronavirus published by leading national and regional newspapers on their Facebook profiles. The findings of this investigation indicate minimal audience engagement with the posts, prompting further discussions on the kinds of stories that capture public interest while also nurturing critical thinking skills among citizens.

Resumo No contexto social e político em que vivemos, com um incremento de atores sociais neopopulistas e um cenário de instabilidade democrática, é fundamental entender a qualidade do jornalismo na pós-democracia. A situação de infodemia, que vivemos durante a pandemia da COVID-19, ressaltou os aspetos negativos do uso das redes sociais como ferramenta de informação que ajuda a desenvolver as competências básicas para exercer uma cidadania ativa na democracia liberal. Nestas circunstâncias, é fundamental analisar o papel do jornalismo de referência no combate à desinformação e a sua importância no fomento do pensamento crítico da cidadania, para, desse modo, inserir na agenda pública temas de interesse público. O objetivo principal desta investigação é analisar a qualidade do conteúdo produzido por jornais espanhóis de referência e disponibilizado aos cidadãos por meio das redes sociais. Para isso, utilizamos como metodologia os paradigmas qualitativo e quantitativo, centrados no quadro epistemológico em que estão circunscritos, para realizar uma análise ao conteúdo, a sua tendência e viés político relativamente aos boatos sobre o coronavírus publicados pelos jornais de referência no cenário nacional e regional nos seus perfis do Facebook. Os resultados desta investigação revelam uma baixa interação da audiência com as publicações e abrem novas discussões sobre o tipo de matérias que atraem a atenção do público e que, ao mesmo tempo, podem cumprir com a formação e o fomento do pensamento crítico da cidadania.

ABSTRACT Our goal is, using the concept of critical juncture, to discuss developmentalism as a historical legacy. To do so, in the first section, we provide a stylized description of four typical cases (Brazil, Mexico, South Korea, and Taiwan) and then, employing the technique of process tracing, propose a causal mechanism composed of structural and volitional factors to understand the emergence of developmentalism. It concludes that developmentalism illustrates the advantages of a historical social science that allows us to go beyond the analysis of the ideational content of various developmentalist paradigms and move towards identifying the historical conditions of their production as a political project. is juncture legacy so section Brazil, Brazil (Brazil Mexico Korea Taiwan then tracing project

RESUMO Nosso objetivo é, usando o conceito de conjuntura crítica, discutir o desenvolvimentismo como legado histórico. Para tanto, na primeira seção, fazemos uma descrição estilizada de quatro casos típicos (Brasil, México, Coreia do Sul e Taiwan) e, em seguida, valendo-nos da técnica do process tracing, propomos um mecanismo causal composto por fatores estruturais e volitivos para entender o surgimento do desenvolvimentismo. Concluímos que o desenvolvimentismo é ilustrativo das vantagens de uma ciência social histórica que permite ir além da análise do conteúdo ideacional dos diversos paradigmas desenvolvimentistas e avançar para a identificação das condições históricas de sua produção como projeto político. crítica histórico tanto seção Brasil, Brasil (Brasil México Taiwan seguida valendonos valendo nos tracing político

Resumen Introducción: En el presente artículo de reflexión se plantea que, por sus características, el modelo de ciudadanía republicana es la mejor alternativa para promover la participación ciudadana en las democracias occidentales contemporáneas. Objetivo: El propósito del texto es analizar las ventajas de la ciudadanía republicana respecto a otros modelos, así como explicar las razones por las que se le considera el enfoque más adecuado para el desarrollo teórico y práctico de la participación ciudadana. Método: Para su elaboración, se recurrió al método de investigación documental. En cuanto a la estructura del artículo, primero, se presenta el debate entre las visiones de democracia representativa y democracia participativa; posteriormente, se examina la influencia de los paradigmas realista e idealista como corrientes filosóficas políticas que subyacen y sustentan las principales premisas de ambas perspectivas de democracia. Al final, se describen los modelos de ciudadanía liberal, comunitarista y republicana, así como sus implicaciones para la participación ciudadana. Resultados: Del análisis realizado se concluye que el modelo de ciudadanía republicana permite superar la dicotomía representación-participación, además de brindar un cimiento más sólido y congruente tanto a la teoría como a la praxis del involucramiento ciudadano en los asuntos públicos. Introducción características contemporáneas Objetivo Método elaboración documental primero participativa posteriormente final liberal Resultados representaciónparticipación, representaciónparticipación representación participación, representación-participación públicos

Abstract Introduction: This article argues that, due to its characteristics, the republican citizenship model is the best alternative for promoting citizen participation in contemporary Western democracies. Objective: The purpose of the text is to analyze its advantages over other citizenship models, as well as to explain the reasons why it is considered the most appropriate approach for the theoretical and practical development of citizen participation. Method: For the elaboration of the article, the documentary research method and the argumentative analysis were used. First, the debate between the visions of representative democracy and participatory democracy is presented, to later examine the influence of the realist and idealist paradigms as political philosophical currents that underlie and sustain the main premises of each of these perspectives of democracy. Results: From the analysis, it is concluded that the republican citizenship model allows overcoming the representation-participation dichotomy, in addition to providing a more solid and congruent foundation for both the theory and the praxis of citizen involvement in public affairs. Introduction characteristics democracies Objective models Method used First presented Results representationparticipation representation dichotomy affairs

RESUMEN El artículo desarrolla una secuencia descriptivo-analítica que identifica las debilidades conceptuales de diversos modelos de comunicación fundados en la subjetividad, la hermenéutica y las teorías del emisor, cuya hegemonía se mantiene estable en las mediaciones antropológicas. Todo ello en medio de los intensos cambios que ha significado el complejo concepto de Antropoceno. En efecto, el centro gravitacional del análisis se sitúa en los postulados del giro anti-hermenéutico, donde la estructura es la base de la sensibilidad humana, y una concepción materialista de los medios que se aparta de la fenomenología y el discurso antropológico. La arqueología de los medios trabaja con materias primas, soportes, infraestructuras, máquinas mediales que distan del análisis cualitativo y los paradigmas complejos del antropoformismo que han sido prominentes en autores de la relevancia de Marshall McLuhan. En el ámbito de la contemporaneidad, esto nos lleva a distinguir entre una geología medial y medios de comunicación, mediante algunas tesis sustanciales de autores como Friedrich Kittler y Jussi Parikka.

ABSTRACT The article develops a descriptive-analytical sequence that identifies the conceptual weaknesses of various communication models based on subjectivity, hermeneutics and the theories of the emitter, whose hegemony remains stable in anthropological mediations. All this in the midst of the intense changes that the Anthropocene has meant. Indeed, the gravitational center of analysis is situated in the postulates of the anti-hermeneutic turn, a task that implies a materialist conception of the media that departs from phenomenology. Here, the so-called media archaeology works with supports, infrastructures, machines and expressive materialities that distance themselves from the qualitative analysis of the discourse and the paradigms of the subject -anthropomorphism- that have been prominent in authors of the relevance of Marshall McLuhan. In the field of contemporaneity, this leads us to distinguish between a medial geology and media, through some substantial theses by authors such as Friedrich Kittler and Jussi Parikka.

RESUMO O artigo desenvolve uma sequência descritivo-analítica que identifica as fragilidades conceituais de diversos modelos de comunicação baseados na subjetividade, na hermenêutica e nas teorias do emissor, cuja hegemonia permanece estável nas mediações antropológicas. Tudo isso em meio às intensas mudanças que o complexo conceito de Antropoceno significou. De fato, o centro gravitacional da análise situa-se nos postulados da viragem anti-hermenêutica, onde a estrutura é a base da sensibilidade humana, e uma concepção materialista dos meios de comunicação que se afasta da fenomenologia e do discurso antropológico. A arqueologia mediática trabalha com matérias-primas, suportes, infraestruturas, máquinas mediáticas que estão distantes da análise qualitativa e dos paradigmas complexos do antropoformismo que têm tido destaque em autores da relevância de Marshall McLuhan. No campo da contemporaneidade, isso nos leva a distinguir entre geologia medial e mídia, através de algumas teses substanciais de autores como Friedrich Kittler e Jussi Parikka.

Abstract It is often assumed that analytic philosophy cannot be treated in a Kuhnian way, since what characterizes philosophical practice is not a disciplinary matrix with paradigmatic exemplars of theoretical and empirical problem solving. We propose to challenge this assumption by arguing that at least in some areas of analytic philosophy one can find disciplinary matrices in the Kuhnian sense and, above all, exemplary cases that give rise to a metatheoretical problem-solving program. In particular, we will focus on meta-theoretical structuralism and its notion of T-theoricity. We will show that the work of historical-philosophical analysis carried out by Lorenzano (2008) is a paradigmatic example that has been replicated by several subsequent works, extending the range of application of the disciplinary matrix.

Resumen Es frecuente asumir que la filosofía analítica no puede tratarse de manera kuhniana ya que lo que caracteriza la práctica filosófica no es una matriz disciplinar con ejemplares paradigmáticos de resolución de problemas teóricos y empíricos. Nos proponemos poner en discusión esta asunción, defendiendo que, al menos en algunas áreas de la filosofía analítica, pueden encontrarse matrices disciplinares en sentido kuhniano y sobre todo casos ejemplares que dan lugar a un programa de resolución de problemas metateóricos. En particular, nos centraremos en el estructuralismo metateórico y su noción de T-teoricidad. Mostraremos que el trabajo de análisis histórico-filosófico realizado por Lorenzano (2008) es un ejemplar paradigmático que ha sido replicado por diversos trabajos posteriores, ampliando el rango de aplicación de la matriz disciplinar.